The Nautical Almanac Star & Planet positions Moon Phases Eclipses

Transcription

1 The autical Almanac 5 tar & Planet positions Moon Phases Eclipses downloaded from: TheauticalAlmanac.com Warning and Terms of Usage: The following pages have been generated by a computer program. Complex computer programs usually have bugs and may produce wrong data. The data in this autical Almanac is believed to be accurate but no warranty is given for its correctness. Use this autical Almanac only for training and exercising! Compiled by Erik De Man (erik.de.man@freenet.de) on Wed Jun 4 3:42:44 4 All of the following pages were obtained from;

2 Enif Etamin Markab Hamal 27 Map of bright tars of the orthern Celestial phere Menkar Alpheratz 06 Altair chedir Aldebaran Deneb 075 Albireo Mirfak 25 Bellatrix Elnath Capella Vega Betelgeuze 09 Polaris Rasalhague Kocab 5 Dubhe Castor Pollux 255 Alkaid Alioth Procyon Alphecca 2 Arcturus 35 Regulus 5 Denebola HA Declination The map is centered on the celestial north pole and shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the northern celestial hemisphere. The circle of constant declination is shown at 0 (Celestial Equator). The idereal Hour Angle of a specific star can be directly read from the HA scale plotted on the Celestial Equator, while, the Declination can be determined by transferring the distance from the star to the center of the map onto the separate Declination scale. The idereal Hour Angle is zero for the "First-Point-of-Aries" and increases westward.

3 09 Map of bright tars of the outhern Celestial phere Diphda Formalhaut 06 Ankaa Acamar Alnair Achernar Peacock Rigel unki Alnilam Kaus Australis 27 Canopus Atria haula Miaplacidus irius Adhara 255 uhail Avior Acrux Gacrux Rigel Kentaurus Hadar Antares abik 5 2 Menkent Zubenelgenubi Alphard 5 Gienah pica HA Declination The map is centered on the celestial south pole and shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the southern celestial hemisphere. The circle of constant declination is shown at 0 (Celestial Equator). The idereal Hour Angle of a specific star can be directly read from the HA scale plotted on the Celestial Equator, while, the Declination can be determined by transferring the distance from the star to the center of the map onto the separate Declination scale. The idereal Hour Angle is zero for the "First-Point-of-Aries" and increases westward.

4 East Alnilam Diphda Alpheratz 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part I orth 05 Polaris Capella Mirfak chedir Vega 06 Deneb Elnath Albireo 075 Aldebaran Hamal Betelgeuze Bellatrix Menkar Markab Enif Altair West Rigel 5 Formalhaut 255 unki Acamar Ankaa Alnair Kaus Australis 2 Achernar 35 Peacock Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

5 East Alnilam Hamal 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part II orth Polaris chedir 06 Capella Mirfak Castor Pollux Alpheratz Elnath Aldebaran Markab Enif Procyon Betelgeuze Bellatrix 09 Menkar West Rigel 5 irius Diphda 255 Adhara Acamar Formalhaut Ankaa 2 Canopus Achernar Alnair 35 5 Avior Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

6 East Dubhe Miaplacidus irius 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part III orth Polaris chedir Mirfak 06 Capella Alpheratz 075 Denebola Castor Pollux Elnath Hamal 25 Regulus Aldebaran 09 Procyon Betelgeuze Alnilam Bellatrix Menkar West Alphard Rigel 5 Adhara Diphda 255 uhail Acamar 2 Canopus Avior Ankaa 35 Achernar Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

7 East Alioth Mirfak 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part IV orth Kocab Dubhe Alkaid Capella 06 Elnath 075 Arcturus Castor Pollux 25 Aldebaran Denebola Regulus Betelgeuze Bellatrix Menkar Procyon 09 Alnilam West Alphard Rigel pica irius Gienah Zubenelgenubi 5 Adhara 255 uhail Menkent 2 Avior Canopus 35 Hadar Gacrux Acrux Miaplacidus 5 Rigel Kentaurus Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

