& '($! "#$ () +, -(.$ /0+! "#$ "%$ *

Transcription

1 «$-"» & '($! "#$ () *+! "#$ "%$ $, -(.$ /0*+! "#$ "%$ (398/6/25 :2( 3! )(! -396/3/2 :'( )(!) $ "#!. - '! '%& 5 42 ('23 0. /$,-. ()+' ( * ) ) >?.2)' %' :2) <= ; : (D/B =. >?C 5 : >-2! :B A ('%& >? : >-2 :HI 6 D/GE/EF ( :=& 5.B =. : ) >? : >-2 2 M 9 : J, L J=K ) (D/B5/Q('A 5: H) :B' P O/&F(':23.N(D/B!3 %& '! : - : 2D$ F %L C '7 G :)& 5/R (':P/EB /TQ F ) L B 9 :B 9 5/S+'. R L., F 2/).(+ ('U ) >?:>-2 =. :2 - * hosseinnazerian@yahoo.com

2 20 +W >- V2)$=. V=. :2 + (' WKG =. : 2 2 #:. 'H+B - : ZWKG 5. B : :J >2 (',$ YH :B A& ('29 A \&! S+'.+2 M :E A M 2 =. : 2 ZWKG./$ U/ "`) ('- _ - ]^ ZK :+' ]^ :+' ( =. cd : UB+ A& [' 3. :+'(.A 6 : d. >/+I <9 : A A& c/ T ; /$ A ) : - fj :B =. : 2 O :)& (D/B =. :2 2 4A =. : :B O 3 %9 \& 2 '! 5/S+'. :2 '! ( 9 \& ( ) >? : >-2 :B! O 5 EG [' ,$ 5 ( =. : 2.+ ) 3 gugu %9 A 6 5 :6/2. E 2 c/ T A 2 cd +-2 G k/&j C + +2) F :! \& + 7.:2: > ( :B 5/ 5.,'P 'U 8E2^ PA =. : 0EK 2 '! ( " : WP * /$ A ) >? - fj ; 2 4A ml :* :B :2 '$! ' O3 5/ A 23 :B fj,d2g '! 9 \& ]I9 '! '$! 8.<$ B : DI V (9 '!,B <Lk/! (D/B =.. Human rights and access to justice, (Legal Aid and Access to Justice Commonwealth of Australia), november Access to justice program: the right to access to justice, right to information victims/witness protection Increasing access to justice for women, the poor and those living in remote areas; an Indonesian case study, March 20, vol 6, p: Marshall Evans, David, Access to Justice, the Liverpool Law Review, Vol XIX (), 997, p: (<R A : A : (',$ (<L/TQ <$ A :B! A 2.5 ;,- J : $ o/' 9 A \&!3 2 >-2 :B! E Cp '$! O 7. Ibid, p: Access to justice and the rule of law, Joel Harding, Shane Scanlon, Sean Lees, Carson Beker and Ai Li Lim, Academic Journal, Forced Migration Review, Vol. Issue 30, June 2008, p: 28.

3 2 «#4- +$» %& ' # ( )*"+, -./ 0" / - 0$!"#$ /+' >?,q: A WKG 8J >? : : + ( ;'+ :? ) >? M M DJ <R A. 9 G9 8J., /! OI _&3,P 8J ) >? 2)ER \& ' ) K UE2) :B '» :,! ) >? ) DJ U/ A&.(29 :379 - ) «.,/ ) ;Uw(p [F.. :S+'! ('$q 9 / : \& +. D. : k/! (R : ) :29L.+2 >. $ 8E2^ / >- (',$ k::b:23$ -=H'< &.,$ R'3(I2A ( BL! /= Y 2)' 3 xl - G9 ('%& (! '$ (. ()+' ( * '%& 5^ R :. $=! 4 ) >? 0 5/ 5. x^ '%& 5 -* :B. A:2D$%/L('%& ( ()+' :3 &H# /= %& K A (L ( 9 ' ': :B! / :.P 3 $, :2PB $ A A x =H E/ k/ 5., 2 V F., yh %9 L E/: /JH : F F k.! 0) : :3 (', 9 ( /) U$' :B,! ^ (':2.PB ( x)+' z V +2. \T 09 V.* ( ;,P 6 ( + 2 '$q 5, x)+' ( 5/S+' %^$ 09 :B (F: ;! '9,+' : { $,B. '9 2 «.! '9 } : )"+. ( 3 V %& :B 2)' M/K :B! >E) f3 : 5 9 5/*,$' :6/2.B ( 0EK 09 )+' H R ('%& 42 :B +? (D/B =. :! = H ; &E D :E H,R V : D/D^ ~xr C,R : 52 : '23 x>b :E Q x : : + 3 :B 9 0EK L V /JH Sexual offences Act, Belknap, J. The invisible woman: gender, crime and justice. The Wadsworth Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice Series. Wadsworth Publishing Co. California, 200, P: 5.

