AIU APA Style Guide FALL 2009

Transcription

1 AIU APA Style Guide FALL 2009

2 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 1 AIU APA Style Guide Fall 2009

3 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 2 Table of Contents Note. Click on the subject or page number to go to that section Subject Page # Introduction/ Limitations on scope of use and applicability 6 References Books One Author 7 Two or more authors 7 Book with edition 7 Book with edition and Jr or Sr. in author s name 8 Edited book One editor 8 Two editors 8 Elements of a reference to an article or chapter in an edited book 9 Encyclopedia or dictionary Authored entry 9 Online dictionary, handbook or encyclopedia reference 10 Reference retrieved from a library collection 10 Review of a book 11 Brochure 11 Journal Articles One author 12 Two authors 12 Three to Six authors 12 More than six authors 13 Article in an internet only journal 13 Journal articles from library subscription databases 14 Magazine article Online copy 15 Hard copy 15 Newspaper article With author (by-line) 15 No author listed 16 Article on discontinuous pages 16 Online newspaper article 16 Web pages Author listed 16 No author listed 16 No publication date listed 17 Blog posting 18 Discussion forum posting 18 Audiovisual Media

4 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 3 Motion pictures 18 Television Broadcast 19 Television series 19 Single episode from a television series 19 Streaming video 20 Review of a video game 21 Review of a video 21 Music 22 Artwork Retrieved from an article or book in a library database 22 Retrieved from the web 23 Technical, Research, and Government Reports United States Government 23 Nongovernmental publishers 24 PowerPoint Presentations 24 Podcasts 24 Software 25 Non-retrievable Information 25 Referencing elements of the AIU Online virtual campus site Discussion Board Post 26 Chat posting 27 Multimedia Course Materials 27 Online Textbook 27 Citations (In-text and parenthetical) In-text citations Paraphrased 28 Quoted 28 Parenthetical citations Paraphrased 29 Quoted 29 Author name suffixes 29 Same author, same date, two different sources 29 Three or more authors of one source 30 More than six authors of one listed source 30 Ten or more authors of one listed source 30 In text citations to source with no author listed 30 Example citation of an unauthored article 31 Example citation of an unauthored book 31 Two or more unauthored sources which also have the same first few words in the title 31 Block quotations 32 Secondary or indirect citations 32 General information Plagiarism and self plagiarism 33 What is Self Plagiarism and will it have an effect on a student? 33

5 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 4 Paraphrasing 34 Basic guidelines for formatting citations (in-text citations and parenthetical citations) 34 Basic guidelines for direct quotations of online material without pagination 36 Basic guidelines for formatting the paper and References page 36 Abbreviations 38 Publishers locations 38 Numbers in the text At beginning of sentence 39 Common fractions 39 Common phrases 39 Lists in text Numbered lists 40 Bulleted list 40 List in a sentence 40 Bulleted list in a sentence 40 Formatting the document and citing sources in PowerPoint Presentations 41 Undergraduate student research paper considerations 41 Third person 42 Abstract 42 Masters level research paper considerations 42 Sources Monograph as part of a journal issue 42 Abstract as original source 43 Conference paper retrieved online 43 Figures Personal photographs as figures 45 Citing photos from outside sources 45 Citing other image types Clip art as figures 47 Figures taken from outside sources 48 Created by the student from sources 49 Citing works of art discussed in text 50 Taken from an article or book in a library database 51 Found on the web 51 Headings 51 Appendixes 52 Legal referencing 52 Court decisions 53 Appealed Case 53 State trial court opinion 53 Federal district court opinion 54 Case appeal to state supreme court 54 Case appealed to state court of appeals 55 Case decided by U.S. Supreme Court 55

6 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 5 Statutes Statute in a state code 56 Statute in a federal code 56 Legislative Materials Full Federal Hearing 57 Enacted federal bills and resolution 57 Administrative and Executive Materials Federal Regulations 58 Executive Order 58 References

7 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 6 AIU APA Guide APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension (American Psychological Association, 2009, What is APA Style? ). Since 1929, the style has been adopted by professional groups and publishers in many fields, and is used in university programs, departments and courses worldwide, making it among the most commonly used citation styles. Effective and accurate use of APA style, sometimes called APA format or APA rules, is required of every student at AIU. Limitations on scope of use and applicability Please note that the rules and guidelines in this document should be followed in any documents submitted as course work at AIU only. Other institutions or publishers which require the use of APA may modify APA rules, delete selected rules, or apply them differently than does this guide.

