Evaluation of the Nutritive Value of Quality Protein Maize on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Weaner Rabbits

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 8 (2): , 2009 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Evlution of the Nutritive Vlue of Qulity Protein Mize on the Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Wener Rits J.J. Omge, O.C.P. Aguosi, G.S. Bw nd P.A. Onimisi Deprtment of Animl Science, Fculty of Agriculture, Ahmdu Bello University, Zri, Nigeri Astrct: Qulity protein mize (QPM) ws used to sustitute norml mize vriety in intensive rit study in ttempt to reduce the cost of production. Thirty-six wener rits with ge rnging etween 6-8 weeks nd weighing etween g were ssigned to six tretment groups in completely rndomized design; six rits per tretment were individully cged nd fed. The rtion involved percent replcement of norml mize with Qulity protein mize t 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 % levels of inclusion cross the tretments. The control diet involves 0% level of QPM supplemented with synthetic lysine. Wter nd feed ws provided dliitum throughout the study period of 56 dys. Feed intke, wter consumption, weight gin nd mortlity were recorded. Results showed no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in totl feed intke, weight gin, feed efficiency, wter consumption, mortlity rte, feed cost/kg weight gin. However, there ws significnt difference (P < 0.001) in feed cost/kg feed cross the tretments. Crcss chrcteristics showed significnt difference (P < 0.05) with no estlished trends in live weight, length of smll nd lrge intestines, liver, legs nd til. There ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in crcss weight, dressing percentge, hert, shoulder, loin, thigh, lungs, kidneys, spleen nd hed. The results indicted tht feeding QPM to rits without lysine supplementtion could sustin rits without ffecting their performnce, helth nd reduced cost of production. Key words: Qulity protein mize, norml mize, performnce, rits, cost (#/kg gin) Introduction The increse in humn popultion in Nigeri over the lst decdes hs gretly influenced the demnd for food products of niml origin hence the livestock producers t lrge re hving difficulties in meeting the demnd for niml products y the ever-growing popultion. The Food nd Agriculturl Orgniztion (FAO, 1985) recommended minimum of 56g of niml protein intke per person per dy. Mny Nigerins cnnot meet this requirement due to high cost of niml products (Fsuyi, 2005). An effective nd quick pproch for lncing the demnd nd supply of niml products in Nigeri nd other developing countries is through the expnsion of the livestock industry especilly through the use of nimls with short genertion intervls. Rit is one of such niml species. It is highly prolific with short genertion intervls, erly mturity nd rpid growth rte (Cheeke, 1980). Bymen (1984) reported tht rit met rnk highest in protein nd lowest in ft content (cholesterol) nd clories compred to eef, chicken, mutton nd pork. A mjor constrint of the livestock industry in meeting consumer demnd for more met, milk, egg nd other livestock products is dependent to mjor extent on the vilility of regulr supplies of pproprite, cost effective nd sfe niml feeds nd s result, niml feeds hve ecome n incresingly criticl component of the integrted food chin (FAO, 2004). Further more, mong ll the nutrients required for effective performnce of monogstric nd Pseudo-ruminnt nimls, energy hs remined the most undnt nutrient to supply in lnced diet constituting etween 45-60% of finished feeds (Nestel, 1975; Mchin, 1992). Mize hs lso remined the mjor source of energy supply in livestock diets. In severl developed nd developing countries, the highest proportions of mize produced re used for niml feed, hence mize hs een nd continues to e n indispensle cerel grin in the diets of monogstic nd pseudo-ruminnt nimls nd it typiclly form etween 50-60% of such diets. The norml mize vriety used in livestock diets hs two significnt flws; like ll cerels, firstly, it is low in protein (9-10%) nd secondly, it does not provide the essentil mino cids; (lysine nd tryptophn) in