ES DRAFT. Proceedings of ES Energy Sustainability 2009 July 19-23, 2009, San Francisco, California, USA

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1 Proceedings of ES Energy Sustainability 2009 July 19-23, 2009, San Francisco, California, USA ES DRAFT ARGENTINE POTENTIALITY TO DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE BIONERGY PROYECTS. METHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE DRIVING FORCES OF LAND USE CHANGES USING GIS TOOLS. Stella Carballo INTA CA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Anschau, Reené Alicia INTA CA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Flores Marco, Noelia INTA CA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Hilbert, Jorge INTA CA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina ABSTRACT During the last year discussions on food and energy security have been present in the governments agendas all over the world. Big debates had taken place over the advantages and disadvantages to derivate crops to biofuel production from their natural destination to food and feed markets. Moreover landuse changes for biofuel production have caught the attention of the scientific community due their implications in soil and biodiversity conservation and the consequences on climate changes. The unanimous conclusion was that the expansion of crops or plantations surface must be monitored and the first and second generation biofuels must have along their complete cycle of production and transformation ( life cycle analysis ) a positive balance under energetic, ecological, economic and social considerations to be considered sustainable. Federal laws were established in Argentina to promote an increasing share of biofuels in the overall liquid mix (5 %) and to promote electrical generation. To avoid expansion of agriculture over vulnerable areas the National Institute of Farming Technology of Argentina (INTA), within the framework of the National Bioenergy Program, has developed an Atlas of Bioenergy Resources, in which, using satellite images and GIS, different layers of information have been generated and tie, to be able to understand the local driving forces of land- use changes, and the potentiality of each ecoregions of the Argentine territory for a sustainable biofuel production and for electricity generation based on biomass residues, in order to contribute with rural communities development (creating job, increasing comfort, education and health conditions), and reducing emissions as a contribution with the policies of climatic change mitigation. A case study concerning to an Argentine ecoregion, is presented where the different agro and forest industrial chains were evaluated, carrying out a detailed accounting of the biomass resources belonging of these activities. The information was included in a GIS with other layers referring to social, ecological and economic variables, and, by means of spatial analysis techniques, the locations and optimal dimensions for different electric generation projects were identified, determining the biomass basins to supply the different raised alternatives. The potential capacity of viable expansion of different crops or plantations to be used in bioenergy, under sustainability bases was determined. The obtained product is visualized as a tool for policy - makers to reach a suitable territorial ordering. INTRODUCTION Argentina has a framework that regulates and promotes the biofuels production and uses since The law Nº of Regulation and promotion for the production and sustainable 1 Copyright 20xx by ASME

