Management. Project. Software. Ashfaque Ahmed. A Process-Driven Approach. CRC Press. Taylor Si Francis Group Boca Raton London New York

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1 Software Project Management A Process-Driven Approach Ashfaque Ahmed CRC Press Taylor Si Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor St Francis Croup, an Informa business AN AUERBACH BOOK

2 Contents Preface Author xix xxiii PART I PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS 1 Introduction to Software Project Management Introduction What Is Project Management? What Is Software Project Management? Importance of Software Projects Problems in Project Management Processes in Software Projects Project Processes, People, and Technology, Successful Software Project Manager Project Management Processes Software Project Initiation Software Application Development Project Initiation Software Product Characteristics Software Product Development Project Initiation Software Product Implementation Project Initiation Software Project Planning Components of Project Planning Software Project Monitoring and Control Software Project Closure Configuration and Version Control Management Management Metrics Case Study Project Introduction Software Functionality New Functionality in Release Chapter Summary 22 Exercises 23 Review Questions 23 Recommended Readings 23 v

3 vi Contents 2 Project Initiation Management Introduction Define Project Charter Define Project Scope Define Project Objectives Practical Considerations Estimate Initial Project Size Estimate Initial Project Effort and Costs Estimate Initial Project Schedule Create Initial Project Plan Project Initiation in Iterative Model Stakeholder Influence Quality Planning Feasibility Study Project Division Artifacts of Project Initiation Case Study Project Charter ProjectScope Project Objectives Chapter Summary 37 Exercises 37 Review Questions 37 Recommended Readings 38 3 Software Project Effort and Cost Estimation Introduction Effort Estimation Techniques Choosing a Suitable Effort Estimate Technique Function Point Analysis Function Point Analysis Usage Wide Band Delphi COCOMO Basic COCOMO Intermediate COCOMO Detailed COCOMO COCOMO Model Conclusion Effort Estimation for Waterfall Model-Based Planning Effort Estimation for Iterations Model-Based Planning Cost Estimation Cost Factor Analysis Activity-Based Cost Estimation Cost Estimation for Iterations-Based Planning Schedule Estimation Schedule Estimation for Waterfall Model-Based Planning Resource Estimation 55

4 Contents vii 3.6 Artifacts of Effort and Cost Estimates Practical Considerations in Effort and Cost Estimates Effort and Cost in Product Development Case Study History Current Project Effort and Cost 58 Exercises 58 Review Questions 59 Recommended Readings 59 4 Risk Management Introduction Causes ofrisks Quality Constraints Resource Unavailability Disinterest Attrition Scope Creep Cost Constraints Bad Negotiation Unrealistic Estimate Human Error Poor Management : Risk Categories Budget Risks Time (Schedule) Risks Resource Risks Quality Risks Technology Risks Risk Analysis Balancing Act Project Risk Management in Agile Models Artifacts of Project Risk Management Practical Considerations for Risk Management Case Study Risks on This Project Chapter Summary 73 Exercises 73 Review Questions 73 Recommended Readings 74 5 Configuration Management Introduction Configuration Management Configuration Management Techniques 77

5 viii Contents 5.4 Artifacts of Configuration Management Configuration Management Case Study Configuration Management for an Incremental Iteration Development Environment Chapter Summary 81 Exercises...81 Review Questions 82 Recommended Readings 82 6 Project Planning Introduction Project Planning Fundamentals Top-DownPlan Bottom-Up Plan Work Breakdown Structure Resource Allocation Supplier Management Plan Configuration Management Plan Communication Management Defect Prevention Strategy (Quality Assurance) Project Project Cost Tool Management Scope Management Effort Estimate Risk Management Project Planning Techniques 91 Duration Critical Path Method Goldratt's Critical Chain Method : Project Planning Artifacts Project Planning in Agile Models Iteration Planning Planning at Project Management Office Case Study Feature Selection Heart of Planning Chapter Summary 99 Exercises 100 Review Questions 100 Recommended Readings Project Monitoring and Control Introduction Project Monitoring Monitor against Project Plan i Measure Task Progress and Status Reports Identify Deviations 104

