SIMPLE PRESENT FORM. USE 1 Repeated Actions. [VERB] + s/es in third person. Examples:

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1 SIMPLE PRESENT FORM [VERB] + s/es in third person 0. You speak English. 0. Do you speak English? 0. You do not speak English. Complete List of Simple Present Forms USE 1 Repeated Actions Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.. I play tennis. 0. She does not play tennis. 0. Does he play tennis? 0. The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. 0. The train does not leave at 9 AM. 0. When does the train usually leave? 0. She always forgets her purse. 0. He never forgets his wallet.

2 0. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. 0. Does the Sun circle the Earth? USE 2 Facts or Generalizations The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. 0. Cats like milk. 0. Birds do not like milk. 0. Do pigs like milk? 0. California is in America. 0. California is not in the United Kingdom. 0. Windows are made of glass. 0. Windows are not made of wood. 0. New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue. USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

3 0. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. 0. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. 0. When do we board the plane? 0. The party starts at 8 o'clock. 0. When does class begin tomorrow? USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.. I am here now. 0. She is not here now. 0. He needs help right now. 0. He does not need help now. 0. He has his passport in his hand. Do you have your passport with you?

4 Present Progressive (continuous) FORM [am/is/are + present participle]. You are watching TV. 0. Are you watching TV? 0. You are not watching TV. Complete List of Present Continuous Forms USE 1 Now Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.. You are learning English now. 0. You are not swimming now. 0. Are you sleeping? 0. I am sitting. 0. I am not standing. 0. Is he sitting or standing? 0. They are reading their books. 0. They are not watching television. 0. What are you doing? 0. Why aren't you doing your homework?

5 USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second. (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) 0. I am studying to become a doctor. 0. I am not studying to become a dentist. 0. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. 0. I am not reading any books right now. 0. Are you working on any special projects at work? 0. Aren't you teaching at the university now? USE 3 Near Future Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. 0. I am meeting some friends after work. 0. I am not going to the party tonight. 0. Is he visiting his parents next weekend? 0. Isn't he coming with us tonight? USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

6 The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing.". She is always coming to class late. 0. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. 0. I don't like them because they are always complaining. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.. She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct 0. She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. You are still watching TV.Are you still watching TV?

7 Simple Past [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. You called Debbie. 0. Did you call Debbie? 0. You did not call Debbie. Complete List of Simple Past Forms USE 1 Completed Action in the Past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.. I saw a movie yesterday. 0. I didn't see a play yesterday. 0. Last year, I traveled to Japan. 0. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. 0. Did you have dinner last night? 0. She washed her car. 0. He didn't wash his car. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

8 0. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. 0. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10: Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3 Duration in Past The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. 0. I lived in Brazil for two years. 0. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. 0. They sat at the beach all day. 0. They did not stay at the party the entire time. 0. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. 0. A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I

9 was a child, when I was younger, etc. 0. I studied French when I was a child. 0. He played the violin. 0. He didn't play the piano. 0. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? 0. She worked at the movie theater after school. 0. They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to.". She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. 0. He didn't like tomatoes before. 0. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? 0. People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain whenclauses.

10 0. When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. 0. She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example: 0. I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 0. You just called Debbie. Did you just call Debbie?

11 Past Continuous [was/were + present participle] 0. You were studying when she called. 0. Were you studying when she called? 0. You were not studying when she called. Complete List of Past Continuous Forms USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.. I was watching TV when she called. 0. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. 0. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. 0. What were you doing when the earthquake started? 0. I was listening to my ipod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. 0. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. 0. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. 0. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. 0. While I was writing the , the computer suddenly went off.

12 0. A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding. USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. 0. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. 0. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. 0. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. 0. Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I started eating at 6 PM. 0. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner. USE 3 Parallel Actions When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

13 0. I was studying while he was making dinner. 0. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. 0. Were you listening while he was talking? 0. I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. 0. What were you doing while you were waiting? 0. Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. 0. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4 Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example: 0. When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always" The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between

14 "be" and "verb+ing." 0. She was always coming to class late. 0. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. 0. I didn't like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.. I was studying when she called. 0. While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.

15 0. Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct 0. Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 0. You were just studying when she called. Were you just studying when she called?

16 Present Perfect FORM [has/have + past participle] 0. You have seen that movie many times. 0. Have you seen that movie many times? 0. You have not seen that movie many times. Complete List of Present Perfect Forms USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.. I have seen that movie twenty times. 0. I think I have met him once before. 0. There have been many earthquakes in California. 0. People have traveled to the Moon. 0. People have not traveled to Mars. 0. Have you read the book yet?

17 0. Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. 0. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States. How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. 0. I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. 0. I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. 0. I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France. 0. I think I have seen that movie before. 0. He has never traveled by train. 0. Joan has studied two foreign languages. 0. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him. TOPIC 2 Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

18 0. You have grown since the last time I saw you. 0. The government has become more interested in arts education. 0. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. 0. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. TOPIC 3 Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. 0. Man has walked on the Moon. 0. Our son has learned how to read. 0. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. 0. Scientists have split the atom. TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. 0. James has not finished his homework yet. 0. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

19 0. Bill has still not arrived. 0. The rain hasn't stopped. TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. 0. The army has attacked that city five times. 0. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. 0. We have had many major problems while working on this project. 0. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important. Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

20 0. Have you been to Mexico in the last year? 0. I have seen that movie six times in the last month. 0. They have had three tests in the last week. 0. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. 0. My car has broken down three times this week. NOTICE "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.. I went to Mexico last year. I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one. 0. I have been to Mexico in the last year. I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now. USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non- Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.. I have had a cold for two weeks.

21 0. She has been in England for six months. 0. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non- Continuous Verbs. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 0. You have only seen that movie one time. 0. Have you only seen that movie one time? ACTIVE / PASSIVE

22 Present Perfect Progressive FORM [has/have + been + present participle] 0. You have been waiting here for two hours. 0. Have you been waiting here for two hours? 0. You have not been waiting here for two hours. Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.. They have been talking for the last hour. 0. She has been working at that company for three years. 0. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? 0. James has been teaching at the university since June. 0. We have been waiting here for over two hours! 0. Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? USE 2 Recently, Lately

23 You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. 0. Recently, I have been feeling really tired. 0. She has been watching too much television lately. 0. Have you been exercising lately? 0. Mary has been feeling a little depressed. 0. Lisa has not been practicing her English. 0. What have you been doing? IMPORTANT Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these

24 verbs, you must use Present Perfect. 0. Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct 0. Sam has had his car for two years. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 0. You have only been waiting here for one hour. Have you only been waiting here for one hour?

25 Past Perfect FORM [had + past participle] 0. You had studied English before you moved to New York. 0. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? 0. You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Complete List of Past Perfect Forms USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. 0. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. 0. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. 0. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? 0. She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

26 0. Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. 0. We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. 0. A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. 0. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. 0. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non- Continuous Verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is

27 possible, it is usually not necessary. Example: 0. She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. 0. She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in HOWEVER If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. 0. She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct

28 0. She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 0. You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?

29 Past Perfect Continuous FORM [had been + present participle] 0. You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. 0. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? 0. You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. 0. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. 0. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

30 0. Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. 0. James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. 0. A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. 0. Jason was tired because he had been jogging. 0. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. 0. Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class. Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. 0. He was tired because he was exercising so hard. This

31 sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. 0. He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.. The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct 0. The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 0. You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?