Alkane Structures (B&P 3.1, 3.2, 3.4)
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1 Elements of rganic Chemistry CM 201, Dr. Laurie S. Starkey, Cal Poly Pomona Chapter 3: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 3-1 Alkane Structures (B&P 3.1, 3.2, 3.4) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons (only carbon and hydrogen, and with the maximum number of hydrogens - so no pi bonds, only sigma/single bonds) alkane formula: C n 2n+2 cycloalkane formula: C n 2n C 4 C 3 C 3 methane ethane C 4 C C 2 C C 2 cyclopropane C 3 C 2 C 3 C 3 (C 2 ) 2 C 3 propane butane C 3 8 C 4 2 C C 2 2 C C 2 cyclobutane C 5 pentane C 8 octane C 6 hexane C 9 nonane C 7 heptane C 10 decane line drawing for decane: Draw isomers (constitutional isomers) of C Types of carbons primary (1 ) attached to one carbon secondary (2 ) attached to two carbons tertiary (3 ) attached to three carbons quaternary (4 ) attached to four carbons IUPAC Rules for naming alkanes (B&P 3.3) C 3 C 2 C C 3 C 2 1 described as a primary alcohol (1 R) 3-2
2 IUPAC Rules for naming alkanes (B&P 3.3) 1. Find the longest carbon chain (if there is a tie, choose chain with the most substitutents). ame parent (one C = methane, two C's = ethane, three C's = propane, etc.). 2. umber the carbon chain, starting from the end closest to the first substituent. 3. ame and number the substituents (use di, tri, tetra, etc., prefixes for groups that appear more than once). Insert dashes between numbers and letters, and commas between numbers 4. Alphabetize* and list substituents before the parent name. *Ignore all prefixes other than iso. 3-2 Alkyl Substituents (R ) (groups attached to parent) C 3 C 2 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 3 C 2 (C 2 ) 2 C 3 methyl (Me) ethyl (Et) propyl (Pr) butyl (Bu) C C 2 2 C C 2 cyclobutyl ther Substituents (groups attached to parent) F fluoro Cl Br chloro bromo I iodo Common names for alkyl groups C 3 C C 3 Cl C 2 C 2 C 3 C 3 CC 3 n-propyl (n-pr) isopropyl (i-pr) C 3 C 3 C 2 C C 3 C 2 (C 2 ) 2 C 3 C 3 CC 2 C 3 n-butyl (n-bu) sec-butyl (s-bu) C 2 C 2 C 3 C 3 C C C 3 C 3 C 2 C C 3 isobutyl (i-bu) C 3 C 3 C 3 C C 3 tert-butyl (t-bu) sec-butyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol Cl Cl I
3 Properties of Alkanes (B&P 3.8) - nonpolar, hydrophobic - isolated from petroleum/crude oil (B&P 3.10) - very stable and unreactive (all strong sigma bonds - no pi bonds or lone pairs) - used as fuel: combustion reaction (B&P 3.9) 3-3 C C heat Δ = -212 kcal/mol Predicting Relative Boiling Points (B&P 3.8) Physical properties, such as water solubility and boiling point (bp) are based on intermolecular forces/attractions. C C 4 4 C 4 C C 4 4 heat C 4 C 4 Δ C 4 C4 C 4 (bp) C 4 C 4 C C 4 C4 4 C 4 methane liquid methane gas if C 4 molecules are strongly attracted to one another, then - requires a lot of energy to separate them from each other - will have a high/low boiling point Types of "nonbonding" interactions A Dipole-Dipole B ydrogen Bonding C van der Waal's/London Dispersion A Dipole-Dipole - attraction between polar molecules (consider geometry! Is CCl 4 polar?) a polar molecule: acl bp C B ydrogen Bonding - strongest known dipole due to on or verall trend: polarity bp
4 B ydrogen Bonding - strongest known dipole due to on or both are extremely polar bonds C 3 C 2 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 2 C 3 bp C hydrogen-bonding in water: δ+ δ- δ+ hydrogen-bonding in DA base pairs: C 3 thymine (T) adenine (A) C Van der Waal's/London Dispersion Forces - induced (temporary) dipoles in nonpolar molecules temporary attraction because of uneven distribution of electrons - the greater the surface area, the greater the VDW/Dispersion forces (think "Velcro") - the higher the MW, the higher the bp (if all polarity is equal) C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 3 C 3 C C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 3 C C 3 bp C > 300 straight-chain vs. branched more surface area (more contact) less surface area (less contact) to predict boiling points 1) -bonding ( or ) 2) polar vs. nonpolar 3) MW, bp 4) branching (least important!)
5 Conformations of Alkanes (B&P 3.6) 3-5 conformers - structures that differ only by rotation about single/sigma (σ) bonds Ethane 60 rotation rapidly interconverting conformers ewman Projection 60 rotation Energy degrees rotated Conformations of Butane C 3 C 2 C 2 C 3
6 Structure and Conformations of Cycloalkanes (B&P 3.4, 3.6) 3-6 cyclopropane - sp 3 bond angle can't be eclipsing 's cyclobutane ** these small rings have a large amount of "ring strain" ** cyclopentane - has very little ring strain the envelope conformation cyclohexane - has ring strain! - six-membered rings are commonly found in nature eq eq ax eq ax ax ax ax eq ax eq eq chair conformation ax = axial position (straight up or down) boat conformation eq = equatorial position (slightly up or down) drawing a chair: opposite sides are parallel eed more help? See cyclohexane playlist on YouTube!
7 Draw and compare stabilities of the two chair conformations of methylcyclohexane (chair "flip"). 3-7 C 3 Draw the two chairs of cis-1-t-butyl-4-methylcyclohexane. Which is more stable? (B&P 3.7) Suggested Problems: see CM 201 course homepage Extra credit (+1 point on Exam I): Do the Ch 1-3 "Putting it Together" problems 1-19 (but skip 14e, 15 and 16). Exchange your work with a classmate and grade with red ink (or self correct). Turn in "graded" work.
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