SMES, RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND GREEN MARKETS

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1 Eurobarometer SMES, RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND GREEN MARKETS REPORT Fieldwork: September 2013 Publication: December 2013 This survey has been requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry and co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication. This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. Eurobarometer - TNS Political & Social

2 Eurobarometer SMEs, resource efficiency and green markets Conducted by TNS Political & Social at the request of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry Survey co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication (DG COMM Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer Unit)

3 FLASH EUROBAROMETER TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 6 I. ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT II. USING RESOURCES BETTER: WHO, HOW AND HOW MUCH Actions to promote resource efficiency: present and future What is being done now? What will be done in two years time? Why SMEs are taking action What are the reasons for inaction Does it pay to be "clean and green"? Environmental management systems: a tool enabling companies to improve their environmental performance Do policies help companies to become resource efficient? General overview Does public support work? Supporting resource efficiency: where the focus should lie Identifying the barriers of applying for public tenders with environmental requirements III. GREEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES and SMEs: REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK, MINIMISING POLLUTION AND THE USE OF RESOURCES Green markets: Profiles of SMEs offering green products or services Profiles of SMEs offering green products or services Where do SMEs sell their green products and services? Why do SMEs offer green products or services? Do policies help SMEs to offer green products or services? General overview

4 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Does public support work? Encouraging new green products and services: where the focus should lie Green employment in the SME sector ANNEXES Technical specifications Questionnaire Tables 2

5 FLASH EUROBAROMETER INTRODUCTION Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) 1 are the economic backbone of the European Union. These 20.7 million companies represent more than 98% of all European businesses and provide 67% of total employment 2,3. SME s contributions are also essential for pursuing the goals of Europe 2020, the strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth 4. The European Commission promotes the growth of SMEs through the Small Business Act for Europe 5. This framework includes an initiative to raise SMEs awareness of environmental and energy-related issues and to assist them in implementing legislation, assessing their environmental and energy performance and upgrading their skills and qualifications. This survey follows on from Eurobarometer FL in 2012 by reviewing the current state of the green market and the resource efficiency actions amongst Europe s SMEs, as well those in neighbouring countries and in the US. Topics covered include: Compliance with environmental legislation Current and future resource efficiency actions Barriers to resource efficiency The role and impact of policy in supporting green business initiatives The current state of the green market The results are analysed at EU28 level, national level, and also by company characteristics. Where possible the trend since the last report will be discussed. In 2012, Croatia was not a member of the European Union so any comparisons made at EU level in terms of trend will be compared with the EU-27 average. In some countries the sample sizes collected include less than 400 businesses, and therefore, the results of the survey for these countries need to be interpreted accordingly. In some cases, national level analysis is not carried out when the base size is too small. Throughout the report, the size of SMEs will be defined as the following: micro enterprises (1-9 employees), small enterprises (10-49 employees) and medium-sized enterprises ( employees). 1 Small and medium-sized enterprises are defined as those with a staff headcount below 250. In addition to the staff headcount ceiling, an enterprise qualifies as an SME if it meets either the turnover ceiling or the balance sheet ceiling, but not necessarily both. Full definition can be found in:

6 FLASH EUROBAROMETER This survey was carried out by the TNS Political & Social network in the 28 Member States of the European Union and in Albania, Israel, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, Norway, Republic of Serbia, Turkey and the United States between the 9 th and 27 th of September This survey covers 13,509 businesses in total, with 11,207 in the EU, employing fewer than 250 employees in the manufacturing (NACE category C), services (NACE categories G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N) and industry sector (NACE categories D/E/F). The sample was selected from an international database, with additional sample from local sources where necessary. The methodology used is that of Eurobarometer surveys as carried out by the Directorate-General for Communication ( Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer Unit) 6. A technical note on the manner in which interviews were conducted by the Institutes within the TNS Political & Social network is appended as an annex to this report. Also included are the interview methods and confidence intervals The results tables are included in the annex. It should be noted that the total of the percentages in the tables of this report may exceed 100% when the respondent has the possibility of giving several answers to the question. 4