sufficient quntities for the nutritionl needs of frm nimls, thus s fr s protein qulity is concerned, the norml mize vriety hs poor protein qulity (Oki et l., 2005; Vsl, 2006). Thus, livestock diets sed on norml mize re supplemented with protein rich feed ingredients such s soyen mel, fishmel nd synthetic lysine to compenste for the deficient lysine. However, improving mize vrieties to possess n improved lnce of essentil mino cids cn reduce the dietry inclusions of protein - rich ingredients such s fishmel nd synthetic lysine nd therey provide svings on the cost of feed nd production, thus mking niml products more ffordle. Opque-2 vriety is 106

2 Omge et l.: Evlution of the Nutritive Vlue of Qulity Protein Mize n exmple of such improved mize with high protein content nd the lysine nd tryptophn levels re etter thn those of the norml mize. Animls (chicken nd pigs) fed this vriety of mize (Opque-2) hve significntly performed etter thn their counterprts fed on norml mize (Asche et l., 1985; Sullivn et l., 1989; Oki et l., 2005;). However, the development of high lysine mutnt mize Opque -2-mutnt through intensive reeding hve succeeded in producing Qulity protein mize (QPM) which is richer in lysine, tryptophn nd other minocids thn the existing mize lines. QPM contin twice the mount of essentil mino cids thn in norml mize (Showemimo et l., 2005; Bu, 2005) nd it yield 10% more grin thn the trditionl vrieties of mize (Surinder nd Evngelin, 1999). Oki et l. (2005) reported tht prticulr vriety of QPM known s Otmpp in Ghn contined 0.36% lysine in contrst to the 0.23% in norml mize nd tht except for methionine; the levels of six other indispensle mino cids were lso high. Although these levels of lysine re lower thn tht in the conventionl protein sources such s soyen (4.00%) nd Blood mel (7.00%), ut the fct tht mize constitutes out 50-60% of the diets of rits nd monogstric nimls mkes the contriution of lysine in mize to e of gret importnce. Supplementtion of QPM in the diets of rits nd monogstric nimls is therefore very importnt s QPM could e seen to sustitute for high protein ut rther costly sources like soyens, fishmel nd Blood mel (Vsl, 2006). QPM is reltively chep nd n excellent source of lysine nd other essentil mino cids such s tryptophn since the quntity of the mize is very high in the rtion. Thus most of the enefits of using QPM s n niml feed re likely to e through economic svings, in ddition to eing superior in protein qulity nd higher in feed efficiency. The Ojectives of the Study re to: 1. Determine the proximte composition of oth locl mize nd Qulity Protein Mize. 2. Determine the effects of QPM on the performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of wener rits. 3. Determine the economic impliction of feeding rits with QPM s replcement for the norml mize. Mterils nd Methods Experimentl loction: The reserch ws crried out t the livestock unit of the Teching nd Reserch unit of the Deprtment of Animl Science, Ahmdu Bello University, Zri, Kdun Stte, Nigeri. Lortory nlysis: The lortory studies involved the determintion of proximte composition of the locl mize, QPM nd formulted diets ccording to A.O.A.C (1990) procedures. Tle 1: Proximte nlysis of qulity protein mize nd norml mize Qulity Protein Norml Prmeters Mize Mize Dry Mtter (%) Crude Protein (%) Ether Extrct (%) Totl Ash (%) NFE (%) Biologicl study: Growth trils were conducted using 36 wener rits in completely rndomized experimentl design to evlute the percent replcement of norml mize with QPM in rit diets using groundnut cke s protein source. There were six tretments with six rits per tretment. The rits were individully cged. Diets were formulted to meet the NRC (1995) nutrient requirements for rits. The experiment lsted for eight weeks. Tle 2 shows the composition of diets for the study. The rtions involved percent replcement of norml mize with QPM s follows: Tretment 1: Mize Groundnut cke se diet (100% Norml Mize) Tretment 2: Mize Groundnut cke sed diet (75% Norml Mize + 25% QPM) Tretment 3: Mize Groundnut cke sed diet (50% Norml Mize + 50% QPM) Tretment 4: Mize Groundnut cke sed diet (25% Norml Mize + 75% QPM) Tretment 5: Mize Groundnut cke sed diet (100% QPM) Tretment 6: Mize Groundnut cke sed diet (100%Norml Mize + Synthetic Lysine) Mngement of experimentl nimls nd dt collection: The rits were fed for two dys with the feed under test to remove residues of previously fed feeds from their digestive trct. The rits were dewormed efore the experiment commenced, nd proper snitry conditions were mintined to void disese outrek. The rits were weighed t the strt of the experiment; the initil weights ws recorded nd susequently weighed on weekly sis. Feed intke, weight gin, feed efficiency, wter consumption, mortlity rte, cost per kg feed (N) nd cost per kg weight gin (N) were computed. The rits were weighed t the end of the experiment to get the finl live weight. Crcss evlution: At the end of the study, three rits per tretment were rndomly selected, weighed, slughtered nd eviscerted for crcss evlution. The rits were skinned, the hed, til, skin nd legs were cut off nd weighed, ech niml ws cut open, the limentry cnl, hert, liver, lungs, kidneys nd spleen were removed nd weighed individully. The weight of the wrm crcss devoid of internl orgns ws 107

3 Omge et l.: Evlution of the Nutritive Vlue of Qulity Protein Mize Tle 2: Composition of the experimentl Diets Tretments Ingredients Norml Mize QPM GNC Whet offl Mize offl Bone mel Common slt Lysine DL-Methionine *Vitmin minerl Premix Totl Cost/kg feed (#/kg) Clculted nlysis M.E.Kcl/kg Crude protein (%) Crude fier (%) Clcium (%) Aville Phosphorus (%) Lysine Methionine *A Vitmin minerl premix provides per kg of diet: Vitmin A, i.u; D 3, 2680 i.u; Vitmin E, 10 i.u; Vitmin K, 2.68 i.u; Clcium pntothente, 10.68mg, Vit B mg; Folic cid, 0.668mg; choline chloride 400mg; chlorotetrcycline, 26-28mg; Mngnese, mg; Iron, 66.68mg; Zinc, 53.34mg; copper, 3.2mg; Iodine, 1.86mg; Colt, 0.268mg, selenium, 0.108mg. *QPM: Qulity Protein Mize. * ME: Metolizle energy. *GNC: Groundnut cke, *i.u: Interntionl Unit. recorded. The skinned crcss ws dissected into retil There ws significnt difference (P < 0.001) in feed cuts of loin, shoulder nd thigh, which were then cost/kg feed (#/kg) cross the tretments. weighed individully. The weight of ech of these orgns ws expressed s percentge of the live weight. Crcss nlysis: The result of crcss yield is shown in Tle 4. Dt nlysis: Dt collected were sujected to nlysis Live-weight ws significntly (P < 0.05) lowest t 50% of vrince s descried y Steel nd Torrie (1980). level of supplementtion nd highest t 100% level. Significnce difference ws determined y pplying the However, there ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (Duncn, 1955) cross in live-weight etween rits offered the diet t 0, 25, the tretments. 50, 75% nd control. Slughter weight followed similr pttern s live-weight. There ws no significnt Results difference (P > 0.05) in crcss weight cross the The proximte composition of qulity protein mize tretments. nd norml mize vriety: The proximte composition Length of smll intestine ws significntly (P < 0.05) of Qulity Protein Mize nd Norml Mize re presented lowest in control nd 100% level of supplementtion nd in Tle 1. The verge dry mtter content is 96.84%, highest t 0% level of supplementtion. However, there crude protein 8.25%, crude fier 3.33%, ether extrct ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in the length of 15.86%, totl sh 2.95%, NFE 66.45% for QPM nd dry smll intestine in the rits offered the diets t 25, 50 mtter content of %, crude protein 7.42 %, crude nd 75% levels of supplementtion. fier 4.8 %, ether extrct 14.00% nd totl sh 1.76%, The length of lrge intestine ws significntly (P < 0.05) NFE 64.72% for norml mize. lowest t 0 nd 25% level of supplement-tions nd highest in the control diet. However, there ws no Effects of grded levels of qulity protein mize on significnt difference (P > 0.05) in the length of lrge wener rits: The effects of the tretments on the intestine t 50, 75 nd 100 percent levels of performnce of wener rits re presented in Tle 3. supplementtion. There ws no significnt difference (P There ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in initil > 0.05) in the dressing percentge cross the weight (g), finl weight (g), dily feed intke (g), dily tretments. weight gin (g), feed efficiency, dily wter consumption There ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in the (ml), mortlity rte nd feed cost/kg weight gin (#) hert, shoulder, loin, thigh, lungs, kidneys, hed, skin, cross the tretments. spleen, weight of full stomch, weight of empty stomch, 108

