Polarization Tutorial Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes

Transcription

1 IntroPolarizers Polarization Tutorial Windows η Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes ξ Ψ High Energy Laser Polarizers Polarization Rotators Depolarizers Prisms Lenses Birefringent Polarizers Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons θ Filters Interferometer Mounts Appendix

2 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Beamsplitters Polarizers Waveplates Filters Etalons Ultrafast Interferometer Polarization Technical Notes Polarization States Four numbers are required to describe a single plane wave Fourier component traveling in the +z direction. These can be thought of as the amplitude and phase shift of the field along two orthogonal directions. 1. Cartesian Representation E = (xe x e iφ x + ye y e iφ y) e i(kz-ωt) This is the simplest representation to think about. E x, E y, φ x, and φ y are four real numbers describing the magnitudes and phases of field components along two orthogonal unit vectors x and y. If the origin of time is irrelevant, only the relative phase shift φ = φ x - φ y need be specified. Historically, the orientation of a polarized electromagnetic wave has been defined in the optical regime by the orientation of the electric vector. This is the convention that CVI uses. 2. Circular Representation In the circular representation, we resolve the field into circularly polarized components. The basic states are represented by the complex unit vectors e + is the unit vector for left circularly polarized light; for positive helicity light; for light that rotates counterclockwise in a fixed plane as viewed facing into the light wave; and for light whose electric field rotation obeys the right hand rule with thumb pointing in the direction of propagation. e + = (1/ 2)(x + iy) e - = (1/ 2)(x - iy) e - is the unit vector for right circularly polarized light; for negative helicity light; for light that rotates clockwise in a fixed plane as viewed facing into the light wave; and for light whose electric field rotation disobeys the right hand rule with thumb pointing in the direction of propagation. As in the case of the Cartesian representation, we write: E = (e + E + e iφ + + e - E - e iφ - ) e i(kz-ωt) where E +, E -, φ +, and φ - are four real numbers describing the magnitudes and phases of the field components of the left and right circularly polarized components. Note that 3. Elliptical Representation An arbitrary polarization state is generally elliptically polarized. This means that the tip of the electric field vector will describe an ellipse, rotating once per optical cycle. Let a be the semimajor and b be the semiminor axis of the polarization ellipse. Let ψ be the angle that the semimajor axis η E + = e - E E - = e + E Figure 1. The polarization ellipse. makes with the X-axis. Let ξ and η be the axes of a right-handed coordinate system rotated by an angle +ψ with respect to the X-axis and aligned with the polarization ellipse as shown in the diagram below. The elliptical representation is: Ψ ξ Appendix Mounts Linearly polarized light. E x and E y are in phase. Circularly polarized light. E x and E y are out of phase by angular frequency ω. ^ ^ E = (aξ + bη)e iδ o e i(kz-ωt) Note that the phase shift δ o above is required to adjust the time origin, and the parameter ψ is implicit in the rotation of the ξ, η axes with respect to the X, Y axes. 240 Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

3 Polarization Technical Notes Intro To summarize the three representations: Representation Complex Field Amplitude Parameters Specifying Polarization State Windows Cartesian xe x e iφ x + ye y e iφ y E x, φ x, E y, φ y Circular e + E + e iφ + + e - E - e iφ- E+, φ +, E -, φ - Elliptical (aξ ^ + bη)e ^ o a, b, ψ, δ o Prisms Conversion Between Representations b. Cartesian to Elliptical Transformation A real polarizer has a pass transmission, Lenses For brevity, we will provide only the Cartesian to Circular and Cartesian to Elliptical transformations. The inverse transformations are straightforward. We define the following quantities: g 1 = E x cosφ x - E y sinφ y g 2 = E x sinφ x + E y cosφ y g 3 = E x cosφ x + E y sinφ y g 4 = E x sinφ x - E y cosφ y u = +[(g 1 ) 2 + (g 2 ) 2 ] 1/2 v = +[(g 3 ) 2 + (g 4 ) 2 ] 1/2 φ 12 = atan (g 1, g 2 ) φ 34 = atan (g 3, g 4 ) In the above, atan(x,y) is the four quadrant arc tangent function. This means that atan(x,y) = atan(y/x) with the provision that the quadrant of the angle returned by the function is controlled by the signs of both x and y, not just the sign of their quotient; for example, if g 2 = g 1 = -1, then φ 12 above is 5π/4 or -3π/4, not π/4. a. Cartesian to Circular Transformation E + = v/ 2 E - = u/ 2 φ + = φ 34 φ - = φ 12 Linear Polarizers A linear polarizer is a device that creates a linear polarization state from an arbitrary input. It does this by removing the component orthogonal to the selected state. Some polarizers reflect the rejected state, creating a new, usable beam. Examples are the CVI Glan Laser Polarizers, Thin Film Polarizers, and many types of polarizing beamsplitter cubes. Other polarizers, such as Polocor and plastic sheet polarizers, absorb the rejected beam which turns into heat. As do polaroid sheet and Polarcor polarizers. Still others may refract the two polarized beams at different angles, thereby separating them. Examples are Wollaston and Rochon prism polarizers. a = 1/2 (u + v) b = 1/2 (-u + v) ψ = 1/2 (φ 12 - φ 34 ) δ o = 1/2 (φ 12 + φ 34 ) Suppose the pass direction of the polarizer is determined by unit vector p. Then the transmitted field E 2, in terms of the incident field E 1, is: E 2 = p(p E 1 ) T, less than 1. The transmission of the rejected beam, T, may not be 0. If r is a unit vector along the rejected direction, then E 2 = (T ) 1/2 p(p E 1 )e iφ + (T ) 1/2 r(r E1 )e iφ In the above, the phase shifts along the two directions must be retained. Similar expressions could be arrived at for the rejected beam. If θ is the angle between the field E 1 and the polarizer pass direction p, the above equation predicts for the transmission: T = T cos 2 θ + T sin 2 θ The above equation shows that when the polarizer is aligned so that θ = 0, T = T. When it is crossed, θ = π/2, and T = T. The extinction ratio is ε = T / T. A polarizer with perfect extinction has T = 0, and thus T = T cos 2 θ, is a familiar result. Because cos 2 θ has a broad maximum as a function of orientation angle, setting a polarizer at a maximum of transmission is generally not very accurate. One has to either map the cos 2 θ with sufficient accuracy to find the θ = 0 point, or do a null measurement at θ = ± π/2. Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Filters Interferometer Mounts where the phase shift of the transmitted field has been ignored. Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at 241

