Novel biosensors for prostate cancer diagnosis: The Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE

Transcription

1 10 th Symposium, 11 November 2014 Novel biosensors for prostate cancer diagnosis: The Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE Pedro Estrela Coordinator of PROSENSE Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering University of Bath, United Kingdom

2 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE Marie Curie Initial Training Network Cancer Diagnosis: Parallel Sensing of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers (PROSENSE) Oct 2012 Sep

3 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE 15 distinct projects towards one common goal: prostate cancer diagnostics Objectives: Improve sensitivity, selectivity, robustness and speed of biosensing technologies for the simultaneous screening of biomarkers Increase likelihood of viable fit-for-purpose PCa biosensing products Increase understanding of clinical relevance of PCa biomarkers and elucidate how the concurrent analysis of biomarkers can inform therapy Provide a multidisciplinary training environment to a new generation of researchers required to meet the major challenges in the development of diagnostic tools for prostate cancer

4 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE

5 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE University of Bath (UK) Dept Electronic & Electrical Engineering Dept Chemistry Dept Pharmacy & Pharmacology Cardiff University (UK) Welsh School of Pharmacy Dublin City University (Ireland) School of Biotechnology University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern (Germany) Dept Informatics & Microsystem Technology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swizerland) Integrated Systems Laboratory University Hospital of Wales (UK) Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovakia) Institute of Chemistry Royal United Hospital Bath (UK) INESC Microsystems and Nanotechnologies (Portugal) Bristol Urological Institute (UK) Xeptagen SpA (Italy) Euroimmun AG (Germany) Avacta Life Sciences Ltd (UK) Applied Enzyme Technology Ltd (UK) University of the West of England (UK) Faculty of Health & Life Sciences

6 Work Packages Development and Study of Biomarkers Detection Techniques Development Probe immobilisation and characterisation System integration and validation

7 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE PhD Projects (Early Stage Researchers): Carbon nanomaterials for multimodality imaging of prostate cancer cells Electrochemical DNA-based sensor arrays for prostate cancer biomarker detection Generation and applications of antibodies to biomarkers of prostate cancer Fluorescence and silicon nanowire arrays as DNA-based sensors for prostate cancer biomarker detection Label-free detection of cancer biomarkers with memristors Detection of prostate cancer biomarkers using molecularly imprinted polymer receptors Label-free electrochemical glycoprofiling of prostate cancer biomarkers Label-free detection of anti-cancer drugs Biosensor platform based on reduced graphene oxide arrays Electrochemical localised surface plasmon resonance for detection of novel prostate cancer biomarkers Glyco-recognition by microarray and SPR biochips Postdoctoral Projects (Experienced Researchers): Mobile medical analysis system for early cancer detection Microfluidic platform for immunoassays Integration of new materials into biosensors Device integration and validation with clinical samples

8 Generation and application of antibodies to PCa biomarkers Recombinant antibodies: - Good penetrability - Ability to maintain antigen recognition - Small size - Easy production - Can be designed to recognize specific epitopes or post-translational modifications Biomarkers: - fpsa/ cpsa - PSMA - Her2 - Others

9 Cell imaging Carbon nanomaterials for Multimodality imaging of prostate cancer cells Multimodal nanoprobe In vitro studies Fluorescent detection by confocal microscopy In vivo studies Radioactive detection by PET / SPECT Carbon Nanomaterial Linker Fluorescent/ Radiolabelling Group Targeting Molecule Single walled carbon nanotubes Functionalisation of nanotubes to increase solubility and to attach the fluorophore and targeting molecule. Alkylic chains are used as linkers. Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes Can be radiolabelled, some example are hypoxic selective. Bombesin BODIPYs Organic dyes that are strongly fluorescent. λem-max varies with the structure. Fourteen amino acid gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) agonist. GRPR is overexpressed in 84% of all human prostate cancers.

