Fall Biology Final Study Guide: Cell Biology

Transcription

1 PART I: ECOLOGY Fall Bilgy Final Study Guide: Cell Bilgy Cntent Standard A (9-11 LS2A) Students knw that: Matter cycles and energy flws thrugh living and nnliving cmpnents in ecsystems. The transfer f matter and energy is imprtant fr maintaining the health and sustainability f an ecsystem. In ther wrds: Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students are expected t: Explain hw plants and animals cycle carbn and nitrgen within an ecsystem. Explain hw matter cycles and energy flws in ecsystems, resulting in the frmatin f differing chemical cmpunds and heat. When studying ecsystems, we lk at tw different things: (1) The flw f energy and (2) the cycling f nutrients. Because nutrients are made f slid atms and mlecules, they never disappear frm the face f the Earth. They just get rearranged int many different mlecules. That is, they are cnstantly being recycled. Thus we say that nutrients cycle. Energy, n the ther hand, is nt a particle, althugh it is stred in the chemical bnds between atms. But as atms get rearranged, a little bit f energy is always given ff as heat. Eventually energy that has cme int a system will all dissipate as heat. Thus, energy (e.g., frm the sun) has t cnstantly cme int the system. Thus we say that energy flws. Imprtant ntes: All rganisms expend energy (e.g., fr grwth, reprductin, metablic prcesses). - Organisms cannt create their wn energy. Mst use energy frm the sun. Sme use chemical energy stred in inrganic cmpunds. Auttrphs = primary prducers = the first prducers f energyrich cmpunds that are later used by ther rganisms. Only auttrphs (algae, certain bacteria, and plants) can capture energy frm the sun r chemical cmpunds and use it t assemble inrganic cmpunds int cmplex rganic mlecules. - Energy Frm the Sun Phtsynthesis uses light energy t cnvert carbn dixide and water int xygen and energy-rich carbhydrates such as sugars and starches. Phtsynthesis takes CO 2 frm the air and adds O 2. Accmplished by plants n land, algae in freshwaters, and cyanbacteria in ceans. - Energy frm inrganic mlecules In the prcess called chemsynthesis, bacteria harness chemical energy frm inrganic mlecules (such as hydrgen sulfide) t prduce carbhydrates. Often live in extreme envirnments = deep cean vents, ht springs, etc. Fd Chain Fd Chains and Fd Webs: Hw des energy flw thrugh ecsystems? - Energy flws thrugh an ecsystem in a ne-way stream, frm primary prducers t varius cnsumers. - Fd Chains a series f steps in which rganisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. - Fd Webs = netwrk f feeding interactins. Fd chains are fund within fd webs Decmpsers cnvert dead material t detritus, which is eaten by detritivres (e.g., wrms). Fd Web Decmpsitin releases nutrients that primary prducers can then recycle Withut decmpsers, nutrients wuld remain lcked within dead rganisms and life

2 n Earth wuld stp. - Fd Webs and Disturbances Because fd webs are s cmplex, it is difficult t predict hw they will be affected by an envirnmental disturbance. Trphic Levels and Eclgical Pyramids: What d the three types f eclgical pyramids illustrate? - Trphic Level = each step in a fd chain r fd web. First level is always primary prducers; varius cnsumers ccupy the ther levels. - Pyramid f Energy shw the relative amunt f energy available at each trphic level f a fd chain r fd web. Organisms expend mst f the energy they cnsume n life prcesses (respiratin, mvement, grwth, reprductin, etc.) and mst f the remaining energy escapes int the envirnment as heat. The efficiency f energy transfer frm ne trphic level t anther is typically 10%. The mre levels in an energy pyramid between prducer and a given cnsumer, the smaller percentage f the riginal energy is available. - Pyramids f Bimass (the relative amunt f living rganic matter available at each level in the ecsystem) and Numbers (the relative number f individual rganisms at each trphic level in an ecsystem) Trpic Levels Shape f the pyramid f numbers is usually similar t the shape f the pyramid f bimass: large base, and numbers and bimass decrease with each step up the trphic levels. The pyramid f numbers may be inverted if, fr instance, thusands f insects feed ff f ne tree. The pyramid f bimass usually des nt get inverted. Hw d plants and animals cycle carbn and nitrgen within an ecsystem? - The Carbn Cycle: carbn dixide is exchanged between the atmsphere and ceans thrugh chemical and physical prcesses. Plants take in CO 2 during phtsynthesis and use the carbn t build carbhydrates. The carbhydrates are used by the plants r rganisms that cnsume the plants fr the prcess f cellular respiratin. Cellular respiratin prduced CO 2 which is released back int the atmsphere. Carbn is als recycled when rganisms die, decmpse, and becme fssil fuels. These carbn cmpunds are released as CO 2 back int the atmsphere. Systems Diagram -The Nitrgen Cycle: The atmsphere is the largest reservir f nitrgen in the bisphere. Nitrgen fixing bacteria fix the N 2 and it is taken up by primary prducers (plants), reused by cnsumers (animals) and released back int the envirnment by excretin and decmpsing matter. Humans als make fertilizers frm the N 2 gas in the air; the fertilizer is used by plants and enters the envirnment withut the aid f bacteria.