7 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The abbreviations used in this report correspond to: ABBREVIATIONS BE Belgium LT Lithuania BG Bulgaria LU Luxembourg CZ Czech Republic HU Hungary DK Denmark MT Malta DE Germany NL The Netherlands EE Estonia AT Austria EL Greece PL Poland ES Spain PT Portugal FR France RO Romania HR Croatia SI Slovenia IE Ireland SK Slovakia IT Italy FI Finland CY Republic of Cyprus* SE Sweden LV Latvia UK The United Kingdom AL Albania EU28 European Union 28 Member States IL Israel IS Iceland EU15 BE, IT, FR, DE, LU, NL, DK, UK, IE, PT, ES, EL, AT, SE, FI** LI Liechtenstein NMS13 BG, CZ, EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, HU, PL, RO, SI, SK, HR*** ME Montenegro MK Former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia**** NO Norway RS Republic of Serbia TR Turkey US USA * Cyprus as a whole is one of the 28 European Union Member States. However, the acquis communautaire has been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the CY category and in the EU28 average. ** EU15 refers to the 15 countries forming the European Union before the enlargements of 2004, 2007 and 2013 *** The NMS13 are the 12 new Member States which joined the European Union during the 2004 and 2007 enlargements and Croatia which joined the EU in **** Provisional abbreviation which in no way prejudges the definitive name of this country, which will be agreed once the current negotiations at the United Nations have been completed. * * * * * We wish to thank all the people who have given their time to take part in this survey. Without their active participation, this study would not have been possible. 5

8 FLASH EUROBAROMETER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RESOURCE EFFICIENCY Almost all EU SMEs (92%) comply with environmental legislation with 19% going further than required. 93% of SMEs are taking at least one action to be more resource efficient, with the most common actions being to minimise waste, save energy (both 67%) and save materials (59%). At least half are also recycling by reusing material or waste within the company, or by saving water (both 51%). SMEs with employees are the most likely to be taking each kind of action, particularly saving energy (80% vs. 65%-69%). Eight out of ten SMEs are planning additional resource efficiency actions in the next two years, particularly saving energy (58%) and minimising waste (56%). The majority of SMEs in the EU act to become more resource efficient in order to reduce costs (63%), although 28% say the environment is one of the top priorities for their company. The larger the SME, the more likely they are to say their actions are as a result of consumer or provider demand. More than half of SMEs (55%) encounter difficulties when trying to set up resource efficiency actions, particularly complex legal or administrative procedures (26%). Medium-sized enterprises, as well as SMEs active in manufacturing and industry sectors, are the most likely to have encountered difficulties with the complexity of legal or administrative procedures 42% of SMEs taking resource efficiency actions say their production costs have decreased in the past two years as a result this is an increase of seven percentage points compared to More than two thirds of SMEs are satisfied with the return on their investments in resource efficiency (68%), with 12% saying they are very satisfied. Most SMEs have invested 5% or less of their annual turnover in resource efficiency (72%). Compared to the previous wave, SMEs are investing less per year in resource efficiency. There has been a four percentage point decrease in those investing 6-10% of their annual turnover, and an 11 point increase in those investing 5% or less. 6

9 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Most EU SMEs use their own internal resources when trying to be more resource efficient: 60% use their own financial resources and 53% their own technical expertise. 19% rely on external support. External support is much more likely to come from the private rather than the public sector (75% vs. 35%). Advice or non-financial assistance from private companies (43%) and business associations (36%) are the most common forms of external support. SMEs are most likely to say that grants and subsidies would help make their company more resource efficient (34%), 25% mention consultancy on improving resource efficiency, while 22% would like advice on funding possibilities for resource efficiency investments. Most SMEs do not use an environmental management system (67%). For those that do, national or regional systems are the most popular (43%) followed by ISO (36%). GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT Just 12% of SMEs have bid for a public procurement tender that included environmental requirements, with 7% successful in their bid. The larger the SME, the more likely it is to have been successful (19% vs. 5%-9% of smaller SMEs. Industry SMEs are the most likely to have bid, and bid successfully for this kind of tender. One in five companies (21%) that bid for a public tender with environmental requirements experienced difficulties. Too much paperwork to be submitted is the most common difficulty (39%), followed by costs (19%). The most common reason for not bidding for a public procurement tender with environmental requirements is that SMEs have never been confronted with such a tender (55%). However 14% did not even attempt a bid as they assumed it was too complicated. GREEN MARKETS One quarter of the EU s SMEs offer green products or services (26%), with a further 7% planning to do so in the next two years. Half of the SMEs active in green markets offer products and services with environmental features such as organic production and eco-labelling or design (51%). More than one third (35%) offer products or services in the area of recycled material. SMEs in 2013 are more likely to be offering products and services in the area of recycled material than they were in 2012 (+6 percentage points). 7