8 East Alkaid 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part V orth Kocab Etamin Dubhe Alioth 06 Castor Pollux Alphecca 075 Rasalhague Arcturus 25 Denebola Regulus Procyon 09 West pica Alphard Zubenelgenubi Gienah abik 5 irius 255 Antares Menkent Adhara uhail 2 haula Hadar Gacrux 35 Rigel Kentaurus Acrux Miaplacidus Avior Canopus 5 5 Atria 2 65 Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

9 East Arcturus 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part VI orth Kocab Dubhe Deneb Etamin Alioth 06 Alkaid Vega Albireo 075 Alphecca 25 Denebola Altair Rasalhague Regulus 09 West abik Zubenelgenubi pica Gienah Alphard 5 Antares 255 unki Kaus Australis haula Menkent 2 35 Atria Hadar Rigel Kentaurus Gacrux Acrux uhail 5 Peacock 5 Miaplacidus 2 65 Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

10 East Alnair Peacock Alioth Alkaid 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part VII orth Kocab Deneb Etamin Vega Albireo Alphecca 075 Markab Arcturus 25 Enif Altair Rasalhague 09 West 5 unki abik Antares Zubenelgenubi pica Gienah 255 Kaus Australis haula Formalhaut Menkent Atria Rigel Kentaurus Hadar Acrux Gacrux Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

11 East Enif Albireo Etamin Vega 27 Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem Map of bright tars - Part VIII orth 05 Polaris chedir 06 Deneb Alphecca Hamal Alpheratz Markab Rasalhague Altair 09 West abik Diphda 5 Formalhaut unki Kaus Australis haula Antares 255 Ankaa Alnair 2 Acamar Peacock 35 Achernar 5 5 Atria 2 65 Az Hc The Horizontal-Coordinate-ystem map shows the brightest stars (up to magnitude 4.5) of the local hemisphere for a location on the Equator. The stars are plotted with their Altitude (Hc) and Azimuth (Az) coordinates. The Azimuth scale is plotted on the circle of -Altitude (local horizon). The Azimuth is the approximate compass direction in which the star is visible. Each of these maps is valid for a location on the equator at a specific time of the day.

12 Positions of the Celestial Objects The charts on the following pages show the position of the Celestial Objects used in this autical Almanac relative to the stars (celestial background). The charts can be used to find the location of the planets and also for the planning of astronomical observations. The charts are available for each month of the year. Each chart has two parts showing a part of the celestial sphere around the ecliptic. otice that the position of the Celestial Equator (Declination = ) is shifted in the two different parts of a chart. The changing position of a Celestial Object through the month is drawn as a solid line (not for the Moon). Marker tics are shown to indicate the st, th 5th, nd and th day of the month (at 2:00 UT). For Jupiter and aturn only the first day of the month is marked since their apparent positions do not change significantly over the period of one month. The position of the Moon is shown by a small circle for each individual day of the month. otice that the circles are much larger than the apparent size of the Moon.

13 January arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 3 VIRGO 5 PICE 2 4 spica Mars CAPRICOR 5 LIBRA Venus 5 aturn un antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO 5 2 ARIE 6 aldebaran 2 denebola Jupiter 7 27 regulus 26 9 beteigeuse 25 procyon 0 rigel sirius deneb kaitos February arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk Mars Venus 9 AQUARIU 9 VIRGO 5 PICE spica CAPRICOR 7 LIBRA un aturn antares Right Ascension fomalhaut castor AGITTARIU CORPIO pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO ARIE 2 25 Jupiter aldebaran 24 denebola 3 regulus beteigeuse 6 procyon rigel sirius deneb kaitos