8 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 7 One author (APA 7.02:18, p. 203) Example reference. Books Johnson, J. M. (2008). The joy of theory (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. Author. (date). Title of book (ed.). Where published: Who published. Two or more Authors Example Reference. Nelson, B., Phillips, A., Enfinger, F., & Steuart, C. (2004). Computer forensics and investigations. Boston: Thomson Learning. Authors. (date). Title of book. Where published: Who published. Note. Only the first word of the title is capitalized, but if there is a proper noun, such as New York, Eiffel Tower, Donald Trump, those are also capitalized. The first word in a title after a dash or a colon (colons are used for subtitles) is also capitalized. Book with edition Example Reference. Saferstein, R. (2007). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Author(s). (date). Title of book (edition.). Where published: Who published.

9 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 8 Note. Do not put the th, st, nd in the edition in a superscript. Many word processing programs automatically make superscripts; a student may have to override this. Book with edition and Jr., or Sr. in name Example Reference. Costantine, J. W., Jr., & Brown, J. (2008). Organizational overview: An introduction to organizational behavior (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Author(s) (date). Title of book (ed.). Where published: Who published. Note. After the first initial of the author, give the period, then a comma, then Jr, and final period. Suffixes such as Jr. are not included in the in text citation, but are included in the references section of the paper. Edited book One editor. Example Reference. Kasraie, M. (Ed.). (2008). Business classes can be fun! Boston: Oxford University Press. Name of editor. (Ed.). (date). Title of book (ed.). Where published: Who published. Note. Use the capital E for editor (Ed.) and the lowercase e for edition (ed.). Two editors.

10 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 9 Example Reference. Krasraie, M., & Douglas, E. (Eds). (2003). Mathematics leads the way to success. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Names of editors (Eds.). (date). Title (ed.). Where published: Who published. Note. When there is more than one editor, do not forget the letter s as in (Eds.). Elements of a reference to an article or chapter in an edited book. Example Reference. Ver Steeg, J. (2008). Library resources are invaluable. In Johnson, J., & Sheetz, M. (Eds.), How to prepare a research paper (pp ). New York: Pearson. Author. (date). Title of chapter. In Names of editors (Eds.), Title of book (pp. inclusive pages). Where published: Who published. Note. There is no punctuation after the title of the book. The punctuation goes after the inclusive pages. Encyclopedia or dictionary Authored entry. (APA 7.02:27, p. 204) Example Reference. Domaratskaya, E. (Ed.). (2009). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (8th ed., Vols 1-14). London: Macmillan.

11 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 10 Editor(s). (Ed(s).). (date). Title of dictionary (edition, volume). Where published: who published. Note. There is no period after the title; the period goes after the edition and volume(s). Grove is a proper noun; and therefore it is capitalized in the example. Online dictionary, handbook or encyclopedia reference. Example reference. Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from Authors. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Names of editors (Ed.), Title (Ed.). (Volume number and page numbers, if given). Retrieved from web address. Reference (dictionary, handbook or encyclopedia reference) retrieved from a library collection Example reference. Shapka, J. D., Domene, J. F., & Keating, D. P. (2008). Gender, mathematics achievement, and the educational and occupational aspirations of Canadian youth. In Watt, H. M. G.& Eccles, J. S., (Eds.), Gender and occupational outcomes: Longitudinal assessments of individual, social, and cultural influences (pp ).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from PsycBooks database.

12 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 11 Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Names of editors (Ed. or Eds.), Title (ed., if given). (Volume number and page numbers, if given). Location: Publisher. Retrieved from Name of collection database. Review of a book. (APA 7.06:45, p. 209) Example Reference. Johnson, J. M. (2009). Learning by rote. [Review of the book Psychology: An insider s view, by J. W. Smith & S. P. Douglass]. Science, 248, 148. Retrieved from the Criminal Justice Periodicals Index. Author (date). Title. [designation of type name of book, author(s) of book]. Journal or magazine, volume, page. Retrieval information. Corporate author Example Reference. Brochure Research and Training Center for Down s Syndrome Sufficiency. (2003). Guidelines for household chores (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. Topeka, KS: Author. Name of corporation. (Year of publication). Title of Brochure (ed.). [Designation of type]. Where published: Who published. Notes. This is an example of a reference to a brochure written by a corporate or group author. The name of the corporation can be shortened, but the reader must be able to tell

