Status of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Europe:

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1 Visu 1 Status of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Europe: Need, Drivers, Trends and Technologies Prof. C. Visvanathan Environmental Engineering and Management Program Asian Institute of Technology Thailand visu@ait.ac.th Web:

2 Visu 2 Outline Need Conventional Sanitation System Europe Largest WWTP in Paris World Population Distribution Drivers Asia Vs Europe Urban Growth Pattern Sustainable Sanitation System First Generation Decentralized WWTP Status of MBR in Europe Drivers and Trends in Europe Case study MBR at the Sant Erasmo Island Advance Remote Control System at Venice High-tech Vs Low-tech

3 Visu 3 Need Europe: 540 Major Cities Only 79 cities have advanced tertiary sewage treatment 223 have secondary treatment 168 cities have no or an unknown form of treatment of their wastewater No wastewater treatment in, Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal Mehedinti in Romania

4 Visu 4 Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment 4

5 Visu 5 Wastewater Treatment by World Regions 5

6 Visu 6 Status of WWTP in Europe Wastewater treatment in all parts of Europe has improved during the last years. The percentage of the population connected to wastewater treatment in the Southern, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe has increased over the last ten years. Latest values of population connected to wastewater treatment in the Eastern and South-Eastern Europe are still relatively low compared to Central and Northern Europe. 6

7 Visu 7 Water supply and sanitation in the European Union The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991 concerning discharges of municipal and some industrial waste waters; The Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 concerning potable water quality; The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) of 23 October 2000 concerning water resources management. 7

8 Visu 8 EU Directive on Wastewater Treatment The Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) Directive is one of the major water policy tools in Europe, was adopted on 21 May Directive requires: The Collection and treatment of waste water in all agglomeration of >2000 population equivalents (p.e.) Secondary Treatment of all discharges from agglomerations of > 2000 p.e., and more advanced treatment for agglomerations > P.e. in designated sensitive areas and their catchments; A requirement for pre-authorisation of all discharges of urban wastewater, of discharges from the food-processing industry and of industrial discharges into urban wastewater collection systems; Monitoring of the performance of treatment plants and receiving waters; and Controls of sewage sludge disposal and re-use, and treated waste water re-use whenever it is appropriate. 8

9 Visu 9 Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) Directive 9

10 Visu 10 Compliance Time Table Timetable for the compliance with the UWWT Directive varies for EU15 and for new EU Member States (EU12). For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and UK the latest date to fully comply with the Directive was 31/12/2005. For the new Member States in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Mediterranean, staged transitional periods have been set within the Accession Treaties; In principle these transitional periods do not exceed the year 2015; Only in Romania, smaller agglomerations (with less than 10,000 p.e.) have to comply with the Directive by the end of

11 Visu 11 Compliance of the UWWT Directive 1. Collecting System 2. Collecting System Most of the EU Member States collect their waste waters at very high levels with an average rate of compliance equal to 94% (up from 92%). Some 15 Member States even reach compliance of 100%. However, five Member States still had compliance rates below 30% in 2009/2010 (BG, CY, EE, LV, SI). Most of the EU Member States collect their waste waters at very high levels with an average rate of compliance equal to 94% (up from 92%). Some 15 Member States even reach compliance of 100%. However, five Member States still had compliance rates below 30% in 2009/2010 (BG, CY,EE, LV, SI). 11

12 Visu 12 Compliance of the UWWT Directive 3. Secondary Treatment 4. Tertiary Treatment In 2009/2010, a total of 82% of the waste waters in the EU received secondary treatment Four Member States reached 100% compliance and another six Member States had levels of compliance of 97% and higher. However, the compliance rates in EU-12 Member States are only 39% of their waste waters receiving appropriate secondary treatment. There was an overall compliance rate of 77%. Four countries reached 100% compliance. However in the EU-12 Member States, only 14% of waste waters are treated appropriately. Only CZ, HU, LT and SK achieved compliance results between %. 12

13 Visu 13 Conventional Sanitation System Fertilizer Factory High water demand Nitrogen (High energy Demand) Potassium Fossil Phosphorus Waste water Agriculture Farm Food Sewage Sludge Sewerage treatment plant Landfill Incineration Treated water Accumulation of Phosphorus and nitrogen in surface & groundwater

14 Visu 14 Europe Largest WWTP in Paris Seine Aval treats the wastewater generated by over 75% of the population in the Paris By 2015 aim to achieve full nitrification and denitrification of effluent in Greater Paris area Treatment capacity is 2.1 million m 3 /d Long distance view of new facility with existing primary treatment works on the left Grass roof above new sludge treatment works at Seine Aval wastewater treatment plant

15 Visu Urban WWTP has Suspended Solids (SS) and Organic Removal as a primary objective Thus, Centralized Treatment System Advantages Easy for management in terms of effluent quality and operation Successfully applied in high density population areas

