Age of Jefferson Beliefs: Actions:

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1 Age of Jefferson Beliefs: a. Smaller government (state over federal) b. Strict interpretation of the Constitution c. Public good over private interests d. Virtue educated farmers e. Does not believe Black and Whites can live together f. Does believe Native Americans and Whites can live together Actions: a. Slashed expenditures 1) closed embassies, reduced the army, repeal taxes b. Repealed Judiciary Act of ) Adams reduced Supreme Court Justices from 6 to 5 and added 16 federal judgeships 2) Midnight Appointments before leaving office, Adams appoints 16 federal judges (Federalists) c. Upheld judicial review, but attempted to impeach Federalist judges

2 Foreign Challenges North Africa Tripoli declares war with the US 1796 No British naval protection US pays Barbary pirates $1 million to stop ship seizure Quasi-War History Jefferson opposed strengthening the navy as too expensive Tripolitan War 1801 to 1805 Cheaper to go to war rather than continue to pay higher bribes Britain Rise of Napoleon 1805 American merchant ships seized going into French ports 1807 Embargo Act (Peaceable Coercion) US refuses to trade with England and France

3 Spain Owned East Florida, Port of New Orleans, West Florida Territory turned over to France (Napoleon ruler) France Spain gave territory to France Napoleon s vision: French empire in New World, Louisiana to become the breadbasket for the new empire, hub of empire in Haiti and Dominican Republic Jefferson s Vision: Empire of Liberty Western expansion by free and virtuous American people The Spark Port of New Orleans is the only port for western farmers ($3 mil) 1802 right to use port is revoked by Spain (blamed on Bonaparte) Louisiana Purchase France faced slave rebellion in Caribbean cannot secure empire US purchased territory as France needed money

4 Significance: Sold for $15 million -.13 ½ cents/acre Doubled size of the US not an enumerated power of the Federal government Contradiction Elastic Clause Land would promote republican liberty goes against strict interpretation of the Constitution

5 Election 1804: 12 th Amendment Separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice-presidential candidates Federalists no national issue Aaron Burr tie in Electoral College; courts the Federalists Jefferson purchased Louisiana territory; starts to pay off debt

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8 Lewis and Clark Expedition: Objective: Find a water route across the continent Sacajawea served as guide Significance: Mapping of the new territory Expedition is interpreted as diplomatic by Native Americans

9 Jefferson s Second Term Napoleonic Wars US Becomes a Pawn

10 Homefront Challenges Aaron Burr, Vice President Involved himself in activities without government consent a. joined a pro-british group b. created an independent confederacy (west) to conquer Mexico and invade West Florida c. Fled to Europe to set up an Anglo- French invasion of the US John Randolph - Quids Extremist every government action threatened liberty Jefferson s policies are no longer this extreme Randolph s spark Yazoo Land Scandal a. Compromise land investors received 5 million acres

11 Foreign Challenges Trade prior to 1805 British Rule of 1756 If trade was closed during peacetime, it could not be opened during war Back-door policy: American ships unload products then classify products as American products Spark: Britain declares total war on France Britain s Decree: British Orders in Council Blockade of French-controlled ports French Response: Continental System Objective: Make Europe self-sufficient and isolate Britain Ships that obey British orders would be subject to French seizure Result: US ships are seized British search most American ships leaving port Impressment enacted for the Royal Navy British sailors desertion rates high = increased rates of searches

12 Chesapeake-Leopard Affair British board the Chesapeake-US citizens are enraged Result: Embargo Act of 1807 (Peaceable Coercion) US suspends trade with France and Britain Impact: British found new markets Loopholes American ships blown off course can dock in European ports Americans bear the brunt of the embargo a. 30,000 seamen unemployed b. merchants go bankrupt c. debtors jails filled up d. farmers unable to export products e. New England most impacted port cities People clamor for war The Up Side Capital diverted to manufacturing

13 Election of 1808: Federalist have a national issue oppose the Embargo Act of 1807 (revived) young Federalists gain voters by popular techniques barbecues, mass meetings

14 James and Dolly Madison Repealed Embargo Act replaced with Non-Intercourse Acts-1809 Trade opened with all nations except Britain and France Exception President can restore trade with B&F if neutral rights were not violated (Failed) Macon s Bill No Opened trade with B&F If either nation repealed restrictions, US would halt trade with the other (Failed) Result of failed Peaceable Coercion Policy Economic Recession War hawks - Militant Republicans (South and West) Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Richard Johnson, William King War Hawk Agenda Expel British from Canada fear recruitment of Native Americans Expel Spain from Florida

15 "No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers... Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn't the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? Tecumseh The way, the only way to stop this evil is for the red man to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was first, and should be now, for it was never divided." We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave. Brothers -- My people wish for peace; the red men all wish for peace;but where the white people are, there is no peace for them, except it be on the bosom of our mother. Where today are the Pequot? Where today are the Narrangansett, the Mohican, the Pakanoket, and many other once powerful tribes of our people?