3 Systems Diagram N2 NO3- NH4+ What t lk ut fr: The systems diagram abve shws hw bth energy and inrganic nutrients flw thrugh the ecsystem. We need t define sme terminlgy first. Energy "flws" thrugh the ecsystem in the frm f carbnhydrgen bnds. When respiratin ccurs, the carbnhydrgen bnds are brken and the carbn is cmbined with xygen t frm carbn dixide. This prcess releases the energy, which is either used by the rganism (t mve its muscles, digest fd, excrete wastes, think, etc.) r the energy may be lst as heat. The dark arrws represent the mvement f this energy. Nte that all energy cmes frm the sun, and that the ultimate fate f all energy in ecsystems is t be lst as heat. Energy des nt recycle!! Be careful f which way the arrws pint. They pint in the directin that energy is flwing! NO2- The ther cmpnent shwn in the diagram is the inrganic nutrients. They are inrganic because they d nt cntain carbn-hydrgen bnds. These inrganic nutrients include the phsphrus in yur teeth, bnes, and cellular membranes; the nitrgen in yur amin acids (the building blcks f prtein); and the irn in yur bld (t name just a few f the inrganic nutrients). The mvement f the inrganic nutrients is represented by the pen arrws. Nte that the auttrphs btain these inrganic nutrients frm the inrganic nutrient pl, which is usually the sil r water surrunding the plants r algae. These inrganic nutrients are passed frm rganism t rganism as ne rganism is cnsumed by anther. Ultimately, all rganisms die and becme detritus, fd fr the decmpsers. At this stage, the last f the energy is extracted (and lst as heat) and the inrganic nutrients are returned t the sil r water t be taken up again. The inrganic nutrients are recycled; the energy is nt.

4 Systems Diagram Vcabulary: Auttrph: (aut = by itself; trphiks = t feed) a self-feeder. Des nt need t eat ther rganisms fr fd. Bidiversity: The different kinds f rganisms in a specific ecsystem r n the planet as a whle. Bigechemical cycle: A circuit r pathway by which a chemical element mves thrugh bth living and nn-living cmpnents f an ecsystem, including the Earth as a whle. Bimass: The ttal amunt f living tissue within a described system (e.g., an rganism, a trphic level). Carnivre: kill and eat ther animals Chemsynthesis: bacteria harness chemical energy frm inrganic mlecules (such as hydrgen sulfide) t prduce carbhydrates Cnsumer: Organisms that rely n ther rganisms fr energy and nutrients. Decmpser: feed by chemically breaking dwn rganic matter. Denitrificatin: The prcess by which sil bacteria cnvert nitrates int nitrgen gas that enters the atmsphere. Detritivres: feeds n detritus and ften decmpsers Eclgical pyramid: shw the relative amunt f energy r matter cntained within each trphic level in a given fd chain r fd web. Energy transfer: The mvement f energy frm ne lcatin t anther. Energy transfrmatin: Change f energy frm ne frm t anther. Envirnment: Natural surrundings, including living and nnliving cmpnents. May als refer t a regin r t all natural systems n planet Earth. Fd chain: a series f steps in which rganisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Fd web: The cmplex netwrk f feeding interactins and eating relatinships amng species within an ecsystem. In a diagram f a fd web rganisms are cnnected t the rganisms they cnsume by arrws representing the directin f energy transfer. Fssil Fuel: A substance that can be burned fr heat energy, such as cal, il, r natural gas, frmed frm the decayed remains f prehistric animals and plants. Herbivre: eat plant material Hetertrph: cnsumers - must acquire energy frm ther rganisms, typically by ingesting them. Input: The additin f matter, energy, r infrmatin t a system.

