Obj ect-oriented Construction Handbook

Transcription

1 Obj ect-oriented Construction Handbook Developing Application-Oriented Software with the Tools & Materials Approach Heinz Züllighoven IT'Workplace Solutions, Inc., and LJniversity of Hamburg, Germany as lead authors Robert F. Beeger Wolf-Gideon Bleek Guido Gryczan Carola Lilienthal Martin Lippert Stefan Roock WolfSiberski Thomas Slotos Dirk Weske Ingrid Wetzel With contributions by 05 co-authars Dirk Bäumer Petra Becker-Pechau Holger Breitling Ute Bürkle RolfKnoll Anita Krabbel Daniel Megert Dirk Riehle Axel Schmolitzky Wolfgang Strunk Henning Wolf ELSEVIER MORGAN KAUFMANN PUBLISHERS SJ dpunkt.verlag AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO MORGAN KAUFMANN PUBLISHERS IS AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER HEIDELBERG

2 Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1.1 APPLICATION ORIENTATION -THE SUBJECTOFTHIS BOOK Motivation Structure ofthis Book THE TOOLS & MATERIALS APPROACH (T&M) The T&M Approach in a Nutshell T&MAsaMethod PROJECTSBEHINDTHISBOOK TheScope ofthet&m Projects THE EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EXAMPLE REFERENCES 15 2 The T&M Object Metamodel 2.1 THE OBJECT METAMODEL Introduction Definition: The Object Metamodel Context: What's the Purpose of an Object Metamodel? Context: A Classification of Programming Languages The Object Metamodel and the Software Model Definition: Objects Discussion: Object Identity T&M Design: Structuring an Interface Definition: Classes Discussion: Generic Operations T&M Design: Generic Operations Discussion: The Object Life Cycle T&M Design: The Object Life Cycle 29

3 vi CONTENTS Definition: Inheritance Discussion: Inheritance T&M Design: Inheritance Discussion: Role Relationships as an Alternative to Inheritance Definition: Use Relationships Discussion: Use Relationships Definition: Polymorphism Definition: Abstract Classes Discussion: Specification and Implementation Definition: Loose Coupling Discussion: Loose Coupling MODULARIZATION Introduction Context: Modules and Object Orientation Definition: Principles of Object-Oriented Modularization THE CONTRACT MODEL Introduction Definition: Contract Model Discussion: The Contract Model Context: The Contract Model and Abstract Data Types T&M Design: The Contract Model TYPES Introduction Definition: Types Context: The Theoretical Concept of Types Discussion: Types CLASSES AND TYPES Introduction Classes in Your Design Differences between Types and Classes Discussion: Classes versus Types Background: Programming Languages and Types T&M Design: Classes and Types VALUES AND OBJECTS Introduction Characteristics ofvalues and Objects Using Values Context: Values and Objects in Programming Languages Definition: Domain Values 49

4 vii T&M Design: Domain Values Implementing Domain Values METAOBJECTPROTOCOLS Introduction Motivation for a Metaobject Protocol Definition: Metaobject Protocol (MOP) RepresentingYour Application Model RepresentingYour Runtime System REFERENCES 55 3 Guiding Metaphors and Design Metaphors 3.1 INTRODUCTION DESIGNING APPLICATION SOFTWARE Definition: The Usage Model Background: Methodology Books versus Design Guidelines GUIDING METAPHORS FOR APPLICATION SOFTWARE Background: Guiding Metaphors in Software Development The "Object Worlds" Guiding Metaphor The Direct Manipulation Guiding Metaphor Discussion: Guiding Metaphor of Direct Manipulation The Guiding Metaphor of the Factory Discussion: The Factory Guiding Metaphor DESIGN METAPHORS Definition: Metaphors T&M GUIDING METAPHORS AND DESIGN METAPHORS AT&M Guiding Metaphor: The Expert Workplace Background: The Supportive View Discussion: Metaphors and Patterns Definition: A Tool The Tool as a Design Metaphor T&M Design: Software Tools Definition: Material Material as a Design Metaphor T&M Design: Software Materials Definition: The Work Environment 69

