Using LCA models to inform about industry-led efforts to reduce the ecological footprint of farmed salmon from feed and other inputs "

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1 Using LCA models to inform about industry-led efforts to reduce the ecological footprint of farmed salmon from feed and other inputs "

2 Authors Jason Mann (EWOS Canada, presentation) Louise Buttle (EWOS Innovation, Dirdal, Norway) Nathan Pelletier & Peter Tyedmers (School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Canada) Dave Robb (EWOS Group, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam)

Tyedmers (School for Resource and Environmental Studies,

3 EWOS group One of the world leaders in production of fish feed for salmonids - 19 feed production lines Six feed-plants in Norway, UK, Chile and Canada Market share of 34% worldwide for salmon feeds Group headquarters in Bergen, Norway Research centers in Norway and Chile

Chile and Canada Market share of 34% worldwide for salmon feeds

4 Introduction Sustainability is a key focus for EWOS EWOS group has begun to use an ecological footprint (EF) modelling tool developed by Tyedmers and Pelletier at Dalhousie Uni. (27). Aim of the EF model is: - quantify the scale of the ecosystem support required to sustain the production of EWOS feeds - help develop increasingly sustainable feeds (raw material use) for the future Data generated for EF and GHG emissions are also used in the routine reporting of each operating company s ecological footprint as part of the Cermaq group s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting.

Aim of the EF model is: - quantify the scale of the ecosystem support required to sustain the production of EWOS feeds - help develop increasingly

5 EWOS Ecological Footprint model Ecological footprint (EF) = quantifies the area of productive terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem required to sustain the provision of a given product or activity as the basis upon which a single measure of biophysical performance is calculated. For each feed input analyzed, the tool quantifies the: area of agricultural or aquatic ecosystem required to provide one tonne of the feeding stuff area of global average forest required to sequester carbon equivalent to the total greenhouse gases emitted in all supporting activities, including primary resource extraction, processing, and transport.

For each feed input analyzed, the tool quantifies the: area of agricultural or aquatic ecosystem required to provide one tonne of the feeding stuff area of

6 EWOS Ecological Footprint model Salmon Feed Ecological Footprint Calculator Feed milling Carbon emissions (tonnes C/tonne feed):.32 Area of forest land required to sequester (ha):.18 Feed Name: Inclusion Rate (tonnes) Ag/Aquatic Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Total GHG (kg CO2 eq/t feed) Feed Ingredient Agricultural Canola Meal, Canada.... Canola Oil Canada.... Canola Seed, Canada.... Maize Gluten, USA.... Palm Oil, Indonesia.... Palm Oil, Malaysia.... Peas (Canada).... Pea protein concentrate (Canada).... Soy Meal, USA.... Soy Oil, USA.... Soy Protein Concentrate, Brazil.... Soy Protein Isolate, USA.... Hard Wheat, Canada.... Wheat Flour, Canada.... Fisheries Anchoveta Meal.... Achoveta Oil.... Atlantic Menhaden Meal.... Atlantic Menhaden Oil.... Gulf Menhaden Meal.... Gulf Menhaden Oil.... Blue Whiting Meal.... BC Herring and Whitefish Meal.... BC Herring and Whitefish Oil.... Jack Mackerel Meal.... Krill Meal.... Shrimp Meal, USA Animal Husbandry Porcine Blood Meal, Canada.... Poultry By-product Meal, Canada.... Poultry Feather Meal, Canada.... Poultry Oil, Canada.... Poultry Oil, USA.... Feed Summary Raw Materials Reported in the Model (t) Feed Manufactured (t) Feed Sold (t) Total Feed Footprint (ha) Average Feed Footprint (ha/t) TOTALS EWOS Ca Total for 29 H1 #DIV/! A spreadsheet-based program Each OpCo has a workbook A subset of sheets provides detailed analyses of the ecological footprint associated with aquatic feeding stuffs, agricultural crop and animal husbandry feeding stuffs Summary sheets, feed footprint calculator sheet (see example) Total GHG emissions (tco2eq) Average GHG emissions (kgco2eq/t) #DIV/!

... Canola Seed, Canada.... Maize Gluten, USA.... Palm Oil, Indonesia.... Palm Oil, Malaysia.... Peas (Canada).... Pea protein concentrate (Canada).... Soy Meal, USA.... Soy Oil, USA.