5 Invasive Species- A nn-native species Limiting Factrs- Cmpnents that cntrl the grwth f a ppulatin. Nitrgen Fixatin: The prcess f cnverting nitrgen gas int ammnia that plants absrb and use. Omnivre: eat bth plant and animal material Output: Matter, energy, r infrmatin that flws ut f a system. Phtsynthesis: uses light energy t cnvert carbn dixide and water int xygen and energyrich carbhydrates Phytplanktn: flating algae = primary prducers in many aquatic fd chains. Precipitatin: Any prduct f the cndensatin f atmspheric water vapr depsited n Earth's surface, such as rain, snw, r hail. Primary prducer: (auttrphs) are the first prducers f energy-rich cmpunds that are later used by ther rganisms. Scavenger: cnsume the carcasses f ther animals that are already dead. Secndary Cnsumer: An rganism that eats primary prducers. (Example: A grasshpper eats a leaf.) System: An assemblage f interrelated parts r cnditins thrugh which matter, energy, and infrmatin flw. Trphic level: Each step in a fd chain r a fd web Zplanktn: small swimming animals that feed n marine algae Cntent Standard B (9-11 LS2B) Students knw that: Living rganisms have the capacity t prduce very large ppulatins. Ppulatin density is the number f individuals f a particular ppulatin living in a given amunt f space. In ther wrds: Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students are expected t: Evaluate the cnditins necessary fr rapid ppulatin grwth (e.g., given adequate living and nnliving resurces and n disease r predatrs, ppulatins f an rganism increase at rapid rates). Given ecsystem data, calculate the ppulatin density f an rganism.*a Ppulatin density = # f rganisms/area they live in. Given unlimited resurces, ppulatins will grw very rapidly. Resurces include space, fd, water, mates, lack f predatrs, lack f diseases, etc. Imprtant ntes: Cnditins necessary fr rapid ppulatin grwth -Abitic factrs include Temperature, humidity, hurs f light and dark, water resurces, etc. -Bitic factrs include Adequate fd, mates, places t live, places t raise yung, etc. Cmpetitin can ccur bth amng members f the same species (intraspecific cmpetitin) and between members f different species (interspecific cmpetitin) Predatr vs. Prey Relatinships: can affect bth the size f prey ppulatins in a cmmunity and determine the places prey can live and feed. Nte in a predatr-prey diagram the ppulatin grwth f the predatr lags behind the ppulatin grwth f the prey. Diseases are cnsidered predatrs. Dn t frget them! Herbivres (plant eaters) can affect bth

6 the size and distributin f plant ppulatins in a cmmunity and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grw. Eclgists study the fllwing abut ppulatins: gegraphic range (where they live in ne area, r where they live thrughut the wrld) density and distributin (are they all clumped tgether in ne spt, r evenly spread ut, r is distributin randm) grwth rate (see belw) age structure (e.g., hw many ld critters are there cmpared t yung critters). Ppulatin size is affected by birthrate, death rate, and the rate at which individuals enter (immigratin) r leave (emigratin) a ppulatin. See abve right. Expnential grwth? -Under ideal cnditins with unlimited resurces, a ppulatin will grw expnentially. (Reprduce as fast as bunny rabbits!) - Organisms that are intrduced t new envirnments can grw expnentially fr a time and change an ecsystem. This is especially true f invasive species. Lgistic grwth? -This ccurs when a ppulatin s grwth slws and then stps, fllwing a perid f expnential grwth. This ccurs because the numbers f rganisms begin t exhaust the resurces f the envirnment. The resurces becme limiting factrs. They limit hw much the ppulatin can grw. When the ppulatin gets t the size where it is in equilibrium with its resurces, the ppulatin grwth stps and has finally reached Carrying capacity. The capacity f the land t supprt ( carry ) a number f rganisms f that species. Ppulatin density is an ften reprted and cmmnly cmpared statistic fr places arund the wrld. Ppulatin density is the measure f the number per unit area. It is cmmnly represented as peple per square mile (r square kilmeter), which is derived simply by dividing... ppulatin / land area in square miles (r square kilmeters) Fr example, Canada's ppulatin f 33 millin, divided by the land area f 3,559,294 square miles yields a density f 9.27 peple per square mile. While this number wuld seem t indicate that 9.27 peple live n each square mile f Canadian land area, the density within the cuntry varies dramatically - a vast majrity lives in the suthern part f the cuntry. Density is nly a raw gauge t measure a ppulatin's disbursement acrss the land.

