Nutrition in cod culture - practice and wishes. Innovasjon Norge AKVAFORSK Yoav Barr, Bjarne Hatlen

Transcription

1 Nutrition in cod culture - practice and wishes Innovasjon Norge AKVAFORSK Yoav Barr, Bjarne Hatlen Sats på torsk, februar 2006

2 Goals Main goal is to improve interaction between commercial and research. To summarize and integrate the recent know-how from the commercial partners, namely fish growers and food producers. To identify the most urgent needs for improvements that the industry needs for better biological and economical results. Sats på torsk, februar 2006

3 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 The participants (so far) Fish producers Fish producers in Norway Tommy Bjerke Norsk Kveite AS Knut Braathen - Fjord Marin Kjersti Fjalestad, Øivind Hansen Det nasjonale avlsprogram for torsk (Fiskeriforskning) Torfin Grav Havforskningsinstituttet, Austevoll Ove Martin Grøntvedt - Marine Harvest Olafur Haldarsson Cod Culture Norway (Marine Harvest) Halvard Hovland Havlandet marin Yngel AS Roald Knutsen - Sponfish AS Per Sture Mork Branco AS Songul Nordly, Dag Hansen Lofilab AS Werner Johansen, Borge Søraas Fosen AquaSenter Helge Ressem Profunda AS Johan Solgård - Villa Cod AS Martin Steiness - Grieg Marine Farms Leif Ole Stokseth Sande Seafarm Production AS Ann Kristin Svendsen Brandal Havbruk AS Bendik Fyhn Terjesen MarineBreed As (Akvaforsk) Jan Arve Todal Fjord halibut Ks Fish producers abroad Brian Blanchard, Melissa Rommens Scotian Halibut Ltd (Nova Scotia, Canada) Lesley McEvoy Johnson Hatcheries (Shetland Isles, UK) Georg Nardi GreatBay Aquaculture (New Hampshire, USA) Food and Equipment producers Jón Árnason - Fôrfabrikken Laxa Marleen Dehasque, Harld Tvedt Dana Feed AS Trine Galloway - Biomar Gunnar Kindsbækken - Storvik AS Corina Moya-Falćon, Hogne Hallarakår, Asgeir Sæbø Natural ASA Bjørn Morten Myrtvedt - EWOS AS Grethe Rosenlund Nutreco ARC Erlend Waatevik, Skretting Scientists and scientific institutes Henriette Alne - Akvaforsk Grete Bæverfjord - Akvaforsk Gerd Berge Akvaforsk Bjarne Halten - Akvaforsk Torstein Harboe - Havforskningsinstituttet, Austevoll Brbara Grisdale Helland - Akvaforsk Kristin Hamre - NIFES Synnøve Helland Akvaforsk Ingrid Lein Akvaforsk Anders Mangor - Jensen - Havforskningsinstituttet, Austevoll Turid Mørkøre Akvaforsk Ingrid Overien - Sintef Bendik Fhyn Terjesen Akvaforsk Terje van der Meeren - Havforskningsinstituttet, Austevoll Gunvor Øie - Sintef Torbjørn Åsgård Akvaforsk

4 Cod Hatcheries practice 1 Rotifer strain Various sources but usually relatively small rotifers, around 200µ length. Import bigger strain? Rotifer breeding program?! X3.6 volume Øie 2005: cod larvae benefit from larger rotifer From: Hagiwara 2004, Current status of food culture in Japan. The Second Hatchery Feeds and Technology Workshop, Sydney, September 30 October 1, 2004 Sats på torsk, februar 2006

5 Cod Hatcheries practice 2 Rotifer enrichment Commercial enrichment diets and mixes. New diets contain supplements like phospholipids, peptides, immunostimulatns etc.. But poor documentation of the effects are given, same for rotifer diets! Rotifer hygiene and disinfection Except for trying to produce cleaner rotifer and good rinsing before feeding to the fish, no one reported further steps for disinfecting. Sats på torsk, februar 2006

6 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries practice 3 Artemia - 6/11 hatcheries use Artemia. But, some of them report very low deformities rate, 0-5% externally visible deformed fish. Why? What is the economical effect of Artemia vs deformities rate? Profit

7 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries practice 4 New candidates for live food- Terrestrial nematodes dry food for you live diet for the fish! Mass culture and enrichment in bio-reactors Product dry nematodes In fish tank

