The event safety guide (Second edition)

Health ad Safety The evet safety guide (Secod editio) A guide to health, safety ad welfare at music ad similar evets This is a free-to-dowload, web-friedly versio of HSG195 (Secod editio, published 1999). This versio has bee adapted for olie use from HSE s curret prited versio. You ca buy the book at www.hsebooks.co.uk ad most good bookshops. ISBN 978 0 7176 2453 9 Price 20.00 The evet safety guide replaces The guide to health, safety ad welfare at pop cocerts ad other similar evets. Chages i health ad safety law ad the cotiuig developmet of best practice have led to this ew guide. The evet safety guide aims to help everyoe who orgaises music evets so that evets ru safely. The guide will eable evet orgaisers to uderstad the eeds of others cocered with the evet, such as local authorities ad the emergecy services, so that they ca all work together to improve evet safety. There are 33 easy-to-read chapters coverig differet types of veue, site provisios ad facilities eeded, maagemet issues ad relevat legislatio. HSE Books Page 1 of 190

Health ad Safety Crow copyright 1999 First published as Guide to health, safety ad welfare at pop cocerts ad similar evets 1993 Secod editio published 1999 ISBN 978 0 7176 2453 9 Reprited 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 ISBN 978 0 7176 2453 9 All rights reserved. No part of this publicatio may be reproduced, stored i a retrieval system, or trasmitted i ay form or by ay meas (electroic, mechaical, photocopyig, recordig or otherwise) without the prior writte permissio of the copyright ower. Applicatios for reproductio should be made i writig to: The Office of Public Sector Iformatio, Iformatio Policy Team, Kew, Richmod, Surrey TW9 4DU or e-mail: licesig@opsi.gov.uk This guidace is issued by the Health ad Safety. Followig the guidace is ot compulsory ad you are free to take other actio. But if you do follow the guidace you will ormally be doig eough to comply with the law. Health ad safety ispectors seek to secure compliace with the law ad may refer to this guidace as illustratig good practice. Page 2 of 190

Health ad Safety Cotets Foreword 4 Itroductio 5 Plaig ad maagemet 7 Veue ad site desig 15 Fire safety 21 Major icidet plaig (emergecy plaig) 31 Commuicatio 37 Crowd maagemet 43 Trasport maagemet 52 Structures 57 Barriers 64 Electrical istallatios ad lightig 68 Food, drik ad water 73 Merchadisig ad special licesig 77 Amusemets, attractios ad promotioal displays 79 Saitary facilities 82 Waste maagemet 86 Soud: oise ad vibratio 90 Special effects, fireworks ad pyrotechics 95 Campig 105 Facilities for people with special eeds 110 Medical, ambulace ad first-aid maagemet 113 Iformatio ad welfare 125 Childre 129 Performers 133 TV ad media 135 Stadium music evets 138 Area evets 146 Large evets 149 Small evets 153 Classical music evets 155 Ufeced or uticketed evets, icludig radio roadshows 157 All-ight music evets 160 Ulicesed evets 165 Health ad safety resposibilities 166 Useful addresses 174 Ackowledgemets 177 Refereces 182 Further readig 188 The evet safety guide Page 3 of 190

Health ad Safety Foreward I 1993, HSE, i cojuctio with the Home Office ad the Scottish Office, published The guide to health, safety ad welfare at pop cocerts ad other similar evets. The publicatio was well received ad was adopted as the stadard for plaig ad maagig health ad safety at these evets. I the light of chages to health ad safety law, ad the cotiuig developmet of best practice by the evet idustry, the guide has bee reviewed ad revised. The advice i this publicatio has bee tried ad tested ad lays dow a firm foudatio o which to orgaise health ad safety at music evets. May of the chapters ca be applied to other types of evet which, although ot ecessarily havig a musical theme, share some of the commo characteristics of music evets. This publicatio will eable evet orgaisers, local authorities, the emergecy services ad HSE to work together to improve evet safety. Their commitmet to the productio of this guide will esure that health ad safety remais a priority ad that all ivolved will be able to cotiue to ejoy these evets i safety. This guide has bee writte i cosultatio with a evet idustry workig group ad with the co-operatio of a great may people. All cotributors, icludig the members of the workig group, are listed at the back of the publicatio i the Ackowledgemets sectio. I am grateful to them for the time, kowledge ad expertise which was give freely ad without which, this guide would ot be possible. I would like to give particular thaks to Lorraie Miller-Patel, Seior Evirometal Health Officer, Lodo Borough of Harigey, who had the ueviable task of co-ordiatig the work of this project. Jey Baco Director Geeral, 1999 The evet safety guide Page 4 of 190

Health ad Safety Itroductio About this guide ad its aims 1 The guide aims to help those who orgaise music evets so that the evets ru safely. The evet orgaiser, whether a idividual, collective or local authority, has prime resposibility for protectig the health, safety ad welfare of everyoe workig at, or attedig, the evet. 2 The guide brigs together iformatio eeded by evet orgaisers, their cotractors ad employees to help them satisfy the requiremets of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) ad associated regulatios. It will also eable orgaisers to uderstad the eeds of others cocered with evets, such as the local authority ad emergecy services, with whom they will eed to co-operate. 3 The guide makes clear what is required ad why it is ecessary or sesible to do this. The guide does ot replace the eed for evet orgaisers to seek advice from other sources ad particularly for cosultatio with local authorities ad emergecy services. 4 As well as evet orgaisers, others will fid the guide useful, eg local authorities, health ad safety eforcemet officers, emergecy services, cotractors ad subcotractors workig at the evet. The guide provides basic stadards ad safety measures through which it is hoped to ecourage a cosistecy of approach while leavig scope for flexibility, takig ito accout the ature ad size of the evet. How this guide differs from the previous editio 5 The guide is based o the previous editio, but has bee updated to reflect chages i legislatio, techology ad workig methods. Followig cosultatio, it has bee broadeed to cover a wider rage of topics ad types of evets. Some of the ew topics iclude merchadisig, campig ad amusemets. 6 This guide focuses o the applicatio of the HSW Act ad associated regulatios ad ot the applicatio of public etertaimet legislatio. Etertaimet licesig authorities may, however, refer to this guide whe cosiderig appropriate etertaimet licece coditios. Applyig the guide to evet types 7 The guide is based o the priciples of health ad safety maagemet ad risk assessmet. These ackowledge that each evet will be differet ad will require a particular cofiguratio of elemets, maagemet, services ad provisios. 8 The guidace offers useful suggestios for may types of music evet that take place at a variety of veues such as purpose-built areas, sites ot desiged for public etertaimet, ope-air stadia, parks ad greefield sites. It is ot, however, primarily iteded to be applied to ightclubs ad discotheques. 9 The type of music evet may vary eormously, icludig rock, classical, traditioal, cotemporary ad world music. Evets vary i size ad complexity The evet safety guide Page 5 of 190

Health ad Safety from a cocert of 500 local residets, to a major festival lastig several days ad attractig i excess of 100 000 iteratioal visitors. All are covered by legal requiremets, but the arragemets that may be eeded will vary accordig to the evet. How the guide is arraged 10 Good plaig ad maagemet are fudametal to the success of ay music evet. The first chapter of the guide gives evet orgaisers essetial poits to cosider i these areas as well as geeral advice o legal duties. 11 Subsequet chapters provide advice o specific arragemets for the health ad safety of those ivolved i evets, icludig the provisio of services ad facilities. There are also chapters which give some specific guidace for differet types of evet. These chapters should ot, however, be read i isolatio of all other chapters. The fial chapter outlies issues relatig to employees ad other workers ad provides a summary of the law relatig to evets. 12 Where other guidace is available, evet orgaisers are recommeded to refer to this. Techical details cotaied i the Home Office s Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises ad the Istitutio of Structural Egieers documet, Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use are ot repeated i this guide. 13 All evet orgaisers are recommeded to use the chapter headigs as a checklist for plaig the requiremets for their evet. By applyig a risk assessmet approach to the type ad size of evet, it should be straightforward to decide which elemets from each chapter are relevat ad to assess the level ad type of provisios eeded at a particular evet. The evet safety guide Page 6 of 190

Health ad Safety Plaig ad maagemet 14 I order to protect the health, safety ad welfare of people attedig a music evet, as well as the employees, cotractors ad subcotractors workig at the evet, health ad safety has to be maaged. It is of fudametal importace to appreciate that plaig for effective health ad safety maagemet should start at the same time as the plaig for all other aspects of the proposed evet. 15 The evet orgaiser for the purposes of this publicatio is the idividual or orgaisatio who promotes ad maages a evet. More detailed iformatio cocerig the resposibilities of evet orgaisers ca be foud i the chapter Health ad safety resposibilities. 16 The aim of this chapter is to help evet orgaisers pla for ad maage their evet safely. It explais the priciples that uderpi good health ad safety maagemet ad sets out a basic approach that evet orgaisers may wish to adopt to maage safety at evets. Health ad safety maagemet 17 The key elemets of successful health ad safety maagemet iclude: creatig a health ad safety policy; plaig to esure the policy is put ito practice; orgaisig a effective maagemet structure ad arragemets for delivery of the policy; moitorig health ad safety performace; auditig ad reviewig performace. Health ad safety policy 18 A safety policy is a documet that demostrates to others that the compay or orgaisatio to which it relates accepts that cocer for health ad safety is a itegral part of its orgaisatio at all levels ad that the highest maagemet withi the compay mea to esure that this cocer will be traslated ito effective actio. I other words, it is a way of lettig others kow your commitmet to health ad safety. This iformatio is coveyed i the policy statemet. 19 Safety policies should also cotai details of the orgaisatio, which show how the policy will be put ito practice. This part will describe the roles ad resposibilities of other people that have bee give safety duties (ot ultimate resposibility as this caot be delegated). The orgaisatio sectio of the safety policy should cotai other matters, eg a diagram showig the delegatio of safety duties, the omiatio of people with the authority ad competece to moitor safety ad the resources (i time ad moey) that are available for health ad safety. 20 The arragemets cover the detailed matters, eg the maiteace of a safe place of work, safe systems of work, safe access, provisio of iformatio, traiig ad cosultatio with employees. 21 It is a legal requiremet for employers employig five or more people to produce a writte health ad safety policy. The evet safety guide Page 7 of 190