7 What t lk ut fr: Be sure yu understanding hw t interpret graphs Be sure yu knw hw t calculate the ppulatin density f a defined area. Rules fr graphing: 1. Title 2. x axis: time, independent variable r manipulated variable (MIX) 3. y axis: rate, dependent variable r respnding variable 4. Yu will be asked t interpret data and recgnize Y patterns. It is mst useful t develp a mathematical equatin that fits the data. This then allws us t calculate the value f the dependent variable at any value f the independent variable. Fr example, if the plt f the data X gives a straight line, we can say that the dependent variable (pltted n the y-axis) is directly prprtinal t the independent variable (pltted n the x-axis) In that case, we can then fit the data t the equatin fr a straight line, y = mx + b, where m is the slpe f the line and b is the y-intercept. Vcabulary: Carrying Capacity- the largest number f individuals f a particular species that a particular envirnment can supprt. Habitat: An eclgical r envirnmental area that is inhabited by a particular species. It is the natural envirnment in which an rganism lives r the physical envirnment that surrunds (influences and is used by) a species ppulatin. Invasive Species- A nn-native species Limiting Factrs- Cmpnents that cntrl the grwth f a ppulatin. Niche: The psitin f a species r ppulatin in its ecsystem. A shrthand definitin f niche is hw and where an rganism makes a living. Open system: A system in which matter may flw in and ut, as ppsed t a clsed system in which matter may nt flw in r ut. Ppulatin density: The number f individuals f a particular ppulatin living in a given amunt f space. Ppulatin grwth: The rate at which the number f individuals in a ppulatin increases. Usually applies t a given ecsystem, but culd refer t a regin r the entire Earth. Ppulatin: The cllectin rganisms f a particular species that can breed and reprduce. Cntent Standard C (9-11 LS2C) Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students knw that: Students are expected t: Ppulatin grwth is limited by the availability f Explain factrs, including matter and energy, in matter and energy fund in resurces, the size f the the envirnment that limit the grwth f plant and envirnment, and the presence f cmpeting and/r animal ppulatins in natural ecsystems. predatry rganisms. In ther wrds: N interpretatin needed. The Standard and Perfrmance Expectatin are clear. Imprtant ntes: Limiting factrs determine carrying capacity f a species. Limiting factrs can act separately r tgether. Density-dependent limiting factrs are factrs that will nt be much f a threat t a species if the ppulatin is small. But if the ppulatin becmes large, the factrs start t limit hw many f the species can survive. Examples: cmpetitin fr fd and nutrients (see belw), predatin, herbivry, parasitism, diseases, and stress frm

8 vercrwding. Density independent limiting factrs affect all ppulatins in similar ways, regardless f ppulatin size and density. Unusual weather such as hurricanes, drughts, r flds and natural disasters such as wildfires, vlcanic eruptins, and huge earthquakes can act as density-independent limiting factrs. That is, it desn t matter what the size f the ppulatin is, all are affects. Sme f these factrs may cause a ppulatin t crash. Nutrient availability is a limiting factr that affects the prductivity f an ecsystem. Limitatins in sil-all nutrient cycles wrk tgether like gears t prvide nutrients. When ne nutrient is in shrt supply, it causes the verall system t slw dwn r get stuck reducing verall prductivity. Open ceans are nutrient pr cmpared t mst land areas and nitrgen is the limiting factr f the ceans. In streams, lakes and freshwater envirnments, phsphrus is the limiting nutrient. Fr example, run ff frm a heavily fertilized crp may result in an algae blm. This is caused frm an increase in nutrients t the primary prducers (algae). Excessive algae grwth can cver the water s surface and reduce phtsynthesis t ther rganisms. Primary surces f water pllutin The primary surces f water pllutin are industrial and agricultural chemicals, and residential sewage and nnpint surces. Fr Example: Bimagnificatin ccurs if a pllutant, such as DDT (a lng lasting chemical used t cntrl agricultural pest and disease carrying msquites) enters a stream frm rain water run-ff and is cnsumed by rganisms, but nt brken dwn. The DDT is passed up the fd chain frm prducers t cnsumers. As the DDT enters the trpic levels, its cncentratin becmes mre cncentrated, causing damage t larger species at the tp f the fd chain. This is als an example f a clsed system. A system in which matter (DDT) may circulate, but may nt enter r leave. What t lk fr: Be sure yu understand what a limiting factr is. Knw the differences between a density-dependent and density-independent limiting factr. Bimagnificatin is a big deal. Understand the principle. Vcabulary: Limiting Factr: determines the carrying capacity f an envirnment fr a species. A balance between extinctin and vercrwding the planet. Cmpetitin: When ppulatins becme crwded, individuals cmpete fr fd, water, space, sunlight, and ther essentials. Predatin: The effect f a predatr n its prey. Mst predatr-prey relatinship ppulatins cycle up and dwn ver time like the graph abve shwn the wlf and mse n Isle Ryale. Human predatin: Humans can limit the supply f certain ppulatins by catching/hunting/harvesting mre than can be put back causing the ppulatin steadily decline tward extinctin. Clsed system: A system in which matter may circulate, but may nt enter r leave. Cntent Standard D (9-11 LS2D) Students knw that: Scientists represent ecsystems in the natural wrld using mathematical mdels. Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students are expected t: Draw a systems diagram t illustrate and explain why intrduced (nnnative) species ften d prly and have a tendency t die ut, as well as why they smetimes d very well

