Åsgeir Rossebø Almås Foredrag ved Miljøringen Norwegian University of Life Sciences 1

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1 Åsgeir Rossebø Almås Foredrag ved Miljøringen 2014 Norwegian University of Life Sciences 1

2 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 2

4 Gold Production Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 4

5 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 5

6 Moderne bruk av Gull Gull som juveler Gull som investeringsobjekt Gull investinger som finansreserver i banker Gull i mynter Fortsatt bruk av gull i tannlegemedisin Annen medisinsk bruk: Reumatismemedisin Kreftbehandling Medisinsk utstyr som pacemakere Diagnose: nanoteknologi Implantater Gull i telefoner: Korroderer ikke Snitt 33 gullforgylte kontakter/telefon, 0.034g/telefon Gull i datamaskiner Koblinger til mikroprosessorer Minne Sølv og kobber leder strøm bedre, mens gull korroderer mindre Gull i andre elektriske apparater All lavspenningsapparater Korrosjonsegenskaper Alt fra GPS til vaskemaskiner inneholder gull Romfart Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 6

Bergarten er gjerne rik på pyritt (FeS 2 ), som når den oksiderer i dagen danner svovelsyre: AMD spormetaller og arsen «Cyanidation»,

7 I bergarter som det graves etter er det også andre uønskede grunnstoffer: Spormetaller og halvmetaller. Blant dem finner vi slike som ikke er direkte helsebringende! Bergarten er gjerne rik på pyritt (FeS 2 ), som når den oksiderer i dagen danner svovelsyre: AMD spormetaller og arsen «Cyanidation», Ekstraksjon av gull og sølv: (<10g/t, 0.001%): + 8 CN- + O H 2 O = (CN) OH - Lagring av overskudssvann: ph > 11 (for å forhindre dannelse av HCN, pk a =9.21) Risikerer utlekking av As and CN Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 7

8 Noen fakta om aresen (As)

9 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 9

10 Inorganic arsenic in the environment Arsenite As(OH) 3 (9.2 and 12.1) (H 3 AsO 3 ) Arsenate H 3 AsO 4 (2.2 and 6.9) FeAsO 4 As 2 S 2 AsS FeAsS Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 10 10

11 Arsen og noen interessante fakta Properties: Arsenic has a valence of -3, 0, +3, or +5. The elemental solid primarily occurs in two modifications: (Yellow arsenic has a specific density of 1.97 g/cm 3, ) while Grey or metallic arsenic has a specific gravity of 5.73 g/cm 3. Grey arsenic is the usual stable form, with a melting point of 817 C (28 atm) and sublimation point at 613 C. Grey arsenic is a very brittle semi-metallic solid. It is steel-grey in colour, crystalline, tarnishes readily in air, and is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide (As 2 O 3 ) upon heating (arsenous oxide exudes the odour of garlic). Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. Element Classification: Semimetallic, forms oxyanions Density (g/cm 3 ): 5.73 (grey arsenic) Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 11

Grey arsenic is a very brittle semi-metallic solid.

12 Arsen og noen interessante fakta Sources: Arsenic is found in realgar and orpiment as its sulfides, As arsenides and sulfaresenides of heavy metals (Fe, Mn), As arsenates, and as its oxide. The most common mineral is Mispickel or arsenopyrite (FeSAs), which can be heated to sublime arsenic, leaving ferrous sulfide. Uses: Arsenic is used as a doping agent in solid-state devices. Gallium arsenide is used in lasers which convert electricity into coherent light. Arsenic is used in pyrotechnics, hardening and improving the sphericity of shot, and in bronzing. Arsenic compounds are used as insecticides and in other poisons. Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 12

Uses: Arsenic is used as a doping agent in solid-state devices. Gallium arsenide is used in lasers which convert electricity into coherent light.

13 Arsenic and some short facts Early bronze age: As-bronze artefacts found in Israelis Judean Desert ( 3000 BC) Orpiment (As 2 S 3 ) was found in Tutankhamen's tomb The preferred poison in the Roman Empire & Middle Ages & China 18 th and 19 th century: Arsenic green (CuAsHO 3 ) widely used in wall papers: 30 g As/m 2 (i.e. 3 kg in 100 m 2 ) 19 th century-present: As used in medicines 20 th century: As pesticides, herbicides and wood preservatives Wall paper coloured with arsenic green Emperor Guangxu, poisoned with As Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 13

used in wall papers: 30 g As/m 2 (i.e. 3 kg in 100 m 2 ) 19 th century-present: As used in medicines 20 th century: As pesticides, herbicides

14 Feltstudier Tanzania, Guatemala og Laos

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20 Tanzania

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26 Site CN TOT Al Ag As Au Cd Co Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Se Th U V Zn mg/l mg/l a µg/l nd nd nd nd nd nd nd WHO: mg/l c µg/l d Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 26

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29 Guatemala Sipakapa

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31 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 31

32 Responsible mining Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 32

33 CSW5 Quebrada Xac Riachuelo Quivichil Rio Tzala CSW6 Quebrada la Hamaca CSW3 CSW2 Quebrada Seca Rio Cuilco Rio Cuilco Rio Tzala CSW1 Rio Cuilco Current direction Wastewat. reservoir Tip Main edge Secondary edge Sampling sites mtr Drawing E 1730, , AvG Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 33

34 DGT-Disk/Probe Resin laget består av Fe-oksid som binder P irreversibelt, Diffusjonsgelen diffusive gel stenger ute komplekser Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 34

35 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 35

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38 depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm Site 1 mg As/kg Site 2 mg As/kg Site 3 mg As/kg Site 5 mg As/kg Site 1 µg As/l Site 2 mg As/l Site mg As/kg Site 3 mg As/l Site 5 mg As/l Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 38

40 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 40

41 Tittel på presentasjon Norwegian University of Life Sciences 41

42 Tittel på presentasjon Norwegian University of Life Sciences 42

43 µg/l depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm depth, cm Site 1 mg As/kg Site 2 mg As/kg Site 3 mg As/kg Site 4 mg As/kg Site 5 mg As/kg Site 6 mg As/kg Site 8 mg As/kg Site 9 (10 in circle) mg As/kg [As] Sites 1-11 Arsen i håret Norwegian University of Life Sciences 43

44 Takk for oppmerksomheten

Evidence for long-term pollution from mine sites in lake sediment records in the Haveri and Ylöjärvi mine sites, SW Finland

Evidence for long-term pollution from mine sites in lake sediment records in the Haveri and Ylöjärvi mine sites, SW Finland Annika Parviainen, Aalto University School of Engineering Tommi Kauppila and