16 Treaty of Fort Wayne 1809 Jefferson and Madison: Compensate Native Americans for their land if they gave up traditional lifestyles Reality: Settlers sign away land for liquor, guns, blankets William Henry Harrison: Negotiated with Native Americans who did not have land Treaty: Native Americans ceded millions of acres (2 cents/acre) Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa: Outraged, together they revitalize their culture Tecumseh strategist Tenskwatawa visionary Prophetstown Battle of Tippecanoe Tenskwatawa attacks Harrison s camp Significance: Harrison became a national hero Tippecanoe and Tyler Too help elect him as president Tecumseh became leader of western tribes Tecumseh allies with the British

17 War of 1812 America s Second War of Independence Madison sent war message to Congress Britain suspended Orders in Council, but war had already been declared Reason for war: Impressment

18 Great Britain Strengths Strong navy Canadians were former Tories Native American Allies Weaknesses Best troops fighting in Europe Americans Weaknesses Weak navy Citizens uncommitted

19 Stages: ; ; Battle of Queenston British Tecumseh cuts supply line, control Lake Erie Americans Have to control Lake Erie 1813 Battle of Lake Erie/Battle of Put-in-Bay British Hold Lake Erie Americans Oliver Perry destroys British squadron William Henry Harrison defeated British and Native Americans at Battle of Thames Death of Tecumseh 1814 Battles of Lundy and Chippewa Americans cross into Canada, but cannot hold 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh British reinforcements; split New England states; fails 1814 Battle of Bladensburg Bladensburg Races Americans flee, Washington burned British head to Baltimore and fail to hold (Fort McHenry Star Spangled Banner)

20 Treaty of Ghent 1814 Britain loses control of Great Lakes and Lake Champlain Neither side loses or gains territory Impressment not addressed but war in Europe ended Northern border to be discussed

21 1815-Battle of New Orleans Two weeks after Treaty of Ghent Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory) crushes British; becomes a national hero Hartford Convention (assert states rights) New England succession discussed Grievances 1. New Englanders becoming a minority 2. Amend Constitution a. abolish 3/5 s Compromise b. 2/3 vote of Congress to declare war and admit new states c. limit president to 1 term d. presidents cannot be from same states (successively) e. Embargoes cannot last more than 60 days

22 1. Rise of Nationalism (national identity) White House, Star Spangled Banner 2. American navy Results of the War of Era of Good Feelings End of Federalists Confidence that Republic is strong Republicans embrace Federalists ideas American Plan Henry Clay of Kentucky Internal improvements canals and roads Tariff protection for industries Second National Bank

23 Elections of 1816 & 1820 End of Federalists as a national party Monroe elected J. Adams, VP

24 John Quincy Adams, Monroe s Vice-President 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty Great Lakes demilitarized 1818 US-Canadian border fixed Oregon free and open US claim to the Pacific Adams-Onis Treaty Line 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty) Spain ceded Florida and Oregon County along 42 N latitude line Spain maintained sovereignty over Texas

25 Case: Marbury v. Madison (1803) MARSHALL COURT Facts: Marbury (Federalist) does not receive commission before Adams leaves office Jefferson refused to give Marbury his commission Marbury sues for writ of mandamus (requires Madison to give the commission) Decision: Supreme Court can declare an act of Congress unconstitutional Impact: Judicial Review established; the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction Defines checks and balances Case: Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Facts: Fletcher and Peck are private speculators. State land sold to private speculators had been approved in return for bribes. Peck buys land, sells to Fletcher argues no clear title to land. Transactions made are declared void. Decision: Supreme Court can rule a state law unconstitutional Impact: Creates a growing precedent for sanctity of legal contracts; hints that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands

26 Case: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Facts: State of Maryland tries to interfere with the operation of the Second National Bank by taxing notes of banks not chartered in Maryland-(second bank is the only out-of state bank at the time) Decision: Doctrine of implied powers - Necessary and Proper Clause invoked Impact: 1. Constitution grants implied powers to Congress to create a functional national government 2. States may not override constitutional powers of the Federal government Case: Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Facts: Dartmouth college was privately chartered. State of New Hampshire attempts to change the private charter to a public charter. Decision: Upholds the private charter Impact: Settled the public versus private charters. Result in the rise of the American business corporation.

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28 Viewpoint: Southern Victory, yet the precedent is set that slaves were a different form of property. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS END - SLAVERY AND SECTIONALISM New York Republican introduces emancipation of slaves at age 25 House accepts amendment Senate rejects amendment Upsetting the Balance free states 11 slave states Sectional interests take priority as Republican unity wanes Missouri Compromise 1820 (Congressional agreements) 1. Maine enters as free state Missouri enters as slave state 2. Remainder of Louisiana Purchase north of enters as free Challenges to compromise 1. Missouri drafts a constitution that prohibits free blacks 2. Northerners bars Missouri s admission until 1821 Second Missouri Compromise Henry Clay 1. Citizens of other states cannot be discriminated against, but does not address whether free blacks were citizens

29 MANIFEST DESTINY

30 Manifest Destiny God and nature ordained that the US would expand the entire continent of North America Monroe Doctrine 1. US will abstain from European wars 2. American continents were closed to future colonization 3. Any attempt at colonization would be construed as an unfriendly act