9 and frce ut native species. *a, *b In ther wrds: Because ecsystems are typically large and/r cmplex and/r change ver lng perids f time, it is usually best t understand them using a mathematical mdel. Invasive species are a gd tpic t intrduce this cncept f mdeling. Imprtant ntes: An intrduced species is synnymus with nn-native. These species are usually intrduced t an area by humans fr a variety f reasns. E.g., By mistake (e.g., Nrway rats hitchhiking abard sailing ships). T cntrl ther nn-native species that are reprducing ut f cntrl, and needing t be limited withut using a herbicide (plant killer). NOTE: In the prcess f cntrlling nnnative species, these intrduced species can chke ut the native vegetatin as well and themselves becme an invasive species Frm human carelessness and/r ignrance. E.g., releasing yur pythn pet int the Everglades. Nn-native species can increase the bidiversity f an ecsystem cause such an imbalance that the area in which it has been intrduced becmes vercrwded, nutrient pr and prne t disease. Vcabulary: Nn-native (Intrduced): Species that have becme able t survive and reprduce utside the habitats where they evlved r spread naturally. Native Species: defined as natural t a given regin r ecsystem if its presence in that regin is the result f nly natural prcesses, with n human interventin. Invasive Species: thse intrduced species that spread-widely r quickly, and cause harm, be that t the envirnment, human health, ther valued resurces r the ecnmy. What t lk fr: Yu will prbably be asked t draw a systems diagram and represent it mathematically. Chances are the math will be n mre than calculating ppulatin density at different times as ppulatins change due t an invasive species. See the example n this and the next page. EXAMPLE: Muse ppulatins are tallied every 10 years in Central City, NO (Nwhere), a fictitius city in a fictitius state, fr the sake f an example. The drppings, urine, and saliva f deer mice in particular can carry the Hantavirus, a rare but serius virus. T curtail the virus, the city decided t bring in ne f the deermuse s wrst enemy, the barn wl. Barn wls eat many ther types f fd, including rats, frgs and small birds (called LBJs, r little brwn jbbies since they are s hard t identify), althugh deer mice are their favrite. Fllwing are data that were cllected by Central City naturalists frm the year 1950 t Year: 1950 Species Area Surveyed = 1000 sq. Deer Barn Rats Mles Frgs LBJs hectares Mice Owls Cunt Year: 1960 Species Area Surveyed = 1000 sq. Deer Barn Rats Mles Frgs LBJs hectares Mice Owls Cunt Year: 1970 Species Area Surveyed = 1000 sq. Deer Barn Rats Mles Frgs LBJs hectares Mice Owls Cunt Year: 1980 Species

10 Area Surveyed = 1000 sq. Deer Barn Rats Mles Frgs LBJs hectares Mice Owls Cunt Year: 1990 Species Area Surveyed = 1000 sq. Deer Barn Rats Mles Frgs LBJs hectares Mice Owls Cunt Draw a graph that represents the abve data. Describe the effect the intrductin f barn wls has had n each f its prey. Give a pssible reasn fr each effect. 2. Draw a systems diagram shwing the inputs, prcess, and utputs. Use ppulatin densities as yur measurement tl. Cntent Standard E (9-11 LS2E) Students knw that: Interrelatinships f rganisms may generate ecsystems that are stable fr hundreds r thusands f years. Bidiversity refers t the different kinds f rganisms in specific ecsystems r n the planet as a whle. Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students are expected t: Cmpare the bidiversity f rganisms in different types f ecsystems (e.g., rain frest, grassland, desert) nting the interdependencies and interrelatinships amng the rganisms in these different ecsystems.