4 Omge et l.: Evlution of the Nutritive Vlue of Qulity Protein Mize Tle 3: Performnce of wener rits fed grded levels of Qulity Protein Mize (QPM) sed-diets Prmeters SEM LOS Initil weight (g) NS Finl weight (g) NS Dily feed intke (g) NS Dily wt gin (g) NS Feed: Gin NS Dily wter Consumption (ml) NS Mortlity NS Feed Cost/kg weight Gin (#/kg) NS,, c, d, e, f, mens with different superscripts within the sme row differ significntly. NS: Not Significnt (P > 0.05). LOS: Level of Significnce. SEM: Stndrd Error of the Men. weight of full smll intestine, weight of empty smll 100% QPM diets hd numericl fster rte of gin thn intestine, weight of full lrge intestine nd weight of those fed the control diet. The highest weight gin ws empty lrge intestine. oserved t 100% level of inclusion. Body weight gins There ws significnt difference (P < 0.05) in the liver, increse with incresed level of QPM in the diet. This legs nd til ut there ws no specific trend estlished. cn e explined y increse in nutrient intke nd At 0% level of supplementtion, the liver is significntly utiliztion. This cn e seen in the trend in feed to gin (P < 0.05) highest nd lowest t 25%, 75% levels of rtio, which improved with higher levels of QPM in the supplementtion nd control diet. However, there ws diets. This grees with the reports of Asche et l. (1985); no significnt difference (P > 0.05) t 50 nd 100% Sullivn et l. (1989); Lopez-Pereir (1992); Oki et l. levels. (2005), tht nimls (chicken nd pigs) fed this vriety of At 50% level of supplementtion, the percent weight of mize (QPM) gined more weight thn their counterprts legs is significntly highest nd lowest t 100% level. fed on norml mize. The decline in weight gin t 50% However, there ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) level of inclusion cn e ttriuted to fster rte of t 0, 75% levels of supplementtion nd control diet. pssge of the feed through the gstro-intestinl trct The til ws significntly (P < 0.05) highest in rits fed (GIT) nd therefore less retention time for digestion nd control diet nd lowest t 100% level of utiliztion. supplementtion. However, there ws no significnt Level of supplementtion of QPM hd no significnt difference (P > 0.05) t 0, 25, 50 nd 75% levels of supplementtion. Discussion There were slight vritions mong most of the nutrients in oth the norml mize nd Qulity Protein Mize. The protein content in QPM is not fr different from those of norml mize. This grees with the report of Prsnn et l. (2001), lthough some studies showed higher levels for QPM (Rostngo et l. 1990). Differences in comprison with other literture my e due to vrietl, soil nd climtic conditions (Soh et l., 1994) The crude protein vlue of 8.25% for Qulity protein mize nd 7.42% for norml mize, otined in this study grees with the reports of other workers (Prsnn et l., 2001). 3.33% nd 4.80% for QPM nd regulr mize were otined respectively s vlues of crude fier. The results of the performnce of rits showed tht there ws no significnt effect of diets on ny of the performnce prmeters mesured. Feed intke ws numericlly highest in the 100% nd lowest in 0% levels of inclusion of QPM. Dily feed intke ws oserved to increse with increse in the dietry levels of QPM. However, higher levels of feeding QPM resulted in higher totl feed intke. There ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) mong the tretments for weight gin, lthough rits fed 75 nd difference (P > 0.05) in feed efficiency mong ll the tretments. The efficiency with which feed ws converted to gin showed trend indicting tht the higher the level of QPM fed the etter the fed efficiency. A lower fed conversion rtio implies more feed eing retined in the niml nd less wste into the environment (Gehrt, 2001). Feed to gin rtios ws etter on the QPM-sed diets, indicting tht lower mounts of the QPM diets were consumed nd converted to met. This