Resistance in the Mechanical System. Overview
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- Robert Townsend
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Transcription
1 Overview
2 1. What is resistance? A force that opposes motion 2. In the mechanical system, what are two common forms of resistance? friction and drag
3 3. What is friction? resistance that is produced when two objects slide against one another Example Sandpaper rubbing against wood
4 4. What is drag? resistance that is produced when an object moves through a fluid Example moving van produces more drag than a sports car
5 The 4 forces acting on an airplane are:
6 5. What causes friction? if you magnify the two objects, their surfaces are not smooth the rough areas rub against each other the rougher the surfaces, the more friction
7 Example of Friction 6. Example When considering a box sliding along a horizontal, what forces act on the box? Weight of box, force of friction, normal force, force of motion Weight of box Force of Motion Force of friction Normal Force
8 7. What are the two vertical forces on the box? Weight how much the box weighs; weight always pulls straight down Normal force always acting perpendicular to the two objects in motion; pushes into the box; equal in magnitude to the weight of the box when box is horizontal
9 8. What are the horizontal forces on the box? force of motion determined by how much force is exerted on the box force of friction forces that opposes motion; always acts opposite to the direction of motion
10 9. What happens if the force of friction is greater than the force of motion? - the box will not move 10. Is it harder to start the box moving or keep the box moving? - much harder to start the box moving you must overcome the static friction of the box
11 11. What is static friction? friction that occurs between objects prior to motion (stationary friction) requires more force to start objects moving (Newton s First Law)
12 12. What is kinetic friction? friction between two objects that are already moving once the objects are moving, it requires less force to keep them moving
13 13. What factors determine the amount of friction? nature (roughness) of the two objects force that presses the objects together (normal force)
14 14. What is a coefficient of friction? for every combination of two surfaces, there is a coefficient of friction a constant value that is always provided represented by the Greek letter mu Examples Wood on wood 0.4 Metal on metal 0.15 Rubber on dry concrete 0.70 Rubber on wet concrete 0.5
15 15. How do you calculate the force of friction? f = N, where f = force of friction = coefficient of friction N = Normal force (equal to the weight of the object)
16 16. When calculating the force of friction, does it matter if the object is moving or stationary? YES!! if the object is already moving, you calculate kinetic friction; if the object is stationary, you calculate static and kinetic friction
17 Resistance in the Mechanical 17. Example A wooden crate that weighs 50 lb is pulled across a level, stone floor at constant speed. The coefficient of friction is 0.4. What is the force of friction? f = N f = (0.4)(50lbs) f = 20 lbs only kinetic friction
18 Resistance in the Mechanical 18. Example A metal plate having a weight of 980 N slides along a horizontal metal surface. The coefficients of friction are s = 0.18 and k = A) What force is required to just start the plate moving? B) What force is required to keep the plate moving? - A) f = N B) f = N f = (0.18)(980) f = (0.15)(980) f = N f = 147 N
19 19. What are two ways to reduce friction? lubricant oil is commonly used; reduces wear on surfaces by reducing heat generated by friction Ex. In wheels Roll rather than push an object Rolling friction is less than sliding friction
20 20. What are some positive effects of friction? brakes for stopping your tires on the road traction for running or hiking
21 21. Why are icy roads dangerous? the coefficient of friction is much lower when the roads are wet or icy there is less friction to keep your car under control
22 22. How do friction and drag differ? friction is between two objects Friction does not obey the unifying equation drag occurs between an object and a fluid and supports DragRst Forcelikequantity Rate 23. What direction does drag act in? opposite of motion if a person is swimming forward; drag pushes you backwards
23 24. What types of items or people must overcome drag to be efficient? - airplanes, cars, runners, swimmers, skiers, helicopters, quarterbacks
24 25. What is one effective way to reduce drag? - streamlining shaping an object to reduce the effects of drag - typically objects are given a teardrop shape to allow air to easily pass around the object
25 26. When is having drag a good thing?
26 - jumping out of an airplane opening the parachute increases your drag and decreases your speed, allowing you to land safety
27 27. What is terminal velocity? - the highest speed possible when an object is falling - gravity accelerates an object at a rate of 9.8 m/s 2 - drag is pushing up causing the object to slow down - eventually this causes the object to stop accelerating and fall at a constant speed = terminal velocity
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