11 In ther wrds: N interpretatin needed. The Standard and Perfrmance Expectatin are clear. Imprtant ntes: Terrestrial Bimes: Earth has 6 majr bimes and each bime is defined by its climate and by the plant cmmunities that live there. The abitic factrs that affect climate are primarily temperature, precipitatin, and latitude. NOTE: latitude may be mimicked by altitude, as in hiking up a tall muntain. Each bime has its wn climate diagram. Bidiversity is mst affected by humans altering habitats, hunting, intrducing invasive species, releasing pllutin int fd webs, and cntributing t climate change. Belw is a cmparisn between a trpical rainfrest and nrthwest cniferus frest. Aquatic ecsystems Aquatic rganisms are affected primarily by the water s depth, temperature, flw, and amunt f disslved nutrients. Znes f Aquatic Ecsystems: Phtic zne: the sunlit regin up t 200 meters deep. This may be nly a few inches deep in rivers r streams depending n the amunt f silt that cluds the water. Aphtic zne: belw the phtic zne, where phtsynthesis des nt ccur. Freshwater ecsystem categries

12 Freshwater ecsystems can be divided int three main categries: rivers and streams; lakes and pnds; and freshwater wetlands. Only 3% f the Earth s surface water is fresh water, but that small percentage prvides terrestrial (land) rganisms with drinking water, fd and transprtatin. Wetlands supprt a large amunt f plant and aquatic life and are ne f the mst imprtant fr their rle in filtering pllutants and t prevent flding by absrbing large amunts f water. Estuaries are where freshwater rivers dump int saltwater. Estuaries serve as spawning and nursery grunds fr many eclgically and cmmercially imprtant fish and shellfish species. Marine ecsystems. The cean can als be divided int znes based n depth and distance frm the shre. Intertidal Zne: rganisms are submerged in seawater at high tide and expsed t air and sunlight at lw tide. Castal Ocean: extends frm lw tide t the uter edge f the cntinental shelf. Open Ocean: begins at the edge f the cntinental shelf and extend utward. Mre than 90% f the cean is Open Ocean Zne. Organisms that live in each marine zne have unique adaptatins that enable them t live in each f these znes. What t lk fr: Bidiversity is cnsidered by mst as a gd thing. The mre diverse the kinds f rganisms are that live in an area; the better able t ecsystem is able t supprt itself if smething ges wrng with ne species. Remember that the greatest threat t bidiversity is humans due t habitat destructin. Remember that bimes are defined mstly by temperature, precipitatin, and latitude and plant type. Vcabulary: Aphtic Zne: This area is cnsidered the dark zne and extends just belw the phtic zne t the bttm f the cean. Fd webs here are based n which rganisms fall frm the phtic zne abve marine snw r n the chemsynthetic rganism. Benthic Zne: envirnment n the cean flr in the Aphtic Zne where rganisms are expsed t high pressure, frigid temperature r extremely ht deep-sea vents that supprt chemsynthetic primary prducers. Climate: Encmpasses the temperatures, humidity, atmspheric pressure, winds, rainfall, atmspheric particle cunt, and numerus ther meterlgical elements in a given regin ver lng perids f time. Ecsystem: A natural unit cnsisting f all plants, animals, and micrrganisms (bitic factrs) in an area functining tgether with all f the nnliving physical (abitic) factrs f the envirnment. Glbal climate: The average temperature, humidity, rainfall, and ther meterlgical measures f Earth as a whle ver a lng perid f time (usually taken t be abut 30 years). Phtic Zne: The surface mst layer f water that receives the mst sunlight and cnducts the mst phtsynthesis. The phtic zne is nutrient pr, but because it is s massive, it supprts a large number f small species such as phytplanktn. Temperature: A physical prperty that determines the directin f heat flw between tw bjects placed in thermal cntact. If n heat flw ccurs, the tw bjects have the same temperature; therwise, heat flws frm the htter bject t the clder bject.