Health ad Safety 22 The evet orgaiser may be a perso or orgaisatio that promotes ad maages a evet themselves, eg promoters, productio compaies or local authorities. If you fall ito this category, it is likely that you will have more tha five employees ad are legally required to produce a safety policy for the evet. If you have bee hired to promote ad maage a evet o behalf of aother compay or orgaisatio, eg a cliet, you may ot actually be a employer or have ay employees. However, it will still be ecessary to establish who has the overall resposibility for complyig with the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) ad to esure that the resposibilities are recorded. 23 Some music evets may be orgaised by people or orgaisatios where there is o actual employer, eg commuity evets, so there will be o legal requiremet to produce a safety policy. However, there is still the legal resposibility for the maagemet of cotractors ad subcotractors o site. Producig a safety policy i these circumstaces is recommeded as it provides a framework aroud which you ca maage health ad safety at the evet. 24 The health ad safety policy could relate to a series of evets if these are to be orgaised by the same evet orgaiser. A evet health ad safety policy prepared for a series of evets will eed to be reviewed i terms of the orgaisatio ad arragemets for health ad safety for each particular evet. 25 It is importat that the safety policy details a maagemet structure which defies the hierarchy of health ad safety resposibility for the duratio of the evet ad that these details are recorded i the safety policy documet. (The duratio of the evet starts at the begiig of the build-up through to the fiish of the breakdow.) 26 If a evet is to be staged i existig premises such as a area or a sports stadium, the evet orgaiser will eed to liaise with the veue or groud maagemet i relatio to the existig arragemets for health ad safety. Plaig for safety 27 Effective plaig is cocered with prevetio through idetifyig, elimiatig ad cotrollig hazards ad risks. The amout of time that eeds to be set aside for plaig will be very much depedet upo the size, type ad duratio of the music evet. For large evets, experiece shows that 6-9 moths beforehad is ot too early to start. 28 Other chapters i this publicatio give specific advice ad guidace i their subject area. It is therefore ecessary to have a appreciatio of the iformatio cotaied i all chapters to be able to pla effectively. The phases of a evet 29 The plaig issues for a evet ca be cosidered i separate parts: the build-up, which ivolves plaig the veue desig, selectio of competet workers, selectio of cotractors ad subcotractors, costructio of the stages, marquees, fecig, etc; the load i, which ivolves plaig for the safe delivery ad istallatio of equipmet ad services which will be used at the evet, eg stage equipmet used by the performers, lightig, public address (PA) systems, etc; the show, which ivolves plaig effective crowd maagemet strategies, trasport maagemet strategies ad welfare arragemets. Plaig strategies for dealig with fire, first aid, cotigecies ad major icidets are The evet safety guide Page 8 of 190

Health ad Safety importat ; the load out, requires plaig for the safe removal of equipmet ad services; the breakdow, which icludes plaig to cotrol risks oce the evet is over ad the ifrastructure beig dismatled. Collectio of rubbish ad waste-water disposal preset risks ad these aspects eed to be plaed ad maaged. Plaig for the build-up 30 To miimise risks durig the build-up, esure that the veue is desiged for safety (see chapter o Veue ad site desig). It is also ecessary to esure that ay ifrastructure which will be used at the evet, such as stages, seatig, tets, marquees or other structures will be erected safely ad be structurally safe oce erected ad used (see chapter o Structures). 31 Prepare plas to show the locatio of the stages, barriers, frot-of-house towers, delay towers, etries ad exit poits, emergecy routes, first-aid ad triage areas, positioig of toilets, merchadisig stalls, etc. It may be ecessary to obtai plas of existig premises from the ower, occupier or veue maager i which your evet is to be held. Copies of these plas may eed to be give to the cotractors buildig the ifrastructure to esure correct positioig of the various structures to be used at the evet. 32 Ask cotractors ad subcotractors to provide copies of their ow health ad safety policies, ad details of ay hazards ad risks associated with their work, before the build-up commeces. Documets ad calculatios will also eed to be obtaied i relatio to the stages, seatig or other temporary demoutable structures. These plas, documets, ad calculatios will be eeded whe discussig your evet with health ad safety ispectors, local authority licesig officers ad officers of the emergecy services. 33 Pla the arrival of the cotractors ad esure that their activities o site are co-ordiated with others. Also pla the provisio of first aid ad welfare facilities for the people who will be workig o site, ad esure that they are suitable, i sufficiet umbers ad available from the time that work begis. 34 It is good practice to draw up a set of site safety rules ad commuicate these rules to the cotractors before or as soo as they arrive o site. They ca be posted i the form of sigs i site offices ad other areas. Cotractors will the be aware of safe workig practices required of them at the particular site or veue. Plaig for the load-i 35 Oce the ifrastructure has bee built all other equipmet ad services will eed to be brought to the site ad istalled i or o the structures, eg the loadig of the performers equipmet oto the stage (which is likely to ivolve maual hadlig procedures) ad the delivery of equipmet to be used i the bar areas. These operatios will also eed careful plaig. Plaig for the show 36 Plaig for the show requires preparig strategies for crowd maagemet, trasport maagemet, fire, first aid, major icidet ad cotigecy plaig. More specific details about plaig these aspects ca be foud i other chapters later i this publicatio. Successful plaig for the show requires a team approach. It caot be achieved by oe idividual operatig aloe but requires seekig iformatio ad advice from the emergecy services (such as the police, fire brigade, etc), the health authority, local authority, ay existig veue maagers, stewardig, ad security cotractors. 37 Create a evet safety maagemet team to co-ordiate the plaig aspects The evet safety guide Page 9 of 190

Health ad Safety of the show itself. The evet safety maagemet team could iclude members of the local authority ad emergecy services. It may also be advisable to set up a series of safety plaig meetigs so that iformatio ca be exchaged betwee the parties ad to esure that the relevat agecies are aware of the plaig process. Table-top emergecy plaig exercises to test the validity of the emergecy plas for the larger ad more complex evets may also be useful. The evet safety maagemet pla ad evet safety team meetigs 38 To provide a comprehesive overview to all these plaig aspects it may be helpful to produce a evet safety maagemet pla. The costituets of a evet safety maagemet pla could iclude the followig: the evet safety policy statemet detailig the orgaisatio chart ad levels of safety resposibility; the evet risk assessmet (see paragraphs 41-48); details of the evet icludig veue desig, structures, audiece profile ad capacity, duratio, food, toilets, refuse, water, fire precautios, first aid, special effects, access ad exits, music levels, etc; the site safety pla detailig the site safety rules, site crew maagers ad safety co-ordiator, structural safety calculatios ad drawigs; the crowd maagemet pla detailig the umbers ad types of stewards, methods of workig, chais of commad; the trasport maagemet pla detailig the parkig arragemets, highway maagemet issues ad public trasport arragemets; the emergecy pla detailig actio to be take by desigated people i the evet of a major icidet or cotigecy; the first-aid pla detailig procedures for admiisterig first aid o site ad arragemets with local hospitals. 39 Remember that the costituets of the evet safety maagemet pla are your workig documets ad will eed to be reviewed ad updated as ew iformatio is received either before or durig the evet. It is oly ecessary to produce this pla for the key members of your evet safety team. Esure that there is full documet cotrol so that redudat or superseded documets are ot mistake for the fial versio. 40 Evet safety plaig meetigs are a ideal way to esure that the evet safety maagemet team members are updated o the cotet of the pla, as well as providig a mechaism for esurig a flow of safety iformatio o a regular basis. These meetigs ca be arraged i the weeks or days leadig up to the evet. If the evet is to take place over a few days, eg festivals, meetigs should take place at least oce each day of the evet. The evet risk assessmet 41 The Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 (Maagemet Regulatios) require all employers ad self-employed people to assess the risks to workers ad others who may be affected by their work. 42 The purpose of a risk assessmet is to idetify hazards which could cause harm, assess the risks which may arise from those hazards ad decide o suitable measures to elimiate, or cotrol, the risks. Sigificat fidigs of the risk assessmet must be recorded if five or more people are employed. A risk assessmet for the build-up, show ad breakdow, ca oly be carried out oce iformatio has bee received from the cotractors, other compaies ad selfemployed people who will be workig o site. It will also be ecessary to visit the site or veue to idetify specific hazards. 43 A hazard is aythig which has the potetial to cause harm to people. This The evet safety guide Page 10 of 190

Health ad Safety could be a dagerous property of a item or a substace, a coditio, a situatio or a activity. 44 Risk is the likelihood that the harm from a hazard is realised ad the extet of it. I a risk assessmet, risk should reflect both the likelihood that harm will occur ad its severity. 45 Hazards associated with the assembly of large umbers of people may vary accordig to the ature of the evet ad these hazards should be similarly assessed i terms of risk. The previous history of the performers ad the audiece that they attract ca provide valuable iformatio. The overall evet risk assessmet will the idicate areas where risks eed to be reduced to acceptable levels. 46 There are five steps which eed to be take to assess the risk associated with stagig the evet. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Idetify the hazards associated with activities cotributig to the evet, where the activities are carried out ad how the activities are to be udertake Idetify those people who may be harmed ad how Idetify existig precautios, eg veue desig, operatioal procedures or existig safe systems of work Evaluate the risks Decide what further actios may be required, eg improvemet i veue desig, safe systems of work, etc 47 The risk assessmet fidigs will eed to be recorded ad a system developed to esure that the risk assessmet is reviewed ad, if ecessary, revised. 48 Further helpful iformatio o how to carry out a risk assessmet ca be foud i the documets Research to develop a methodology for the assessmet of risks to crowd safety i public veues ad the publicatio Five steps to risk assessmet. Plaig for the load out 49 Although the music evet has eded, this does ot mea that the resposibilities towards health ad safety are over. Esure that you have cosidered how the equipmet ad services will be removed from the stages, tets ad marquees at the ed of the evet. Plaig for the breakdow 50 The stages, marquees ad stalls have to be dismatled safely ad i a cotrolled maer ad removed from site. Pla to esure the same site safety rules apply i relatio to maagig cotractors durig this phase of the evet. Orgaisig for safety 51 Oce the health ad safety policy statemet has bee prepared ad the levels of resposibility have bee agreed ad you have prepared your safety plas, it is ecessary to orgaise for safety especially whe work is to begi o site. The evet safety guide Page 11 of 190

