Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed on Mature Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as a Protein Supplement to Soyabean Meal

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (1): 5-10, 2012 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Performnce of Broiler Chickens Fed on Mture Moring oleifer Lef Mel s Protein Supplement to Soyben Mel C.T. Gdziryi, B. Msmh, J.F. Mupngw nd S. Wshy Deprtment of Agriculture, Bindur University of Science Eduction, P. Bg 1020, Bindur, Zimbbwe 2 Interntionl Livestock Reserch Institute, Av. FPLM 2698 Cix, Mputo, Mozmbique 3 Umutr Polytechnic, Fculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 57, Nygtre, Estern Province, Rwnd 1 Abstrct: An explortory study investigting the effects of supplementing soybens with Moring oleifer lef mel, s protein source in poultry production ws done t Bindur University Frm. Five different grded levels of Moring oleifer mel were used in formulting the diets. Rtion formultion using soyben, yellow mize nd Moring oleifer mel s ingredients for broiler strter (20% Crude Protein) nd broiler finisher (18% Crude Protein) diets ws done using the Person Squre Method. Twenty-five dy old Hbbrd chicks were rndomly llocted to the five tretment diets T1 (0% Moring oleifer mel), T2 (25% Moring oleifer mel), T3 (50% Moring oleifer mel), T4 (75% Moring oleifer mel) nd T5 (100% Moring oleifer mel) in completely rndomized design. Birds were mnged under the dip litter system with five comprtments ech with five birds for period of 6 weeks. Weekly weight gin, feed intke nd feed conversion rtio were recorded throughout the period. Eviscertion of crcsses ws done fter 6 weeks nd the different body prts were weighed nd recorded. Proximte nlysis of Moring oleifer mel, broiler strter nd broiler finisher diets were done nd the results were tbulted. Sttisticl nlysis ws done using Genstt Softwre Version 12. No significnt differences were noted in the mount of feed tken by broiler birds under different tretments of Moring oleifer mel, however significnt differences in feed conversion rtios were noted. It ws therefore concluded tht inclusion of Moring oleifer mel s protein supplement in broiler diets t 25% inclusion level produces broilers of similr weight nd growth rte compred to those fed under conventionl commercil feeds (p>0.05). Key words: Moring oleifer, broilers, protein, weight, crcss INTRODUCTION Soy ben hs been the mjor protein feed source of choice for poultry frmers. When intensive poultry production ws introduced in Zimbbwe, fishmel ws used s the min protein source. However this becme expensive s fishmel ws imported nd this led to development of soy ben mel s substitute for fishmel. In Zimbbwe poultry producers use cerels s energy sources nd oilseeds like sunflower nd soy ben, s protein sources. In most developing countries, the mjor sources of protein in commercil poultry production re Fishmel (FM) nd oil seed ckes. However, these re usully scrce, expensive nd used extensively by other livestock nd humns. Nutrition ccounts for 60-70% of the totl production cost in modern poultry production systems (Smith, 1990). Further, feeding hs gret effect in poultry growth, egg production nd met qulity. This sitution hs creted need to look for chep, loclly vilble nd less competitive substitutes to some ingredients of poultry feeds nd in prticulr, sources of protein. There is continued scrcity nd consequent high prices of conventionl protein (soybens) nd energy sources for livestock in tropics (D Mello et l., 1987) nd this hinders poultry production. The use of leguminous Multipurpose Trees (MPTs) nd shrubs hs been suggested to be vible lterntive source of proteins, vitmins nd minerls for poultry feeding (Church, 1991). Plnt leves re commonly processed into Lef Mels (LMs) for use s poultry feed. A review of vilble literture shows tht Leucen leucocephl, Gliricidi sepium, Sesbni sesbn, Mnihot esculent hve been widely used in feeding non-ruminnts nd especilly poultry resulting in improvement of their productivity (Lopez, 1986; D`Mello et l., 1987). However, the uses of LMs re limited by their high fibre contents nd in some cses, presence of toxic fctors or metbolic inhibitors. Moring oleifer, known s the drumstick tree, hs been under investigtion in Zimbbwe for both humn nutrition nd immune boosting properties. Reserch done in Gmbi nd Indi hve shown tht Moring oleifer leves cn be used for livestock nutrition strtegies. Young leves re used by frmers in Indi s cttle fodder to improve milk yields (Bostock-Wood, 1992) nd in Zimbbwe s niml feed (Clrke, 1994). Corresponding Author: C.T. Gdziryi, Deprtment of Agriculture, Bindur University of Science Eduction, P. Bg 1020, Bindur, Zimbbwe 5