14 March arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk 0 5 un 9 7 AQUARIU 9 VIRGO PICE 7 spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU 26 LEO ARIE 2 Jupiter 2 aldebaran 24 denebola 23 regulus Venus 5 5 beteigeuse 2 Mars procyon 6 0 rigel sirius deneb kaitos April arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU VIRGO PICE 6 spica CAPRICOR 3 7 LIBRA 2 9 aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII 5 hamel TAURU Venus 23 LEO ARIE Jupiter 25 aldebaran denebola 26 Mars regulus un beteigeuse 2 procyon rigel sirius deneb kaitos

15 May arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 2 VIRGO 3 PICE spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor 5 pollux GEMII Venus hamel TAURU 5 5 LEO 2 9 Mars ARIE un Jupiter 23 aldebaran denebola 7 regulus beteigeuse 5 26 procyon rigel sirius deneb kaitos June arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU VIRGO PICE 7 27 spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension LEO Venus denebola Jupiter regulus 2 castor pollux GEMII 5 5 hamel Mars un TAURU ARIE 9 aldebaran beteigeuse 23 procyon 0 rigel sirius deneb kaitos

16 July arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 5 PICE 4 CAPRICOR fomalhaut 2 27 antares AGITTARIU CORPIO VIRGO LIBRA 25 spica 26 aturn Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII 5 5 hamel TAURU Mars un 4 3 LEO 5 ARIE 2 6 aldebaran denebola 7 5 regulus Jupiter 9 Venus 9 beteigeuse procyon 0 2 rigel sirius deneb kaitos August arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 9 VIRGO PICE 2 2 spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel 5 TAURU LEO Mars 9 ARIE aldebaran denebola 7 regulusun 4 6 Jupiter beteigeuse Venus procyon rigel sirius deneb kaitos

17 eptember arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk Right Ascension PICE 26 fomalhaut AQUARIU 25 CAPRICOR castor 2 AGITTARIU CORPIO pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO 7 6 ARIE aldebaran 4 denebola Mars 5 3 regulus 2 Jupiter Venus 5 2 beteigeuse 3 procyon 2 0 un antares 9 aturn 7 LIBRA 6 spica 5 VIRGO rigel sirius deneb kaitos October arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU VIRGO PICE 4 un spica CAPRICOR 2 5 LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO ARIE aldebaran denebola 7 2 regulus Mars Venus 9 Jupiter beteigeuse 26 procyon 0 25 rigel sirius deneb kaitos

18 ovember arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk Mars Venus AQUARIU 9 9 VIRGO PICE spica LIBRA CAPRICOR aturn un antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO ARIE 2 aldebaran 25 denebola 3 24 regulus beteigeuse 6 5 Jupiter procyon 0 7 Mars rigel sirius deneb kaitos December arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 6 7 Mars VIRGO 6 PICE 5 spica CAPRICOR 5 LIBRA 9 4 Venus aturn un antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO 26 ARIE aldebaran denebola 2 regulus beteigeuse 3 procyon Jupiter rigel sirius deneb kaitos