5 viii CONTENTS The Work Environment as a Design Metaphor T&M Design: The Work Environment Definition: Automatons The Automaton as a Design Metaphor T&M Design: Software Automatons Definition: The Container The Container as a Design Metaphor T&M Design: Containers Discussion: Design Metaphors WORKPLACE TYPES Definition: Workplace Types T&M Design: The Expert Workplace Type T&M Design: The Functional Workplace Type T&M Design: The Back-Office Workplace Type T&M Design: The Electronic Commerce Frontend Workplace Type REFERENCES 77 4 Patterns, Frameworks, and Components 4.1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND: PATTERNS, FRAMEWORKS, AND COMPONENTS PATTERNS Definition: Patterns TheCharacteristicsof a Pattern A Taxonomy of T&M Patterns Conceptual Patterns Design Patterns Programming Patterns T&M Design: Design Patterns T&M Design: Models, Metaphors, and Patterns Background: Pattern Form T&M Design: Pattern Form Pattern Collections FRAMEWORKS Background: Class Libraries Definition: Frameworks Application Frameworks Black-Box and White-Box Frameworks Connectors between Frameworks JWAM Framework: Layered Framework Architecture 95

6 ix 4.5 COMPONENTS Background: Software Components Definition: Components Current Component Products Components and Frameworks REFERENCES 99 5 Application-Oriented Software Development 5.1 INTRODUCTION APPLICATION-ORIENTED SOFTWARE Application Software Definition: Application Orientation Background: Application Orientation UsageQuality T&M Design: Structural Similarity THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Definition: Software Development The Application-Oriented Development Process Discussion: The Development Process The Author-Critic Cycle Discussion: The Author-Critic Cycle Evolutionary System Development Documentation in Software Development Discussion: Documentation Application-Oriented Development Documents Discussion: Application-Oriented Document Types T&M Design: Application-Oriented Document Types Discussion: T&M Document Types Project Documents Documentation Guidelines REFERENCES Software Development as a Modeling Process 6.1 INTRODUCTION A SIMPLIFIED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT MODEL Discussion: A Descriptive Software Development Model THE APPLICATION DOMAIN Definition: Application Domain Discussion: Analyzing the Application Domain 119

7 6.4 THE DOMAIN MODEL ModelingYour Application Domain Discussion: ModelingYour Application Domain THE APPLICATION SYSTEM MODEL Context: The Application System Model Definition: Application System Model Discussion: Structural Similarity and Macrostructures THE APPLICATION SYSTEM Definition: The Application System Discussion: The Application System SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXTS Discussion: Software Development Contexts The Application Domain Context Discussion: The Application Domain Context Applied Technique Handling and Presentation Discussion: Handling and Presentation CONTEXTS INFLUENCING THE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE Discussion: How Contexts Influence Your Software Architecture REFERENCES T&M Conceptual Patterns 7.1 CONCEPTUAL PATTERNS Conceptual Patterns in the Development Process The T&M Conceptual Patterns A GUIDED TOUR OF THE T&M CONCEPTUAL PATTERNS THE INTERRELATION OF TOOLS AND MATERIALS PATTERN THE MATERIAL DESIGN PATTERN THE TOOL DESIGN PATTERN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT PATTERN THE CONTAINER PATTERN THE FORM PATTERN THE AUTOMATON PATTERN THE DOMAIN SERVICE PROVIDER PATTERN 171

8 7.11 THE TECHNICAL AUTOMATON PATTERN THE PROBE PATTERN TH E ADJ USTING TOO L PATTERN T&M Design Patterns 8.1 INTRODUCTION A GUIDED TOUR OF THE T&M DESIGN PATTERNS THE ASPECT PATTERN Construction Part: Using Inheritance or Interfaces to Implement Aspects Construction Part: Using Object Adapters to Implement Aspects Construction Part: Using Development Tools to Realize Aspects Construction Part: Alternatives to Using Aspects THE SEPARATING FUNCTION AND INTERACTION PATTERN THE TOOLS COMPOSITION PATTERN Construction Part: Using Components to Build Tools Construction Part: Using Components to Build Combination Tools Construction Part: IdentifyingTool Boundaries THE FEEDBACK BETWEEN TOOL PARTS PÄTTERN Construction Part: Event Pattern Construction Part: Event Objects Construction Part: Chain of Responsibility Construction Part: Tool Component with Reaction Mechanisms THE SEPARATING FP AND IP PATTERN Construction Part: Interactive Part (IP) Construction Part: FP THE SEPARATING HANDLING AND PRESENTATION PATTERN THE FEEDBACK BETWEEN INTERACTION FORMS AND IP PATTERN THE DOMAIN VALUES PATTERN Construction Part: Domain Value Classes Construction Part: Immutable Domain Value Objects Construction Part: Mutable Domain Value Objects 242