6 Contents ix Performance Indicators Monitor against Project Schedule Periodic Measurement Earned Value Management Measure Resource Utilization Measure Resource Loading Monitor Skills and Knowledge of Project Team Monitor Risks Monitor Issues Status Reports Project Control Techniques Resource Leveling Schedule Optimization Ill Corrective Actions against Deviations Corrective Actions against Issues Resource Optimization Proj ect Monitoring and Control Artifacts Project Monitoring and Control in Iterative Model Performance Measurements Risks Case Study Tracking Tools Used Problems Encountered Chapter Summary Exercises U7 Review Questions 117 Recommended Readings H7 8 Project Closure Introduction Source Code Management Project Data Management.' Project Closure in Iterative Model Lessons Learned Resource Release Data Structures Case Study Chapter Summary 125 Exercises 125 Review Questions 125 Recommended Readings 125 PART II SOFTWARE LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT 9 Introduction to Software Life-Cycle Management Introduction Software Engineering Management 131

7 x Contents 9.3 Software Life-Cycle Management Processes Software Life Cycle in Waterfall Model Software Life Cycle in Iterative Model Moving from Waterfall Model Software Life Cycle in Concurrent Engineering Model 134 Processes Software Life-Cycle Software Requirements Software Design Software Build Software Testing Software Release Software Maintenance Software Life-Cycle Metrics Work Products Quality Assurance Case Study Chapter Summary 143 Exercises 143 Review Questions 143 Recommended Readings Software Requirement Management Introduction Software Requirements Development Develop Requirements Requirement Development Tasks Software Requirements Management Requirement Change Control Requirement Problems Diagnosis Requirement Life-Cycle Management Requirement Development and Management in Waterfall Model Iterative Model Software Requirements Practical Strategy Software Requirements Artifacts Software Requirements Quality Control Case Study Major Components of Appointment Scheduling Loading/Unloading Time Calculation Quality Assurance Chapter Summary 157 Review Questions 157 Recommended Readings Software Design Management Introduction Software Design Fundamentals Design Types 161

8 Contents xi Design Standards Design Activities Software Design Methods Top Down Bottom Up Design Version Control Subversions Design Characteristics Software Design Techniques Prototypes Structural Models Object-Oriented Design Systems Analysis Entity Relationship Models Design Reuse Software Design for Internet Software Design Quality Concurrent Engineering in Software Design Design Life-Cycle Management Module Division (Refactoring) Module Coupling Case Study Software Design for Loading Calculation Quality Assurance Chapter Summary 172 Review Questions 173 Recommended Readings Software Construction Introduction Coding Standards ' Modularity Clarity.' Simplicity Reliability Safety Maintainability Coding Framework Reviews (Quality Control) Deskchecks (Peer Reviews) Walkthroughs Code Reviews Inspections Coding Methods Structured Programming Object-Oriented Programming Automatic Code Generation 180

9 . 12,5.4 xii Contents Software Code Reuse Test-Driven Development Pair Programming Configuration Management Unit Testing Integration Testing Software Construction Artifacts Software Construction in Iterative Model Case Study Continuous Integration Chapter Summary; 184 Review Questions 185 Recommended Readings Software Testing Introduction Problems with Traditional Development Model Verification and Validation Test Strategy and Planning Test Prioritization Risk Management Effort Estimation Test Point Analysis Test Automation Test Case Execution Automation Test Case Management Automation Test Project Monitoring and Control Test Case Design Test Types Test Case Management Test Bed Preparation Test Case Execution Defect Tracking Test Reporting Test Artifacts Management Artifacts Practical Considerations Software Testing in Iterative Model Case Study Chapter Summary 198 Review Questions 198 Recommended Readings Product Release and Maintenance Introduction Product Release Management Product Implementation 203

10 Contents xiii 14.4 User Training Maintenance Introduction Maintenance Types Corrective Adaptive Perfective Preventive Maintenance Cost Maintenance Process Maintenance Life Cycle Maintenance Techniques Reengineering Reverse Engineering Forward Engineering Case Study Software Release Software Maintenance Chapter Summary 209 Review Questions 210 Recommended Readings 210 PART III SOFTWARE ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 15 Process Standards Introduction Introduction Root Cause of Problems in Software Projects Solutions for Problems in Software Projects Standard Process for Software Projects Process Tailoring Standard Process across Software Projects Program Management Portfolio Management Statistical Process Control on Software Projects Cost ofnonstandard Processes Organization Training Software Project Abandonment Defect Prevention Software Project without Process Process Improvement Final Word 227 Review Questions 227 Recommended Readings Software Process Standards and Process Improvement Introduction CMMI Standards CMMI Standards in a Nutshell