2 use of biofuels mandates the gradual blending of diesel and gasoline with biofuels (5% by 2010). To comply with the Biofuels Law, it is estimated that a volume of about 700 million litres of biodiesel and 250 million liters of ethanol will be needed (Hoff 2007). Similar increases are mentioned by indicating a demand of m3 for internal consumption which leads to an increasing soy production area of hectares. This is around 10% of the seeded soy area in the country in the year 2006/2007 (J. Adámoli 2007). Companies which produce biofuels will have three alternatives (Hoff 2007): 1) To produce for the domestic market, taking advantage of various tax incentives; 2) To produce for self-consumption, with similar advantages as in 1; and 3) To produce for the export market, subject themselves to government controls, and not be eligible to receive the tax incentives. In the year 2007, ton of biodiesel was exported from Argentina from which 75% to the United States and 25% directly to the European Union (S. de La Hamaide). In the beginnings of 2008, there was eight companies exporting biodiesel with a production capacity of around tons per year. During 2008 the increasing price of petrol promoted new investments and seven more plants started its operations. The biodiesel production capacity raised to millions tons. (See biodiesel plants in table 1 -Annex A) Soybean oil is currently the main feedstock for biodiesel production in Argentina Sugar cane is currently the main feedstock for ethanol production in Argentina (Hoff 2007). Beside this, there is also an interest in the use of sorghum for ethanol production. There exist around small scale bioethanol producers providing beverage, food and pharmaceutical industry. In 2006 ethanol production reached m3 and 40% was exported to USA and UE (CEADS-CAI 2008). During 2008 new companies started their operations. Ending 2008, Argentine Goverment destined U$S 500 millions to promoted new investments in ethanol proyects to be located in NOA and NEA regions. The investment will be share among several provincies: Tucumán, Salta, Jujuy, Chaco, Formosa, Misiones y Santa Fe. The operative and the projected plants appear in table 2- annex A. There are several programs in Argentina focused on developing new technologies which would rely on different feedstock as Jatropha, Castor Oil plant and algae, which don t compete with food or feed production. There is also research on feedstocks which can be produced in areas not suitable for agriculture. (HOFF (2007). Several feedstoks with possibilities to be used in biofuel production are currently being studied by INTA along its different Experimental Stations distributed all over the country. Some of them are traditional crops as corn, cotton, sunflower and sugar cane. Others are no traditional crops or plantations as sugar beet, rapeseed, carthamus, sweet sorghum, panicum virgatum, jatropha, etc. In the next years, an increasing pressure of agricultural land use is expected on the territory to expand cultures that can be destined to biofuels, intensifying the competition with other uses and rising ethical, ecological and sustainability dilemmas, that will have to be analyzed and solved. INTA has been working in territorial analysis to estimate biomass potentials for energy supply in our country, assessing potential land availability for different biofuel crops or plantations to be made with ecological, economic and social sustainability criteria. The product obtained is a Digital Atlas of Bioenergy Crops. Related with the law Nº26190 (2007) that established the National promotion regime for the use of renewable energy sources destined to the production of electrical energy opening the possibility to incorporate biomass as a source for electric generation, INTA, also assumed the challenge to evaluate the wood- and agro-energy potential as renewable source for electrical generation Our country presents agro-industrial and forest industrial chains, in many cases with a strong local development, that would provide enough quality of biomass residues in the necessary amount to be used for electrical generation to supply rural communities improving their life standard or for selling to the national electrical net obtaining additional incomes for local economies. METHODOLOGY To produce the Digital Atlas of Bioenergy Crops the methodology combined the use of an economic, ecological and social criteria with modern techniques used in the construction of a geographic information system (GIS). After a selection of the principal crops with potential to be grown at a high level, the maximum expansion of them considering the bioclimatic requirements was constructed over the Argentine territory. The different climatic requirements were identified including frost resistance according to the international and national literature Using the national meteorology databases , the boundaries over the territory were defined classifying the regions into four categories according crop aptitude to different weather characteristics: high, medium, low and marginal aptitude. In this work the assistance of the University of Buenos Aires Agronomy Faculty was required under the coordination of Eng. G. Murphy. The resulting maps were integrated into the GIS as a layer with associated information. The main crops selected and analyzed are detailed in tabla3. Cotton Biodiesel Bioethanol Caña de Azúcar 2 Copyright 20xx by ASME