13 Cntent Standard F (9-11 LS2F) Students knw that: The cncept f sustainable develpment supprts adptin f plicies that enable peple t btain the resurces they need tday withut limiting the ability f future generatins t meet their wn needs. Sustainable prcesses include substituting renewable fr nnrenewable resurces, recycling, and using fewer resurces. Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students are expected t: Explain hw scientific cncepts and findings relate t a resurce issue currently under discussin in the state f Washingtn (e.g., remval f dams t facilitate salmn spawning in rivers; cnstructin f wind farms).* a,*b,*c. Explain hw the cncept f sustainable develpment may be applied t a current resurce issue in the state f Washingtn.*a,*b,*c. Imprtant Ntes: It is imprtant t familiarize yurself with resurce issues applicable t the Pacific Nrthwest. These include, but are nt limited t Salmn ppulatins Crp rtatin Crp irrigatin Refrestatin issues after clearcutting The successin ccurring at Mt. St. Helens Cnstructin f wind farms alng the Clumbia Grge. Nn-pint surce pllutin f Puget Sund Be able t demnstrate yur knwledge f a resurce issue using a systems diagram t shw the interdependency amng rganisms within an ecsystem. What t lk fr: Dn t be t versimplistic with these questins. This diagram illustrates the impact a dam has n the surrunding ecsystem. If the dam is remved, hw might the remval cntribute t the sustainability f resurces in the surrunding ecsystem? Vcabulary: Sustainable develpment: Plicies that enable peple t btain the resurces they need tday withut limiting the ability f future generatins t meet their wn needs. PART II: CHEMISTRY Cntent Standard B (9-11 LS4) Students knw that: Matter and energy is needed by all living rganisms t carry ut bilgical prcesses. All living rganisms need xygen, water and the fur macrmlecules t carry ut all f life s functins. Student Perfrmance Expectatin Students are expected t: Identify the three subatmic particles fund in atms. Explain hw cmpunds are different frm their cmpnent elements. Describe the tw main types f chemical bnds. Explain hw rganism use carbn cmpunds.

14 Imprtant ntes: The subatmic particles that make up atms are prtns (+), neutrns (n charge) and electrns (-). The water mlecule is plar and its unique structure cntributes t its versatility. The structure f the 4 macrmlecules ( Carbhydrates, Prteins, Lipids & Nucleic Acids) are made frm the same 3-6 elements (C,H,O,N,P,S). Carbn is the building blck f life. Basic Vcabulary: Acidic Atm: The smallest unit f matter Nucleus: The center f an

15 atm, which cntains the prtns and neutrns Electrn: Negatively charged particle; lcated in the space surrunding the nucleus Element: Pure substance that cnsists entirely f ne type f atm Cmpund: The substance frmed by the chemical cmbinatin f tw r mre elements in definite prprtins Inic Bnd: Chemical bnd frmed when ne r mre electrns are transferred(given r taken) frm ne atm t anther Cvalent Bnd: Chemical bnd frmed when ne r mre electrns are shared Mlecule: a grup f atms Van der Waals Frces: Slight attractin that develps between ppsitely charged regins f nearby mlecules Hydrgen Bnds: Weak attractin between a hydrgen atm and anther atm Plarity: The equal psitive and negative bnding between mlecules Chesin: Attractin between mlecules f the same substance (water t water) Adhesin: Frce f attractin between different mlecules (glass & water) Mixture: Materials cmpsed f tw r mre elements r cmpunds that are physically mixed tgether but nt chemically cmbined Slutin: Type f mixture in which all f the cmpnents are evenly distributed Slute: The substance that is disslved Slvent: The substance in which the slute is disslved suspensin: Mixture f water and nn-disslved material ph Scale: The parts f hydrgen in a slutin ranging frm less acidic t mre acidic Acid: A cmpund that frms hydrgen ins (H + ) in slutin; a slutin with a ph less than 7 Base: A cmpund that frms hydrxide ins (OH -) in slutin; a slutin with a ph mre that 7 Buffer: A cmpund that that prevents the sharp, sudden changes in ph. Dehydratin Synthesis: The remval f water when mlecules are jined tgether Hydratin Synthesis: The additin f water when mlecules are split apart PART III. CELLS EALR 4 (Cntent Dmain f Science): Life Science Grades 9 11: Prcesses within cells 1. Cells cntain specialized parts fr determining essential functins such as regulatin f cellular activities, energy capture and release, frmatin f prteins, waste dispsal, the transfer f infrmatin, and mvement. Draw, label, and describe the functins f cmpnents f essential structures within cells (e.g., cellular membrane, nucleus, chrmsme, chlrplast, mitchndrin, ribsme) In Other Wrds There are numerus rganelles that carry ut imprtant functins in the cell. Imprtant Ntes Here is a quick list f imprtant rganelles fund in a eukarytic (plant r animal) & prkarytic (bacteria) cell: Eukarytic Plant Cell Prkarytic Cell Eukarytic Animal Cell

16 2. The cell is surrunded by a membrane that separates the interir f the cell frm the utside wrld and determines which substances may enter and which may leave the cell. Describe the structure f the cell membrane and hw the membrane regulates the flw f materials int and ut f the cell. In Other Wrds The cell membrane is cmpsed f a phsphlipid bilayer that is selectively permeable.