10 FLASH EUROBAROMETER 26% of SMEs that offer services or products with environmental features do so in the construction area, 24% sell food and beverages, while 22% sell electronic and mechanical machinery and equipment. For most SMEs offering them (60%), green products or services represented a share inferior to a third of their turnover, with 34% saying these items represent 1-5% of annual turnover. Turnover attributed to green products and services has declined since 2012, with more companies now saying 1-5% of their annual turnover comes from green products or services (+4 percentage points). At least nine out of ten SMEs selling green products or services say their own country is their main market in terms of annual turnover (91%), while 19% say their main market is the EU and /or Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Customer demand is the most common driver behind SMEs offering green products or services (50%), followed by the company s core values (33%) and the company s image (31%). Insufficient customer demand is the main reason SMEs do not offer green products or services (25%). At least one in five say that green products or services do not fit or are not important for their company s image (22%) while 20% say this about the company s core values. Most SMEs selling green products or services rely on their own financial resources (58%) and/or technical expertise (55%) for production, while 22% rely on external support. External support is most likely to be in the form of non-financial assistance from private companies (36%) or business associations (31%). Financial incentives for new products, services or production process development are the most likely to assist green market SMEs expand their green product or service offering (46%). Financial incentives of this kind are also the most likely to assist non-green market SMEs to launch green products or services (29%). GREEN JOBS Four out of ten SMEs have at least one full time employee working in a green job an increase of five percentage points since the last wave in EU SMEs have on average 2.1 full time employees working in a green job at least some of the time. The larger the SME, the more likely they are to have at least one green employee, and the more green employees they are likely to have. Industry SMEs are the most likely to have at least one green employee. 8

11 FLASH EUROBAROMETER EU vs. US Almost all US SMEs are undertaking at least one resource efficiency action (99%) and are six percentage points more likely to do so than EU SMEs (93%). Minimising waste is the most common action taken by both EU (67%) and US SMEs (88%). Resource efficiency actions are more likely to increase production costs in the US (29% vs. 23% in the EU). Whilst grants or subsidies would be most helpful for SMEs to be more resource efficient in the EU (34%), the demonstration of new technologies or processes is the most helpful for SMEs in the US (36%). SMEs in the US are eight percentage points more likely to offer green products or services. The US has seen a four per cent increase in the number of SMEs selling green products or services since More than half of the SMEs that offer green products or services in the EU and US do so in the area of products with environmental features (51% and 58% respectively). Offering these products in the area of recycled material is much more common in the US (60% vs. 35% at EU). Apart from financial incentives (31% vs. 29%), US SMEs are much more likely to say that assistance with identifying potential markets or customers would be helpful for launching a range of green products or services than those in the EU (27% vs. 17%). To a lesser extent, US SMEs are also more likely to cite technical support for product development (22% vs. 16%). 9