4 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Selection Guide Filters Etalons Ultrafast Interferometer Appendix Mounts Polarizers Waveplates Beamsplitters 1800 Prism Mounts with 3-Axis adjustment can be found on page 380. Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. 242 Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

5 Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Selection Guide Intro Extinction Transmission Operating Ratio Polarizing Efficiency Diagram Product Type Conditions (T P /T S ) Bandwidth (T P ) Windows Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes PBS l 244 1J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz 1000:1 25nm at 515nm 95% Prisms Lenses UV Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes UPBS l 245 Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes PBSH l mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 100W/cm 2 CW at 266nm 500mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 100W/cm 2 CW at 515nm 100:1 500:1 5nm at 257nm > 250nm at 532nm 90% 90% Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Contacted Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes PBSO l J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 200MW/cm 2 CW at 1064nm 200:1 20nm at 1064nm 95% Etalons Harmonic Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes HPBS l 251 5J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW 10 3 :1 for 1064nm, 532nm, 355nm, and 266nm operation 95% Filters Interferometer Mounts Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes PBSK l J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW 10 3 :1 140nm at 532nm 92% at 800nm Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at 243

6 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Beamsplitters Polarizers Waveplates Filters Etalons Ultrafast Interferometer Appendix Mounts Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. Projection systems, signal monitoring Color separation and recombination Optical coupling Fewer ghost images than plate beamsplitters Optical isolation (In combination with waveplate) Continuously variable beamsplitter (In combination with waveplate) Equal optical path lengths 1000:1 extinction ratio Also called Laser Line Polarizer Cubes Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l 339 Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Substrate Material Polarizing beamsplitter cubes are used to split a laser beam into two orthogonally polarized components; P-polarization is transmitted straight through while S-polarization is reflected at 90º. PBS polarizer cubes utilize a durable all-dielectric coating at the internal cemented interface, and all external surfaces are anti-reflection coated for the wavelength specified. For best spectral performance and transmitted wavefront, cube beamsplitters should be used with PBS BK7 glass Dimensional Tolerance ± 0.25mm Extinction Ratio T P / T S > 1000:1 Transmission Efficiency T P > 95% Reflection Efficiency R S > 99.9% Antireflection Coating Transmitted Wavefront Distortion collimated or near-collimated input light. R 0.25% per surface Surface Quality CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Clear Aperture Field of View ± 3 Damage Threshold λ/4 for 1.00, λ/2 for > 1.00 at 633nm Exceeds central 85% of dimension 1J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz The PBS and other cemented beamsplitter cubes are easy to mount, mechanically durable and ideal for use up to 1J/cm 2 at 1064nm. Rotary mounts and adapters for PBS cubes can be found l 339. For UV wavelengths see product code UPBS l 245. For broadband polarizing cubes, see product code PBSH l 246. For high energy contacted cubes, see product code PBSO l 250. For non-polarizing cubes, see product code NCBS l 205. For broadband, see PBSH, PBSK and, calcite polarizers. Wavelength 5.0mm 10.0mm nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS nm PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS PBS Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