Health ad Safety 52 Effective orgaisig cotais these four elemets: competece cotrol co-operatio commuicatio Competece 53 Competece is about esurig that all employees, self-employed people, cotractors ad subcotractors workig o your site have the ecessary traiig, experiece, expertise ad other qualities to carry out the work safely. Competece is also about esurig the right level of expertise is available, particularly i relatio to specialist advice. 54 Esure that the cotractors or subcotractors you ited to hire, to build the ifrastructure or provide other services, are competet i the maagemet of their ow health ad safety whe workig o site. Simple checks of the cotractors ad subcotractors health ad safety policies ca be carried out ad applicable safety method statemets ad risk assessmets obtaied ad examied i relatio to their proposed work. Cotrol 55 Establishig ad maitaiig cotrol is cetral to all maagemet fuctios. Cotrol starts with the productio of a health ad safety orgaisatioal structure, which details specific health ad safety resposibilities ad shows clear reportig mechaisms. Cotrol also esures that the cotractors ad self-employed people uderstad their resposibilities ad that they kow what they must do ad how they will be held accoutable for safety o site. It is importat to make sure that cotractors uderstad how health ad safety will be cotrolled ad moitored before they begi work o site. Co-operatio 56 Effective co-operatio relies o the ivolvemet of employees, cotractors, ad others, i your plaig, stadard settig, operatig procedures ad istructios for risk cotrol as well as ivolvemet i moitorig ad auditig. Co-operatio eables the risks to be suitably cotrolled by allowig the exchage of iformatio. 57 Cotractors, subcotractors ad self-employed people eed to appreciate the hazards ad risk to others workig o site ad to co-operate with each other to miimise idetified risks. Effective co-operatio ca be achieved by workig to prepared site safety rules ad safety plas. Commuicatio 58 Effective commuicatio esures that all those who are to work o site uderstad the importace ad sigificace of the health ad safety objectives. Make sure that you keep cotractors, subcotractors, ad others iformed of safety matters ad procedures to be followed o site. 59 Further helpful iformatio about maagig cotractors o site ca be foud i the HSE publicatio Maagig cotractors: A guide for employers. Moitorig safety performace 60 Moitorig is essetial to maitai ad improve health ad safety performace. There are two ways of geeratig iformatio o safety performace: The evet safety guide Page 12 of 190

Health ad Safety active moitorig systems; ad reactive moitorig systems. 61 Active moitorig systems give feedback o safety performace before a accidet or icidet happes. Active moitorig ca be achieved by carryig out ispectios of the cotractors o site durig the build-up ad breakdow ad by checkig the cotractors safety method statemets for carryig out work agaist their actual work o site. 62 Reactive moitorig systems are triggered after a accidet or icidet has occurred. They iclude idetifyig ad reportig ijuries, ill health, other losses such as damage to property, icidets with the potetial to cause ijury, ad weakesses or omissios i safety stadards. 63 Iformatio obtaied durig ispectios as well as a result of icidets or property damage ca be recorded i a evet logbook. This book ca be used to keep other records ad the iformatio used to audit ad review the evet at a later date. Without iformatio from both systems, it would be impossible to assess your safety performace agaist your safety stadards set i the safety policy. It therefore follows that without these moitorig systems o improvemets i safety performace would take place for future evets. The role of the safety co-ordiator 64 Evet orgaisers must have access to competet help i applyig the provisios of health ad safety law uless they are competet to devise ad apply protective measures themselves. A competet perso is someoe who has sufficiet traiig, expertise, experiece or kowledge ad other qualities that eable that perso to devise ad apply protective measures. 65 Appoit a suitably competet safety co-ordiator to help you comply with health ad safety legislatio ad esure that the safety co-ordiator reports directly to you. Safety co-ordiators ca assist i the: selectio ad moitorig of cotractors; liaiso with cotractors, self-employed people o site ad the health ad safety eforcemet authority; checkig of safety method statemets ad risk assessmets; preparatio ad moitorig of site safety rules; checkig of appropriate certificates i respect of structures, electrical supplies, etc; commuicatio of safety iformatio to cotractors o site; moitorig ad co-ordiatig safety performace; co-ordiatig safety i respose to a major icidet. 66 To be effective, the safety co-ordiator eeds to have access to the safety documetatio supplied by the cotractors. The safety co-ordiator also eeds to be easily available to workers o site from the begiig of the build-up of the evet through to the fial breakdow. The safety co-ordiator should also be a member of your evet safety maagemet team. 67 It is ot recommeded that evet orgaisers appoit themselves as the safety co-ordiator. To be effective the safety co-ordiator should ot have other competig roles which would ievitably face a evet orgaiser durig the course of the evet. The evet safety guide Page 13 of 190

Health ad Safety Auditig ad reviewig safety performace 68 Auditig aims to establish that appropriate safety maagemet arragemets are i place, adequate risk cotrol systems exist ad that they are beig put ito practice. Carry out auditig at the completio of every music evet so that ay problems idetified i your plaig, orgaisatio or ay matters that arise durig the evet ca be aalysed ad corrected for ay future evets. Views of the police, fire brigade, health authorities, first-aid providers ad local authority ca be sought as well as views of the safety co-ordiator, cotractors ad stewardig cotractors. 69 Arrage for a debriefig after the evet to review the effectiveess of the safety maagemet systems. The local authority may also ask you to atted a debriefig meetig so that they ca give you some feedback o your safety maagemet systems from their perspective. Liaiso with the local authority ad emergecy services 70 The local authority will usually request a prelimiary meetig so that the proposals for the evet ca be discussed. Members of the emergecy services as well as health ad safety ispectors may atted. It may be helpful to ask the local authority to provide you with a checklist of iformatio required for prior approval alog with the timescale for submittig the iformatio. The iformatio you supply should be sufficiet to eable the local authority to examie your safety maagemet systems ad check ay ecessary plas, calculatios ad drawigs. 71 Local authorities will ot usually require a copy of every safety-related documet i advace of the evet uless cosidered ecessary. They may, however, require evidece that you have plaed your evet safely before the evet takes place. Esure that ay safety documetatio is easily available for examiatio by health ad safety ispectors or other local authority officers. Keep your iformatio i a safety file as this would make this process easier ad esure that safety iformatio is ot misplaced. Make suitable arragemets so that the local authority ca cotact you quickly for matters that may eed further clarificatio. Last miute chages are ot coducive to good safety plaig ad maagemet. 72 Cotiue to liaise with the local authority ad members of the emergecy services oce the ecessary permissio to stage the evet has bee grated. Cosider ivitig these orgaisatios to your evet safety team meetigs to esure that they are updated o aspects of the evet safety maagemet pla. The public etertaimet licece ad the HSW Act 73 It is usually ecessary to obtai a public etertaimet licece from the local authority for most music evets. Permaet veues usually have a aual etertaimet licece grated with specific coditios attached for differet types of evets. If you are orgaisig a evet i premises with a existig etertaimet licece you will eed to familiarise yourself with its specific requiremets. 74 Public etertaimet liceces do ot replace the eed for you to comply with the provisios of the HSW Act. The aim of this publicatio is to help you comply with the provisios of the HSW Act ad should ot be cofused with etertaimet licesig which is dealt with uder separate legislatio. Iformatio o etertaimet licesig legislatio ca be foud i the chapter o Health ad safety resposibilities. Local authorities may, however, refer to this publicatio whe cosiderig appropriate etertaimet licece coditios. The evet safety guide Page 14 of 190

Health ad Safety Veue ad site desig 75 This chapter gives a overview of all the factors that eed to be cosidered whe desigig your veue or site. More detailed iformatio o certai topics ca be foud i other chapters of this publicatio. 76 The geeral priciple behid veue desig is to provide a area i which the audiece ca ejoy the etertaimet i a safe ad comfortable atmosphere. The requiremet for certai safety provisios, the type, umber ad specificatio of facilities ad services will deped o the type of evet ad the outcome of the risk assessmet (see paragraph 41-48). 77 The fial desig of a site will be depedet o the ature of the etertaimet, locatio, size ad duratio of the evet. It will also eed to take accout of the existig geographical, topographical ad evirometal ifrastructure. Site suitability assessmet 78 It is importat to visit the veue or site to carry out a prelimiary assessmet to determie suitability. The mai areas for cosideratio are: available space for audiece, temporary structures, backstage facilities, parkig, campig ad redezvous poits. You may already have a proposed capacity i mid, together with some ideas of the cocept of the etertaimet. Rough calculatios of the available space are useful at this stage. 79 Factors to cosider iclude the followig. Groud coditios - are they suitable? Eve ad well-draied ope sites are preferable. Avoid steep slopes ad boggy areas. Traffic ad pedestria routes ad emergecy access ad exits - what routes already exist? Are they suitable to hadle the proposed capacity? Is a separate emergecy access possible? If ot, ca other routes be provided? Are roads, bridges, etc, structurally soud? For further iformatio see the chapter o Trasport maagemet. Positio ad proximity of oise-sesitive buildigs - are there ay earby? Is it possible to satisfy both the requiremets of the audiece ad the eighbours? A oise propagatio test may be advisable. Geographical locatio - where is the site located? How far away is the hospital, fire statio, public trasport, parkig, major roads, local services ad facilities, etc? Such iformatio ca be valuable whe assessig the suitability of the site ad determiig the extra facilities that eed to be accommodated withi the site. Topography - How does the lad lie i relatio to its surroudigs? Does it form a atural amphitheatre? Where does the su rise ad set? Could ay atural features assist i oise reductio? Are there ay atural hazards/ features such as lakes ad rivers? Locatio ad availability of services - water, sewage, gas, electric, telephoe (icludig overhead cables). Are there ay restrictios or hazards? Ca they be used? Is the evet site withi the cosultative distace of a hazardous istallatio or pipelie? 80 The above aspects ca be assessed by walkig the site, studyig the appropriate mappig ad seekig advice ad iformatio from the lad ower, local authority or veue maagemet. Such iformatio is essetial before begiig detailed site desig. For existig veues much of this iformatio may be available The evet safety guide Page 15 of 190