12 FLASH EUROBAROMETER I. ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT This introductory section of the report considers the current attitudes of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) towards environmental legislation in the EU. - Almost all EU SMEs report they comply with environmental legislation Almost all (92%) SMEs in the EU say they comply with environmental legislation 8. Most SMEs (51%) do not wish to go beyond their regulatory requirements in this area, while 22% are contemplating doing more than currently required. Overall 19% of SMEs are doing more than required in terms of environmental legislation: 11% do so because environmental concerns are part of their company s priority objectives, while 8% say that although doing more than required, environmental concerns are not a priority for their company. Only a small proportion of SMEs (3%) say that compliance with environmental legislation is a problem for their business. There has been little change since the last wave of the survey in 2012, with the largest movement being a three percentage point decrease in the proportion of companies that say they are doing more than required by legislation, but that environmental concerns are not a company priority. Base: All SMEs = 11,207 8 Q1 Among these statements, which one applies the best to your company? Your company: is complying with environmental legislation but does not wish to go beyond these requirements; is complying with environmental legislation and is contemplating doing more; is going beyond the requirements of the environmental legislation but environmental concerns are not one of its priorities; is going beyond the requirements of the environmental legislation and environmental concerns are among the firm s priority objectives; has difficulties in complying with environmental legislation 10

13 FLASH EUROBAROMETER The larger the SME, the more likely it is that environmental concerns are a company priority, and that they are already doing more in this area than required by legislation. Fewer than one in ten (9%) micro enterprises (with 1-9 employees) say this, compared to 14% of those with and 22% of those with employees. Micro enterprises are more likely to say that they are complying with environmental legislation, but do not wish to go beyond these requirements. More than half (53%) of those with 1-9 employees say this, compared to 47% of those with employees, and 34% of those with Micro and small enterprises are also less likely to be contemplating doing more than required by legislation (21% and 24% vs. 30% for those with employees). There is less variation in results when comparing companies by sector. SMEs in retail are the most likely to say they are complying with legislation but do not wish to go beyond these requirements, particularly compared to companies in the services sector (54% vs. 48%). The type of clients a company serves also has an impact. One quarter (25%) of companies who operate in the B2B sphere serving other companies and public administration say they are already doing more than required by legislation (whether or not it is a business priority), compared to those who only serve consumers (14%) or a mix of consumers and other companies (16%). Companies that deal with consumers, or a mix of consumers and companies are more likely to say that they comply with legislation but do not wish to go beyond these requirements (52% vs. 38%). Base: All SMEs = 11,207 11

14 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Country level results show diverse attitudes towards compliance: SMEs in the EU are more likely than their US counterparts to say they are complying with environmental legislation, but do not wish to go beyond these requirements (51% vs. 41%). However, it is worth noting that more than one in ten (13%) SMEs in US are unable to answer the question compared with 5% of EU SMEs. Across all countries studied, SMEs in Estonia (74%) are the most likely to say they comply with environmental legislation, but do not wish to do more, followed by those in Denmark (65%), Hungary and Spain (both 62%). Within the EU Austrian and Portuguese SMEs are the least likely to say this (37%), although levels are even lower amongst SMEs in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (4%), Turkey (12%) and Serbia (17%). SMEs in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are, on the other hand, the most likely to say they are complying with legislation and contemplating doing more (73%). Within the EU SMEs in Malta are the most likely to say this (42%), compared to just 3% of those in Estonia. Within the EU, SMEs in Austria are the most likely to say they are going beyond environmental legislative requirements, irrespective of whether it is a company priority or not. In fact, 20% of Austrian companies go beyond legislative requirements even though green concerns are not a company priority. Companies in Croatia are the most likely to say that environmental concerns are a company priority (19%). Across all countries SMEs in Liechtenstein (45%) and Turkey (30%) are also likely to say they are going beyond what is required in this area. In contrast just 5% of Estonian and Albanian companies say the same. Relatively few SMEs in any country report problems complying with environmental legislation. Within the EU SMEs in Portugal (8%), Romania and Italy (both 5%) are the most likely to say this. In contrast no companies in the Netherlands or Croatia report compliance issues. Across all countries surveyed, SMEs in Albania (11%) and Serbia (10%) are the most likely to say they have problems complying with environmental legislation. Nonetheless, this finding needs to be interpreted in light of the high frequency of Don t know in the Baltic countries (10-17%), Bulgaria (13%), Sweden (14%) and the Netherlands (17%). Similarly, 13% of US SMEs were unable to answer this question. 12

15 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Base: All SMEs = 13,509 13