7 IntroUPBS UV Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. Fused silica cube polarizers for doubled argon, tripled Nd:YAG, quadrupled Nd:YAG, and UV excimer lasers 100:1 extinction ratio Transmission efficiency > 90% For use with fluences less than 10mJ/cm 2 Contact CVI for 193nm polarizers Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l 339 Substrate Material UV grade fused silica Dimensional Tolerance ± 0.25mm Extinction Ratio T P / T S > 100:1 Transmission Efficiency T P > 90% Reflection Efficiency R S > 99% Antireflection Coating R 0.25% Surface Quality CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Clear Aperture Exceeds central 85% of dimension Field of View ± 2 typical Damage Threshold 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2 CW at 266nm Polarizing cube beamsplitters divide to one another by cement. A multilayer unpolarized collimated light into two antireflective coating is applied to orthogonal polarized beams at 90 to each face of the beamsplitter to produce each other. The transmitted beam is maximum transmission efficiency. Laserline polarized parallel to the plane of incidence cube beamsplitters are tuned for (p-polarized), and the reflected beam is optimum performance at specific laser polarized perpendicular to the plane of wavelengths. These polarizing cube incidence. Each beamsplitter consists of beamsplitters are made from UV grade a pair of precision high tolerance right fused silica to improve UV performance. angle prisms, which are fixed in relation Windows Prisms Lenses Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons How To Order UPBS Product Code UPBS Wavelength nm Size Code Cube Dimension Filters Interferometer Mounts Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at UPBS 245

8 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Beamsplitters Polarizers Waveplates Filters Etalons Ultrafast Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. Broadband polarizing cube optimized for visible and near infrared 500:1 extinction ratio average across full bandwidth Reflected and transmitted beams separated by 90 For use with fluences < 500mJ/cm 2 PBSH Substrate Material SF2 glass Dimensional Tolerance ± 0.25mm Surface Quality per MIL-PRF-13830B Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Extinction Ratio T P / T S > 500:1 Reflection Efficiency R S > 99.5% Clear Aperture Exceeds central 85% of dimension Field of View ± 2.5 Damage Threshold 500mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 100W/cm 2 CW at 515nm These polarizing beamsplitter cubes Each beamsplitter consists of a pair of are made from SF2 glass to improve precision high tolerance right angle prisms, broadband performance. For high energy which are fixed in relation to one another applications, CVI recommends other by cement. A multi-layer antireflective materials such as Fused Silica or BK7 coating is applied to each face of the though they may not work as well over beamsplitter to produce maximum a wide wavelength range. Polarizing transmission efficiency. Laser-line cube beamsplitter cubes divide unpolarized beamsplitters are tuned for optimum collimated light into two orthogonal performance at specific laser wavelengths. polarized beams at 90 to each other. The transmitted beam is polarized parallel To avoid damage when using a high to the plane of incidence (p-polarized), power laser, be sure to orient the cube and the reflected beam is polarized so that the beam enters through the perpendicular to the plane of incidence. prism marked with the dot. Interferometer Appendix Mounts Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Wavelength Transmission Antireflection Coating Part Number Range (nm) Efficiency (T P avg) (R avg per surface) Cube Size PBSH % < 0.5% 0.50" PBSH % < 2.5% 0.50" PBSH % < 3.0% 0.50" PBSH % < 0.5% 0.50" PBSH % < 0.5% 0.50" PBSH % < 0.5% 1.00" PBSH % < 2.5% 1.00" PBSH % < 3.0% 1.00" PBSH % < 0.5% 1.00" PBSH % < 0.5% 1.00" 246 PBSH Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

9 High Energy Laser Polarizers Selection Guide Intro Extinction Transmission Operating Ratio Polarizing Efficiency Diagram Product Type Conditions (T P /T S ) Bandwidth (T P ) Windows Thin Film Plate Polarizers TFP l J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW at 1064nm 200:1 5nm at 1064nm 95% Prisms Lenses Broadband Low Dispersion Polarizers TFPK l 249 Contacted Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes PBSO l 250 Harmonic Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes HPBS l 251 5J/cm 2, 50fsec pulse; 50kW/cm 2 CW at 800nm 10J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 200MW/cm 2 CW at 1064nm 5J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW 15:1 T P 2 /T S 2 where T P and T S are per surface transmissions 200: :1 100nm at 800nm 5-10nm at 1064nm for 1064nm, 532nm, 355nm, and 266nm operation 96% at 800nm 95% 95% Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes PBSK l 252 Polarization Rotators RT l J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW 10J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW at 1064nm 10 3 :1 140nm at 532nm 10nm at 1064nm 92% at 800nm Etalons Filters Interferometer Mounts Depolarizers DPL l 254 2J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 500kW/cm 2 CW at 1064nm 40nm at 1064nm 99% Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at 247