Health ad Safety from the veue maagemet ad/or local authority. Pre-desig data collectio ad appraisal 81 The ext step i site desig is to collect all the available data together ad appraise it. The site desig should be based o the site suitability ad risk assessmets. 82 Esure that you have cosidered the followig factors: proposed occupat capacity; artist profile; audiece profile; duratio ad timig of evet; veue evaluatio; whether alcohol is o sale; whether the audiece is stadig, seated or a mixture of both; the movemet of the audiece betwee the etertaimet ad/or facilities; artistic ature of the evet, sigle stage, multiple-area complex, etc. 83 The above iformatio ca the be used to determie the provisios ad facilities eeded withi the site, for example stages, tets, barriers, toilets, first aid, cocessios, exits, etraces, hospitality area, sight lies, power, water, sewerage, gas, delay towers, perimeter fecig, backstage requiremets, viewig platforms ad waste disposal requiremets. Oce all the iformatio is collated, detailed site desig ca begi. Site plas 84 Oce the basic outlie has bee determied, detailed scaled site plas should be produced. Ofte, may versios may be produced as amedmets are made ad as further iformatio is obtaied. Esure, however, that your site plas are kept up to date ad are give to members of your evet safety team. Make sure, however, that alteratios are ot made to the site plas after capacity levels have bee determied ad tickets placed o sale as the alteratios may have a effect o sight lies ad therefore available viewig areas. Plas may already exist for permaet existig premises. Site-desig cosideratios Veue capacity/occupat capacity 85 The capacity of a veue is geerally depedet upo the available space for people ad the umber of emergecy exits. The latter is the subject of a calculatio ivolvig the appropriate evacuatio rate, ie width of available exit space ad appropriate evacuatio route. 86 Some of the site will be take up by structures which will be uoccupied. The rest of the site will eed to be cosidered i calculatig occupat capacity eve though a direct view of the etertaimet may ot be possible for all locatios. If there are ay areas where the audiece does ot have a reasoable view of the performace, this space should be deducted from the available area or a lesser desity used i calculatios. Areas which could afford partial or total cover to the audiece i the evet of iclemet weather, should be idetified ad the effects of audiece migratio to these areas cosidered. 87 I veues where seatig is provided, the major part of the occupat capacity The evet safety guide Page 16 of 190

Health ad Safety will be the lesser of the two figures determied by the umber of seats ad exit provisio. However, i other cases a calculatio based o the acceptable occupat desity should be carried out. Geerally, 0.5 m 2 of available floor space per perso is used for outdoor music evets. 88 Double-check the prelimiary occupat capacity calculatio ad exit requiremets oce all iitial ifrastructure requiremets ad facilities are i place o the site desig. Further detailed iformatio o occupat capacities ca be foud i the chapter o Fire safety ad i the publicatio Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises. Exit requiremets 89 The exit umbers for a veue deped directly o the occupat capacity ad the appropriate evacuatio time for the type of structure. The publicatios Guide to safety at sports grouds ad Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises give details which relate to stadia ad fixed etertaimet premises - they also provide sample calculatios. 90 Place exits aroud the perimeter ad esure that they are clearly visible, directly ad idirectly by sigage. Esure they are free from obstructio o either side. The fial exit termius should be assessed ad be as safe as possible, ie ito ope spaces, assembly areas, etc, rather tha ito a mai road or ito traffic flows. It is therefore importat to examie these areas whe carryig out your overall evet risk assessmet. Exit gates should operate efficietly ad effectively. Where practicable provide separate exits for pedestrias, service ad cocessio vehicles. Wheelchair access ad exit will also eed to be take ito cosideratio. Veue access 91 Veue access is a fuctio of the desig ad locatio of trasport ad parkig facilities ad the desig of access roads. Such facilities have to be able to cope with the peak demad as determied from the arrival profile (see chapter o Trasport maagemet). 92 The layout of the access routes will obviously deped upo the locatio of facilities. Distribute routes aroud the site to miimise the load ad esure that the routes do ot coverge. The routes should be simple, easy to follow, direct ad avoid cross flows. Etraces 93 The etraces provide the meas for supervisig, marshallig ad directig the audiece to the evet. At some veues they may be used as a exit, at others such as football stadia, they are separate. It may be ecessary to provide separate etraces for performers, workers, guests, etc. 94 The desig ad locatio of etraces depeds o the umbers of etraces required, where they are placed ad the capacity to be hadled at each etrace. There should be sufficiet umbers of etraces to cope with the peak demad ad achieve a smooth ad orderly flow of people through them. The directio from which people are likely to come, the maximum umber of people from each directio ad the flow rate through the etrace are importat issues which determie the umber of etraces required. For purpose-built veues, these will already have bee cosidered ad approved. 95 Flow rates deped o the type, desig ad width of the etraces ad whether or ot searchig takes place. (The Guide to safety at sports grouds gives flow rates applicable to sports stadia.) The desired etry time is the time take to allow everyoe access to the veue. This will deped etirely upo the type ad duratio of the evet ad the audiece profile. The possibility of iclemet weather The evet safety guide Page 17 of 190

Health ad Safety may affect the desired time. Ay queuig system to maage people at the etrace also eeds to be plaed ad carefully desiged. Sight lies 96 It is importat that the audiece has a clear lie of visio to the stage to avoid movemet towards the cetre. The widest possible sight lies help to reduce audiece desity i frot of the stage ad help to miimise surgig ad the possibility of crushig ijuries. The stage width, height ad positio of PA wigs, etc, all affect sight lies. Desig sight lies to create areas of clearer space o the immediate stage left ad right. This allows movemet ad emergecy access. Video screes 97 For very large audieces the icreased distaces betwee the stage ad the back of the viewig area results i poor visibility ad reduced etertaimet value. This ca lead to crushig ad overcrowdig. Strategically placed video or projectio screes ca be very effective. Screes located at some distace from the stage ecourage a proportio of the audiece to use a less crowded part of the site. Screes ear the stage ca help to stop people pushig towards it. Screes may require substatial foudatios ad support so sufficiet space should be allowed i ay site desig. Not all types of scree operate i daylight ad if the itetio is to use a scree i these coditios, make sure that a appropriate type is used. Seatig arragemets 98 Where there is a risk of over-excitemet amog audiece members, cosider holdig a all-seated evet as this may help to prevet crowd surges ad crushig at the frot of the stage area. Spacig requiremets ad aisle widths, etc, ca be foud i the publicatio Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises. If temporary seatig is provided, seatig will eed to be adequately secured to avoid sakig. Temporary seatig must be approved by the local authority. Slopes 99 Esure that you have fully cosidered the effects of ay slopes at your veue i your risk assessmet. It may be ecessary to cosider providig exit steps or ramps with o-slip surfaces. The area i frot of the stage should be as flat as possible to prevet trippig ad crushig. Observatio poits 100 At some outdoor music evets, observatio poits may be cosidered ecessary. These should be strategically placed to maximise the view of the audiece. Establish safe etraces ad exits to these observatio poits. Productio ifrastructure ad backstage requiremets 101 The productio ifrastructure will deped o the type, size ad duratio of the evet. Typically, productio offices, refreshmet facilities, accommodatio (for workers ad artists), dressig rooms, storage space, equipmet, etc, eeds to be accommodated, usually backstage. Carefully cosider the umber of uits required, fire hazards, access routes ad circulatio space, geerators, first-aid posts, ambulace, fire ad police requiremets. Try to keep performers areas separate from productio ad workig areas. Fire ad ambulace requiremets 102 Fire ad ambulace requiremets such as parkig areas, first-aid posts, redezvous poits, triage areas, etc, eed to be carefully assessed ad positioed i the appropriate places. Desig the site so that they are readily accessible ad ca be easily idetified. Fire appliaces should be able to access all parts of the site ad be able to get withi 50 m of ay structure. Establish emergecy access routes which are kept clear at all times. Temporary trackways may be ecessary The evet safety guide Page 18 of 190

Health ad Safety for wet, difficult groud. Cosider separate gated etraces ad exits, of sufficiet height ad width, for fire ad ambulace vehicles. Police ad stewardig positios 103 The presece of police ad the umber ad positioig of stewards will deped upo the ature ad type of etertaimet provided (see chapter o Crowd maagemet). Site workers 104 For large evets a sigificat umber of workers will be o site ad will eed their ow facilities such as caterig, toilets, showers, offices, sleepig accommodatio, etc. Such facilities may form a separate compoud or be distributed betwee backstage ad/or mai area. Carefully pla such requiremets to icorporate them safely ito the site desig. Hospitality area 105 The level of hospitality will vary with the size of the evet. Accommodatio ad facilities may eed to be provided for oly a few people requirig o more tha a small meetig area through to very large sophisticated complexes caterig for several thousad people. Marquees ad viewig platforms may be required. The exact requiremets eed to be plaed ad icorporated ito the overall site ad veue desig. Ofte such large umbers are forgotte i the capacity calculatios but eed to be icluded. Noise cosideratios 106 The overall site desig ad layout should maximise the audiece s ejoymet ad protect the eighbours from oise uisace (see chapter o Soud: oise ad vibratio). Cosider the stage locatio ad other soud sources, i relatio to earby oise-sesitive properties ad the topography of the site. Use slopes ad atural barriers to their maximum effect. It may well be advatageous to use a distributed soud system suspeded from delay towers. Carefully cosider the sitig ad costructio of such towers to cotrol sight lies, avoid crushig poits ad prevet uauthorised viewig platforms. Caterig ad merchadisig 107 Positio merchadisig ad caterig cocessios away from access routes ad i less desely occupied areas of the area. Some uits will have highly flammable products such as LPG ad require careful positioig (see chapters o food ad drik ad merchadisig). Cosider circulatio space ad potetial queuig arragemets, which should ot obstruct pathways. Perimeter fecig 108 Whether or ot a perimeter fece is required depeds o the type ad ature of the evet. Feces may be ecessary to prevet trespassers eterig the site ad for the safe maagemet of the audiece. 109 Some evets may ot require a fece, just a stake ad tape/steward barrier, whereas others may eed a sophisticated, substatial fece or multiple arragemet. Assess the crowd loadig o such structures ad the climbig potetial. 110 A typical arragemet for large music evets is a opaque ier fece with a outer fece - providig a moat i which stewards ca patrol. To miimise the climbig of the ier fece for those who have breached the outer, a 5 m gap is usual to prevet the ru-up approach. Three feces may be used which ca easily form a emergecy vehicle route. Carefully cosider the groud coditios, obstructios, support legs ad exit ad etrace requiremets. The evet safety guide Page 19 of 190