13 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 12 the difference if there is more than one Research and Training Center listed in the references. Look in the section Citations for further information. Journal Articles One Author Example Reference. Curry, J. B. (2008). The downfall of our future: Setting up our juveniles for failure. Journal of Criminology, 41(3), Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages. Note. Inclusive pages are the first page number of the article, a hyphen, and the last page number of the article. Two authors Example Reference. Domaratskaya, E., & Curry, J. B. (2007, June 12). The hiring process for organizations. Business Weekly, 43(6), Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue number), Inclusive pages. Three to six authors Example Reference, Smith, T., Jones, J., Johnson, A., & Cohen, F. (2005). A longitudinal study of delinquent youth in Great Britain: Ages twelve to seventeen. Journal of Adolescent Behavior, 45(8), 114-

14 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages. More than six authors Example Reference. Sonaike, K., Curry, J. B., Ver Steeg, J., Sheetz, M., Douglas, E., Kasraie, M., et al. (2000). A cognitive study of children with a chromosome 18 deficiency. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 64(9), Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages. Note. List the first six listed authors in the reference, then add the Latin abbreviation et al. rather than listing all remaining authors. Look in the section Citations for information on the in-text and parenthetical citation of works with three to six and more than six authors. Article in an internet only journal Example reference. Smith, T., Jones, J., Johnson, A., & Cohen, F. (2005). A longitudinal study of delinquent youth in Great Britain: Ages twelve to seventeen. Journal of Adolescent Behavior, 45(8), Retrieved from

15 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 14 Author(s). (Date of publication).title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages. Retrieval information. Note. References to web material should provide the exact page address and not the higher level web site address or that of an index page. If the web page does not provide all information about the article such as the volume, issue or inclusive pages - the exact web address will lead readers to the information that is available. The web address should not be a hyperlink or be clickable. When creating the references list, cut and paste the web address into the list, then highlight the web address, and right click the mouse. You ll see a little box with several choices. Select Remove Hyperlink, and the blue font and underlining in the web address will go away, as well as the link. Journal articles from library subscription databases Journal articles can be found using the Find Articles and Books page on the online campus site, accessed from the campus library portals on the MyCampus portal, and in online collections in other libraries the world over. Example reference. Greenleaf, E., & Winer, R. (2002). Putting the customer back into customer relationship management (CRM). Advances in Consumer Research, 29(1), Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. Author(s). (Date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue number), page number(s). Retrieval information name of collection database. Note.

16 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 15 List the authors in the order given in the original article, last name first and initials for first and middle names. The periodical title and volume number are italicized. Magazine article (APA 7.01:7, p.200) Online article. Example reference. Perina, K. (2009, August). In defense of jealousy. Psychology Today, 42(4), 5. Retrieved August 1, 2009 from Author(s). (year, month). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages. Retrieval information Hard copy. Example reference. King, S. T., & Squire, C. W. (2009, April). The neuro-functions of the brain. Science Digest, 180, Structure: Author(s). (Year, month). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume, Inclusive pages. With author (by-line) (APA 7.01:10, p. 200) Example reference. Newspapers articles Johnson, B. L. (2009, April 1). The joy of shopping in outlet stores vs. retail stores. The St. Petersburg Times, p. A5.

17 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 16 Author. (year, month day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, p. Section and Page number. No author listed Example reference. The joy of shopping in outlet stores vs. retail stores. (2009, April 1). The St. Petersburg Times, p. A5. Structure: Title of article. (year, month day). Name of Newspaper, p. Section and Page number(s). Article published on discontinuous pages Example reference. The joy of shopping in outlet stores vs. retail stores. (2009, April 1). The St. Petersburg Times, p. A5, A7, A9. Title of article. (year, month day). Name of Newspaper, p. Section(s) and Page number(s). Online newspaper article (APA 7.01:11, p.200) Example reference. Schmidt, T. J. (2008, February 3). Does obesity have an effect upon your social status? The New York Times, pp. A20, A22. Retrieved from Structure: Author. (year, month day). Title of article..name of newspaper, Section and Page numbers if Author listed noted. Retrieval information Web pages

18 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 17 Example reference. Jones, M. (2006). Children are fun. Retrieved from Structure: Author(s), (date). Title of paper. Retrieved from Note. Do not give the title of the larger website as the name of the author. You may give the sponsoring body as the group or corporate author in the case of documents with no author listed posted on a corporation site. When in doubt, however, cite as no listed author. Note that it is retrieved from the exact web address of the page where the material can be found, not the web address of the homepage of the larger site, or an index page. Give the full web address including the prefix There is no period after the web address in a reference. No author listed Example reference Children are fun. (2006). Retrieved from Name of paper. (date). Retrieved from No publication date listed Example reference. Children are fun. (n.d.). Retrieved from Title of paper. (no date abbreviation). Retrieved from Note. n.d. stands for no date and is not capitalized.