4 22 '! :E /$+ A 8/D^ "+P -: ' (':P/EB.9 (/R2^ ;B (D/B!3! 9 F : 5 : : /+' F 4A &,q: 4A B 5+,9,9 :B ƒ/p 5 5 /$ A ) >? : >-2 2D$ F '7 * E. /TQ T! 6 (D/B 5/Q ('A U/, '! : HT k (':P/EB 'f3%/l : : 4A & :B p MA. MA 5. R! : R +-2 +',B $/ ) >? : ). '9(D/B!3!\& B5/+4 CP K :E+ ) >? - : :B D,-* :=& xr - - (', L 45 J 5 5/S+' :HI, 5//H : g2 :=& 5. :J=K ( >. 5 5/ #H :* :B $ / :29L _ - :B B >/'9 / +)A 5.! ) >?,q: >? : = 5 ; : (D/B =. 9 ) >? : >-2 U/ :. 9 P = >? R >? :B B 9 C :E+ (D/B!3,$ 5 ('%=*.>L >-2:B,R//} HT=(D/B=. " 5" 4$ $-" '((.. / :B /F/) - (': )3 /# J/ /& - : 5 UI. L 5BL :2)' /' J( :BB : BB V.' A /TQ F : /) :B R (. (p >- /) C+2, 9 (& ( :B! / %9 ) '! "2B. k U/R 6/' ). '! :B (3 : IF A 2)' D2,$ 5 OH# 2/) _ - PW :B)/! k6j yl; K9-7 "L 5 ;6) - : PAHK '! 5 :E,P OE9 (. :E)/ :B.Women in the Criminal Justice System, By Clarice Feinman, 994, third edition, green wood publishing. 986, P: 2

5 23 «#4- +$» %& ' # ( )*"+, -./ 0" / - 0$!"#$ 2 V :B $. 3 M/K 09 V.,,3! ( :B 9 x)+' : :B M/K 3 )+' V 09 V. %^$ ^23 / :B (#: ;! '9,+' : { $ K/» :23$ "2B F K/. P- 9 k 9 :.+ *, >w :B 6 : 9. y ' 9 9.(/ 3 -* :B 5 B >'9 :B k :B _H - 0^ /' : 5.B 4. 5/L(3AW9 P )+' 9 : "2B _,&= (/ V.:». >/'9 M :2:R, 9 (43 $. N G9F :( ()+' %& 5+2&H# VV/=%& 2 V 5.^23 :! / :@) ( B<CP V$ :6/2. A T :=H E/ :K O# ; +,B V /9. x)+' L # k 3 U/ V,B ]E9 ;! 0) : 5+2 ( 5/R 5?9 5?9 V. CP /T6 k 5 «.)/ :2(D/B (D/B 5/ A Mp : F/) ('xr : B J <R A, ) >? - : 2/) (':P/EB : : 8E U/ 4A N 4A & >/+I C R 5/* 5= ;N A!3 ) >? - : :B 5+ k/ 5. <$/TQ :29L.p 5 9 :, ; : WP /$. ;) : / A K^ :B - ]I9 (', (D/B +? :* k :. k (D/B (,5/J ('%& /TQ 5. U) /+' (D/B =.!. Belknap, J, Opcit, P: 5 2. Ruth 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, P: Ibid, P: 4.