Health ad Safety Frot-of-stage barrier requiremets ad arragemets 111 A frot-of-stage barrier may be required particularly if sigificat audiece pressure is expected. The risk assessmet for the evet, relatig to the evaluatio of the performer ad audiece profile, together with the capacity, should assist i determiig whether or ot oe is required ad if so what type ad desig is required. For most large music evets, some form of frot-of-stage barrier will be ecessary (see chapter o Barriers for further iformatio). Sigage 112 The locatio ad size of all sigage is critical whe desigig a site. For idoor/permaet veues such sigage is ormally i place for emergecy exits, extiguisher poits, etraces, car parks, emergecy vehicle poits, etc. For supplemetary facilities ad all outdoor sites, this will ot be the case. 113 The effective use of sigs provides a rapid way of coveyig orietatio, directios ad emergecy iformatio. It therefore assists i audiece flow. Sigage should be clearly visible ad easily uderstood. Sigs should be lit i the dark. 114 From a site-desig perspective, the size ad positio is very importat. Large outdoor veues will require sigage larger tha usual so that it ca be see from a distace. Fixture poits may have to be costructed, such as scaffold towers, etc. Safety sigs must coform to the Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996. Welfare facilities 115 The umber ad type of welfare ad iformatio facilities, saitary accommodatio, water supply, etc, will deped upo the type of evet, but oce umbers have bee agreed these eed to be cosidered i your veue or site desig. 116 Distribute saitary accommodatio aroud the site i a maer which does ot block sight lies ad serves the greatest eed, eg ear bars ad caterig cocessios. If o-mai uits are to be used, pla access for the emptyig taker. Esure they are clearly visible ad well siged ad that queuig areas do ot obstruct ay gate, emergecy route, etc. Water supply is ormally situated ext to saitary accommodatio. If takers are used, cosider the space requiremet ad groud draiage. 117 Iformatio poits vary from a otice board to a marquee. The size ad locatio must be take ito cosideratio. The best positios are ear the mai etrace ito the site, but ot too close to ay gate or emergecy access route, sice people usig or waitig ear the facility could cause a obstructio. Try to locate welfare ad iformatio poits i less oisy parts of the site. Excess visitors 118 Cotigecy arragemets should be made to cope with excess visitors to a evet. Measures may ecessitate the desig of a holdig ad/or queuig area ad related facilities, which eed to be accommodated withi the desig. Fial site desig 119 Oce all the ecessary details ad requiremets have bee fialised each should be draw to scale o a site pla i relatio to spacig requiremets, etc. The fial pla should the be reassessed to check the occupat capacity (i relatio to sight lies ad circulatio space) ad emergecy services, worker ad audiece etry ad exit. Power geeratio ad distributio positios ca ow be fialised. The evet safety guide Page 20 of 190

Health ad Safety Fire safety Meas of escape 120 The aim of this chapter is to explai what is ecessary to esure suitable ad sufficiet meas of escape i case of fire for all people preset. Further details are give i the Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises, ad advice may also be obtaied from the fire authority for the area. Music evets are subject to the requiremets of both the Fire Precautios Act 1971 ad the Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997. The Fire Precautio (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 also apply to ay tet or moveable structure. I Scotlad the meas of escape may be subject to cotrol uder other legislatio ad the local authority must be cosulted. 121 Whether the veue is i a buildig or outdoors it is likely that some adaptatio may be eeded to accommodate a music evet. This chapter covers the meas of escape which may eed to be provided for buildigs, sports stadia ad at outdoor veues to safely accommodate a music evet. Defiitios 122 The followig defiitios are used: Fial exit is the termiatio of a escape route from a buildig or structure givig direct access to a place of safety such as a street, passageway, walkway or ope space ad positioed to esure that people ca disperse safely from the viciity of the buildig or structure ad the effects of fire. Meas of escape is the structural meas whereby a safe route is provided for people to travel from ay poit i a buildig or structure to a place of safety without assistace. Place of safety is a place i which a perso is o loger i dager from fire. The occupat capacity is the maximum umber of people who ca be safely accommodated at the veue. I the case of stadig areas at loger evets there is a eed to take ito accout sittig dow space for the audiece ad freedom of movemet for access to toilets ad refreshmet facilities. It is essetial to agree the occupat capacity with the local authority ad fire authority as early as possible as the meas of escape arragemets are depedet o this figure. I areas where seatig is provided, the major part of the occupat capacity will be determied by the umber of seats available. However, i other cases, a calculatio will eed to be made ad this is based o each perso occupyig a area of 0.5 m 2. The maximum umber of people who ca be accommodated ca therefore be calculated by dividig the total area available to the audiece (i m 2 ) by 0.5. Example: a outdoor site measurig 100 x 50 m with all areas available to the audiece could accommodate a maximum of 10 000 people (ie 100 x 50 m = 5000 m 2 divided by 0.5 = 10 000). However, the local or fire authority may decide that for certai evets the occupat capacity will eed to be reduced. The evet safety guide Page 21 of 190

Health ad Safety Geeral priciples for meas of escape 123 People should be able to walk to safety alog a clearly recogisable route by their ow uaided efforts regardless of where a fire may break out at the veue. However, for some people with disabilities it will be difficult, if ot impossible, to make their way to a place of safety without the assistace of others. Cosider carefully the arragemets for these people. 124 Whe evacuatio is ecessary, people ofte try to leave the way they etered. If this is ot possible (perhaps because of the positio of the fire or smoke), they eed to be able to tur away from the fire ad fid a alterative route to a place of safety. However, the audiece may uderestimate the risk or be reluctat to use exits they are ufamiliar with. It is essetial to trai stewards to recogise this fact ad to esure that the audiece leaves promptly. Idoors: Buildigs desiged for public assembly 125 Buildigs desiged for public assembly will have suitable ad sufficiet meas of escape for their desiged purpose. However adaptatios, such as the provisio of a stage, temporary stads, or a sigificat icrease i the umber of people to be accommodated, eed to be take ito cosideratio ad may require extra measures. 126 Where additios to the existig meas of escape are eeded, make sure that: exits are suitable ad sufficiet i size ad umber; exits are distributed so that people ca tur their back o ay fire which may occur; exits ad exit routes are clearly idicated; ad escape routes are adequately lit (see chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig). Idoors: Buildigs ot desiged for public assembly 127 As it is ulikely that such veues were desiged to accommodate large umbers of people, it is almost certai that additioal meas of escape will be required to accommodate a music evet. Cosult the fire ad local authority at a early stage. 128 I decidig whether the meas of escape are reasoable they will take ito cosideratio: the occupat capacity of the buildig; the width ad umber of exits required; whether temporary stads ad/or stages will be costructed withi the buildig; exit ad directioal sigs; ad the ormal ad emergecy lightig with which the buildig is provided. Sports stadia 129 A sports stadium which has bee issued with a geeral safety certificate uder the Safety of Sports Grouds Act 1975 will be provided with adequate meas of escape from the ormal spectator areas. However, additioal exits may be eeded if the pitch area is to be occupied by the audiece ad/or by temporary structures, such as a stage or stads. If the stadium is desigated uder sectio 1 of the 1975 Act, a Special Safety Certificate is likely to be required for the evet. Where such a certificate is required, apply to the relevat local authority as early as possible. 130 If a sports stadium is to be used which does ot require certificatio uder the legislatio described i paragraph 129, or Part 3 of the Fire Safety ad Safety of The evet safety guide Page 22 of 190

Health ad Safety Places of Sport Act 1987, it is importat to esure that there are adequate meas of escape from all areas. Cosult the fire authority ad local authority at a early stage. Further guidace i relatio to the spectator ad acillary areas is give i the Guide to safety at sports grouds (see chapter o Stadium evets). Outdoor veues 131 Outdoor veues such as parks, fields ad gardes of stately homes will ormally have boudary feces at their perimeters. To provide meas of escape which will allow for a orderly evacuatio to take place, esure that: the umber ad size of exits i the feces, etc, are sufficiet for the umber of people preset ad are distributed aroud the perimeter; exits ad gateways are ulocked ad staffed by stewards throughout the evet; ad all exits ad gateways are clearly idicated by suitable sigs which are illumiated if ecessary. 132 At the plaig stage, cosult the fire authority ad local authority about the proposals for meas of escape. Geeral requiremets Marquees ad large tets 133 Iformatio cocerig fire safety for temporary structures used for etertaimet purposes, which icludes marquees ad large tets, ca be foud i the Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises. 134 The Performace Textiles Associatio is also able to provide advice cocerig the latest developmets regardig doors ad their fasteigs, electrical ad gas safety ad escape routes (see Useful addresses). Iformatio is also available i chapter 12 of the Istitutio of Structural Egieers documet, Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use. Stairways 135 Ay stairway, lobby, corridor or passageway, which forms part of the meas of escape from the veue, should be of a uiform width ad costructed ad arraged so as to provide a safe escape for the people usig it. 136 I geeral, stairways should be o less tha 1.05 m wide. The aggregate capacity of stairways should be sufficiet for the umber of people likely to have to use them at the time of a fire. I this coectio it will be ecessary to cosider the possibility of oe stairway beig iaccessible because of fire ad the aggregate width should allow for this possible reductio. 137 Detailed guidace o exit capacity, related to evacuatio time, is give i the Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises. 138 Stairways wider tha about 2.1 m should ormally be divided ito sectios, each separated from the adjacet sectio by a hadrail, so that each sectio measured betwee the hadrails is ot ormally less tha 1.05 m wide. Ramps 139 Where ramps are used the: gradiet should be costat ad ot broke by steps; maximum gradiet for a ramp which is subject to heavy crowd flow should ot The evet safety guide Page 23 of 190

Health ad Safety exceed 1 i 12; ramp should have a o-slip surface ad, as appropriate, have a guard rail ad a hadrail. Note: Ramps istalled for wheelchair users should coform to the British Stadard BS 8300:2001. Exits 140 Every veue should be provided with exits that are sufficiet for the umber of people preset i relatio to their width, umber ad sitig. Normally o exit should be less tha 1.05 m wide. Full guidace o the calculatio of exit widths ad evacuatio times for places of public assembly is give i the Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises ad for sports stadia i the Guide to safety at sports grouds. Doors o escape routes 141 As a geeral priciple, if a buildig is used for public assembly, a door used for meas of escape should ope i the directio of travel. 142 Also, the door should: ot ope across a escape route; be hug to ope through ot less tha 90 ad with a swig which is clear of ay chage of floor level; be provided with a visio pael if it is hug to swig both ways; ad if protectig a escape route, be fire-resistig, fitted with smoke seals ad be self-closig. 143 Ay door which for structural reasos caot be hug to ope outwards should be locked i the fully ope positio at all times whe the buildig or veue is occupied. The key should be removed to a safe place ad the door should be clearly idicated with a sig bearig the words TO BE SECURED OPEN WHEN THE PREMISES ARE OCCUPIED. The otice should be provided o each side of the door i a positio where it ca be clearly see whether the door is i the ope or closed positio. Fasteigs o doors ad gates 144 Doors ad gates which are fial exits ad all doors leadig to such exits should be checked before the evet starts to esure that they are ulocked, or i circumstaces where security devices are provided, ca be easily ad immediately opeed from withi, without the use of a key, by someoe escapig. Security fasteigs such as padlocks ad chais should ot, uder ay circumstaces, be used whe the veue is occupied; they should be placed o umbered hooks i a positio which is ot accessible to uauthorised people at all times whe the buildig is occupied. All fasteigs should be umbered to match the umbered hooks. 145 Where doors have to be kept fasteed while people are preset, they should be fasteed oly by pressure release devices such as paic bolts, paic latches or pressure pads which esure that the door ca be readily opeed by pressure applied by people from withi. Paic bolts, paic latches ad pads should comply with BS EN 179:1998 ad BS EN 1125:1997. Self-closig devices for fire doors 146 It may be ecessary for escape routes to be protected by fire-resistig costructio ad fire doors. All such doors, except those to cupboards ad service ducts, should be fitted with effective self-closig devices to esure the positive closure of the door. Risig butt higes are ot ormally acceptable. The evet safety guide Page 24 of 190