10 Aptamers for biosensor fabrication DNA aptamers are oligonucleotides single-stranded DNA that can bind their targets with high affinity and specificity by undergoing conformational changes Different surface chemistry for immobilization of aptamers are being evaluated for its application with clinical samples: Thiol chemistry Coordinate chemistry Click chemistry Molecular imprinting Different detection techniques are being studied: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) Final Aim: Sensor arrays for multiplexed detection Array of sensors functionalized with different bio-receptors (aptamer/ DNA)

11 Electrochemical glycoprofiling of PCa biomarkers Glycosylation post-translational modification that attaches glycans (carbohydrate chains) to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules Glycoprofiling determining the glycan composition of the protein, cell, tissue etc. Aberrant glycosylation characteristic for tumorigenesis, indication of cancer studying structure of the oncomarker, rather than its level (PSA) Calibration curve c(psa)=1 ng/ml Lectins proteins that react specifically with glycosidic residues of other molecules, act as a biorecognition element

12 Response/µRIU Response/µRIU Glyco-recognition by microarray and SPR biochips Development and preparation of biosensors and biochips for PCa diagnosis Bioanalytical study of aberrant glycosylation of PSA / other PCa glyco-biomarkers Methods: protein/lectin microarray and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Lectins as biorecognition elements fpsa x Ab cpsa x Ab Time/s Time/s Interaction 1 Ab PSA Lectin 2 Ab Lectin Sugar specificity fpsa Sensor chip SNA Neu5Acα6Gal/GalNAc CMD, HC MAA I Galβ4GlcNAc CMD, HC MAA II Neu5Acα3Galβ4GalNAc CMD, HC UEA I αfuc CMD PHA-E PHA-L Galβ4GlcNAcβ2Manα6 (GlcNAcβ4) (GlcNAcβ4Manα3) Manβ4 Galβ4GlcNAcβ6(GlcNAc β2manα3)manα3 CMD CMD ConA αman, αglc HC WGA GlcNAc CMD RCA 120 Gal CMD

13 Synthetic receptors for diagnostic sensing Project aims: 1. Use molecular imprinting technology to generate synthetic receptors for PCa biomarkers. 2. Integrate synthetic receptors with transducer surfaces robust and efficient sensors. PSA has been chosen for initial proof-of-concept (commercially available, known crystal structure) Two approaches: Epitope imprinting small peptide sequence from PSA allows recognition of native protein Bioimprinting Electropolymerisation entrapment of a PSA- aptamer complex to prepare 2 nd generation molecular imprints. Monomers Protein Epitope UV/heat Polymerisation MIP Results demonstrate good sensitivity and linearity over clinically relevant concentration range, with little interference from human serum albumin

14 Source Drain Drain Source current(ma) Height (nm) 7mm Silicon Nanowire field-effect transistors biosensor arrays New Si NW FET chip design 32 single NW FET devices with dip-chip configuration NW dimensions: 200 nm x 6 µm & 400 nm x 12 µm Fabrication of Si NW FETs arrays by top down method Nanoimprint lithography Wet chemical etching Surface functionalization (A) Silanization & microspotting 5µm 1 set of 4 NWs Optical & electronic detection of PCa biomarkers Si(doped contact lines) 8 sets of 4 NWs separated by 250µm Metallic contact lines x x mm x x x x x10-1 Before GPTES Aptamer Ethanolamine PSA0.01µg/ml (B) (C) X(µm) -4.0x Gate source voltage(v) DC characteristics: I DS (ma) vs V GS (V) at two V DS (-1V&-3V) 20µm Fig. (A) Schematic of the SiNW chip design; (B) Optical microscopic image and (C) AFM image of one set of Si NWs after Nanoimprint lithography process.

15 Cancer Detection by Memristive Device We demonstrated the detection of Cancer markers (VEGF) with a Memristive Biosensor, which is a Nanowire based device definitely related to the Memristic Effect I. Tzouvadaki, S. Carrara, Sensors & Actuators B, 2014, submitted

16 Z[nm] Y[µm] Graphene oxide biosensor platform Sensor platform fabrication by using reduced graphene-oxide (rgo) as transducer material. Encapsulation and integration of optoelectronic sensors into microfluidic cartridges. Development of a handheld amplifier for the sensor arrays. Evaluation and validation of market opportunities of rgo based devices. Milestone achieved: Chemically exfoliated GO flakes Nanoscale GO pattern nm 4-inch wafer-scale fabrication 8 H 2O + 6 Fig. SEM image of GO flakes 4 2 Fig. Optically transparent flexible foil substrate nm Chip size:7x7mm 2 Fig. GO solution of different concentrations Fig. Schematic of spin coating GO solution on 4-inch wafer 6 X[µm] 5 4 GO pattern 10µm 3 GO pattern Fig. SEM image of spin coated GO thin film X[µm] Fig. AFM image of GO pattern prepared by standard lithography Fig. Electrical resistance of 16 channels on IDE chip after GO reduction Fig. Fluorescence image of GO pattern printed on foil substrate