7 Data Sources, Assumptions, Gaps and Uncertainties GHG emissions for production of each raw material are modelled using ISO-compliant life cycle assessment (LCA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) protocols Emissions data for fuel combustion and transport represent regional or global averages and are drawn from the EcoInvent database Fish trophic level values taken from EWOS EF model uses mass allocation as its default allocation rule throughout. Economic allocation is used sometimes by others, but to address the use of feed resources, a biophysical allocation criterion is felt to be more relevant

are drawn from the EcoInvent database Fish trophic level values taken from www.fishbase.

8 Modelling Raw Materials EWOS operating companies use a wide variety of raw materials in the feeds to achieve a nutrient balance Each raw material has a model for its EF Big difference in footprints of the raw materials - Different productivity of marine vs highly intensive arable systems - Different trophic levels of fish caught

for its EF Big difference in footprints of the raw materials - Different

9 A Quick Reminder About Trophic Levels Energy Flow 4 1% 1 Trophic Level *. 1% 1% *.... *. *. *... *. *. *. *

Level 3 2 1 *. 1% 1%........... *.... *. *. *... *. *. *. *.... 1 1 1

10 Footprint Marine Raw Materials, Arable Meal and Oil Sources Footprint Footpint Meal Aquatic Ecosystem Trophic Level Carbon Sequestration Footprint Oil Ag Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Ag Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration

23 Trophic Level 3.43 3.49 3.72 Carbon Sequestration 4.1

11 Feed Footprints: Current Feeds Take the footprint from each raw material proportional to its use in the feed Overall feed footprint = sum of raw material footprints plus emissions from feed milling. Can then use this to: Compare different feeds Formulate diets to have least ecological impact (whilst meeting nutritional and economic restrictions) Footprint Diet Ag Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem Ag Carbon Marine Carbon Production Carbon

Can then use this to: Compare different feeds Formulate diets to have least ecological impact (whilst meeting

12 Footprint Feeds Substitution and Feed efficiency Substitution for Oil and Meal FCR Footprint Basal Diet 6.5% Soy Oil 13% Soy Oil 2% fishmeal 1% fishmeal Ag Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem Ag Carbon Marine Carbon Production Carbon Basal Diet: 27% fishmeal, 26% fish oil Footprint Feed accounts for about 9% of farm footprint (Tyedmers 26)

5% Soy Oil 13% Soy Oil 2% fishmeal 1% fishmeal Ag Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem Ag Carbon Marine Carbon

13 Footprint Feed Overwhelming effect of marine raw ingredients for EF, but not as much for GHG emissions But some marine raw material inclusion still required Have to work separately on the terrestrial and marine based raw materials Eg.: Prefer to source fish from low trophic levels - Will have a higher productivity per hectare - Will also have less contaminants Prefer to substitute for fish meal and oil - Agricultural products have lower footprints - But are nutritional limitations to what is achievable at present

: Prefer to source fish from low trophic levels - Will have a higher productivity per hectare - Will also have less contaminants

14 GHG Emissions Raw materials Tonnes CO2 eq / tonne Arable Meal Primary Production Related Total Processing Related Total Transport Related Tonnes CO2 eq / tonne Arable oil Tonnes CO2 eq / tonne Marine Primary Production Related Total Processing Related Total Transport Related Trophic Level Catch Related Total Processing Related Total Transport Related

1..5. Arable Meal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 Primary Production Related Total Processing Related Total Transport Related

15 Fuel Choice & Transport method.12.1 Emission Intensity (kg CO2-eq /MJ) Gasoline Diesel Heavy oil Natural Gas Emission Intensity (kgco2 eq /tonne*km) Truck Rail Ship

16 Conclusions Agricultural products have a small footprint due to the high productivity of land based, intensive systems Marine products have a large footprint due to the relatively low productivity of the oceans Within each system, we can clearly differentiate between different raw materials (Still need to take care of species stock status) EWOS has developed this tool to manage for sustainability, leading the way in the fisheries and aquaculture sector Can be applied downstream to include farming and processing activities EWOS is working together with customers to demonstrate and improve the status of the salmon aquaculture industry

of species stock status) EWOS has developed this tool to manage for sustainability, leading the way in the fisheries and aquaculture sector Can be applied

17 Thank you for listening! E mail contact: jason.mann@ewos.com louise.buttle@ewos.com dave.robb@ewos.com nathanpelletier@dal.ca peter.tyedmers@dal.ca

Study seminar. Dirdal, May 2013

Study seminar. Dirdal, May 2013 Study seminar Dirdal, May 2013 We have reduced marine ingredients by half in 7 years Average Inclusion in EWOS AS Feeds 70% Fishmeal Fishoil 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011