6 24 * >? 9 0 / 2P/L :B : $ +' 5^ R : ; :J. ($: ('%& ) >? ( 9 ) >? : :B 2 : 5 OH# A! 2/) ('%& 4 :B +? ) >? ; : &2. [J /p3 «PU$ (+» : :B,$ 5. ) >? B & :J 2/) ('%& F :B U YH : :B ( (' +p (D/B =. :J ( %B = >? 2/) ('%& 5 «.B+ K^P/2/)('%& :Y.A ; + : F yh 6 : 2+B (D/B (',$ 'U *'» ; D2 :/4A ) >? MA O/EJ YP (! "+P 2P/. F yh 6 : 2P/ : H) ) >? : >-2 :B (F: 5 : : ) >? k V _& " 6 ('%/ 5 «. 6 : F G 9 :B = $ xr. :B +EA :2 /' ˆ/ :B (/# TQ2 ) W+ :B B / :B D2 (',$ : U, 9 :J(&( 2)' 09!/ : 3:B V. : H6 '!,B 5 ) EJ :B 2)' R (.d.b%9"2b D,-* :HI, L :B J=K # (D/B ]I9 ' - "+. ',E 6 ) >? : F =. : ) >? : >-2 F 2 2. k 5 ;>.>L!3 - {2 : : p =& V R ('%& 4 (! B * >? 9 5+ *'., A +? 5/* : 5/* \I, ) >? ]I9 2P/ :B.)/ /$ A! 5/H R %& 4 :B +? D (J:@& 5/=. 2. Embry Randa and Philip M. Lyons, Sex- Based Sentencing: Sentencing Discrepancies between Male and Female Sex Offenders, Feminist Criminology, Published by: SAGE, 202, P: Selective Chivalry 4. The Evil Woman 5. Rodriguez, S. F., Curry, T. R., & Lee, G. Gender differences in criminal sentencing: Do effects Vary across violent, property, and drug offenses? Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 2006, P: Rebecca Kong and Kathy Oucoin, Female offenders in Canada, Statistics Canada- catalogue no XIE, Vol 28, n..., ', L ', :HI 9 : Cp 93 :.7

7 25 «#4- +$» %& ' # ( )*"+, -./ 0" / - 0$!"#$ :/(@ '(? > =( " <.-2 ( 4A! ('%B %B 23 2)' - : UB k,$ '23 :J( -: L Vk)*./$ A:J. <$/TQ U/! - : $/!3 5+ :E,+' U/!5/'.@'Q$ +-25/*:H) : /R2^ %Bk:BE. -: )+' EG('%& :U K@'Q:B 6! :E >/2)' : (3 5/* # S+' ( 9 :J, 9 ƒk : H) : /R2^ 9 H ( 5/* U/ $/!3 :B (#: ;B,'P (D/B 5/Q ('A G 5 +.! >'3 5 :B, 2P/ (,G =DB AU/4 + L,q: )+' : /9 Cp H'< F= : J :B* 5/*.+,E (. 5+ Š2 '9 5/* <= ;+ (.>/2)' ' U/ 8 + LU/ (:/4A :&/T A : CP K - : :B 7 + :HI : H) 5/! A 250 OH# :B = 5. G " /E/G-* EH: &...6 /+' C : "2) (D/B 5/Q A (D/B.. k2 >-2 // /I^ y 5 +) /Jp>-2 A C : U >-2 : H). d : -* 2 /F k k A >-2, L R Œ^ : H) :B (#: ;)/ k2! U/ : 5/Q ; U/ 6 ]I9 :E`) 5/+'. G = /E/ I =DB : H) (2+B! (,G (D/B 5/Q ('A U/ :B (: :/(@ A.B.2-2 <$/TQ ) >? HT 4A,R2 >B 2/) (':P/EB 9 5/* 0 fj :B : H) '(%/L 9 :B ƒ/p 5 ;! 0 ( '7 :B! >'3 (:/ 5/* /$ A +? A! - fj V :B 2A +? 5/* MH# 5^ R :. +2 : ke A G - >/-D ( 4A & :B (F: /$ 5 : pa» : :HI. + d /F >.B+ : >'[ : 3$ 5 B :B ' [# pa.+ HFG «.= x(*:bd$ pa:'