19 Phases of the Moon The following table lists the phases of the Moon through the year 5. The table shows the day and the approximate time (in UT) when the particular lunar phases occur. The calculations are based on the difference between the GHA of the un and the GHA of the Moon (Delta_GHA = GHA_sun - GHA_moon). The constellations "new moon", "first quarter", "full Moon" and "last quarter" are obtained when Delta_GHA is equal to, 9, and 27 respectively. ew Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter January February March April May June Tue 5:0 Tue 27 2:37 Thu 9 0:52 Wed 25 :35 Fri :7 Fri 27 06:07 at 7:52 at 25 6:3 Mon 02:36 Mon 25 :54 Tue 6 3:44 Wed 24 2: Mon 5 06:02 Tue 3 6:57 Wed 4 0:57 Thu 2 :27 Thu 5 :06 Fri 3 9:32 at 4 :44 at 23:06 Mon 4 0:5 Mon 03:56 Tue 2 5:07 Tue 9 3:3 July Thu 6 03:04 Fri 24 :49 Fri 3 2:3 Thu 2 03:0 Thu 9 00:45 August eptember October ovember December Fri 4 7:6 un 23 02:3 at :02 un 3 07:35 Mon 2 09:2 Mon 2 02:36 Mon 2 :39 Tue 4:49 Tue 27 :23 Wed 5:2 Wed 23:36 Wed 25 2: Fri 09: Fri 4:0 Fri 25 :26 Fri 7 09:7 at 5 3:52 un 4 : Tue 3 04:35 Thu 3 0:5 Tidal Phase spring neap spring neap Lunar Phases and Tides The lunar phases may be used to roughly estimate the occurrence of spring and neap tides. pring tide occurs around new and full moon. eap tide occurs around the first and last quarter. Each tidal region on Earth, has a characteristic "tidal delay" which, specifies the time difference between the occurrence of a particular lunar phase and the occurrence of the resulting tidal phase. The tidal delay can be a couple of hours for the open seas, or up to several days for branched tidal waters such as parts of the orth ea. Reliable tidal predictions are obtained from a Tidal Almanac.

20 Lunar Eclipses An eclipse of the Moon - or lunar eclipse - can only occur at Full Moon, and only if the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth s shadow. The Earth s shadow is composed of two concentric cone-shaped components. The outer or penumbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks part (but not all) of the un s light from reaching the Moon. The inner or umbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks all direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. Based on this, three types of lunar eclipses are distinguised:. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: the Moon passes through the Earth s penumbral shadow. These kind of eclipses are subtle and very difficult to observe. 2. Partial Lunar Eclipse: a part of the Moon passes through the Earth s umbral shadow. 3. Total Lunar Eclipse: the Moon passes entirely through the Earth s umbral shadow. During this phase of the eclipse the Moon will take a vibrant range of dark red and brown colors. OTICE: Eclipse contact times depend on the angular diameters of the un and Moon. The calculations in this Almanac are based on a perfect circular form for the limb of the Moon, and do not take into account effects of refraction of the sunlight in the Earth atmosphere. ince this is only an approximation of reality, contact times are accurate only within a couple of minutes. The following lunar eclipses may be observed during the year 5: April 4 : a total lunar eclipse begin [ Apr 4, 09:00 UT ] / end [ Apr 4, 5:0 UT ] Rp =.975 Ru = April :00 UT begin of penumbral eclipse 2 - :7 UT begin of partial eclipse 3 - :56 UT begin of total eclipse 2:00 UT moment of greatest eclipse 5-2:06 UT end of total eclipse umbra 6-3:46 UT end of partial eclipse 7-5:0 UT end of penumbral eclipse penumbra April 4 eptember 2 : a total lunar eclipse begin [ ep 2, 00: UT ] / end [ ep 2, 05:24 UT ] Rp =.36 Ru = penumbra eptember 2-00: UT begin of penumbral eclipse umbra 2-0:07 UT begin of partial eclipse 3-02:2 UT begin of total eclipse :47 UT moment of greatest eclipse 5-03:24 UT end of total eclipse 6-04: UT end of partial eclipse 7-05:24 UT end of penumbral eclipse eptember 2