3 Rapeseed Sunflower Jatropha Olive Castor bean Soybean Cártamo Peanut Maíz Sugar beet Sugar Sorghun Rice Pawlonia Sweet Grass Table 3. Cultures included in the Atlas of Bioenergy Crops. In a second stage the soil characteristics and requirements were used to generate zones with different aptitude for each crop, using the digital soil map of INTA in a scale of 1: Adjustments of this maps were carried over using satellite images in each region. The final consistency was done over LANDSAT images ( ). For obtaining potential of the different crops the eight soil capacity classes of the US soil conservation system were employed. Four categories were selected as potential criteria for any selected crop. In order to integrate the different layers raster format was employed and the ARCGIS Spatial Analyst tool was used. A new layer of integration was developed and a multi- criteria approach was used defining 4 levels of aptitude. To avoid a possible expansion over land with native forest (a recently approved national law fixed severe restrictions to their use), protected areas (according SIFAP and WDPA databases), indigenous communities, or other restricted lands the covers including that information were integrated in a layer and included in the GIS. In order to prepare the socioeconomic analysis, processing plants, roads, railways and hydrologic net were also added to the GIS. Each layer was loaded with its corresponding associate database. With ARCCATALOG tool a GEODATABASE was created to enable overall analysis. In a second stage of the INTA Program the residues generated by the main agro industries and forest activities were calculated and added to the GIS as a geospacialized information in order to obtain their potential use in electrical energy generation. Heterogeneous and fragmentized information was gathered and included in the GIS to can estimate the biomass balance in our territory using WISDOM-FAO methodology. Another objective or our program was to analyze the complete life cycle assessment (LCA) of any feedstock that could be use in bioenergy to have the certainty that fulfills the condition to have a positive balance under energetic, ecological, economic and social considerations. For that purpose we received the assistance of Luis Panichelli, an Argentinean researcher, working at Laboratory of Energy Systems of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (LASEN). The LCA was performed according to the ISO standards and the life cycle impact assessment were performed in Excel spreadsheets using the Ecoinvent 2.0 database. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sixteen crops have been analyzed for biofuel production purpose at a national level obtaining the final maps and databases. As an example in this presentation soybean bioclimatic output map (Fig. 1), soil criteria map (Fig.2)and the interaction output for bioclimatic and soil consideration layers (agroecological map) for the same crop are presented (Fig3). Soybean represent the main feedstock for biodiesel production in Argentina. The restricted areas for agricultures are summarized in fig 4. and extracted from the potential lands. The final map shows the areas were the expansion is ecological, economic a socially sustainable fixing categories in order to their aptitude (Fig 5).. Fig.1 Bioclimatic aptitude for soybean 3 Copyright 20xx by ASME

4 Fig.2 Soil aptitude for soybean Fig 4. Restricted areas for agriculture Fig 3. Agroecological aptitude for soybean. Fig 5- Sustainable potential areas for soybean. 4 Copyright 20xx by ASME

5 Attending ethanol production the maps obtained for sugar cane are presented, (Fig 6-8) Fig. 8. Sustainable potential areas for sugarcane. Fig.6 Bioclimatic aptitude for sugarcane Looking for new crops or plantations that can be planted in lands without aptitude for crops usually used for food or feeding propose, a complete analysis of Jatropha was made. Attending the plant rusticity, marginal soils were included with possibility to be use with that purpose. Considering the high sensitivity of this culture to under 0 temperatures a layer including the probability of frosts occurrence was made and included in the GIS. Fig 7. Agroecological aptitude for sugarcane. Fig.9 Bioclimatic aptitude for jatropha 5 Copyright 20xx by ASME

6 Fig. 12. Sustainable potential areas for jatropha. In Table 4 appears the final results. Fig.10 Soil aptitude for jatropha. High Aptitude Normal Aptitude Less normal aptitude Marginal aptitude. Soybean 33,7 18,5 3,4 33 Sugar cane 2,5 5,2 7,4 4,7 JATROPHA - 2,8 0,8 1,7 Table 4. Potential expansion areas (millon hectares) Fig11. Agroecological aptitude forjatropha. There are several areas on which different crops can be produced. The final expansion will be related with the economic benefit and risk of any culture in any place. In the most expanded crops as soybeans and corn a verification study was carried over comparing the theoretical maximum areas with high potential and the actual surface being used by farmers with a perfect correlation. Attending social aspects governmental financial assistance for new projects, to expand agriculture areas or plantations, would have to consider the preference for those that allow the inclusion of greater manpower as much in the productive process as in the transformation one to fulfill the social viability criterion that must prevail in development projects. In order to obtain one first evaluation at national level of the biomass resources available so that could to be used by the planners of the governmental energetic policies and by investors relying on the benefits of the promotion law Nº the WISDOM-. FAO methodology was use to evaluate the supply and demand of biomass resources for energy generation. Sustainable supply of native forest, cultures, plantations, agro-industry and forest-industry residues and 6 Copyright 20xx by ASME