16 FLASH EUROBAROMETER II. USING RESOURCES BETTER: WHO, HOW AND HOW MUCH This section of the report considers what SMEs are doing in terms of resource efficiency: what actions they are taking, what they are planning to do in the future, and the reasons for action or inaction. Secondly it discusses the impact of environmental management systems on resource efficiency, and the role of both the public and of policy in supporting business initiatives in the field of resource efficiency. Finally the barriers for SMEs in applying for tenders with environmental requirements will be explored Actions to promote resource efficiency: present and future What is being done now? - Minimising waste and saving energy are the most common resource efficiency actions - SMEs were asked what actions they are currently taking to be more resource efficient 9. For this question the sample in each country was split in half. One half was asked the question the same response options as for the previous wave. These results are presented in the chart labelled 2A. The other half of the sample was asked the same question, but with one response option changed: the response option Recycling was modified to be more specific: Recycling, by reusing material or waste within the company. The chart labelled 2B shows the results using this option, and compares them with the results from 2012 (using the old options). Split A = 5,710 Split B = 5,497 9 Q2. What actions is your company undertaking to be more resource efficient? Saving water; Saving energy; Using predominantly renewable energy (e.g. including own production through solar panels, etc.); Saving materials; Minimising waste; Selling your scrap material to another company; Recycling (2A); Recycling, by reusing material or waste within the company (N 2B); Other (DO NOT READ OUT); None (DO NOT READ OUT) 14

17 FLASH EUROBAROMETER The charts above show that offering a more narrow definition of recycling has an impact on the results, particularly for that item. SMEs are less likely to say they recycle when it is specifically defined as recycling within the company, than when offered the more general recycling term (51% vs. 60%). Percentages for other items change only slightly. Apart from this difference, the general picture from both sample splits is the same: the three most common resource efficiency actions being taken are minimising waste, saving energy and saving materials. These are followed by recycling, saving water, selling scrap and using renewable energy. Overall at least half of all SMEs are undertaking each of the top five actions. In future waves of the survey the modified recycling option (2B) will be used, so only the results from the split using this option have been used for the company characteristic and country level results discussed below. Highlights from the company characteristics analysis include: SMEs with employees are much more likely than smaller SMEs to say they are saving energy (80% vs. 65%-69%). The medium-sized enterprises are also the most likely to be predominantly using renewable energy (25% vs. 14%-18%), and recycling by reusing within the company (56% vs. 50%-52%). The larger the company, the more likely it is selling its scrap material. Half of medium-sized enterprises do this (50%), compared to 37% of small and 24% of microenterprises. Micro enterprises are the least likely to be minimising waste (66% vs. 72%-75%) and saving materials (57% vs. 62%-65%). Retail sector SMEs are the least likely to be minimising waste (65% vs. 68%- 70%), saving materials (55% vs. 60%-64%), and recycling by reusing materials or waste within the company (48% vs. 51%-55%). Manufacturing SMEs are the most likely to be saving water (56% vs. 47%-52%) or selling their scrap (48% vs. 19%-38%). 15

18 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Split B = 5,497 16

19 FLASH EUROBAROMETER The chart below shows the proportion of SMEs in the EU taking many, some, few or none of these resource efficiency actions in 2013 and SMEs that are classed as taking many actions selected 5-8 of the resource efficiency actions, some actions if they selected 3-4 and few actions if they selected 1-2. SMEs are slightly more likely to be taking many actions in 2013 compared to the previous wave (+3 percentage points), and are slightly less likely to be taking few actions (-3 percentage points). SMEs in the US are more likely to be taking most of these resource efficiency actions. US SMEs are much more likely to say they are recycling by reusing material or waste within the company (83% vs. 51%), minimising waste (88% vs. 67%) or saving materials (79% vs. 59%). SMEs in the US are also more likely to be selling their scrap (41% vs. 29%), saving water (62% vs. 51%) or using predominantly renewable energy (26% vs. 16%). Around one in twenty (6%) SMEs in the EU say they are not taking any of these resource efficiency measures, compared to just 1% of US SMEs. Across the EU, saving energy is the most mentioned resource efficiency action by SMEs in 17 countries 11. This is particularly the case amongst SMEs in Spain (91%), Portugal (90%) and Austria (80%). Just over one quarter of Estonian SMEs (27%) say the same. Minimising waste is the most mentioned action in nine EU countries, especially by SMEs in the UK (94%), Spain (85%) and Finland (80%). Almost nine in ten SMEs in the US are also minimising waste (88%). Once again Estonian SMEs are the least likely to be taking this action (18%). Saving materials is the most mentioned action by SMEs in 10 The result of this question compare split B from 2013 (new recycling option) with those of the original question in Due to low base sizes AL and ME are not included in the country analysis 17