2 Moring oleifer leves re pcked with nutrients prmeter to mesure growth in frm nimls is importnt both for humns nd nimls (Nutiyl nd therefore n increse in weight gin over time. Growth Venhtrmn, 1987). A crude protein percentge of 25- rte therefore is defined s the time tken to rech 27% is suggestive tht the leves re good source of mture body weight. Using conventionl feeds, Ross protein for livestock. The high proportion of this protein nd Enriquez (1969), reported tht met-line breeds is vilble in the intestines (Mkkr nd Becker, 1997). birds would rech 2 kgs in 6 weeks nd to produce 1kg The presence of dequte levels of essentil mino crcss weight, broilers require 2-3 kg of blnced feed. cids, (higher thn the levels present in the FAO Plnt leves re commonly processed into lef mels reference protein) nd low levels of nti-nutrients for non-ruminnt nimls. Among the lef mels, indicte their nutritionl qulity. The high pepsin soluble leucen (Leucen leucocephl) nd cssv nitrogen (82-90%) nd the low cid detergent insoluble (Mnihot esculent) lef mels re most populr protein (1-2%) vlues for the mel suggest tht most of (Limcngo-Lopez, 1990). Other species reported on re, the protein in the mel is vilble to most nimls Trem orientlis, Morus indic, Moring oleifer nd (Mkkr nd Becker, 1997). Mkkr nd Becker (1997) Sesbni rostrt. In Chin, pine needles re some of lso concluded tht the mino cid profile of Moring the min lef fodders. The lef mel is produced olefer leves is comprble to tht of soy ben mel. industrilly nd used widely in niml feed, especilly Reserch hve indicted tht Moring leves hve for pigs nd poultry, minly to supplement vitmins nd negligible tnnins; sponin content is similr to tht trce minerls (Zichun, 1990).The use of lef mel s present in soy ben mel nd trypsin inhibitors nd feed is limited by its high fibre content nd, in some lectins were not detected (Mkkr nd Becker, 1997). cses, the presence of toxic fctors or metbolic Moring tree is ntive to the sub-himlyn regions of inhibitors. Consequently, levels higher thn 5-10% hve the northwest Indi. It is now indigenous to mny detrimentl results on survivl nd production (Yoshid, countries in Afric, Arbi, South Asi, the Pcific nd the 1944; Ross nd Enriquez, 1969; Szon, 1988; Criso, Cribben islnds nd South Americ (Fordl et l., 1988). 2001). Moring is being cultivted in severl reltively remote prts of Zmbezi vlley nd it hs nturlized in these res of Zimbbwe. Moring is well known for its multipurpose ttributes, wide dptbility nd ese of estblishment. The tree is fst growing nd high yielding, initil tril in Nicrgu hve shown high biomss production of up to 120 tonnes dry mtter/h/yer in 8 cuttings fter plnting one million seeds/hectre (Mkkr nd Becker, 1997). The tree MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site: The experiment ws crried out t the Reserch Frm Unit of the Bindur University of Science eduction, Bindur, Zimbbwe. The frm is in nturl region 2, receiving nnul rinfll of mm. Mild tempertures re recorded in winter, rnging from degrees Celsius on verge. The project ws crried out during winter seson. bers for yers. The drought tolernt nture of the tree mkes it prticulrly suited to those mrginl res where the cost ssocited with cultivtion nd hrvesting of other commercil crops like soybens is high. The tree is resistnt to most pests nd diseses, thus mking it chep source of feed for nimls. Moring tree is drought tolernt, it is resistnt to most diseses nd pests, it hs high biomss yield per hectre, it cn grow well in mrginl res nd it hs high protein vlue which cn support livestock production. All these fcts mke it chep feed