10 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Beamsplitters Polarizers Waveplates Filters Etalons Ultrafast Interferometer Appendix Mounts Thin Film Plate Polarizers High damage threshold polarizer, >20J/cm 2 Angle tuning suggested to achieve maximum transmission Contact CVI for intermediate wavelengths and additional dimensions Contact a CVI applications engineer for OEM mirror mounts and system integrations capabilities TFP Thin Film Plate Polarizes are the best choice when maximum laser damage resistance is necessary. Typically, TFP polarizers are used for fluences greater than 500mJ/cm², where calcite air-spaced polarizers exhibit long term tracking and cemented polarizers cannot be used at all. Two typical applications are as intracavity Q-switch hold-off polarizers, and, in conjunction with a half wave plate, as an extracavity attenuator for an Nd:YAG laser fundamental and its harmonics. To maximize transmission, users must make a provision in their mechanical setup for the necessary angular tuning. Note that the losses at the uncoated second surface are insignificant at ±3 degrees from Brewster s angle. Transmission vs Wavelength of TFP Series 1064nm Thin Film Plate Polarizer Substrate Material Surface Figure TFP UV grade fused silica if λ < 425nm BK7 glass if λ is 425nm or above λ/10 at 633nm before coating Surface Quality 10-5 CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Diameter Tolerance Thickness Tolerance Wedge Chamfer Transmitted Wavefront Distortion How To Order Product Code TFP Center Wavelength nm Clear Aperture Transmission Efficiency T P /T S Angle of Incidence Damage Threshold mm, mm ± 0.25mm 5 minutes 0.35mm at 45 typical λ/8 p-v at 633nm Exceeds central 85% of dimension 95% for λ 527nm 90% for 355nm 85% for 248nm and 266nm 200:1 for λ 527nm TFP Substrate Part Number Dimension Thickness PW-1025-UV 1.000" 0.250" PW-2025-UV 2.000" 0.250" RW UV 28.6 x14.3mm 3.2mm PW-1025-C 1.000" 0.250" PW-2025-C 2.000" 0.250" RW C 28.6 x14.3mm 3.2mm 100:1 for 248nm, 266nm, and 355nm 56 ± 3. Angle tuning is required to achieve reflection and transmission specifications. CVI guarantees these specifications will be met for a single angle between 53 and J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW. 527 RW C 248 TFP Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

11 IntroTFPKLow Dispersion Polarizers Ideal for intracavity use in femtosecond regenerative amplifiers Properties for one coated side of a TFPK polarizing beamsplitter optimized for 800nm. Both sides are coated for these properties. Low group velocity dispersion for ultrashort femtosecond applications Custom wavelengths from nm, call for details CVI has developed the TFPK Low Dispersion Polarizing Beamsplitters to satisfy requirements for very high power, short pulse lasers. These optics are ideal for intracavity use in femtosecond regenerative amplifiers. The main emphasis is on linear phase characteristics. See Chapter 9 of Lasers, A. E. Siegman Angle of Incidence 72 ± 2 Wavelength 400nm or 800nm. Custom wavelengths available. Bandwidth See curve for 800nm performance. Consult CVI for bandwidths at different center wavelengths. Extinction Ratio T 2 P /T 2 S > 15:1 where T P and T S are per surface transmissions Reflection Efficiency R S > 75% each surface. S reflectivities of 85% and 95% available at some sacrifice of P transmission. Working angle of incidence will increase. Consult CVI for specifics. Transmission Efficiency T P > 98% each surface. Slight tilting required to find angle of minimum loss. (University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1986), for a good discussion of linear pulse propagation. are the reflected phase characteristics for S; they are similar to the P transmission curves, also having low nonlinearity and broad bandwidth. Note that both sides In chirped pulse regenerative of the optic are coated. Therefore, the amplification, the pulse may have to pass S and P transmissions per surface should through one or two polarizers twice per be squared in order to determine the round trip. There can be 10 to 20 round specifications. The phase characteristics trips before the gain is saturated and the show that in all modes of operation, the pulse is ejected. At this stage the pulse is TFPK polarizer performance is dominated long (100ps-1000ps) and the phase shift at by the substrate. each frequency must still be maintained to minimize the recompressed pulse width. The many round trips of the pulse in the regenerative amplifier place stringent requirements on the phase characteristics of the coatings. There are some subtleties associated with the TFPK. The near 72 angle has to be set properly and optimized. Some thought has to be given to mechanical clearances of the laser beam at such a steep incidence angle. The reflectivity Shown are the power transmission for S is limited to 75%. Variant designs curves for S and P polarization and the can increase this at a slight loss in transmitted phase characteristics of the bandwidth, increase in incidence angle, P component for a TFPK optimized at and/or increase in insertion loss for the 800nm. The phase characteristics shown transmitted P component. are the group velocity dispersion (GVD) and the cubic phase term. Not shown How To Order TFPK 800 RW C Product Code Center Wavelength nm Substrate Part Number l Windows Prisms Lenses Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Filters Interferometer Mounts Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at TFPK 249