9 xii CONTENTS Construction Part: Implementing Domain Values as Streams Construction Part: Domain Value Types by Configuration THE DOMAIN CONTAINER PATTERN Construction Part: Using Technical Containers to Implement Domain Containers Construction Part: Loading Materials Construction Part: Tables of Contents for Containers Construction Part: Implementing Tables of Contents as Materials Construction Part: Implementing Tables of Contents as Domain Values Construction Part: Coping with Changes to Containers THE FORM SYSTEM PATTERN THE AUTOMATONS IN TECHNICALLY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PATTERN THE DOMAIN SERVICES PATTERN THE ENVIRONMENT PATTERN USING THE T&M DESIGN PATTERNS FOR THE JWAM FRAMEWORK Materials Construction Tools Construction Domain Values Presentation and Interaction Forms Forms Domain Services Work Environment REFERENCES T&M Model Architecture 9.1 THE T&M MODEL ARCHITECTURE THE DOMAIN CORE OF A SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE The Use Context The Product Domain The Business Domain How Different Domains Relate CONCEPTS AND ELEMENTS OF A T&M MODEL ARCHITECTURE 295

10 xiii Components of an Object-Oriented Software Architecture Elementary Rules for Combining Elements of a Software Architecture Protocol-Based Layer Architectures Object-Oriented Layer Architectures The Layer Concept of the T&M Model Architecture The Three-Tier Architecture The T&M Model Architecture DESIGN PATTERNS FOR THE T&M MODEL ARCHITECTURE The Role Pattern The ProductTrader Pattern REFERENCES Supporting Cooperative Work 10.1 BACKGROUND: COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK CSCW Technical and Domain Transparency IMPLICITCOOPERATION EXPLICIT COOPERATION BYEXCHANGING MATERIALS Cooperation Medium: Mailboxes Cooperation Medium: Mailing System EXPLICIT COOPERATION MODEL: TRANSACTION PROCESSING SUPPORT The Concept of Process Patterns Cooperation Medium: Routing Slips REFERENCES Interactive Application Systems and Persistence 11.1 BACKGROUND: INTERACTIVE APPLICATION SYSTEMS PERSISTENCE SERVICES Software Registry The Basic Concept of a Software Registry Cooperation Model for a Registry 361

11 xiv CONTENTS Usage Model for a Registry JWAM: Architecture for a Software Registry The Generic Persistence Service DESIGN CRITERIATO IMPLEMENT PERSISTENCE Client-Server Architecture Identifiers Technical Data Modeling and Structural Mapping Querying and Data Warehousing Load-on-Demand Transactions and Locking Class Evolution Legacy Databases REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES JWAM Projects MedlS and SyLab The Development Process 12.1 BACKGROUND: EVOLUTIONARY AND TRADITIONAL PROCESS MODELS The Context ofour Process Model The Process Model's Application Orientation The Classic Waterfall Model The Spiral Model An Idealized Evolutionary Process Model TOPICS FORA DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Sequence of Development Activities Objectifying the Development Process Lehman's Software Classification The Cooperative Development Process Organizational and Domain Integration Developing an IT Organization QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Direct User Integration Prototyping Reviews Pair Programming Refactoring QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CONSTRUCTION Characteristics ofootesting Testing OO Programs 421

12 xv 12.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Fundamental Activities of the Management Process The Contexts of the Management Process PROJECT PLANNING CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES Project Calibration Project Goals Decision Principles Project Establishment STRUCTURING A PROJECT BY SYSTEM DECOMPOSITION Core System and Special-Purpose Systems Core System and Extension Levels SCHEDULING AND TASK PLANNING General Rules fortime Estimates Planning the Project Stages Using Base Lines for Detailed Planning The UP and T&M Project Planning DISCUSSING T&M, UNIFIED PROCESS, AND XP Structure of the UP and T&M Development Processes REFERENCES T&M Document Types 13.1 SCENARIOS Using Scenarios in the Development Process Subtypes of Scenarios Scenarios and UML INTERVIEWS The Interview Process THE CONCEPT MODEL Using a Concept Model in the Development Process Concept Models and UML GLOSSARIES Using a Glossary in the Development Process Glossaries, UML, and UP SYSTEM VISIONS Using System Visions in the Development Process System Visions and XP System Visions and UML 482

13 xvi CONTENTS 13.6 PROTOTYPES Using Prototypes in the Development Process Prototypes and UP COOPERATION PICTURES Cooperation Pictures in the Development Process Cooperation Pictures and UML PURPOSE TABLES Using Purpose Tables in the Development Process Purpose Tables and UML TECHNICAL DOCUMENTTYPES IN UML Class Diagrams Object Diagrams Use Case Diagrams Interaction Diagrams Statechart Diagrams Activity Diagrams Component Diagrams Deployment Diagrams Application-Oriented and Technical Documents REFERENCES 499 Index 501