21 olar Eclipses An eclipse of the un - or solar eclipse - can only occur at ew Moon, and only if the Earth passes through some portion of the Moon s shadow. een from the Earth, the Moon passes in front of the un and thus a part - or all - of the light of the un is eclipsed. The shadow cast by the Moon is composed of two concentric cone-shaped components. The outer or penumbral shadow zone is the region where the Moon blocks a part of the sunlight. The inner or umbral shadow zone is a region where the Moon blocks all sunlight. Based on this, three types of solar eclipes may be distinguised:. Total solar eclipse: occurs when the umbra of the Moon s shadow touches a region on the surface of the Earth. 2. Partial solar eclipse: occurs when the penumbra of the Moon s shadow passes over a region on the Earth s surface. 3. Annular solar eclipse: occurs when a region on the Earth s surface is in line with the umbra, but the distances are such that the tip of the umbra does not reach the Earth s surface Because of the relative sizes of the Moon and un and their specific distances from the Earth, only a small part of the Earth surface is covered by the Moon shadow during a solar eclipse. Especially the path of totality is usually very narrow (a few hundreds of kilometers across). A much broader region is covered by the penumbral shadow of the Moon. However, an observer in this region will see only a partial solar eclipse. The appearance of a specific solar eclipse can be summarized conveniently by mapping the path of totality and the region covered by the penumbral shadow of the Moon for the complete duration the eclipse. The lines of constant time, included in the charts, indicate the instances of greatest eclipse. Warning: never look directly at the un without proper eye protection, even during an eclipse. Even when the un is partially covered, your eyes can be seriously damaged by looking directly at it. unglasses are not an adequate eye protection for viewing the un.

22 The following solar eclipses may be observed during the year 5: March : total solar eclipse begin [ Mar, 07:4 UT ] / end [ Mar, :5 UT ] 6 : P4 :00 :00 09: 45 09:00 P 0: Circumstances at Moment of Greatest Eclipse Fist Contacts (P/U) Last Contacts (U4/P4) Time: 09:46 UT Duration (full): 2.4 min Penumbra Umbra Umbra Penumbra Location: 63.7 W Path Width: 453 km 07:4 UT 09:0 UT :23 UT :5 UT eptember 3 : partial solar eclipse begin [ ep 3, 04:4 UT ] / end [ ep 3, 09:07 UT ] P 05: 06: : 45 07:00 07: 0: Circumstances at Moment of Greatest Eclipse Fist Contacts (P/U) Last Contacts (U4/P4) Time: 06:54 UT Penumbra Penumbra Location: 7.4 E :4 UT 09:07 UT

23 Equation of Time The "Equation of Time" is the difference between the Apparent olar Time and the Mean olar Time at the Prime Meridian of Greenwich. The value for the Equation of Time (EoT) for a specific day can be obtained from the autical Almanac. The section of the un records the "Greenwich Culmination Time" (GCT), which is the UT time at which the Geographical Position of the un transits the Prime Meridian of Greenwich. This is also the UT time of Local Apparent oon for the Prime Meridian. Thus, the value for the Equation of Time is obtained from: EoT = 2:00:00 - GCT. Examples: GCT = :57:23 GCT = 2:0:57 EoT = 2:00:00 - :57:23 = +00:02:37 EoT = 2:00:00-2:0:57 = -00:0:57 otice that EoT has a sign: positive if the un "culminates" before 2 UT (then Apparent Time is "leading" Mean Time) and negative if the un "culminates" after 2 UT (then Apparent Time is "lagging" Mean Time). The next graph shows the values for the "Equation of Time" (in Minutes) over the year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug ep Oct ov Dec

24 autical Almanac The following pages contain the coordinates of the Geographical Position (in Greenwich Hour Angle and Declination) for each integral hour of the year for the recorded celestial objects. Each page compiles the complete Almanac data for one day of the year. The time used in this Almanac is Universal Time (UT). OTICE: This autical Almanac uses a slightly different approach for the interpolation of the integral-hour values of Greenwhich Hour Angle and Declination, compared to the techniques used in most commercially available Almanacs. For more information please refer to the following web site: " Abbreviations used in the Almanac tables: UT Universal Time GHA Greenwich Hour Angle [degrees] Dec Declination [degrees] ddgha the increment of the GHA value for the next hour of time, additional to the "linear" increment of 5 /h [minutes of arc] ddec the increment of the Dec value for the next hour of time [minutes of arc] D emi-diameter of the celestial object [minutes of arc] HP Horizontal Parallax [minutes of arc] a the "age" of the Moon, according to the following scheme: a = 0.00 : new moon a = 0.25 : first quarter a = 0.50 : full moon a = 0.75 : last quarter