source compred to soybens, which is csh crop nd it is expensive to produce by the smll-scle frmer in mrginl res. Under such conditions, Moring oleifer becomes the crop of choice to explore in broiler production. The min objective of this study ws to evlute broiler performnce in terms of growth rte nd feed conversion rtio when fed on mture Moring oleifer lef mel s protein supplement nd to determine idel inclusion levels of this lef mel in broiler diet. It lso imed t estblishing the effect of feeding mture Moring oleifer on crcss yield of broilers. The mostly used Experimentl procedure: Twenty five Hrbbd dy old chicks were used in the study. A Completely Rndomised Design (CRD) ws used whereby dy old chicks were rndomly llocted to 5 tretments (diets)contining 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% nd 100% Moring oleifer Lef Mel (MOLM) supplement. Diets were formulted using Soy bens, Mize nd mture Moring leves t different grded levels. Moring provennces from Mtoko nd Shmv districts of Zimbbwe were used since they re more commonly grown by frmers. Premixes common to poultry production were dded, tht is vitmins, monoclcium phosphte, slt nd limestone flour. During the first 3 weeks of brooding life, het ws supplemented by use of heter. An Ox tetrcycline ws dministered from dy one up to the end of brooding period s prophylctic mesure. Lighting systems were nturl during the dy nd rtificil t night, using 60 wtts electric bulb. Ventiltion ws lso nturl, chieved by opening nd closing windows. Hnsen scks curtins were used to prevent birds from drughts. Feed nd wter were supplied 6

3 Tble 1: Ingredient composition of broiler strter diet formulted Composition of broiler strter nd finisher diets formulted with inclusion of MOLM (%) Broiler strter Broiler finisher T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Ingredients g/kg (0%) (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%) (0%) (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%) Yellow mize Soyben cke MOLM Premixes Vitmins Alt Monoclcium phosphte Limestone flour Totl d lib. Broiler strter, 20%crude protein, ws given for 3 The diets were mde iso-nitrogenous nd iso-energetic weeks, by the end of the 3rd week broiler finisher to produce broiler strter nd finisher with 20% nd 18% contining 18% crude protein ws grdully crude protein respectively. introduced nd supplied through up to slughter. Weighing of birds ws done with n electro scle (Slter Dt nlysis: Growth rte (weight) nd feed intke dt Industril Mesurements West Bromwich, West were subjected to the nlysis of vrince using the Midlnds). one-wy ANOVA with weeks s blocking fctor. Moring oleifer leves were hrvested from frm in Genstt Version 12.1 Softwre ws used to do the Shmv district of Zimbbwe. Brnches were cut from sttisticl nlysis. The individul tretment mens the mture Moring trees over twelve months old, were compred using the LSD test procedure t 5% spred out nd dried under the shde for period of 7 level. dys. Therefter, brnches were threshed crefully to seprte leves from twigs before pounding. The dried leves were pounded to mke lef mel. The lef mels were stored in the nylon bgs during entire period of the study to void ny possible contmintion from foreign mteril. Yellow mize ws hrvested nd grounded using hmmer mel nd incorported into the diet. Soy bens ws hrvested, sent to n oil extrcting compny nd the cke ws used s protein source in the diet. The premixes were purchsed from Agri-foods mnufcturing compny. Rtion formultion of experimentl diets: Crude protein vlue for Moring ws bsed on proximte nlysis (Tble 3) nd tht of Mize nd Soybens were bsed on figures from literture (McDonld et l., 1995). The following steps were tken in formulting the experimentl diets. C C C 5% of the rtion ws reserved for supplements of limiting mino cids, minerls nd vitmins (premix). Mnipulted the levels of inclusion of protein sources (Moring oleifer lef mel nd Soy bens mel) to meet the protein requirements (using Person s Squre method). Included the energy sources to meet the desired level of metbolisble energy. RESULTS Nutrient composition of diets: In both strter nd finisher diets, it could be observed