19 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 18 Blog posting Example reference. Boeninger, C. (2009, February 10). The state of the news media 2008 [Web log message]. Retrieved from Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog entry [Web log message]. Retrieved from web address Note. If the blogger posted under a screen name, use that as the author name. For example, if the author is AdmiralAckbarRules1981, use that. Discussion forum posting Example reference. Merv123. (2007, August 20). Mail all going to bulk [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog entry [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from web address. Note. If the poster posted under a screen name, use that as the author name. For example, if the author is AdmiralAckbarRules1981, use that. Audiovisual Media Motion pictures Example reference. Scorsese, M. (Director), & Getchell, R. (Writer). (1975). Alice doesn t live here anymore

20 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 19 [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. Name of the Producer (or director) and writer and their functions in parentheses. (Year of release). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Movie studio. Note If the focus of the reference in your work is on the Writer or the Director or even the Producer, that person s name would be listed first in your reference. Television Broadcast Example reference. Vickers, D. (Executive Producer). (2009, April 13). The Tonight Show with Jay Leno [Television broadcast]. New York: National Broadcasting Company. Producer name (Producer). (Date of airing-year, month date). Name of show [Television broadcast]. Where produced: Who produced. Television Series Example reference. Johnson, R. (Producer). (1999). The universe [Television series]. New York: WNET. Producer name.(producer). (year of the series). Name of the series [Television series]. Where it was aired: Call letters of the television station which produced/aired the series. Single episode of a television series (APA 7..07:51, p. 210)

21 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 20 Example reference. Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I ll fly away. New York: New York Broadcasting Company. Writer (Writer) & director (Director). (Year of series). The title of the specific episode [Television series episode]. In Producer of the series (Producer), Title of the series. Where televised: Name of broadcasting company. Note. List the script writer(s) first, followed by the director. Identify their functions in parentheses. Place the name of the producer of the series where an editor name would typically be in the reference to a work in an edited anthology. Streaming video Example reference. Kloft, M. (Producer/Director). (2008). Walt Whitman [Video file]. Retrieved from Producer/Director (Producer/director). (Year file uploaded). Title [Video file]. Retrieval information Note. If the video is found on a video sharing site like YouTube, give any information available. For example, this posting below did not give author or producer information, so the reference will look like that of a resource with no author:

22 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 21 Walt Whitman [Video file]. (2008, September 18). Video posted to Review of a Video Game (no author or date of publication) (APA 7.06:47, p.209) [Review of the video game ShockWorld, produced by 3KS Games, 2007] (n.d.). Retrieved from Author. (Year of publication). Title of review. [Review of Title of Game, producer, year]. Retrieved from web address. Note. If the review has no title and no author given, begin the reference with the bracketed description of the review as shown. Review of a video (APA 7.07:49, p.209) Deadwood: The Complete Series, Seasons 1-3. (2009, August). [Review of the DVD Deadwood: The Complete Series, Seasons 1-3. Produced by Home Box Office, 2009]. Wild West, 22 (2), 77. Retrieved from the Masterfile Premier database. Author. (Year of publication). Title of review. [Review of DVD Title of video, producer, year]. Example Periodical information if needed. Retrieval information if needed. Music

23 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 22 Pop, I., & Williamson, J. (1973). Search and destroy. On Raw Power [CD]. New York: Columbia Records. Songwriter(s). (Year of copyright). Title of song. On Title of album [CD, mp3, or other file designation]. Location: Label. Note. List the songwriter s name first, then the year of copyright, followed by the title of the song and the recording artist, if the artist is different than the writer. Often the recording artist is different from the songwriter, in which case each needs to be named, but if they are the same person, the name does not have to be listed twice. Artwork Retrieved from an article or book in a library database da Vinci, L. (c ). Mona Lisa. [Painting]. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Retrieved from Grove Art Online database. Artist. (Year, or range of years, following the abbreviation c., for circa). Title. [Type of artwork, i.e. Painting, Sculpture]. Museum in which it resides, Museum location. Retrieved from name of database. Retrieved from the web da Vinci, L. (c ). Mona Lisa. [Painting]. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Retrieved from

24 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 23 x196image_64 477_v2_m jpg Artist. (Year, or range of years, following the abbreviation c., for circa). Title. [Type of artwork: Painting, Sculpture]. Museum in which it resides, Museum location. Retrieval information Technical, Research and Government Reports United States Government If you do not know the department from which it came. U.S. Government Printing Office. (2007). Climate change research: Agencies have data-sharing policies but could do more to enhance the availability of data from federally funded research (Publication no. GAO ). Washington, DC: Author. If you do know the department from which it came. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2007). Climate change research: Agencies have data-sharing policies but could do more to enhance the availability of data from federally funded research (Publication no. GAO ). Washington, DC: Author. Specific department or printing office. (Date of publication). Title of report (Publication number). Where published: Who published. Note. If the author and publisher are the same agency, give Author at the end of the Reference as publisher.