8 26 ) V HT U/ 2) /2. 9 5/ 5 ) 2J :B f3 5/* MA./ pa V+B : CP K 3 + L /PBR/ + L., U/ ) k d HEK 5/* :B (F: ; +-2 : - : U) /TQ ^ : /2. / «"F=EJ» H. k=a 2 (/ xu$ : "2) Š2 9D/B : ke ('A ', L 9 >/-D(:CP K- >-2 >w: 6 + L: + (.>/2)/ ( A : 9D/B A 52 G : H) 9D/B /6 A.+ 3, L.p5/* :B = ;, 2(!) ( ; T ) >? + :, L 523\ U/ >? 9 0 :, L : /R2 A - : ()L L : +,/6 CP K- :/6 AG:6/2 R! H) () / -7 > y/el!3 : Œ^ E 5/=. ) ( :E`) 5. : - : k :B B / H=K :E 5 >-2-7 :B 4A & /)D >/+I : :2). \G U/ ) >? ]I9 :B A 7 + L./9 ' \ ) HT + : >-2 / : >we. «> YH 5DE! A! 5 %/L " V 5» D! :/E. CP K - : /6 A - >/2 >' #H : $ o/'.g! :B I 5 CP K : : >-2 A '$ >-2 + L. ( : - : k :B B / H=K %P^ ke#» : -7 : $ 5 CP K -D :! 4A MU 6 :2) >-2 A =U : k=k : $ 5 «.P :B >' 5 (R +.P$ ( :/E. 9D/B G /6 A :,» :,B / >-2! # :B 3 - (D/B,$ kj )E6G L 9,H2 : = ; :23 P "U :..." 8 >-2 '9 :S 523$ (, [J2/w YH : $' 6 ( :B = 5 «.B >'^ U$' - :/= A :B 2)',$ C+ (2)$ Kp _ ) >? O/&F *'..B p 4A M U >-2, 6... T! D (/R2

9 27 «#4- +$» %& ' # ( )*"+, -./ 0" / - 0$!"#$ K - : ( /F : 6 9 'H2 : L H ( -7 5= ((D.2-3,D2 AW9 +2D$. A AW9 (', +- /) %& p.>/b / 9 /L ]^ : H) 9 &. >/ p G :B ' (23 6 : :B (/2 p A > 9 " ( ;B,E A [W9 :23$G A p H =U: A C3 V =U: p ) 6 2. '7 -@. -/) V ^ +- /) %&! p :B F :, 5 p». ) K, (p! F 3 F &E 6 =U: k/ ' P :B B 4.(97:390(/6/) «$ /)D p2h )_ I., :29 /+ : 3 /! ) _ :B 'PB» :K 52 : p R H. :. ) 6 O&F. k p :B 'PB =. 5 ) 52 : A _ 0** /! ) _ :B ƒ/p 5. (R %& ) :K 52 : p 2)' ) :K p >? 5/* B+ 0 :p ) 6 :E ;+ k /=`) k )/ Y - :, E/=$ 5 :9 p : 2, :*! :6/2 '9 6 [J! 0 :. %& 5.(+') «8. : 6 :E )/ p 2H ) :K. 8. : 6 :, ( : 6. //} 5 p.394/02/ & :B 2)' 2 = Cp A 5B :B 2)' E. 5/! : 6 :H B+ 0)F (. _ :B E & :B K /=) :)&.384+' DJ+F, k/h.. 2P/ ƒ/p () 3. Rape. 4. Sexual Consent :(2)3&/HK \& ('%'ql.(d/b.2