16 Visu 16 Disadvantages High cost in term of maintenance and operation High cost of investment Large area requirement Centralized WWTP is only a part of the solution, and certainly not a sustainable solution

17 Visu 17 World Population Distribution Asia Vs Europe Population Distribution Population Density Map of Asia Population Density Map of Europe Population is concentrated on cities Cities are outstretched and people are moving away from the city

18 Visu 18 Urban Growth Pattern in Asia

19 Visu 19 Urban Sprawl Spatial Patterns: Europe

20 Visu 20 Comparison: Asia Vs Europe

21 Visu 21 Urban sprawl spatial patterns

22 Urban Growth Pattern Vertical Growth in Asia Sewer capacity Sewer line length Visu 22

23 Visu 23 Out Structured Growth in Europe Sewer capacity Sewer line length

24 Visu 24 Drivers As the effluent standards changed from organic and SS removal to Nutrient removal Diversity of wastewaters and specific requirements in each case i.e.: Toxic industrial wastewaters Vs Domestic wastewater which needs separate treatment technologies Difficulties of handling large volumes with specific treatment systems Reuse: Centralized becomes less attractive due to several reasons i.e: Reuses someone's waste? Treatment technology became more complex, This complexity demanded new WWTP technologies, making centralized WWTP un-attractive..

25 Visu 25 Sustainable Sanitation System

26 First Generation Decentralized WWTP ( m 3 /day) Septic tank (Commonly used at domestic level) Waste stabilization ponds Facultative lagoon Maturation lagoon Land treatment Constructed wetland Technology Drivers: Cost Visu 26 Technology Cost

27 Constructed Wetland on Risdal Farm, Bear Creek, Iowa. Constructed Wetlands at Greenmount Campus, Cafre Septic Tank in Bulgaria Visu 27 Waste Stabilization Ponds in France

28 Visu 28 Water Reuse Water-Quality Requirements Concerns for emerging pathogenic organisms (e.g., the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium Parvum and Giardia lamblia) Drivers for MBR Incompetence of centralized conventional systems to tackle these requirements Decentralized WWTP with membrane technology is capable of meeting the requirement

29 Decentralized Treatment System Rapid growth of urbanization The discharge of untreated wastewater into environment Advantages Less investment cost Effective for communities with sparse populations Suitable for different site conditions Allows more flexible community planning Visu 29 Treatment plant Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is a good option for decentralized systems with meeting Water Reuse standards

30 Visu 30 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Influent Clarifier Effluent Aeration Tank Sludge returned Excess sludge Sludge storage Influent Membrane unit

31 MBRs in Europe HUBER MBR, Germany Oxford wastewater treatment plant Visu 31 MBR plant Nordkanal, Germany

32 Visu 32 Open Wastewater Plant cannot be located in a place where tourists are visiting The old pier at Swanage Swanage Bay Swanage Pier

33 Visu 33 Swanage Site and Outfall

34 Visu 34

35 Visu 35 Swanage Site and Outfall MCC room, Generator, Extractor fans Inlet works screens Main process flow

36 Visu 36 Kubota System Layout 0.4 m polyethylene flat sheets welded to backing plate Situated above diffuser below which air is injected

37 Global Overview Global MBR market is worth $ million in 2006 with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.5% European market, continues to be one of the significant markets and accounts for a 21% share of the total MBR market. European Membrane Bioreactor Market-Revenue Share Estimates by Geographic Region (2006) North Europe, 50% Easten Europe, 14% Easten Europe Southern Europe North Europe Southern Europe, 36% Visu 37 Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan Frost & Sullivan

38 Revenue Forecast for Global Membrane Bioreactor Market, Million $ 1200 Revenue($milion) Growth Rate p.a(%) Annual Growth Rate % Visu 38 Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan

39 Key Drivers in the Worldwide Market Legislation to curb water pollution and water scarcity prompting the need for wastewater recycling Diverse need and application Water recycling in buildings, municipal wastewater treatment for small communities Industrial wastewater treatment and landfill leachate treatment Treatment of wastes generated from agricultural sources and livestock operations Wastewater originating from food processing industries, removal of herbicides and pesticides and biological nitrate removal Sports stadiums, shopping complexes and office blocks are becoming typical end users, especially in areas of water stress. Visu 39

40 Visu 40 Status of MBR in Europe < 100 membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems installed in 2000 Boasts over 350 employed in municipal and industrial wastewater applications Projected annual market growth of 7.9%

41 Drivers and Trends European MBR $100 million in 2010 One key trend driving this growth is increasing use of MBR systems for decentralized treatment and water reuse Characterized by medium- and small-sized municipal and industrial MBR systems Market Share of Various Membrane Separation Process in Europe UltraFiltration30 % Reverse Osmosis 50% Microfiltration 10% Other 10% Visu 41 Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan

42 Revenue Forecast for European Membrane Million $ Bioreactor Market Revenue($million) Growth Rate p.a(%) Annual Growth Rate (%) Visu 42 Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan

43 Trends Since 1999, Companies such as Zenon and Kubota have been leading the implementation of large- and medium-scale MBRs for municipal wastewater treatment in the UK, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain among other countries Traditionally, although Scandinavia has been the home of advanced wastewater and sludge treatment systems, acceptance of MBR has lagged with virtually zero penetration in this region. Apart from a few small systems installed by Kubota, The Northern European MBR market is dominated by activity in the municipal sector first full-scale commercial MBR was installed in Hungary in 2003 There are now 10 MBR plants in Hungary, four of them municipal plants Poland is a growing market that only came online with MBR systems since More demand for MBR systems from the industrial sector, This region dominates the overall European MBR market with a revenue share of 50%. The dominant driver for this region is water scarcity prompting a need for wastewater recycling. Visu 43 Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan

44 Visu 44 Trends cont. Accession to the European Union also has catalyzed MBR opportunities in countries such as Cyprus Cyprus which has recently joined and is the focus of significant investment in water and wastewater treatment infrastructure upgrades Among the Alpine countries of Austria and Switzerland, mostly the focus is on medium-sized industrial and municipal MBR systems There are limited opportunities in this saturated market unless demand arises for small household wastewater treatment systems in remote areas.

45 Visu 45 Drivers Number of discrete and small systems are growing and this trend is expected to be driven by the following factors: Experience gained with pilot/small-scale projects Drastic decrease in the cost of membranes Availability of subsidies Small footprint and small reactor volume Development of guarantees on membrane life spans and of maintenance contracts.

46 Other Drivers MBR markets have received a huge boost in the municipal segment with legislative drivers such as the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) requiring lower nutrient discharge limits Implementation of Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC) policies have catalyzed growth of the MBR markets for the industrial sector The ceiling for discharge is even more severe in the designated Sensitive Areas and improvements in membrane performance have resulted in high treatment efficiencies with MBR use MBR also gains an edge over conventional systems with its ability to substantially reduce the amount of sludge generated The largest industrial MBR system in Europe in terms of installed capacity is currently installed at a petrochemical facility in Italy, with a capacity of 47,420 m 3 /day. Also there s an increasing trend toward use of MBRs to treat difficult wastewater such as landfill leachate treatment applications. Visu 46

47 Visu 47 MBR at the Sant Erasmo Island Plant collects wastewater by means of a vacuum wastewater piping system. Can treat up to 1000 m 3 /d of wastewater Has 2 lines of full treatment (denitrification, nitrification, oxidation) each one independent from the other Has 5 stages of 7 membranes modules each the treatment basins are underground.

48 Visu 48 Remote Control System of the Treatment Plants of the Venice The remote control system (SisTeMAV) allows to control the state of operation of each plant within Venice and the islands in lagoon Electrical, analogical and digital signals from each equipment and instrumentation of the plants are monitored and transmitted by GSM network Venice Burano Monitoring all plants through GSM Sant Erasmo

49 Visu 49 Need of Decentralized Plant for Small Venice Islands Difficult to implement gravity flow sewer lines

50 Visu 50 High-tech Vs Low-tech High-tech Low-tech MBR Concept Eco- Sanitation Still Popular in Europe

51 Visu 51 Ecology Sanitation Eco- Save water Recycle local nutrient Extract energy Open sustainable options for all both in rich and poor countries

52 Visu 52 Advantages of Eco-San Reduce the cost for pipe lines Can provide sustainable sanitary system at an affordable cost Flexible Increase health and dignity by introducing new method to handle fecal matter Recycling and saving resources Water saving by using water saving toilets and reuse grey water

53 Visu 53 Technologies Composting Toilets Urine Diversion Toilets

54 Visu 54 Sweden Urine diversion is using in several urban houses such as, Palsternackan(50 apartment) Understenshojden(44 apartment) Geber(30 apartment) Newest Kullan(250 apartment) Black water and household organic waste are used for Biogas production Grey water is treated in a natural system

55 Visu 55 Norway In Bergen, second largest city, 42 condominiums collect black water using one liter flush vacuum toilets and have onsite grey water treatment. Liquid composting provides a sanitized mixture of organic household waste and black water The grey water treatment system are compacted (1-2 m 2 per person)

56 Visu 56 Toilet in City Centrum with a view And they constitute a substantially small package of world inhabitants

57 Visu 57 Toilet with a View and Natural AC Raw Practices in Rural Smile please.

58 Visu 58 Cool.. Stuff

59 Visu 59 A Bit Ahead

60 Visu 60