11 xiv Contents v 16.3 ISO Standards ISO Standards in a Nutshell IEEE Standards IEEE Standards in a Nutshell Rational Unified Process RUP in a Nutshell Agile Methodologies Extreme Programming in a Nutshell (Table 16.5) Test Process Improvement Techniques Deming's PDCA Technique Test Maturity Model 239" Level 1: Initial Level Level 2: Definition Level 3: Integration Level 4: Management and Measurement Level 5: Optimize Further Developments in TMM Test Process Improvement Critical Testing Process Systematic Test and Evaluation Process Process Improvement Life Cycle Process Standard Certifications Benefits of Certification How to Apply for a Certification Certification Requirements Time and Cost of Certification Future of Certifications 245 Review Questions 245 Recommended Readings Process Selection 17.1 Introduction History of Plan-Driven Model Strengths of Plan-Driven Model Limitations ofplan-driven Model History of Agile Methods Strengths of Agile Methods Limitations of Agile Methods Once and for All... ; Best Practices for Process Selection Converting Traditional to Agile Model Case Study 258 Exercise 259 Review Questions 259 Recommended Readings 259

12 Contents xv PART IV PEOPLE MANAGEMENT 18 Introduction to People Management Introduction People Management Team Management Supplier Management Customer Management Communication Management 267 Review Questions Team Management Introduction Organization Structure and Policies Project Organization Line of Business Organization Program Management Organization Internal IT Organization Structure Motivating the Team Team Effectiveness Appraisals Performance Measurement Job Allocation Training Nurturing Conflict Management Knowledge Management Communication Management Case Study 280 Review Questions Recommended Readings Customer Management Introduction Customer Expectation Management Negotiation Management Rapport Building Management Reporting Management Return on Investment Bottom Line Case Study 289 Review Questions Recommended Readings 290

13 xvi Contents 21 Supplier Management Introduction Supplier Search Management RFP and RFI Supplier Qualifications Supplier Experience Supplier Agreement Management Short-Term Agreements Long-Term Agreements Supplier Communication Management Organization Structure Account Management Project Offshore Transition Case Study 297 Review Questions 298 Recommended Readings 298 PART V TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 22 Software Project Management Tools Introduction Introduction Compatibility with Environment Cost oftool Data Integration among Tools Existing Skills on Tools Tool Obsolescence Scale of Operation 304 Review Questions Project Management and Software Life-Cycle Tools Introduction Requirement Management Tools Software Design Management Tools CASE Tools Modeling Tools Software Build Management Tools Integrated Development Environment Tools Source Code Control Tools Rapid Application Development Software Testing Management Tools Test Management Defect Tracking Automation Tools Project Management Tools 311

14 Contents xvii Project Planning Tools Configuration Management Tools Communication Management Tools 312 Review Questions 313 Recommended Readings Software Project Templates Introduction Software Life-Cycle Template Guidelines Software Requirement Template Guidelines Software Design Template Guidelines Software Build Template Guidelines Software Testing Template Guidelines Project Management Template Guidelines Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Template Guidelines Project Planning Guidelines Project Monitoring and Control Guidelines 326 Recommended Readings Future Tools and Techniques Introduction Software Industry Trends Open Source Application Service Provider Software as a Service Service-Oriented Architecture Intelligent Web Sites Web Services Streaming Media Social Networks Influence of New Trends on Software Industry Software Requirement Management Tools Software Design Management Tools Software Build Management Tools Automatic Code Generator Integrated Development Environment Tools Programming Language Software Testing Management Tools Test Management ; Defect Tracking Automation Tools Test Creation Tools Test Coverage Tools Software Project Management Recommended Readings..337 Tools 336

15 xviii a Contents Appendix A: CMMI Process Standards 339 Appendix B: ISO Standards 347 Appendix C: IEEE Standards 355 Appendix D: Agile Processes for Software Development 373 Appendix E: Impact of on OfFshoring Standards 385 Appendix F: Review Question Answers 391 Index 417

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