17 Imprtant Ntes The cell membrane is cmpsed f a phsphlipid bilayer that allws fr small hydrphbic mlecules t diffuse (like CO 2 and O 2 ), yet prevents large macrmlecules, plar, and charged mlecules frm passing. T allw fr small charged and plar mlecules t pass thrugh the membrane there must be a carrier prtein that allws fr the mvement. Fr larger mlecules t pass thrugh the membrane, the cell must first be engulfed via endcytsis r a membrane must frm arund a large mlecule befre it is expelled (excytsis). Diffusin is the passive mvement f mlecules frm an area f higher cncentratin t an area f lwer cncentratin. Mvement f mlecules acrss a cell membrane may require energy (active) r may nt require energy (passive). Key Terms Cellular membrane: The bilgical membrane separating the interir f a cell frm the utside envirnment. It is a semipermeable lip bilayer fund in all cells. 3. Mlecules that g thrugh: Small hydrphbic: O2, CO2, N2 Small uncharged plar: glycerl Mlecules/ins that d nt g thrugh Large uncharged plar: amin acids, glucse, nucletides Ins: Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, H+ Describe hw a cell is semipermeable. What types f substances can passively crss a membrane and what required ATP (energy) t actively crss the cell membrane?

18 Imprtant Ntes-Cell Dance Summary 1.Yu eat a hamburger (carbhydrates and prteins) 2. Cell Membrane (hlds hands): The carbhydrate & prtein enter the cell and are surrunded by the cell membrane t make a vesicle (endcytsis). The cell membrane surrunds the carb/prtein and mves them t be brken dwn. 3. A lyssme jins the vesicle and spits enzymes n the carbs/prteins. The carb/prtein gets brken dwn int amin acids and simple sugars (the crrect size nw). 4. Simple sugars & amin acids are nw able t cme ut f the vesicle nw that they are brken dwn. 5. Mitchndria absrb the simple sugars and use it t prduce energy fr the reactins in the cell. 6. DNA inside the nucleus tells the mrna a sequence. The mrna runs and tells the ribsme what the sequence f the prtein being synthesized. 7. trna 1,2,3 deliver the amin acids 1,2,3 t their crrect sequence int the ribsme which then enters the Endplasmic Reticulum as a prtein. The prteins then mve thrugh the ER, receiving carbhydrate tags that tell the prtein where t g. 8. Our prtein was being secreted ut f the cell s it was shipped t the Glgi apparatus in a vesicle that budded ff the ER. In bth the ER and the Glgi, bws were used t represent the carbhydrate markers, telling the prteins where they were t g. A 3 persn vesicle deliver the amin acids ut f the cell (excytsis). 4. All f the functins f the cell are based n chemical reactins. Fd mlecules are brken dwn by prteins called enzymes. Sme f these enzymes enable the cell t stre energy in special chemicals, such as ATP, that are needed t drive many ther chemical reactins in a cell. Explain hw cells break dwn fd mlecules and use the cnstituents t synthesize prteins, sugars, fats, DNA and many ther mlecules that cells require. Describe the rle that enzymes play in the breakdwn f fd mlecules and synthesis f the many different mlecules needed fr cell structure and functin. In Other Wrds Enzymes are prteins that stabilize reactants, lwering the energy f activatin, and thereby allw fr chemical reactins t ccur. Imprtant Ntes Cells break dwn fd t release energy (see abve) and reuse the rganic cmpnents t cnstruct macrmlecules that are needed by the rganism. Enzymes are useful in this prcess because they allw fr these chemical changes t happen in a very precise manner at lw temperatures. Cells extract energy frm fd mlecules by breaking high energy bnds, like C H bnds, creating lw energy C O bnds. The energy that s lst in the C H bnds is captured by mlecules like ATP (see abve fr details). All rganisms including plants must d sme frm f cellular respiratin.

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