tht incresing the level of MOLM in diet ws followed by n increse in Ash, crude fiber nd ether extrct. However the reverse ws the cse with crude protein nd nitrogen free extrct, which tend to decrese with incresing levels of MOLM. For the strter diets Ash content incresed from g/kg; ether extrct vlues declined from g/kg; crude fiber levels incresed from g/kg nd Nitrogen Free Extrct (NFE) vlues declined from g/kg for T1 (0%MOLM) nd T2 (100% MOLM) diets respectively. For the finisher diets Ash content incresed from g/kg; ether extrct incresed from g/kg; crude fiber vlues incresed from g/kg nd NFE vlues declined from g/kg T1 (0%MOLM) nd T2 (100%MOLM) diets respectively. Proximte nlysis of hrvested Moring oleifer lef mel ws done nd the results given in Tble 3. Weight: Finl live weight per bird t six weeks rnged from g for T1 nd T5 diets respectively. Both totl weight gin nd dily live weight gin per bird followed similr trend. The vlues rnged from g nd from g/dy for T1 (0%MOLM) nd T5 (100%MOLM) diets respectively. From the results, the performnce of birds fed T1 7

4 Tble 2: Nutrient composition of broiler diets contining vrying levels of MOLM Proximte composition of broiler diets contining different % of MOLM Tretments Broiler strter Broiler finisher T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Item (g/kg) (0%) (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%) (0%) (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%) Ash Ether extrct Crude protein Crude fibre Nitrogen free extrct Gross energy Tble 3: Nutrient composition of mture Moring oleifer lef Tble 5: Averge feed intke (grms) for 6 weeks for the 5 mel used in the diets tretments Items Vlues Tret Totl Men Medin SD Crude protein 251 g/kg T1 (0%MOLM) Ash 150 g/kg T2 (25%MOLM) Ether extrcts 54 g/kg T3 (50%MOLM) 1680 b Nitrogen free extrcts 106 g/kg T4 (75%MOLM) 1545 c Crude fibre 225 g/kg T5 (100%MOLM) 1307 d Gross energy 18.7 MJ/kg LSD (5%) = ESE = Tble 4: Averge live weight (grms) of birds for ech tretment *Mens with the sme superscripts re not significntly different for the 6 week period (p>0.05) Tret Men SD SE Men T1 (MOLM 0%) T2 (MOLM25%) T3 (MOLM50%) b T4 (MOLM75%) c T5 (MOLM100%) d LSD (5%) = ESE = *Mens with the sme superscript re not significntly different (p>0.05) (0%MOLM) nd T2 (25% MOLM) diets did not significntly differ (p>0.05). The dt of weight of birds ws tested for normlity using Shpiro-Wilk test. The results showed tht the dt ws norml (p<0.001). Therefore n nlysis of vrince ws done using weeks s blocking fctor. Mens were compred using LSD t 5% level. Anlysis of vrince showed tht there were significnt differences between the weight of birds mongst the five tretments (p<0.01). More vribility in the weight of birds ws being explined by the different weeks (week fctor). The lest significnce of the difference between the mens of weight of birds mong the five tretments t 5% level is Feed intke: The highest feed intke ws recorded in birds offered 25% MOLM diet. Crcss chrcteristics: Different crcss prts, liver, hed, neck, wing, bck, thighs, shnks, brest, gizzrd nd lung, were weighed nd exposed to significnt Fig. 1: A composite grph for feed intke of birds for ech tretment over 6 week period. A = FeedInFeed intke v Wk [Tretment 1 (0%)] B = FeedInFeed intke v Wk [Tretment 2 (25%)] C = FeedInFeed intke v Wk [Tretment 3 (50%)] D = FeedInFeed intke v Wk [Tretment 4 (75%)] E=FeedInFeed intke v Wk [Tretment 5 (100%)] tests. The generl trend ws tht tretment five, with 100% inclusion level of MOLM, ws significntly different from the rest of the tretments (p>0.05). The brest prt showed more vribility nd the hed hd minimum vrition. DISCUSSION The diets used in the study were formulted to provide 20%CP nd 18%CP for the strter nd finisher diets respectively. The protein levels of the five diets were 8