8 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries practice 5 Weaning Early weaing 20-30dph - But what is the price in survival, growth rate and deformities rate? Weaning diet effects of diet nutritional and technical (leaching) quality? Lack of proper documentation, on feeding regime, growth, survival and quality in cod! Dry weight (mg larvae -1 ) 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 Diet B Diet C Diet D Control (Artemia) 0, Days after hatching Rainuzzo, Aquaculture Europe 2005

9 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries recommendations 1 Which research topics will hatchery managers prioritize? feeding and nutrition deformities, diseases and vaccination water quality (inc. microflora) technlogy - atomation Improved R&D quality and availability breeding

10 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries recommendations 2 The effect of feeding natural plankton on growth in cod larvae how big is the potential of nutritional quality improvement? Lofilab Intensive Hatcheries days % difference Lofilab Intensive hatcheries Lofilab 0.25 gr wet weight 5 Intensive hatcheries

11 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries recommendations 3 Larvae and juvenile nutrition Recommendation 1: More studies on nutritional requirements of cod larvae and juveniles. Recommendation 2: Optimize feeding regimes

12 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Cod Hatcheries recommendations 4 Broodstock diet Most of the hatchery wish more research 2. BROODSTOCK EGG QUALITY Of concern to the industry is the lack of work being done on the interaction between broodstock, egg quality and larval performance. This is considered to be of fundamental importance to production where the affect of egg quality on subsequent larval performance is well established. The lack of understanding in this area seriously compromises all research on larvae as it is never taken into account. NFR/IN projects Broodstock nutrition projects Special frames for Phil Bodington, the industry conclusion remarks of Larvi 2005 conference

13 Cod Hatcheries recommendations 5 Deformities More research to reduce deformities rate. Problems: multiple causes nutrition, environment, genetic. standardization - What is considered a deformed fish? - At what age/developmental stage to evaluate? - What methods should be used? Skeletal deformities in fish that looked normal in external visual examination. Akvaforsk, 10g cod Sats på torsk, februar 2006

14 Cod Hatcheries recommendations 6 Water quality improvement Wish to have guidelines for recommended values of different parameters. Wish to have more studies on effects and improvements in recirculating water systems. Wish to have improved control over microflora (mostly bacteria) associated with live food and in the fish tanks, including probiotic bacteria. Sats på torsk, februar 2006

15 Grow-out phase Sats på torsk, februar 2006

16 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Grow-out farm managers recommendations 1 Which research topics will farmers prioritize? Escapes and unregistered losses Sexual maturation Feeding, nutrition and growth Diseases, parasites and vaccines Breeding Markets and marketing General know-how By-products

17 Grow-out farm managers recommendations 2 Specific feed research topics suggested within nutrition and feeding Feeding trials at low temperatures (1) Technical feed quality (1) Cheaper feed through inclusion of vegetable ingredients (1) Sats på torsk, februar 2006

18 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 Grow-out farm practices Feeding regimes Different practices in feeding of large cod Feeding every 2 nd day Every 2 nd day in winter, every day in summer Every day, but restricted rations Apetite control, continuous feed availability Observations: Large day-to-day variations Apetite usually best at dusk and dawn Feeding tables only to get a reference point; important to observ the fish Some must have potential for improvement What are the keys triggering apetite?

19 Nutrition of on-growing cod Commercial cod diets Under half as much lipid and more proteins than in salmonid diets Similar protein/lipid for all pellet sizes Content of essential nutrients based on knowledge from other species (?) Nutrition research on cod is fragmented Need more research on nutrient requirements Sats på torsk, februar 2006

20 Sats på torsk, februar 2006 What is optimal proteinand lipid content for cod? Grisdale-Helland et al., unpubl. ( g) Fat, % 20 Rosenlund et al. (2004) ( g) 15 Commercial diets Protein, %

21 Conclusions - grow-out farms Large need for more knowledge within feeding and nutrition Nutrient requirements Alternative protein sources Feeding strategies But, this is considered less urgent than e.g. escapes and sexual maturation, by farmers

22 Our recommendation: In view of the good response of fish growers: Repeat the survey regarding problems and suggestions for R&D annually. Improve the information flow from publicly financed research projects to the fish growers. Sats på torsk, februar 2006

23 Sats på torsk, februar 2006

24 Jobling (1988)