10 28 6,,U V 5+ P MA F/) (R= V :L $ :B (//}.B@H:/ V:) :B! ) :K V p. p : 529L /+' G : p (D/B =. (' 2P/ >B : : 2P/ V&. :B(: $:., <L>/+J <Lx2)$ cwb -DV %L # '7 '! : - U/3 : ) K 52 &,! :B /JA 52 : V p =U : $ 5 ( 62 YH '/JA 529/+: U (:6/2 ' 5/*. /HJ ) K E+ o/' I^ 5/* :! ". '^ p B! >. : :B (/),H2 cwb # 5. :2 ) K : :B? L V :S! :B &2J ',$ 5/* /PB%=*: : #H ( o/' 5 ( ) K 52 & :B )B.( Edward N. Zalta, 20: 37) '^ B ) Kp \& 9 2 2P/ :B $ +' : ) p -D» 5 ' ) K : p ci^ 3 V ".: ;)/ B I / %2p :B K 2) O/A = ;,$! 9 A : U/ cwb '! 529/+: p E. :B L,+ :5/P/L (/6/) «' 9 &/& H2. x U p '9 k «) 6». F E&2) (R c (D/B \& (',! _H2) :B «,B 8. : 6» >-H ) 23 5 ( '@/P G. gu J=K» :B (: $:., /%/L -&3 df k2 5 : H) /& :B! R /,B 8. >B '3 /TQ F 2P/ :23/ "F //} ('U C 5 (D/B=. ('29 (/$@ 3 R H. :., (D/B, : ( =? R'3 (' 2H c+. 8. : 6 /.(288:390 +' -/3) «:2 35,,U W ':ww,'p -2 (D/B,$ HJ ( C 5 /TQ. (A! :/E. E.+F 3. E. 3 0.[ '> 9 ]I9» : B /B -7 F, L2F :. A* - 8. :6 H ) #H :, O/3 :.2P, 5* :B )E.( (D/B,$...:HJ 393/3/7 2 +.

11 29 «#4- +$» %& ' # ( )*"+, -./ 0" / - 0$!"#$,H? >...,$ )E >-2 U/, /B "U K :B kek 5 R /,G ( «....$ W. G B<=\3 p (J : "U 23 CA :2<$ 2 "d2 5,$ :., ( : 8. : (. //} k :6/2 >'! G *),$ &E :IF/w (,U & CP K *» :B,!,$,$ MA.B F CP K - : «( %/L 5/+'!+ : ) 0 ( / H $ :B.>/2)' F>-2:B,R//} ' :(HG( : H) R ( (+ / V 2A :HEw xr EB #: A y/el >. (D/B =.,q: ': C+2 ( '! ('U f3 xr 5. :2 : /&F,+' U/! /JH,R. :B, )+' 29 3 V %& :B 2)' M/K :B! >E) 2 C+2 xr :2 ( 5/*,$' :6/2.B ( 0EK :23R :EG3 ' (':P/EB :B >? 9 "HA ; &E D :E H,R V : D/D^ xr C 5. '9 8/D^ - '23 x>b :E Q x : : + :! = H :B 9 0EK L V /JH : '! :E /$ A 8/D^ "+P H -: ' (':P/EB 3 D (dl (+ >/'D 5/ 5^ R :.B 9 (/R2^ (dl ; B 5= 5/ >' A K 'P (dl ; 6.W# 6F,$ 5 #.' A BB "J 23 2A " ; 9 "+. "HA (2+B /=`), : d`) +/+I : + G : (D/B =. 23 R /$ A : ('%& 9 H=A.(William Wilbanks, 2006: 522 ) '9,+':E)/,+' /+' U/ :B 5 /JA B< J=K,@G {2 >we. ( %& : H) :B 2,$ : :. >B! ( A E. : B 23 D#W : PA 5 5/6 (D/B ()+' 2/) 2 ('6' \HK./$!! ' A &D >! (2- $ : 6 (D/B :B ˆ. : H) 2 ('xr 2/JA 5/* 5/H (',$ 29 = >? &/&F.B 9 ('6' 8=^ ('23 : H) 5= 9 2 4A :B