Health ad Safety 147 Fire doors to cupboards, service ducts ad ay vertical shafts likig floors should be either self-closig or kept locked shut whe ot i use ad self-closig doors should be idicated by otices bearig the words FIRE DOOR KEEP SHUT. Doors to be kept locked should be idicated by otices bearig the words FIRE DOOR KEEP LOCKED. 148 All fire doors should be regularly checked to esure that they are udamaged, swig freely, are closely fitted to frame ad floor ad that the self-closig device operates effectively. Exit ad directioal sigs 149 I a emergecy, it is essetial that all available exits are used. Clearly idicate all available exit routes so that members of the audiece ad workers are aware of all the routes to leave the veue i a emergecy. I additio, the provisio of well-sited sigs ad exit routes i full view of everyoe preset will give a feelig of security i a emergecy. 150 All fire safety sigs, otices ad graphic symbols should coform to the Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996. I additio to the fire safety sigs specified i the Regulatios, sigs which coform to BS 5499-1:2001 will cotiue to satisfy the requiremets of the Regulatios. 151 Exit sigs must take the form of a pictogram symbol but may be supplemeted by text bearig the words EXIT or FIRE EXIT i cospicuous letterig. Ay exit o a escape route should be clearly idicated by suitable exit sigs positioed, wherever possible, immediately above the door or opeig. 152 Where a exit caot be see or where people escapig might be i doubt as to the locatio of a exit, provide directioal exit sigs at suitable poits alog the escape route. Such sigs should be sufficietly large, fixed i cospicuous positios, ad wherever possible be positioed betwee 2 m ad 2.5 m above the groud level. 153 Exit sigs ad sigs icorporatig supplemetary directioal arrows should be lit wheever people are preset. Sigs at outdoor evets should be weatherproof ad clearly visible above people as well as lit at ight if ecessary. Normal lightig ad emergecy lightig 154 If used outside the hours of daylight, or i the absece of atural daylight, all parts of the veue to which the audiece have access ad all escape routes should be provided with ormal lightig ad emergecy lightig (see chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig). Classificatio of fires 155 Fires are classified i accordace with BS EN 2:1992 ad are defied as follows: Class A fires: fires ivolvig solid materials, usually of a orgaic ature, The evet safety guide Page 25 of 190

Health ad Safety Class B fires: Class C fires: Class D fires: i which combustio ormally takes place with the formatio of glowig embers; fires ivolvig liquids or liquefiable solids; fires ivolvig gases; fires ivolvig metals. Class A fires 156 Class A fires are the most likely type of fire to occur i the majority of veues. Water, foam ad multi-purpose powder are the effective media for extiguishig these fires. Water ad foam are usually cosidered to be the most suitable media ad the appropriate equipmet are therefore hose reels, water-type extiguishers or extiguishers cotaiig fluoroprotei foam (FP), aqueous film-formig foam (AFFF), or film-formig fluoroprotei foam (FFFP). Class B fires 157 Where there is a risk of fire ivolvig flammable liquid it will usually be appropriate to provide portable fire extiguishers of foam (icludig FP, AFFF ad FFFP), carbo dioxide or powder types. BS 5306-3:2003 gives guidace o the miimum scale of provisio of various extiguishig media for dealig with a fire ivolvig exposed surfaces of cotaied liquid. 158 Care should be take whe usig carbo dioxide extiguishers as the fumes ad products of combustio may be hazardous i cofied spaces. 159 Dry powder extiguishers ca have a effect o visibility ad breathig if used i a crowd of people or i a cofied space. Icorrect use could possibly cause a degree of paic. Class C fires 160 No special extiguishers are made for dealig with fires ivolvig gases because the oly effective actio agaist such fires is to stop the flow of gas by closig the valve or pluggig the leak. There would be a risk of a explosio if a fire ivolvig escapig gas was extiguished before the supply was cut off. Class D fires 161 Noe of the extiguishig media referred to i the precedig paragraphs will deal effectively with a fire ivolvig metals such as alumiium, magesium, sodium or potassium, although there is a special powder which is capable of cotrollig some Class D fires. However, oly specially traied workers should tackle such fires. Fire-fightig equipmet 162 The followig paragraphs give advice o fire-fightig equipmet for use i the early stages of a fire before the arrival of the fire brigade. Some veues desiged for public assembly may have a fire suppressio system, eg a sprikler system, but geerally portable or had-held fire-fightig equipmet, ie extiguishers, hose reels ad fire blakets will be sufficiet. 163 All veues should be provided with appropriate portable or had-held firefightig equipmet ad this provisio should be determied at the plaig stage i cosultatio with the local authority ad fire authority. Fire extiguishers 164 If portable fire extiguishers are istalled, they should coform to BS EN 3:1996 ad be colour coded i accordace with BS 7863:1996 ad BS 5306:2003. The evet safety guide Page 26 of 190

Health ad Safety Hose reels 165 If hose reels are istalled they should be located where they are cospicuous ad always accessible. The hose should comply with Type 1 hose specified i BS 3169:1986 ad hose reel istallatios should coform with BS 5306-1:2006 ad BS EN 671-1:2001. Fire blakets 166 Fire blakets are suitable for some types of fire. They are classified i BS 7944:1999 ad BS EN 1869:1997. Fire ivolvig electrical equipmet 167 The use of water-type fire extiguishers where there is ay electrical supply is dagerous. Extiguishers provided specifically for the protectio of electrical risks should be of the dry powder or carbo dioxide type. While some extiguishers cotaiig aqueous solutios such as AFFF may meet the requiremets of the electrical coductivity test of BS EN 3-2:1996, they may ot sufficietly reduce the dager of coductivity alog wetted surfaces such as the floor. Cosequetly, such extiguishers should ot be provided specifically for the protectio of electrical risks. Fire-fightig equipmet provisio Idoors: Buildigs desiged for public assembly 168 Usually, the scale of provisio required i coectio with the ormal use of the buildig will be adequate. However, if additioal facilities are to be provided, eg a stage, cocessios o a pitch, chagig rooms, etc, there may be a eed for additioal equipmet. Idoors: Buildigs ot desiged for public assembly 169 These veues cause the greatest cocer as existig provisios may be miimal. However, there may be some provisio (eg hose reels i a warehouse) ad provided that the maiteace is satisfactory, this should be take ito accout. I decidig what fire-fightig equipmet is appropriate, cosider both the structure ad the cotets of the buildig icludig the scale of both. The geeral priciple is that o oe should have to travel more tha 30 m from the site of a fire to reach a extiguisher. Positio extiguishers o exit routes ear to exits. Outdoor veues 170 The provisio of fire-fightig equipmet for outdoor veues will vary accordig to the local coditios ad what is brought oto the site. There will eed to be equipmet for tacklig fires i vegetatio, vehicles ad marquees. The best arragemet is to provide well idicated fire poits as follows: where water stadpipes are provided o site ad there is a water supply of sufficiet pressure ad flow to project a jet of water approximately 5 m from ozzle, fire poits cosistig of a stadpipe together with a reel of small diameter hose of o less tha 30 m i legth should be provided. Provide the hose with the meas of coectio to the water stadpipe (preferably a screw thread). The hose should ed i a small had-cotrol ozzle. Keep hoses i a box paited red ad marked HOSE REEL ; where stadpipes are ot provided or the water pressure or flow is ot sufficiet, provide each fire poit with either a water tak at least 25 L i capacity fitted with a higed cover, two buckets ad oe had pump or bucket pump; or a suitable umber of water-type fire extiguishers (ot less tha two No 13A rated extiguishers). The evet safety guide Page 27 of 190

Health ad Safety 171 Arragemets may eed to be made to protect fire-fightig equipmet located outdoors from the effects of frost, vadalism ad theft. Fire poits should have promiet sigs. Further advice should be sought from the fire authority or local authority. Special risks 172 I additio, provide portable fire-fightig equipmet for special risks i accordace with the followig scale: Stage exceedig 56 m 2 : Hydraulic hose reels or two water-type extiguishers (ratig 13A), o each side of the stage, ad oe light-duty fire blaket (see paragraph 167 regardig electrical equipmet); Stage ot exceedig 56 m 2 : Oe water-type extiguisher (ratig 13A), o each side of the stage, ad oe light-duty fire blaket (see paragraph 167 regardig electrical equipmet); Dressig rooms: I every block of four dressig rooms a miimum of oe water-type extiguisher (ratig 13A) ad oe light-duty fire blaket; Sceery store, stage Water-type extiguisher (ratig 13A) i each basemet, property store risk area, or a appropriate extiguisher where ad bad room water is usuitable for the fire risk ad preseted; Electrical itake rooms, Carbo dioxide extiguisher or oe drybattery rooms, stage powder extiguisher (miimum ratig 21B); switchboards ad electrical equipmet: Boiler rooms - solid fuel fired: Water-type extiguisher (ratig 13A); Boiler rooms - oil fired: Oe dry-powder or foam extiguisher (ratig 34B); Portable geerators Carbo dioxide extiguisher, or oe (power supply): dry-powder extiguisher; Mobile cocessios: Oe dry-powder extiguisher (ratig 21B) ad oe light-duty fire blaket. (see chapter o Food, drik ad water) Meas of givig warig i case of fire 173 The followig paragraphs give geeral advice o the meas for givig warig i the evet of fire. More detailed advice may be obtaied from the Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises or from the fire authority ad local authority. Fire-warig systems 174 The purpose of a fire-warig system is to provide iformatio to stewards ad everyoe preset so that all ca be safely evacuated before escape routes become impassable through fire, heat or smoke. The meas for givig warig should be suitable for the particular veue, takig ito accout its size ad layout ad the umber of people likely to be preset. 175 Fire-warig systems should geerally comply with BS 5839-1:2002. The Health ad Safety (Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 requires that a sig or sigal that eeds a power supply to operate should also have a back-up power The evet safety guide Page 28 of 190