25 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 24 Nongovernmental publishers Jones, S.G. & Libicki, M.C. (2008). How terrorist groups end: Lessons for countering al Qa'ida. (Publication no. MG-741-RC). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Authors. (Date of publication). Title of report (Publication number). Where published: Who published. PowerPoint presentations Example Indiana Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Diversity in the workplace [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from Author (often a corporation). (Year). Name of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from Example reference Podcasts (APA 7.07:50, pg 210) Wolbe, D. (Producer). (2009, February 13). Pre-MWC edition [Audio Podcast] Retrieved from Producer or writer name. (designation as Producer or Writer). (year, month. day). Title of podcast [Type of podcast noted]. Retrieved from Software

26 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 25 Example Mazzoni, D. (2009). Audacity (Version 1.2) [Computer software]. Available from Author or developer. (Year). Title of Software (version number if applicable) [Designation that it is computer software]. Retrieval information. Note. APA rules stipulate that software such as Microsoft Office, or programming languages like Java or C++, do not need to be cited. However, if the software is unique and from a smaller vendor, if you are writing a review of the software itself, or if you used information from the program in your assignment, it must be cited. Look for publisher information on the packaging of the software, or go to the software producer s website and look for that information. If the software was downloaded from the web, follow the same format in creating the reference, but instead of the publisher name and location, give the web address where the software may be downloaded as shown above. Non-retrievable Information Information obtained from interviews, phone conversations, messages, and so forth are unpublished and irretrievable, APA rule state that this source cannot be listed in the References at the end of the paper, but there must be an in-text citation when using information from irretrievable sources, as in this example: While speaking to Sgt. T. Johnson (personal communication, March 26, 2009), he stated... Structure IN sentence.

27 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 26 First initial. Last name (phrase personal communication, Month day and year of communication.), actual communication in quotes Referencing elements of the AIU Online virtual campus site Students attending AIU Online have access to sources which are unavailable to anyone who is not affiliated with the online campus. While online students may use this information in their coursework, they are not able to cite them in work outside the university, because technically a References page must list information to which the reader may gain access. Because these sources are outside of APA referencing rules, we recommend these reference formats based on APA for the purpose of using this information in Online coursework. Discussion Board Post Jones, J. (2009, January 6). Discussion board posting. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. Understanding the learning process: EDU A-02 website. Name of posting student (year, month day). Discussion board posting or discussion thread title, if available. Retrieved from School. Name of course: course number term number and section number website. Note. There are no page numbers on the discussion board posting, so the in-text citation format for a quote looks the same as that for a paraphrase, but don t forget to place quotation marks around any direct quote used.

28 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 27 For most archived information on the virtual campus, a web address may or may not be displayed at the top of the page, but it rarely will lead a reader back to the source used, so we recommend leaving it off the reference to such materials. Chat Posting Curry, J. (2008, March 26). Chat posting. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. First week chat-apa. Juvenile Justice: CRJ A-01 website. Name of Poster. (Year, Month day). Chat posting. Retrieved from school. Name of chat. Name of course: course number term number and section number website. Multimedia Course Materials AIU Online. (2009). BUS 300: Unit 2: Models of decision making [Multimedia presentation]. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. Decision Making: BUS B:04 website. Corporate author. (year). Class number: unit number: Title of presentation [Multimedia presentation]. Retrieved from school. Name of course: course number term number and section number website. Note. The title is sometimes not given in the presentation. If not, look for it in the text version of the presentation that is linked in the classroom. Online text book

29 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 28 (APA 7.02:19, p. 203) Siegel, L. J., Welsh, B. C., & Senna, J. J. (2006). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice and law [Online version]. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. Juvenile Delinquency: CRJ A:01 website. Author(s). (Date). Title [Online version]. Retrieved from campus. Name of Course: course number term number and section number website. Citations (In-text and parenthetical) In-text citations Paraphrased information. According to Johnson (2008), theories constantly change as our society changes. Quoted information in-text citation. Johnson (2008, p.43) stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic idea of why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our society adapts to change. Or: Johnson (2008) stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic idea of why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our society adapts to change (p. 43). Parenthetical citations Paraphrased information. Theories constantly change as our society changes (Johnson, 2008).