17 Intensity Electrochemical localised surface plasmon resonance Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) technique will be developed in combination with electrochemistry (E-LSPR) to provide detection of prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers Before binding After binding Wavelength (nm) The project comprises three main parts: Development and optimisation of the E-LSPR technique Synthesis of a range of peptides and affimers targeting novel PCa biomarkers Label-free detection of biomolecular interactions on the bio-functionalised E-LSPR chips

18 Integration of new materials into biosensors Development and evaluation of a magneto-immunosensor by optical techniques (magneto- ELISA) and electrochemical techniques (amperometry) magnetic screen carbon printed (m-scp) Evaluation of different bioconjugation strategies of antibodies on magnetic particles Identification of novel stabiliser formulations for antibodies immobilised on the magnetic particles Development of a screen printable carbon/magnetic ink Development of encapsulation systems that allows the incorporation of the electrochemical mediator, enzymes and antibodies in the carbon ink

19 Microfluidic ELISA Platform for PCa Detection Free-PSA detection using chemiluminescence Immunoassay in a microfluidic chip with integrated detection using a thin-film silicon photodiode to detect PSA at clinically relevant levels. Platform can extend to multiplexing several biomarkers, and on-chip integration of sample processing from biological fluid is on-going.

20 Device Integration & Clinical Validation The amalgamation of various scientific disciplines to develop platform for highly sensitive and rapid detection of prostate cancer markers. Integrating the components Validation with Clinical Samples Objective behind validation studies 1. Characterizing new system performance 2. Identifying potential sources of error 3. Identifying correlation between methods 4. Meeting regulatory requirements Vital parameters for validation Accuracy Studies Precision Studies Performance Validation Linear range Sensitivity Interference Critical Limits Clinically Reportable Range Detection Limit Stability Response time Reference Range Studies

21 Affimers for biomarker capture Affimers are small, engineered proteins that are selected from large (>10 10 ) libraries Affimers bind to target biomolecules with affinities and specificities similar to those of antibodies They can be further engineered for controlled immobilisation and orientation including on gold electrodes PROSENSE members are able to visit Avacta Life Sciences, screen for binders to their favourite biomarkers, and take them back for use in their home labs Most targets will be those where a working probe is not available, but this project should also enable the first direct comparison of multiple Affimers to antibodies and aptamers

22 TOTAL FLUX (p/s) relative to 1st treatment microrna biosensors A B SPHINX SRPK1 INHIBITOR SPHINX BEVACIZUMAB AVASTIN C MICRORNAS ARE PCA BIOMARKERS SALINE ERG s 72 and 81bp EXON INCLUSION INCREASES WITH PATHOLOGICAL STAGE Hagen et al., accepted AJCP R Days after 1st treatment c/- SEBASTIAN OLTEAN, BRISTOL UNIVERSITY TARGETING THE SPLICE FACTOR KINASE SRPK1 MAY HAVE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL Mavrou et al., accepted Oncogene ONC R DEVELOPMENT OF SENSITIVE (fm) AND SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC VERSATILE MICRORNA BIOSENSOR

23 Marie Curie Initial Training Network PROSENSE Network-wide training events Workshop The production and application of antibodies and their use in biosensors and arrays (Dublin, July 2013) Workshop Application of lectins in various format of analysis for glycoprofiling (Bratislava, January 2014) Summer School Clinical perspectives and commercial forces on biosensor devices (Bath, September 2014) Workshop Biosensor construction (Cardiff/Pontypool, January 2015) Workshop Integration of biosensing in multiplex lab-on-a-chip devices (Lisbon, July 2016) Winter School New nano-bio-sensing tools for theragnostics (Lausanne, January 2016) Summer School Label-free techniques for electronic sensing of biomolecules (Zweibrucken, June 2016) Conference Cancer Diagnosis: Parallel Sensing of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers (Bath, September 2016)