12 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Beamsplitters Polarizers Waveplates Filters Etalons Ultrafast High Energy Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. High energy laser line polarizer cube Optically contacted Reflected and transmitted beams separated by 90 Contact CVI for other wavelengths from UV to near IR Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l 339 PBSO Substrate Material UV grade fused silica Dimensional Tolerance ± 0.25mm Extinction Ratio T P /T S > 500:1 for 532nm and 1064nm 250:1 for λ < 500nm Transmission Efficiency T P > 95% Reflection Efficiency R S > 99.5% for λ > 500nm R S > 99.0% for λ < 500nm Transmitted Beam Deviation < 5min Clear Aperture Exceeds central 85% of dimension Antireflection Coating R 0.25%, all entrance and exit surfaces Surface Quality CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Damage Threshold 5J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW Polarizing cube beamsplitters divide CVI s High Energy Polarizing Cube unpolarized collimated light into two coatings are designed for maximum orthogonal polarized beams at 90 to extinction ratio (T p /T s ). Those each other. The transmitted beam is applications requiring maximum polarized parallel to the plane of incidence transmission efficiency, T p > 98.0% (p-polarized), and the reflected beam is can be achieved by slightly reducing polarized perpendicular to the plane of the extinction ratio. Contact a CVI incidence. Each beamsplitter consists of a Applications Engineer for more pair of precision high tolerance right angle information. prisms. A multi-layer antireflective coating is applied to each face of the beamsplitter to produce maximum transmission efficiency. Laser-line cube beamsplitters are tuned for optimum performance at specific laser wavelengths. How To Order PBSO Interferometer Appendix Mounts Product Code PBSO Wavelength nm Size Code Cube Size PBSO Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

13 HPBS High Energy Harmonic Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Intro Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. One polarizer for 1064nm, 532nm, 355nm, and 266nm Nd:YAG harmonic wavelengths Incident and reflected beams separated by 117 Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l 339 Substrate Material Fused silica Dimensional Tolerance ± 0.25mm Clear Aperture Exceeds central 85% of dimension Surface Quality CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 at 633nm Damage Threshold 5J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW An alternative to calcite and Brewster materials and manufactured from angle polarizers, the HPBS is an all-inone solution for systems running multiple transmission at the UV wavelength fused silica material to ensure efficient Nd:YAG wavelengths along the same harmonics. The near cube design is beampath. Unlike cemented broadband also easy to mount; rotary mounts and cube polarizers, the HPBS is optically adapters are available on page 339. contacted, coated with all dielectric Windows Prisms Lenses Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons 1800 Prism Mounts with 3-Axis adjustment can be found on page 380. Filters Interferometer Mounts High Energy Harmonic Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Wavelengths Size 1064nm 532nm 355nm 266nm Part Number (nm) X by Y (in) T P T P/ T S T P T P/ T S T P T P/ T S T P T P/ T S HPBS-266/355/532/ /355/532/ x % 10 3 :1 92% 10 3 :1 85% 10 3 :1 80% 500:1 HPBS-266/355/532/ /355/532/ x % 10 3 :1 92% 10 3 :1 85% 10 3 :1 80% 500:1 Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at HPBS 251

14 Polarizers Waveplates Beamsplitters Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro High Energy Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Dot marks preferred input face. This is the tested direction for transmitted wavefront. Damage threshold is also higher for this orientation as well. λ/4 reflected and transmitted wavefront distortion Damage threshold up to 10J/cm 2 Incidence and reflected beams separated by 117 Contact CVI for other designs between 230nm and 2100nm Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l Axis control prism mount l 380 Substrate Material Dimensional Tolerance Clear Aperture Antireflection Coating Transmitted Wavefront Distortion An alternative to calcite and Brewster angle polarizers, the PBSK is an optimal solution for high energy broadband or PBSK Fused silica ± 0.25mm multi-line systems. Unlike cemented cube polarizers, the PBSK is optically contacted, coated with all dielectric materials and Exceeds central 85% of dimension R avg 0.50% per surface Surface Quality CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Damage Threshold λ/4 p-v at 633nm 10J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2 CW manufactured from fused silica to ensure high transmission and high damage threshold. The near-cube design is easy to mount; rotary mounts and adapters are available l 339. Interferometer Filters Etalons Ultrafast Appendix Mounts High Energy Broadband Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes Wavelength Cube Dimension Transmission Extinction Part Number Range (nm) X by Y (in) Efficiency (T P ) Ratio PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 PBSK x % 10 3 :1 252 PBSK Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