30 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 29 Quoted information. Johnson stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic idea of why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our society adapts to change (2008, p. 43). Or: Johnson (2008) stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic idea of why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our society adapts to change (p. 43). Note. Whether incorporated in text or placed at the end of a quote, the citation is placed in the text: not in the References list, to which these in-text citations refer, nor in footnotes or endnotes. Author name Suffixes Suffixes such as Jr. are not included in the citation, but are included in the References section of the paper. Same author, same date, two different sources (APA 7.02:19, p. 182) When listing two or more works by the same author written in the same year in the References list, add lowercase letters directly following the publication year, starting with a for the first article, b for the second, c for the third, and so on. Sequence the articles in alphabetical order by title: Examples. Internal Revenue Service. (2009a). Business expenses. Retrieved from

31 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 30 Internal Revenue Service. (2009b). Small business forms and publications. Retrieved from This affects the in text citation, because an in-text citation to the first document would be (Internal Revenue Service, 2009a), while a citation to the second would be (Internal Revenue Service, 2009b). Three or more authors of one source The first text citation to information taken from the document lists all authors full last names, for example: (Nelson, Phillips, Enfinger, & Steuart, 2004). All additional citations to this source in the same paragraph are written (Nelson et al). In following paragraphs, it would be (Nelson et al., 2004) for the first mention, and then (Nelson et al.) for each text citation to the source in the remainder of the paragraph. Omit the year from all other subsequent citations within the same paragraph. For example, Nelson et al. found... In subsequent paragraphs, you will need to list the year again the first time you cite information from this source. More than six authors of one listed source List all authors in the reference, but in citations, give only the last name of the first author followed by et al. in the text. Ten or more authors of one listed source Both the reference and the in-text citation would only list the first author s name and then et al. after that for every in-text citation to the work. For example, Example citation.

32 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 31 (Nelson et al., 2004). In text citations to source with no author listed Give the work s title in the text, or give the first few words of the work s title in the intext citation and include the year of publication. In the parenthetical citation, the first few words of the titles of articles and chapters should be enclosed in quotation marks. The first few words of the titles of books and reports should be italicized, and the in-text citation should retain the capitalization of the original title, unlike the references list, where only the first word of the title, subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized. Example parenthetical citation to an unauthored article. Suitable sites for renewable energy facilities often exist in areas where those in the community are eager to see the land reused ( Producing Renewable Energy, 2008). Example parenthetical citation to an unauthored book. Suitable sites for renewable energy facilities often exist in areas where those in the community are eager to see the land reused (Producing Renewable Energy, 2008). Two or more unauthored sources which also have the same first few words in the titles If a source from which you quote has no author listed, use a shortened version of the title as part of the in text citation as noted above. If one wants to cite both of the following unauthored documents in one paper: Children Are Fun in New York, But Boring in Vermont Children Are Fun in Florida, But Sunburned The references would have to indicate which is which with a subscript lowercase letter after the date, with the first listed article being the one that comes first alphabetically: Children are fun in Florida, but sunburned. (2006a). Retrieved from

33 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 32 Children are fun in New York, but boring in Vermont. (2006b). Retrieved from Example citations of the above. ` Similarly, the in-text title must go out to the first word that differs between the titles. ( Children Are Fun in Florida, 2006a) ( Children Are Fun in New, 2006b) Block quotations If the quotation incorporated in text is more than 40 words long, you must use a block quotation. This is a block quotation, which has no quotation marks around it, but is tabbed in five spaces from the document s own left margin. If this block quotation comprised another paragraph from the original source, that new paragraph would again be tabbed in five spaces from the left margin of the block quotation. In a block quotation, you should not use any quotation marks at all unless they are single quote marks to indicate a quotation within the original text. Note also that the end period is before, and not after, the in-text citation. (Citation here) Secondary or indirect citations Some sources refer to information written or research performed by people other than the author(s) of the source. APA refers to this type of information as indirect or secondary information. If you cite information from a source that was cited in the source you read, give the original source (the source your source cited) in your parenthetical or in-text citation. List the secondary source (the work you actually read) in the references list.