7 their actual demands were evaluated. The resulting data were integrated in a GIS. Information at provincial level was imperative since the natural resources property in Argentina belongs to each province and exists specific legislation for its handling and protection. The operation of the biomass resources (deforestation permissions), the agricultural or forest promotions to certain cultures or activities by means of specific tax or credit policies, next to the present socio-economic conditions in each province create a unique frame for the investments that forces the site-specific analysis, As an example of the task carried out at provincial level is the study done with the regional agro-alimentary chains of the olive tree, grapevine, fruit trees and forestall activities in Mendoza province, looking at the probable use of the residues of those productive chains in the generation of electrical energy. Because the weather and soil the agriculture and plantations in Mendoza province must be done under irrigation.. The irrigated valleys of Mendoza, Tunuyán, Atuel and Diamante rivers cover the 3% of the Mendoza province surface and the 97% of the population is concentrated over these areas, 62% living in Great Mendoza. Almost 30% of the agriculture lands are dedicated to fruit plantations. The dates used in the study belong to different provincial and national Institutions ( Mendoza Rural Development Institute, INDEC, Grapevine National Institute, etc). Land cover classification was made with satellite images. The land use classification was made using high resolution images, and a total fruit trees, olive trees and vineyards surface of has were detected. The biomass residues potential calculated for pruning activities was about Tn/year. Cultures Planted surface Table 5: Biomass potential from pruning activities. Potential biomass residues from pruning Peach trees , ,90 Other fruit trees , ,30 walnut 2.333, ,80 Olive trees , ,60 Pear trees 3.959, ,40 Forest Plantations 3.821, ,00 Vineyards , ,70 Total , ,70 Related with the biomass residues that could be obtained from agro-industry and forest- industry processing, the dates obtained raised the amount to Tm/ year, mostly belonging to wine producing industry ( TM/year). potential Industries by heading residues from industrial activities. Industria del Durazno ,00 Industria Aceite de Oliva ,00 Industria vitivinícola ,00 Sawmills residues ,00 Total ,00 Tabla 6: Potential Biomass derived from agro-industries and forestindustries. From an amount of 721 industry that were localized, 591 belongs to wine- industry.. In table 7 are listed the industries by heading and location.. Fig. 13: Agriculture land use classification. 7 Copyright 20xx by ASME

8 Olive oil industri es Wineindust ries Total Tabla 7: Industries according heading and location. The geospacialized information was integrated to the GIS as appear in figure 14. Fig 14: Industries by heading and location Peachi ndustr ies Nº Saw mill Capital General Alvear Godoy Gruz Guaymayén Junín La Paz Lavalle Las Heras Luján de Cuyo Maipú Malargüe Rivadavia San Carlos San Martín San Rafael Santa Rosa Tunuyán Tupungato Finally the whole potential biomass originated in productive and industrial activities was calculated. Fig 15: Potential biomass. San Martín department appear with the high amount of residues originated in productive and industrial activities with 131 industries and a total amount of residues from pruning and agro.industrial processes of Tm/year., The geospacialized information that was gotten up to the national GIS allowed to evaluate the potential of the biomass resources to project the strategic location and dimensions of probable electrical energy production plants. It was taking in account the generation capacity of current use combustion boiler plants (as appear in table 8) in order to determine de size and probable location of the plants.. Power (MW) PCI= 4 ter/kg (tm) Relation Tm/MW Tabla 8: Generation capacity by usual combustion boiler plants. The biomass basin was established based on the residues transportation facilities and cost. Probable location was defined and the biomass supply calculation was made adding the existing supply in different concentric rings beginning from de center one and adding the following others till rich the necessary biomass amount to supply the plant without exceeding 25Km (because transportation costs). Table 9 show the calculation for a probable plant located in San Martin department. 8 Copyright 20xx by ASME