12 220.(Chesney- Lind, M, 992: 24) B 9 (2P/ /) ) 2 2 :B &2J!. :23$ A 9 '$5/*, F 6 : ch=w (D/B & 8/D9 P :B ( c+.! YP (! 5/+' :. /$ A6 8/D^ "+P 2+B Cp 5 :2H= ; ) k:b (, +' d# %& x! p >? k '! MA2.+2 ('%& K^ :B \G.(288 :388(UH +2) )>?S+' ', 9 5/ ƒ/fg ( '3. : ('-P/L 5/ 5,$ 5 : H! (' WB 5/S+' (2 (I (': O# : : B 9 '! :J (4. (4. G:,:J?U +-2 / 5.9 >'3 :J, 9 '! # H : /R2^ ('/,H (./w +' U/ ( ) >? 0 :B Cp5 x<l ;B >'3 P', 9 :! P$ / WG k ('/?,$ c+/&2) (D/B 5/! A ) >? : $/ :B 6!.2,R 5+,9,9 ',$ 5 4A /$ G B P 9.' A /TQ F!3, >B d : + (.B V+B +-2,$ 5 4A 5 >2) 5,B$/ pa xb» G : $ :HI ('D 'P :! %/ y 5/ ('D.3;«>B HFG H. :. 2/) (':P/EB /TQ ByJ 5/ 5/.+2 $ (':H 9 5/ JA ('D 9 :*$ O/A (':P/EB :B (U/*! 2+B /) 'D 5 $2)$ : H /JH :J 8E2^ (' '- d 5.B / 2/) (,- k ƒ/fg +/+I? :/ 5 B : 5/ ('D. :JM! k 2) U/L 50,+ A& &/&F :E6 2/) (! (388) g/+= \& ('%'ql.(d/b /=) :)& (384) () 40.+2,3 :EI3 \& 8. : 6 A (D/B ) (I (UH ' DJ+F, k/h ,+ &/HK + (390) +' +F -/

13 22 «#4- +$» %& ' # ( )*"+, -./ 0" / - 0$!"#$ : L "( & ' #$% "! (390),/N (/6/.4. /,RP U\& B, U/L 23,+ /D : W (D/B \& k2) ) >? '6 [' (379) >/ L (K 6. Access to justice and the rule of law, Joel Harding, Shane Scanlon, Sean Lees, Carson Beker and Ai Li Lim, 7. Access to justice program: the right to access to justice, right to information victims/witness protection Belknap, J. The invisible woman: gender, crime and justice. The Wadsworth Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice Series. Wadsworth Publishing Co. California, Chesney- Lind, M. Girls, Delinquency and Juvenile Justice, WCJS: USA, Deirdre E. P Palk, M.A, Gender. Crime and Discretion in the English Criminal Justice System, A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Leicester September Embry Randa and Philip M. Lyons, Sex- Based Sentencing: Sentencing Discrepancies between Male and Female Sex Offenders, Feminist Criminology, Published by: SAGE, Triggs, Gillian, (2009), Human rights and access to justice, (Legal Aid and Access to Justice Commonwealth of Australia). 3. Increasing access to justice for women, the poor and those living in remote areas; an Indonesian case study, March 20, vol Marshall Evans, David, Access to Justice, the Liverpool Law Review, Vol XIX (), Rebecca Kong and Kathy Oucoin, Female offenders in Canada, Statistics Canada- catalogue no XIE, Vol 28, n.. 6. Rodriguez, S. F., Curry, T. R., & Lee, G. Gender differences in criminal sentencing: Do effects Vary across violent, property, and drug offenses? Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 2006, P: Rosemary C. Sarri Gender and race differences in criminal justice processing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 4809, U.S.A, Sexual offences Act, William Wilbanks, (2006), Are Female Felons Treated More Leniently by the Criminal Justice System? 3 Just. Q Women in the Criminal Justice System, By Clarice Feinman, 994, third edition, green wood publishing. 986.

& '($! "#$ () *+, -(.$ /0*+! "#$ "%$ *

& '($! "#$ () +, -(.$ /0+! "#$ "%$ *