34 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 33 Example citations. Marr, Nofsinger, and Trimble (1993) argue that the private pension system is threatened by those who specifically seek out economically targeted investments (as cited in Watson, 1994). Watson (1994) refers to Marr, Nofsinger, and Trimble s 1993 research, which argues that the private pension system is threatened by those who specifically seek out economically targeted investments. The study by Jones (2003), as cited in Birzer & Roberson (2007), was both valid and replicable. General Information Plagiarism and self plagiarism Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due (APA Ethics Code Standard 8:11, Plagiarism). Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each time you paraphrase another author (i.e. summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words), you need to credit the source in the text. (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 15) The key element of this principle is that authors do not present the work of another as if it were their own work. This can extend to ideas as well as written words (APA, 2010, p.16). Citation of an article implies that you have personally read the cited work. In addition to crediting the ideas of others that you used to build your thesis, provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. (APA, 2010, p. 169)

35 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 34 When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number, especially when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text (APA, 2010, p. 171). The requirement that the paragraph or page number be included when citing paraphrased material is at the discretion of your instructor: who may or may not require it. Does Self Plagiarism apply to student work? Self plagiarism usually has an effect on researchers who publish their work and then they publish in a different journal but use some of their own words. They must credit themselves (American Psychological Association, 2010). When feasible, all of the author s own words that are cited should be located in a single paragraph or a few paragraphs, with a citation at the end of each. Opening each paragraph with a phrase like as I have previously discussed will also alert readers to the status of the upcoming material (APA, 2010). In other words, when you quote your own previously written works, put your prior words in one or two paragraphs and make those paragraphs a block quotation, (assuming the quoted material is over forty words long). (APA, 2010) Paraphrasing (APA 6.04, p.171) When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number [in the in-text citation], especially when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage (APA, 2010, p.171). Basic guidelines for formatting in-text citations and parenthetical citations The citation should be enclosed in parentheses.

36 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 35 Citations should not be italicized, except for the short version of a book title used in an in text citation to a source with no author. Give the author s last name and publication date for the in-text citation of paraphrased material. For a citation to quoted material, add a page number or (in the case of material from a source with no page numbers given) a paragraph number, if listed. Do not give the full first and last name or just first and last initials of the author in the citation. If the article is a PDF file (.pdf) with stable page numbers, use the page number in any intext citation to a direct quote, as when quoting a print source. In the citation of direct quotations from sources which provide page numbers, make sure to include the abbreviation p. or pp. before the page numbers. Place a period after the final parentheses of the in-text citation unless the citation concludes a block quote. Never give only a web address as an in-text citation. The only instance in which you may give a web address in text is if you are writing a critique of a website or making some kind of recommendation, as in the following example. Example citation. The APA Style website links to a blog of updates, downloadable video tutorials on the sixth edition, and more ( The abbreviation for the word edition is ed., not Ed. The uppercase E is used for the word editor. Let s say that you read several articles or web pages and they give the same information.

37 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 36 If you use more than one source to come up with a kind of summary, in the in-text citation, you list all of the sources within the parentheses alphabetically by author last name or first element, separated by semi-colons. Example citation. Experts agree that any direct lift of more than three consecutive words needs to be in quotation marks (Applegate, 2002; Folderol, 2000; Stephens, 2004). Basic guidelines for direct quotations of online material without pagination (Note: the following is reprinted from the APA Manual, pages ) Many websites do not provide page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use them in place of page numbers. Use the abbreviation para. Example citation. Beau and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace (para. 4). If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, [give] the heading and the number of the paragraph following it [in the in-text citation] to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material. Example citation. In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that the level of perceived disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health condition and less by their physical condition (Discussion section, para. 1). In some cases in which no page or paragraph numbers are visible, headings may be too [lengthy] to cite in full. Instead, use a short version of the heading enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation.

38 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 37 Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in educating consumers and changing consumption behavior (Golan, Kuchler & Krissol, 2007, Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted, para. 4). (the above taken from American Psychological Association, 2010, pp ). Basic guidelines for formatting the paper and References page Black Times New Roman 12 point font is the only font accepted in APA style writing. APA formatting rules require that there be two spaces after each sentence and before the next. The page header gives a running head flush left and the page number flush right (This document is an example). The running head is a shortened version of the paper title, up to fifty characters, all in upper case letters, which appears at the top of every page in the header. References are listed in alphabetical order and are not numbered or grouped by type. Each entry is formatted with a hanging indent. The first line of each reference is flush with the left margin and then each line after the first is indented. Each element (title, year, etc) of a reference should be separated by a period or a comma. This will depend upon the type of reference. (Look at the examples in this guide). Do not give the full names of authors in the reference. Use only the last name(s) and first initial(s) of authors and editors. If there is no publication year given, use (n.d.), which stands for no date, in the in-text citations and in the references. When there is no author listed, begin the reference (or citation) with the title of the book or the article.