Health ad Safety supply. Existig systems desiged or istalled to a earlier stadard may be acceptable subject to satisfactory testig, electrical certificatio ad approval by the local authority (see chapter o Commuicatio for further advice o emergecy public aoucemets). Idoors: Buildigs desiged for public assembly 176 A veue which has a existig etertaimet licece for music evets will have a approved meas for givig warig i case of fire. However, it will be ecessary for the fire authority to be cosulted at a early stage to esure that the system is appropriate. Idoors: Buildigs ot desiged for public assembly 177 Buildigs ot desiged for public assembly such as warehouses, aircraft hagars, agricultural buildigs, etc, may have a warig system which is usuitable for a music evet or o fire-warig system at all. It will therefore be ecessary to either modify the existig system to use the buildig for the evet or provide a temporary warig system. 178 If a temporary warig system is istalled (ad this may be the more appropriate actio to take), the provisio of a radio-trasmissio system has a umber of advatages as it will ot require the layig of electrical wirig or modificatios to a buildig. Static call-poits ca also be replaced by mobile callpoits carried by stewards so that the alarm ca be raised istatly at the poit of discovery of ay fire. It is, however, still ecessary for ay system to comply with the geeral priciples of BS 5839-1:2002 ad referece should also be made to BS EN 60849:1998. The fire authority ad local authority should be cosulted as to the suitability of the system for the veue. 179 For some buildigs ot desiged for public etertaimet, a alarm system icorporatig automatic fire detectio may be required, particularly i circumstaces where a fire could reach serious proportios before discovery. Outdoor evets 180 Although there is less likelihood of people becomig trapped by fire whe the evet is staged outdoors it will still be ecessary to provide a fire-warig system for temporary ad moveable structures such as marquees. Campsites should have fire watchtowers ad campers should be provided with fire safety advice. Fire safety advice o curtais, drapes ad other materials 181 The use of curtais, drapes, ad temporary decoratios could affect the safe use of the meas of escape. Ay proposal to use combustible decorative materials should be otified to the fire authority ad local authority i writig ad should be accompaied by full details, icludig samples (ot less tha 1 x 0.5 m) of the material proposed to be used. Where a buildig is already beig used for public assembly the use of these materials will probably have bee approved. Curtais ad drapes 182 All curtais ad drapes should be of durable or iheretly flame retardat fabric ad should coform with BS 5867-2:1980 (amd 1993) Fabric Type B whe tested i accordace with BS 5438:1989. No-durable fabric is acceptable provided that it coforms to BS 5867-2:1980 (amd 1993) Fabric Type B ad is accompaied by a test certificate. 183 Where doubt exists about the flame retardacy of a material, obtai a test certificate to show compliace with the appropriate stadard. Tests should be coducted by a approved laboratory uder the Departmet of Trade ad The evet safety guide Page 29 of 190

Health ad Safety Idustry s Natioal Measuremet Accreditatio Service (NAMAS) scheme or similar approved test laboratory. 184 Curtais across exit doors preset a additioal problem ad should be arraged so as ot to trail o the floor. They should ope from the cetre ad should oly be permitted where stewards are preset earby to ope the curtai i the evet of a emergecy. Artificial ad dried foliage 185 All artificial ad dried foliage used for decorative purposes i audiece areas should be flame retardat. As the flame-retardat treatmet ca be adversely affected by cotact with moisture, periodic re-treatmet may be ecessary to maitai its effectiveess. Re-treatmet may also be ecessary to maitai the appearace of the foliage. 186 There are o laboratory test methods for assessig the flame-retardat properties of dried or artificial foliage. However, it is recommeded that these ad similar items should be subject to igitio tests usig small flamig sources comparable to those used for testig drapes ad curtaiig. 187 As it is difficult to totally ihibit the productio of flamig molte droplets or debris from the solid plastic parts of artificial foliage such as braches ad stems, the fire/local authority may limit the amout of material used ad prohibit use i some locatios. The evet safety guide Page 30 of 190

Health ad Safety Major icidet plaig (emergecy plaig) 188 The cosequeces of a major icidet at a music evet could be catastrophic ad it is ecessary to pla for such a occurrece. A major icidet will ormally require a multi-agecy approach i which the evet orgaiser, police, NHS icludig the ambulace service, fire authority, local authority, local emergecy plaig officer, stewards ad first aiders may play a part. It is therefore importat that there is a clear demarcatio of duties ad that resposibilities are agreed ad uderstood at the evet plaig stage. Agreed procedures should be issued i writig to all relevat parties. 189 Procedures to deal with serious ad immiet dager i the workplace icludig evacuatio are a requiremet of the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 (Maagemet Regulatios) (see chapter o Health ad safety resposibilities). Defiitios 190 The agreed defiitios of a major icidet ca be foud i paragraph 192. Mior emergecies or icidets that do ot require the itervetio of the emergecy services, NHS or local authority will eed to be dealt with by developig suitable cotigecy plas. It is importat to appreciate that a mior icidet could have the potetial to develop ito a major icidet if ot properly plaed for ad maaged. Evet orgaisers should therefore develop cotigecy plas to deal with mior icidets alog with their major icidet plas. Major icidet plas should be developed i cojuctio with the emergecy services. 191 It is of fudametal importace to idetify i your plas precisely what eeds to be doe ad agree the situatios i which it will be ecessary to had co-ordiatio of a icidet over to the police. This could be before ay actual major icidet has take place if it is thought that a hadover might prevet a icidet from developig. It is also importat to agree with the emergecy services the procedures for declarig a major icidet ad who declares it. Defiig a major icidet 192 A major icidet is ay emergecy that requires the implemetatio of special arragemets by oe or more of the emergecy services, the NHS or the local authority for: the iitial treatmet, rescue, ad trasport of a large umber of casualties; the ivolvemet either directly or idirectly of large umbers of people; the hadlig of a large umber of equiries likely to be geerated both from the public ad the ews media, usually to the police; the eed for the large scale combied resources of two or more of the emergecy services; the mobilisatio ad orgaisatio of the emergecy services ad supportig orgaisatios, eg local authority, to cater for the threat of death, serious ijury or homelessess to a large umber of people. Further iformatio o major icidet plaig ca be foud i the Home Office publicatio Dealig with disaster. The evet safety guide Page 31 of 190

Health ad Safety Plaig 193 The evet risk assessmet will be a good startig poit for ay major icidet pla. This will help you focus o areas that will eed to be cosidered. Areas iclude: the type of evet, ature of performers, time of day ad duratio; audiece profile icludig age, previous or expected behaviour, special eeds, etc; existece or absece of seatig; geography of the locatio ad veue; topography; fire/explosio; terrorism; structural failure; crowd surge/collapse; disorder; lightig or power failure; weather, eg excessive heat/cold/rai; off-site hazards, eg idustrial plat; safety equipmet failure such as CCTV ad PA system; delayed start, curtailmet or abadomet of the evet. Preparatio of major icidet plas 194 Cosider the followig matters whe preparig your major icidet pla: idetificatio of key decisio-makig workers; stoppig the evet; idetificatio of emergecy routes ad access for the emergecy services; people with special eeds; idetificatio of holdig areas for performers, workers ad the audiece; details of the script of coded messages to alert ad stad dow stewards; alertig procedures; public warig mechaisms; evacuatio ad cotaimet measures ad procedures; details of the script of PA aoucemets to the audiece; idetificatio of redezvous poits for emergecy services; idetificatio of ambulace loadig poits ad triage areas; locatio of hospitals i the area prepared for major icidets ad traffic routes secured to such hospitals; details of a temporary mortuary facility; a outlie of the roles of those ivolved icludig, cotact list ad methods to alert them; details of emergecy equipmet locatio ad availability; ad documetatio ad message pads. 195 Your pla should provide a flexible respose whatever the icidet, eviromet or available resources at the time. It may be ecessary to prepare variatios of the pla to deal with specific issues. Your pla should also build o routie arragemets ad itegrate them ito the existig workig procedures o site. 196 Experiece has show that a multi-agecy approach to all plaig will share the owership of problems ad lead to effective solutios. This approach ca be termed itegrated emergecy maagemet. A plaig team should be created from people ad agecies who will be required to respod to ay emergecy or major icidet. The evet safety guide Page 32 of 190

Health ad Safety 197 To be effective, the major icidet plaig team should ot be too large. It may be useful to have a umber of specialist subgroups. Each orgaisatio, eg police, fire brigade, first-aid provider, etc, cocered with the evet should give a clear udertakig as to their role ad committed resources if a major icidet happes. This will be i the form of a statemet of itet. 198 The perso leadig the plaig team must be competet to do so ad have a broad appreciatio of the issues. This perso does ot ecessarily have to be the evet orgaiser or oe of their workers. However, they will be accoutable for the pla s effectiveess ad for the perso chose to lead the team. The evet safety co-ordiator should be ivolved i the plaig process. Keepig ad retaiig records of meetigs ad decisios is very importat. 199 The pla should be easily uderstood ad without jargo. Istructios, particularly i respect of actio to be take, must be specific so that a amed perso/role/rak will carry out a specific fuctio. A glossary of terms may assist. Much time ca be saved if the layout of the pla allows for simple ad quick updatig. Revised copies should be easily idetifiable from a date/umberig system. 200 Off-site implicatios will form a importat part of the pla. Traffic issues will iclude emergecy access ad exits, as well as readiess for a off-site icidet occurrig with cosequeces for the evet. This could iclude a coach crash or large umbers of visitors straded. Where a veue is close to couty or other admiistrative boudaries, liaiso may be required by the emergecy plaig officers of the local authority ad the ability to provide mutual aid determied. Cosult the local authority emergecy plaig officer i relatio to the existig local authority emergecy plas ad give a copy of your evet major icidet pla to the local authority emergecy plaig officer. 201 Detailed, gridded site plas cotaiig pertiet geographic ad topographic features will be of great value durig plaig ad i the evet of a major icidet. They will be particularly useful whe calculatig ormal ad emergecy pedestria flow. Traiig, exercisig ad testig 202 Thik about testig the pla to check its effectiveess ad the competece of the idividuals ad teams who will operate it. Methods ca iclude simulatio exercises or table-top exercises. Exercises eed ot be full scale ad may be desiged to test oly oe elemet of the pla at a time. Debriefig followig a exercise is particularly costructive ad will dispel misuderstadigs that may have arise ad stregthe future workig relatioships. 203 Oce the pla has bee agreed, each orgaisatio must esure that the people resposible for puttig the pla ito practice are fully briefed. By doig so, problems ca be preveted i the first istace, but if oe occurs, properly briefed workers ca stop a situatio deterioratig. Commuicatio exercises are strogly recommeded before the evet. The traiig of stewards is also a essetial safety elemet. Stewards ad others likely to have a emergecy role, must be issued with writte details of their duties, major icidet procedures ad a gridded site pla. Brief relevat people coected with the evet, icludig cocessioaires ad those supplyig other services who could be i a positio to provide importat assistace. 204 A major barrier to effective briefig is the trasiet ature of stewardig ad the shift workig by the emergecy services. This situatio ca be made The evet safety guide Page 33 of 190