15 RT Polarization Rotators Intro Alignment-insensitive single wavelength rotator Based on optical activity of crystal quartz Other wavelengths and sizes are readily available Substrate Material Crystal quartz Surface Quality 10-5 CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Diameter Tolerance mm, mm Parallelism 0.5 arc seconds Rotation Tolerance ±0.50º of rotation Clear Aperture Exceeds central 85% of dimension Antireflection Coating R 0.25%, per surface Transmitted Wavefront see table Damage Threshold 10J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 1MW/cm 2, CW These rotators have the outstanding feature specified wavelengths. Crystalline quartz that their alignment is not a function of their rotators based on circular birefringence are rotation. They are simply placed in the very convenient high damage threshold beam at normal incidence. CVI has a range devices. They are useful over a narrow of standard wavelength 45 and 90 rotators band of wavelengths centered at the design and can quickly fabricate rotators at user wavelength. Windows Prisms Lenses Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Crystal Quartz Polarization Rotators Wavelength Diameter Part Number Trans. Wavefront Part Number Trans. Wavefront (nm) D nm nm " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/ " RT λ/10 RT λ/6 Filters Interferometer Mounts Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at RT 253

16 Polarizers Waveplates Beamsplitters Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Depolarizers Raman amplification Optically contacted fused silica and crystal quartz wedges Broadband antireflection coatings applied to input and output faces Eliminates systematic errors using polarization sensitive optics in detection systems Other sizes and wavelength ranges are available DPL Substrate Material Fused silica and crystal quartz Surface Quality Polished surfaces 10-5 CVI Laser Quality defined on page 430 Retardation Change 0.5 λ/mm Diameter Tolerance mm, mm Clear Aperture Exceeds central 85% of dimension Antireflection Coating R avg 0.50% per surface Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Damage Threshold 2J/cm 2, 8nsec pulse; 500kW/cm 2 CW The DPL depolarizer consists of optically a perfectly polarized monochromatic contacted 3 wedges of crystal quartz and beam can be effectively depolarized. fused silica. This inherently high damage Other sizes and wavelength ranges are threshold optic operates by imparting available. Depolarizers are often used a variable phase shift across the beam in Raman amplification, as the Raman aperture. At 488nm, this phase variation scattering effect is highly dependent upon is 1 wave per millimeter. Thus by using polarization. Depolarization is also used an aperture of several millimeters, even in some instrumentation applications. Interferometer Appendix Mounts Filters Etalons Ultrafast Depolarizers Diameter Wavelength Range of Part Number (in) AR Coating (nm) DPL DPL DPL DPL Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

17 Birefringent Polarizers Selection Guide Intro Extinction Operating Ratio Polarizing Transmission Diagram Product Type Conditions (T P /T S ) Bandwidth Efficiency Windows Glan Brewster Angle Air-Spaced Polarizers CPBA l 256 1J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 500W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 5 x 10 4 : nm 99% T P Prisms Lenses Glan Laser Linear Polarizers CLPA l 257 Glan Laser Single Escape Window Polarizers CPAS l 257 Glan Laser Double Escape Window Polarizers CPAD l 257 Glan Thompson Linear Polarizers CLPG l mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 100W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 500mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 500W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 500mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 500W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 5 x 10 5 :1 5 x 10 5 :1 5 x 10 5 :1 5 x 10 5 : nm nm nm nm 95% T P 95% T P 95% T P 95% T S Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitters CPBS l 259 Rochon Prism Polarizers RCHP l mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 10 5 : : nm 95% T S 90% T P nm 95% T S and T P Filters Interferometer Mounts Wollaston Prism Polarizers WLST l mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2, CW at 1064nm typical 10 5 : nm 95% T S and T P Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at 255

18 Beamsplitters Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Glan Brewster Angle Air-Spaced Polarizers Brewster angle incidence at all surfaces yields greater than 98% transmission efficiency Rejected beams available for beamsplitting/beam combining applications or safe dumping No antireflection coatings needed Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l 339 CPBA Substrate Material Calcite Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Surface Quality per MIL-PRF-13830B Extinction Ratio 5 x 10 4 :1 Transmission Efficiency T P > 98% Damage Threshold 1J/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 500W/cm 2 CW Glan Laser type prisms of the CLPA, coating. The user should be aware of two CPAS, and CPAD Series suffer a small, important considerations in the use of unavoidable loss at the two internal CPBA polarizers. First, stringent angular calcite-air interfaces. This loss is acceptance requirements dictate use avoided in the CPBA Series polarizers by with collimated beams only. Second, the presenting the P polarized transmitted transmitted beam has a relatively large beam to these interfaces at Brewster's parallel beam displacement with respect angle. The result is a high power, low to the incident beam. Polarizers Waveplates loss polarizer that does not need AR Appendix Mounts Interferometer Filters Etalons Ultrafast Glan Brewster Angle Air-Spaced Polarizers Clear Dimension Beam Part Number Aperture W by H Displacement (D) CPBA mm 15.7mm x 15.7mm 5.0mm CPBA mm 25.4mm x 38.1mm 10.0mm 256 CPBA Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