39 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 38 In an article, or book title, capitalize the first title word, proper nouns, and the first word after a dash or colon. Do not place quotation marks around any title in the References list. Never include a source of information in your references that you do not cite at least once in the text. The purpose of the References list is to indicate what sources the author has incorporated as sources of information discussed or included in the document. References to web pages should provide exact web addresses, and not the higher level web site address or that of an index page. If the web page does not provide all information about the article such as the volume, issue or inclusive pages the exact web address will lead readers to the information that is available. The web address should not be a hyperlink or be clickable. When creating the references list, cut and paste the web address into the list, then highlight the web address, and right click. You ll see a little box with several choices. Select Remove Hyperlink, and the blue font and underlining in the web address will go away, as will the link. There is no period after the web address in a reference. Abbreviations chap. Chapter ed. edition Rev. ed. Revised edition 2nd ed. 2nd, 3rd, 4th and so forth Ed. (Eds.). Editor, Editors Trans. Translator(s) n.d. no date p. (pp.) page (pages) Vol. Volume (as in Vol.4) vols. Volumes (as in 4 vols) No. Number Pt. Part

40 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 39 Tech.Rep. Suppl. Para Technical Report Supplement.graph Publisher s Locations The following locations can be listed in a reference without providing a state abbreviation or country. In the United States: Baltimore Boston Chicago Los Angeles New York Philadelphia San Francisco Outside the States: Amsterdam Jerusalem London Milan Moscow Paris Rome Stockholm Tokyo Vienna Numbers in the text At beginning of sentence According to the Publication Manual, use words to express any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading. Whenever possible, reword [the sentence] to avoid beginning the sentence with a number (APA, 2009b). Examples. Fifteen librarians jumped in the lake. Seventy nine percent of teens surveyed reported daily use; 2% report no history of use. Common fractions Examples.

41 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 40 one third of the subjects two-thirds majority Common phrases Examples. The Ten Commandments Seven Deadly Sins Use numerals in the text for numbers 10 and greater. Use numerals in text if representing dates, times, ages, game scores, or sums of money. Lists in text Numbered list A numbered series or list can be used to list conclusions or steps in a procedure. For these, separate paragraphs should be preceded by a numeral followed by a period. Capitalize the first word of the list item, and end the item/sentence/paragraph with a period. 1. Select the treatment carefully. 2. Randomize the control group. 3. Run a regression analysis. Bulleted list If list items are not arranged in order of size, importance, or steps in a series, a bulleted list may be used. Great Britain

42 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 41 China United States List in a sentence Within a sentence, a list or series of items can be set off with lowercase letters in parentheses. The primary consumers of wheat on a global scale are (a) the United States (b) China and (c) Belarus. Bulleted list in sentence Finally, a list within a sentence can also be treated as a bulleted list. Capitalize and punctuate the list as though it was a separate sentence. Over the 11-year span from the Dust Bowl region saw 15% to 25% less precipitation than normal; some years only had less than half of the normal annual precipitation; and there was an aggressive reform movement by the federal government. Formatting the document and citing sources in PowerPoint Presentations PowerPoint files cannot be analyzed by the plagiarism detection software Turnitin, therefore some instructors may request a Microsoft Word document containing the text on the slides and notes to be submitted along with the ppt file, to be submitted to Turnitin. Because APA format does not give any specific rules as to the look of a PowerPoint presentation, instructors can ask for any slide format they wish.

43 Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 42 APA also has no specific rules for the format of citations and references given in a PowerPoint presentation, although it can be assumed that they are mandatory as they are in any document. Thus, the instructor may ask that the last slide serve as a References list, or he or she may ask for the references to be in the Notes field on the last slide, and the same will be true of the in-text citations. This is the instructor s judgment call. Undergraduate Student research paper considerations Every research paper should include a title page, an abstract, the body of the paper, and the references. Appendices, tables or figures, if used, are included after the references. Not every discipline or paper type includes every one of these sections. Therefore, it is up to the instructor to dictate what he or she requires. Third person voice Do not use first person (I, me, or my) in the paper, except in the conclusion section of an undergraduate paper, where personal opinions or reflections are given. (APA, 3.09, p. 69) Abstract An abstract summarizes the finding of the paper. It is a block paragraph of 120 to 150 words. It is given on a separate page, with the heading Abstract. Masters level research paper considerations Master s students are expected to follow the same outline as undergraduates except in courses in which the students do primary research, where the papers may contain different sections or elements. The third person voice is used throughout. First person voice is not used except in the Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research section of a research paper. In this