9 Location San Martín Rings Distance in Km Tm of biomass in each ring. Power MW/h 1 a 1 km a 3 Km a 7 Km a 10 km a 13 km a 15 km Total Table9: Biomass supply for different plants sizes. As a conclusions of the study it was established the possible location of four plants with no one competition among them for the biomass supply. The biggest (26MW/hour) in San Martin using Tm/year of biomass residues in a radius of15km. Second one (20MW/hour) in Villa General Gutiérrez (Maipú), using Tm/ year in a biomass basin of 15Km. The third one (6MW/hour) in Cordón del Plata, Tupungato department, with a biomass basing of 20Km. The last one (6MW/hour) in San Rafael with a biomass basin of Tm/year in a radius of 15Km.. (Fig 16) In Maipú, San Martín, San Rafael and Tupungato departments - where the electrical generation plant could be located-, the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (IBN) of the population raised from 14 to 23% and is mostly related to sparse rural population. (see tabl6 7) and the Human Development Index (HDI) is low related with the capital city,mendoza. (Perlbach) The Cordón del Plata, Tupungato, plant with a power of 6 MW/hour would be located in a place that lacks of electrical energy and has the highest percentage of sparse rural population (47%) with a IBN of 23% and a very low HDI. The location of this plant would have tot be managed for the settlers with the financial assistance of the government. CONCLUSION: The present work has allowed to identify critical information, to raise a methodology to obtain accurate and update thematic maps using satellite images, to feed a GIS and to integrate the different layers to estimate biomass potentials for energy supply in our country, assessing potential land availability for biofuel crops or plantations to be made with ecological, economic and social sustainability bases. The obtained GIS could be considered as a strategic planning tool to support governmental and investors decisions about bioenergy and as an instrument for territorial ordering and management of the national resources. The digital support allows the permanent update and growth adding new maps and enlarging the database with the changes. On the other hand, the evaluation of the potential biomass residues derived from the different regional agro-industrial chains, to be applied in electric generation, could help to capture investments that would allow to invigorate the regional economies. The geo spacialized information allows to optimize the location and sizing of the electrical generation plants using renewable resources. The new projects could produce a positive impact on the environment, reducing fossil energy use and avoiding CO2 emissions actually produce by residues burning and the contamination of grounds and water caused by their deposition. Fig 16: Biomass basins This work tries to contribute from a wide perspective, at national level, to the definitions of agro-ecological potentialities for any zone of our country for the diffusion of different crops or plantations adapted to the area that could be derived to bioenergy, and to know the possibilities for electrical energy production using the local biomass potential considering criteria of environmental, economic and social viability. Early prior research demonstrated the superiority of ceramics for bearings (1, 2) and the existence of elastohydrodynamic (ehd) lubricant films at ball and roller contacts (3), the calculation of which is now an accepted part of bearing engineering. These new concepts are now used in the design of lubrication systems with solid lubricants that operate in much 9 Copyright 20xx by ASME

10 more severe environments than oils and greases (4, 5). Proprietary computer codes and unique patented bearing configurations for optimizing the performance of bearing/solidlubricant systems have been developed (6, 7 and 8). In this way, patented self-contained solid-lubricated all-steel and hybrid-ceramic ball and roller bearings are now available for environments that do not contribute to their lubrication, such as in air or vacuum. REFERENCES Birka W The Socio-Economic Impacts of Large-Scale Land Use Change and Export-Oriented Bio-Energy Production in Argentina. Birka Wicke. Copernicus Institute Hilbert J Programa nacional de bioenergía INTA INTA Atlas de Suelos de la República Argentina- INTA-PNUD 1990, versión digital Fallot A,Girard P. Dep- Montpellier- France- Discussion paper for the STAP/GEF biofuel workshop, New Delhi, 2005 Shafikl A Marcus R Biomass Energy Potential in Argentina. Buenos Aires, Wicke, B. (2006). The Socio-Economic Impacts of Large-Scale Land Use Change and Export-Oriented Bio-Energy Production in Argentina; Quantifying the Direct, Indirect and Induced Impacts of Agricultural Intensification and Bio-energy Production with Input-Output Analysis. Department of Science, Technology and Society. Utrecht, Copernicus Institute, University Utrecht: 106. Stella Carballo1; Noelia Flores Marco; Alicia Anschau, Jorge Hilbert. Spatial analysis of the potential crops for the production of biofuels in Argentina CIGR international conference of agricultural engineering XXXVII, Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008 Carballo, S., Anschau, A., Flores M., N. y Hilbert, J. Evaluación de las vulnerabilidades y potencial de expansión del cultivo de Piñón Manso (Jatropha curcas L.) en Argentina., Revista IDIA XXI. CEADS-CAI, Consejo Empresario Argentino para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Centro Argentino de Ingenieros. Perspectivas de los Biocombustibles en Argentina. Diciembre Stella Carballo, Alicia Anschau, Noelia Flores Marco. Jorge Hilbert. Spatial analysis to optimize land use for bioenergy- ELAEE Chile marzo Flores Marco, Noelia; Anschau, Renée Alicia; Carballo, Stella Hilbert, Jorge. La Bioenergía como vehículo de valoración de las cadenas agroforestoindustriales regionales, para el desarrollo de las comunidades locales. Perspectivas de desarrollo con criterios de sustentabilidad ecológica, social y económica. Montevideo abril Copyright 20xx by ASME