5 Tble 6: Men weight (g) of different broiler crcss prts for ech tretment (% MOLM inclusion levels) Crcss prts Tretment Bck Gizzrd Shnks Hed Thigh Liver Neck Wing Lung Intestine (L) T1 (0%) T2 (25%) T3 (50%) T4 (75%) T5 (100%) Intestine (L): Intestine (Length) within the recommended levels for broiler chicks s reported by McDonld et l. (1995) who put the protein requirements for broilers rised in the tropics t 20-22% for strter nd 18-20% for finisher. Nutrient composition of diets in this study showed n incresing trend in sh, Crude Fiber (CF) nd Ether Extrct (EE) nd decresing trend of Crude Protein (CP) nd Nitrogen Free Extrct (NFE). This is in shrp contrst to similr studies by Kkengi et l. (2007) which showed decresing trend of Crude Fibre (CF) nd Ether Extrct (EE). There were no significnt differences in feed intke of broilers fed with different Moring oleifer lef mel inclusion levels, however significnt differences were noted in feed conversion rtio s evidenced by the vrition in weight gined in different tretments. Feed intke incresed s MOLM inclusion incresed probbly due to incresed bulk nd metbolizble concentrtion. Similr findings were reported by Olugbemi et l. (2010) in his study of effect of MOLM inclusion in cssv bsed diets to broiler chickens. This finding is lso supported by results from studies of substitution sunflower seed mel with MOLM in diets of lying hens by Kkengi et l. (2007) tht indicted significnt progressive increse in feed intke were on birds fed 10% nd 20% MOLM levels. The results show tht there ws no significnt difference in men feed intke between T1 (0% MOLM) nd T2 (25% MOLM) s demonstrted by Kkengi et l. (2007) where dietry tretments did not show ny significnt effect on feed intke nd dry mtter intke up to 5% MOLM. Finl weight nd weight gined declined s MOLM level incresed. This is lso in line with findings from study by Olugbemi et l. (2010) in inclusion MOLM to cssv bsed diets fed to broiler chickens. In the study of supplementing soyben mel with MOLM, men weight of broilers ws significntly different for T3 (50%MOLM), T4 (75%MOLM) nd T5 (100%MOLM). However, there ws no significnt difference in the men weight of broilers between T1 (0%MOLM) nd T2 (25%MOLM). Significnt weight gin differences were noted between tretment five nd tretment one nd between tretment two nd five. The difference could be due to high fibre levels tht were in tretment five with 100%MOLM in the diet s protein source. The findings gree with literture tht monogstrics cnnot utilise high crude fibre diets efficiently. The birds were experiencing yellow colourtion of body prts which ws minly ttributed to the presence of xnthophylls nd crotenoid pigments in MOLM s in other tree nd shrub lef mels s outlined by Austic nd Neishen (1990). A mortlity rte of 40% ws recorded in T5 (100%MOLM) which shows tht t very high levels MOLM becomes detrimentl to birds. Significnt difference on crcss yield between the different tretments on birds fed on different Moring oleifer lef mel inclusion levels ws lso noted upon eviscertion. It cn be recommended from this study tht MOLM cn be supplemented to soy ben mel t 25% inclusion level in broiler chickens. Similr recommendtions were mde by Kkengi et l. (2007) tht in res where MOLM cn be obtined for free nd qulity of eggs fetch higher premium complete substitution (20%) with MOLM of sunflower mel in lying birds is recommended. REFERENCES Austic, R.E. nd M.C. Neishen, Poultry Production. Le nd Febiger Publisher, pp: Bostock-wood, C., Trees in society in rurl Krntic, Indi. (NRI: Chthm). Criso, E.R., Feeding vlue of Mllunggy (Moring oleifer) lef mel inbroiler diet. College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Bnos. Church, D.C., Livestock feed nd feeding. 3rd Edn., Prentice Hll, Egle Wood Cliff, New Jersey, pp: 546. Clrke, J., Building on indigenous nturl resource mngement: Forestry prctice in Zimbbwe s communl Ares. D'Mello, J.P.F., T. Acmovic nd A.G. Wlker, Evlution of Leucen lef mel for broiler growth nd pigmenttion. J. Trop. Agric., 64: Fordl, N., H.P.S. Mkkr nd K. Becker, The potentil of Moring oleifer for Agriculturl nd industril uses, The mircle tree: The multi uses of Moring. Ed. Lowell J. Fugile, CTA, Wgeningen, The Netherlnds, pp: Kkengi, A.M.V., J.T. Kijge, S.V. Srwtt, S.K. Mutyob, M.N. Shem nd T. Fujihr, Effect of Moring oleifer lef mel s substitute for sunflower seed mel on performnce of lying hens in Tnzni. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9:

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