19 CLPA CPAS CPAD Glan Laser Polarizers Intro Substrate Material Calcite Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Surface Quality per MIL-PRF-13830B Extinction Ratio 5 x 10 5 :1 Transmission Efficiency T P > 95% Antireflection Coating R avg 0.50% Damage Threshold see tables Windows Prisms Lenses Broadband medium power polarizers BBAR coated for visible or near IR wavelengths Double escape window for intracavity use 10 5 :1 extinction ratio calcite polarizer The Glan Laser prism polarizer is made of two calcite prisms which are assembled with an air space. This polarizer is a modification of the Glan Taylor type and is designed to have less reflection loss at the prism junction. This polarizer is available with zero, one or two escape windows. The escape windows allow the rejected ordinary beam to escape out of the Glan Laser Linear Polarizers polarizer which makes it more desirable for high energy lasers. The polished faces on the exit window sides are in the fragile cleavage plane of the calcite. Therefore, the surface quality of these faces is relatively poor as compared to that of entrance and exit faces. No scratch dig surface quality specifications are assigned to these faces. AR Coating AR Coating Diameter Length CA Damage nm nm D (mm) L (mm) Ø (mm) Threshold CLPA CLPA mJ/cm 2 CLPA CLPA mJ/cm 2 CLPA CLPA mJ/cm 2 CLPA CLPA mJ/cm 2 CLPA CLPA mJ/cm 2 CLPA CLPA mJ/cm 2 Glan Laser Single Escape Window Polarizers AR Coating AR Coating Dimension Dimension CA Damage nm nm A (mm) B (mm) Ø (mm) Threshold CPAS CPAS >500mJ/cm 2 CPAS CPAS >500mJ/cm 2 CPAS CPAS >500mJ/cm 2 CPAS CPAS >500mJ/cm 2 CPAS CPAS >500mJ/cm 2 CPAS CPAS >500mJ/cm 2 Glan Laser Double Escape Window Polarizers AR Coating AR Coating Dimension Dimension CA Damage nm nm A (mm) B (mm) Ø (mm) Threshold CPAD CPAD mJ/cm 2 CPAD CPAD mJ/cm 2 CPAD CPAD mJ/cm 2 CPAD CPAD mJ/cm 2 CPAD CPAD mJ/cm 2 CPAD CPAD mJ/cm 2 CLPA CPAS Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at CPAD 257 Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Filters Interferometer Mounts Appendix

20 Polarizers Waveplates Beamsplitters Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Glan Thompson Linear Polarizers CLPG Substrate Material Calcite Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Extinction Ratio 5 x 10 5 :1 Transmission Efficiency T P > 95% Antireflection Coating R avg 0.50% Housing Material Black anodized aluminum Damage Threshold 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2 CW at 1064n Fluorescence polarization Broadband low power polarizers BBAR coated for visible or near IR wavelengths Glan Thompson polarizers are used in fluorescence polarization, for optimizing specular reflection spectroscopy measurements and to remove interference Glan Thompson polarizers have a large acceptance angle while maintaining a high extinction of the P polarization component. In applications where both Acceptance angle ± 7 about normal fringes from transmission spectra recorded polarizations are required, use a CPBS Rotary mounts and polarizer at Brewster s angle. Glan Thompson polarizing beamsplitter, adapters available l 339 see page 259. Appendix Mounts Interferometer Filters Etalons Ultrafast Glan Thompson Linear Polarizers AR Coating AR Coating Diameter Length Clear Aperture nm nm D (mm) L (mm) Diameter (mm) CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG CLPG Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

21 CPBS Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitters Intro Substrate Material Transmitted Wavefront Distortion Calcite λ/4 p-v at 633nm Windows Extinction Ratio T S 1 x 10 5 :1; T P 5 x 10-5 :1 θ Transmission Efficiency T S > 95%; T P > 90% Deviation Angle θ 45 Prisms Antireflection Coating R avg 0.50% Housing Material Black anodized aluminum Damage Threshold 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2 CW Lenses Fluorescence polarization Broadband low power polarizing beamsplitter BBAR coated for visible or near IR wavelengths Reflected beam deviated by 45 is always normal to exit surface and does not change angle with wavelength Rotary mounts and polarizer adapters available l 339 Glan Thompson polarizers are used in fluorescence polarization, for optimizing specular reflection spectroscopy measurements and to remove interference fringes from transmission spectra recorded at Brewster s angle. Glan Thompson polarizers have a large acceptance angle while maintaining a high extinction of the P polarization component. In applications where both polarizations are required, for example dual-channel detection, it is typical to use a CPBS Glan Thompson polarizing beamsplitter. Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Filters Interferometer Mounts Glan Thompson Polarizing Beamsplitters AR Coating AR Coating Length Height Width Clear Aperture nm nm A (mm) B (mm) C (mm) Diameter (mm) CPBS CPBS CPBS CPBS CPBS CPBS Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at CPBS 259