11 ANNEX A Table 1. Biodiesel plants in Argentina Name of plants Capacity (tn/año) Location Feedstock Operativity Renova San Lorenzo Sta. Fé soybean Operative Ecofuel Pto. San Martín Sta. Fé soybean Operative Vicentín Avellaneda Sta. Fé soybean Operative Biodiesel Sancti Spiritu Sta. Fé soybean Operative Emp Sanluiseña Energía Ar Vª. Mercedes S. Luis soybean Operative Biomadero Vª. Madero Bs. As. soybean Operative Soy Energy Vª Astolfi Bs. As. soybean Operative Adv. Organic Materials PIP Pilar Bs. As. soybean Operative Louis Dreyfus Gral. Lagos Sta. Fé Under construction Patagonia Bioenergía San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Under construction Renova San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Ampliación Unitec Bio - Eurnekian Pto. San Martín Sta. Fé Under construction Explora Pto. San Martín Sta. Fé Under construction Molinos Río de la Plata Rosario Sta. Fé Under construction Villuco Pinto Sgo. Del Estero Prarex Pinto Sgo. Del Estero Biocombustibles Federales Pampa del Infierno SE Patagonia Bioenergía San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Oil Fox San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Asoc. Coop. Argentinas Pto. San Martín Sta. Fé Raiser - Enarsa Timbúes Sta. Fé Cargill Pto. San Martín Sta. Fé Oil M&S Rosario Sta. Fé Saraceni Rosario Sta. Fé GEA San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Explora Pto. San Martín Sta. Fé Proyeco 11 Copyright 20xx by ASME

12 Repsol YPF San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Agric. Federados Arg Vª Constitución Sta. Fé IBI Rosario Sta. Fé Agroindustrias Tejedor San Lorenzo Sta. Fé Rosario Bioenergy Rosario Sta. Fé Diferal Rosario Sta. Fé Energías Renovables Arg Piamonte Sta. Fé Unitec Bio - Eurnekian Santa Fé Biooil Dynamotive Misiones y Corrientes Goldaracena Gualeguaychú ER Louis Dreyfus Bahía Blanca Bs. As. Greenlife Bahía Blanca Bs. As. Oil Fox San Nicolás Bs. As. Bioenergía Bragado Bragado Bs. As. BGS Group Pure Biodiesel Imperial Renewables Entaban Table 2. Bioetanol plants in Argentina Name of plants Capacity (m3/año) Location Feedstock Operativity Los Balcanes SA La Florida Tucumán Caña de azúcar Operative Soros V. Tuerto Sta. Fé Maiz Ledesma SA Lib. S. Martín Jujuy Caña de azúcar Under construction Tabacal Orán Salta Caña Sorgo Under construction ARCOR San Pedro Bs. As. Maiz Bioetanol Río Cuarto SA Río IV Córdoba Maiz San José San Luis - SL Maiz 12 Copyright 20xx by ASME

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