20 FLASH EUROBAROMETER only three countries: Spain (91%), Finland (80%) and Estonia (34%), although it is also widely mentioned by Portuguese SMEs (85%). In fact saving materials is the only action where Estonian SMEs are not the least likely to mention the action. In this case Slovenian SMEs are the least likely to say they are saving materials (27%). Spanish (78%), Portuguese (77%) and Slovakian (68%) SMEs are the most likely to be saving water, whilst Estonian SMEs are least likely to be doing this (13%). UK, US (both 83%) and Irish SMEs (81%) are the most likely to be recycling by reusing materials or waste within the company. This kind of recycling is also the most mentioned action by SMEs in Ireland. At the other end of the spectrum 14% of Estonian SMEs undertake this kind of recycling. SMEs in the UK (42%) the US (41%) and Germany (40%) are the most likely to be selling their scrap, compared to 7% of Estonian SMEs. At least three in ten SMEs in Austria (34%), Germany and the Netherlands (both 30%) use predominantly renewable energy, as for 34% of Norwegian and 33% of SMEs in Liechtenstein. Only 3% of Estonian SMEs do the same. Taking a broader view of the resource efficiency actions undertaken by SMEs shows that all UK SMEs undertake at least one of these actions, compared to 60% of those in Estonia. Spanish and Portuguese SMEs are the most likely to be taking many resource efficiency actions (64% and 60% respectively), while those in Estonia (37%), Cyprus (21%) and Lithuania (17%) are the most likely to be taking none of these actions. 18

21 FLASH EUROBAROMETER Split B = 6,649 19

22 FLASH EUROBAROMETER The table below shows the change since the last wave for the four most mentioned actions, using the original format of the question ( Recycling ) 12. In general SMEs in most countries are more likely to be saving energy than they were in the previous wave. This is particularly the case for SMEs in Luxembourg (+24 percentage points), Romania (+23 points), and Belgium (+21 points). SMEs in Albania (+30 points) and Israel are also more likely to be saving energy (+24 points). Across the EU SMEs in Finland (-13 points) and Estonia are now less likely to be saving energy (-10 points), as are those in France and the UK (both -4 points). In other countries SMEs in Serbia and Montenegro are also less likely to be saving energy than they were last year (-14 points and -11 points respectively). There have been some large changes within countries in the proportion of SMEs minimising waste. SMEs in Croatia (+35 points), Luxembourg (+33 points) and the Netherlands (+20 points) are much more likely to be minimising waste, as are those in Macedonia (+26 points), Israel and Albania (both +19 points). Conversely, SMEs in Cyprus (-18 points), Finland (-17 points) and Estonia (-11 points) are now less likely to be minimising waste. SMEs in Luxembourg (+25 percentage points), Greece (+23 points), Romania and Belgium (both +21 points) are all much more likely to be saving materials than they were in the previous wave. The same can be said for SMEs in Albania (+38 points), Macedonia and Israel (both +29 points). On the other hand, SMEs in Cyprus are now less likely to be saving materials (-16 points). Swedish (+20 percentage points), Austrian (+19 points) and Slovakian (+13 points) SMEs are more likely to say they are recycling than they were in 2012, as are those in Liechtenstein (+26 points) and Israel (+18 points). However, SMEs in Cyprus (-25 points), Finland (-17 points), Estonia (-16 points) and Italy (-15 points) are all less likely to be recycling. 12 Trend results based on half the sample asked the original versions of the question (2A). 20

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