suggests tht QPM is superior in feed efficiency thn norml mize vriety. Lopez-Pereir (1992) reported similr efficiency of feed utiliztion for chicken nd pigs. Level of feeding QPM hd no significnt (P > 0.05) effect on the quntity of wter consumed, ut the higher the level of inclusion of QPM the higher the quntity of wter consumed, even though the quntity consumed ws not significntly different from tht of rits on control diet nd norml mize vriety. The highest wter consumption ws oserved in the control diet. In this experiment, differences mong tretments were not significnt (P > 0.05) for feed cost per unit of weight gin, ut vlues were numericlly lower for QPM diets. The highest feed cost per unit of weight gin ws oserved in the control diet, indicting tht the rits in this tretment te more to gin less weight. The results suggest therefore tht QPM sed-diets reduce cost of production though not significntly. 109

5 Omge et l.: Evlution of the Nutritive Vlue of Qulity Protein Mize Tle 4: Crcss chrcteristics of wener rits fed grded levels of Qulity Protein Mize expressed s percentge of live-weight Tretments Prmeters SEM LOS Live-wt * Slughter Wt (g) * Crcss wt (g) NS Length SI (cm) * Length LI(cm) * Dressing (%) NS Hert (%) NS Liver (%) * Shoulder (%) NS Loin (%) NS Thigh (%) NS Lungs (%) NS Kidneys (%) NS Hed (%) NS Legs (%) c c 3.16 c 2.58 c * Skin (%) NS Til (%) * Spleen (%) NS Wt of FS (g) NS Wt of ES (g) NS Wt of FSI (g) NS Wt of ESI (g) NS Wt of FLI (g) NS Wt of ELI (g) NS,, c mens with different superscripts within the sme row differ significntly. NS: Not significnt (P > 0.05). *: Significnt (P < 0.05). LOS: Level of Significnce. SEM: Stndrd Error of the Men. FS: Full Stomch. ES: Empty Stomch. FSI: Full Smll Intestine. ESI: Empty Smll Intestine. FLI: Full Lrge Intestine. ELI: Empty Lrge Intestine. Wt: Weight. Level of feeding QPM hd no significnt (P > 0,05) effect the rits fed 0% level of QPM nd lowest in rits fed on crcss trits of the wener rits. Pre-slughter 25, 75% QPM nd control diet. However, there were no weight incresed s level of feeding QPM incresed significnt difference (P > 0.05) in rits fed 25, 50, 75, except t 50% level of inclusion. However, t higher 100% nd control diet. levels of feeding QPM (75 nd 100%), there were no There were no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in the size significnt differences (P > 0.05) in pre-slughter weight. of the hert, shoulder, loin, thigh, lungs, kidneys, hed, Incresed level of feeding resulted in incresed intke skin, spleen, weight of stomch (full nd empty), nd nd nutrient utiliztion. Rits fed 100% level of QPM weight of intestines (full nd empty). hve the highest live-weight nd were significntly (P < 0.05) higher thn those fed 50% level of QPM, ut no Conclusion: The results otined from this study significnt difference (P > 0.05) ws oserved in pre - indicted tht: slughter weight in rits fed 0, 25, 75, 100% nd I) Rits could e rised on QPM-sed diets control diet. without lysine supplementtion. There were significnt difference (P < 0.05) in slughter II) QPM-sed diets improved feed: gin rtio nd feed weight, ut it follows similr trend s pre - slughter cost per kg weight gin, indicting reduction in weight, indicting tht level of feeding did not ffect the cost of production. quntity of drinle lood. There were no significnt (P > 0.05) vrition in crcss References weight of rit fed QPM diet nd those fed on 0% nd A.O.A.C., Assocition of Officil Anlyticl control diets. 100% QPM inclusion hd the highest th crcss weight, though not significntly different (P > Chemists Officil methods of Anlysis, 15 Edition. 0.05) from the other tretments. Wshington D.C. There were no significnt (P > 0.05) vritions in the Asche, G.L, A.J. Lewis, E.R. Peo, Jr. nd J.D. Crenshw, dressing percentge of rits fed with or without QPM The Nutritionl vlue of norml nd high Level of feeding hd significnt (P < 0.05) effect on the lysine corns for wenling nd growing - finishing size of the liver, length of the intestines (smll nd swine when fed t four lysine levels. J. Anim. Sci., lrge), legs nd tils. The size of the liver ws highest in 60:

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