22 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Beamsplitters Polarizers Waveplates Filters Etalons Ultrafast Rochon Prism Polarizers RCHP Substrate Material MgF 2 or Calcite/FK5 glass Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Surface Quality per MIL-PRF-13830B Extinction Ratio 1 x 10 3 :1 - MgF 2 1 x 10 5 :1 - calcite Transmission Efficiency T > 95% θ Field of View 3 about normal Antireflection Coating R avg 0.50% Outside Diamter D 19.0mm VUV grade MgF 2 or calcite polarizers Clear Aperture 10.0mm MgF 2 deviation angle 5.1 at 193nm S polarized (extraordinary) beam deviations of 5, 10, and 15 available Broadband 10 5 :1 extinction ratio Damage Threshold Calcite 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2 CW MgF 2 100mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2 CW MgF 2 polarizing bandwidth: nm Rochon prisms are used in applications MgF 2 RCHP comprise two prisms of where good polarization selectivity single crystal magnesium fluoride which is required across a large range of are optically contacted. Calcite RCHP wavelengths. In a Rochon prism, both comprise a prism of calcite and a prism polarization components are transmitted. of FK5 glass cemented together. In a The P component is transmitted directly Rochon, one prism must have its optical through and the S component is deviated axis perpendicular to the entrance from the normal. Calcite RCHP has an polished face; in calcite this is a fragile extinction ratio of 1 x 10 5 :1 from 450nm plane. Therefore, FK5 has been chosen as to 2300nm. For a larger wavelength range a more robust material with similar optical requirement or deep UV performance, properties as calcite. MgF 2 RCHP can be used with an extinction ratio of 1 x 10 3 :1 from 140nm to 6000nm. Interferometer Appendix Mounts MgF 2 Rochon Prism Polarizers Deviation Diameter Length Clear Aperture Wavelength Range Part Number Angle ( ) D (mm) L (mm) Diameter (mm) of AR Coating (nm) RCHP-5.0-MF 5.0 at 248nm uncoated Calcite Rochon Prism Polarizers AR Coating AR Coating Deviation Length Uncoated nm nm Angle ( ) L (mm) RCHP-5.0-CA RCHP-5.0-CA RCHP-5.0-CA RCHP-10.0-CA RCHP-10.0-CA RCHP-10.0-CA RCHP-15.0-CA RCHP-15.0-CA RCHP-15.0-CA RCHP Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at

23 IntroWollaston Prism Polarizers WLST Substrate Material Calcite Transmitted Wavefront Distortion λ/4 p-v at 633nm Windows Surface Quality per MIL-PRF-13830B Extinction Ratio 1 x 10 5 :1 Transmission Efficiency T > 95% Prisms θ Antireflection Coating R avg 0.50% Outside Diamter D 19.0mm Clear Aperture 10.0mm Damage Threshold 10mJ/cm 2, 20ns, 20Hz; 10W/cm 2 CW Lenses Calcite polarizers available with and without BBAR coatings Beam separation of 5, 10, 15, and 20 available Broadband 10 5 :1 extinction ratio Calcite polarizing bandwidth: nm The WLST Calcite Wollaston prism polarizer comprises two prisms of calcite cemented together. The ordinary ray in the first half of the prism becomes the extraordinary ray in the second half, and vice versa. Therefore, the two output beams in a Wollaston polarizer exit with a beam deviation from normal (see table below). Mirrors Beamsplitters Waveplates Polarizers Ultrafast Etalons Filters Interferometer Mounts Wollaston Prism Polarizers AR Coating AR Coating Separation Angle ( ) Length Uncoated nm nm θ 1 + θ 2 L (mm) WLST-5.0-CA WLST-5.0-CA WLST-5.0-CA WLST-10.0-CA WLST-10.0-CA WLST-10.0-CA WLST-15.0-CA WLST-15.0-CA WLST-15.0-CA WLST-20.0-CA WLST-20.0-CA WLST-20.0-CA Appendix Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at WLST 261

24 Mirrors Lenses Prisms Windows Intro Notes Appendix Mounts Interferometer Filters Etalons Ultrafast Polarizers Waveplates Beamsplitters 262 Americas (505) Europe +44 (0) Asia +82 (0) Order now at