Health ad Safety more difficult whe additioal workers are hurriedly brought i. Methods of iformig workers i these circumstaces ca iclude idividual, team or group presetatios, writte istructios ad traiig videos. Emergecy service ad local authority resposibilities 205 Oce a major icidet has bee declared the police will co-ordiate ad facilitate the o- ad off-site respose. However, i the case of a fire, the fire brigade will be resposible for dealig with a o-site respose. The NHS ambulace service will iitiate co-ordiatio of the overall medical respose at the scee, omiatig ad alertig receivig hospitals, distributig casualties, providig emergecy trasport, commuicatios ad liaiso with the other agecies. Local authorities are able to provide a rage of services i case there is a major icidet. Services may iclude receptio cetres, temporary emergecy accommodatio, feedig ad access to a wide rage of special equipmet. Cordos 206 I the evet of a major icidet, cordos may be eeded. Discuss with the police, fire brigade ad ambulace service how this would be carried out o site. Place cordos accordig to the circumstaces. They may eed to be moved durig the course of the icidet. Major icidet maagemet structure 207 Across the UK there has bee widespread adoptio withi the emergecy services ad local authorities of a three-tier maagemet structure for dealig with major icidets. This recogises that i very serious situatios there may be a eed to co-ordiate the hadlig of a icidet at operatioal, tactical ad strategic levels. May evet orgaisers already use this model ad you may wish to cosult the emergecy services i your area to see whether it is appropriate for you to adopt it. (I some areas, these differet levels of maagemet are referred to as broze, silver ad gold respectively, but i others the latter terms are ot used.) 208 Regardless of the termiology, this mutually agreed system offers a simple maagemet structure which eases co-ordiatio betwee respodig agecies. Each agecy is resposible for puttig this structure ito practice for its ow activities. 209 The operatioal level ivolves the maagers closest to the icidet who are maagig deploymet ad executio of tasks withi a geographical sector or specific fuctio. There may be ay umber of operatioal maagers ad most icidets will be hadled at this level, oly movig o to the ext level should the ature of the icidet make this ecessary. 210 Tactical maagers are resposible for formulatig the tactics which will be pursued by their orgaisatio. Tactical maagers ormally atted the scee, but whe more that oe orgaisatio operates at this level there must be cosultatio betwee them. Their tasks ivolve overall co-ordiatio, geeral maagemet of the icidet ad decidig how resources will be allocated. 211 A higher strategic level of maagemet may be eeded for the most serious icidets. Strategic maagemet is best achieved away from the scee. Strategic maagers are resposible for formulatig for their ow orgaisatio the policy framework withi which their tactical commaders will work, prioritisig orgaisatio demads as a whole. Where more that oe orgaisatio eeds to operate at The evet safety guide Page 34 of 190

Health ad Safety this level a strategic co-ordiatig group, geerally chaired by the police, will be formed to esure that the strategies of the differet agecies ivolved are compatible. Icidet cotrol rooms (the co-ordiatig group ad locatio) 212 Other tha at small evets, it is essetial that o-site accommodatio is set aside as a desigated emergecy liaiso cetre or icidet cotrol cetre. While the evet is ruig, make sure this o-site facility is staffed cotiuously. Cosider the locatio of this icidet cotrol cetre i the overall veue ad site desig (see chapter o Commuicatio). Emergecy service cotrol vehicles 213 If there is a major icidet, the emergecy services are likely to dispatch their commad ad cotrol vehicles to the scee. Clearly there will be beefits if their vehicles ca be situated ear to the emergecy liaiso cetre ad so cosider this factor i your overall veue or site desig. Commuicatio 214 Advice o commuicatios ad emergecy public aoucemets ca be foud i the chapter o Commuicatio. Media maagemet 215 The momet a major icidet develops the media will be makig equiries. Some may already be preset coverig the evet while others will quickly arrive at the scee. Pla to provide them with a accurate ad credible respose by developig a suitable strategy. It is importat that all parties cocered with the evet appreciate the media s eed to gather iformatio. Cosider appoitig a chief press officer ad idetify a media redezvous poit to help with media liaiso. I the evet of a major icidet, the police media mager is resposible for the co-ordiatio of the respose to the media. Scee ad evidece preservatio 216 Ay major icidet is likely to result i a iquiry that may lead to crimial ad civil proceedigs. The police, fire brigade, health ad safety ispectors ad local authority officers carry out evidece gatherig ad ivestigatios. I the first istace it will be the resposibility of the police to esure that the scee ad ay other evidece is preserved. Obviously, this actio will ot iterfere with savig of life. Make sure that you are clear as to which officers ad ispectors will eed access to iformatio to carry out ay ecessary ivestigatios. Volutary agecies 217 May volutary agecies ca provide high-quality aid at icidets ad if they are available at your evet cosider ivolvig them i your emergecy plaig (see chapter o Iformatio ad welfare). The evet safety guide Page 35 of 190

Health ad Safety Some specific scearios Cacellatio of a evet 218 If a evet eeds to be cacelled after the audiece has arrived, or a performace has begu, stopped ad ot re-started, there will be a wide rage of issues to be maaged. This will be so eve if there has ot bee a actual major icidet. Property may have bee lost or abadoed ad people straded. There may also be a expectatio for compesatio or the re-issuig of tickets. Thik about preparig statemets which ca be give to the audiece together with a press release to the public. Stoppig ad startig a evet 219 Oce the music evet has begu, uscheduled stoppig of the evet could preset serious hazards. Ay decisio to do so must be take after careful cosideratio ad cosultatio with the major icidet plaig team. Likewise, decidig whether or ot, ad whe to evacuate the audiece will require fie judgemet. Both uscheduled stoppig ad evacuatio are scearios that must be pre-plaed ad as far as practicable, tested ad rehearsed. The major icidet pla must state who it is that makes the decisio to stop or start the evet. Bomb threats 220 If a telephoe bomb threat is received details of the call must be recorded as accurately as possible. (The police are able to provide guidace o this.) It is essetial that the iformatio is immediately passed to the police for evaluatio ad respose. 221 The police will advise o the validity of a threat. Geerally, ay decisio to evacuate or move people will rest with the evet orgaiser. The exceptio is where a device is foud or where police have received specific iformatio. I these circumstaces the police may iitiate actio ad the directios of the seior police officer preset must be complied with. If a bomb is a real threat, care must take to be alert for secodary devices. These might be aimed at the emergecy services or the moved/evacuated audiece. The evet safety guide Page 36 of 190

Health ad Safety Commuicatio 222 Effective commuicatio is of prime importace if a evet is to ru smoothly ad safely. Commuicatio requiremets of all the orgaisatios ivolved i the evet (assessed idividually or joitly) eed to be examied thoroughly. This icludes examiig the geeral ad operatioal maagemet of the evet, hadlig routie health, safety ad welfare iformatio ad commuicatig effectively i the evet of a major icidet. 223 This chapter explores key commuicatio issues from two mai perspectives: iter-professioal commuicatio; public iformatio ad commuicatio. Iter-professioal commuicatio Commuicatio durig the evet plaig phase 224 The commuicatio etwork durig this phase is wide ad ivolves a rage of commuicatio activities ad iformatio requiremets: itelligece gatherig about the evet characteristics, etc; liaiso meetigs; seekig appropriate liceces; preparatio of detailed plas for arragemets o ad off site; commercial arragemets - ticketig policy, publicity, cotracts, etc. 225 Everyoe ivolved i the plaig of a evet will eed to keep proper records of decisios ad esure that relevat iformatio is commuicated to others. It is particularly importat that statemet of itet documets are clear ad uambiguous i their defiitio of roles ad the resposibilities of differet agecies ad idividuals. Preparatio of key support documetatio 226 Uambiguous use of laguage is crucial i providig a clear ad reliable commuicatio framework. Avoid jargo ad acroyms wherever possible. Where they are ecessary, it is worth icludig a glossary of terms withi the mai plaig documets. 227 Agree special termiology to be used by people preparig plas, documets ad commuicatio procedures i relatio to: amig differet cotrol poits ad cotrol workers; labellig differet types of redezvous ad collectio poits; providig uique referece labels for key locatios withi ad aroud the veue; clear amig covetios for categories of people ivolved o site; compatible termiology for assessig risks ad gradig levels of urgecy; clear cotact protocols for establishig commuicatio. 228 Wherever possible, plas should say who does what, ot just what is to be doe. For example, the icidet cotrol room must be iformed, is ot as helpful as, the duty officer must iform the icidet cotrol room. 229 (The Plai Eglish Campaig produces much helpful guidace about may aspects of writte commuicatio, see Writig plai Eglish.) The evet safety guide Page 37 of 190

Health ad Safety 230 Relevat maps ad site plas are crucial. Visual data should show key routes for vehicles ad people, ad restrictios o access. A gridded site pla for the veue ad its immediate surrouds is recommeded. Discrepacies ca result i delayed resposes, misdirected resources ad commuicatio chaels beig uecessarily blocked with requests for clarificatio ad attempts to sort out the cofusio. 231 Pay attetio to labellig features ad fuctios cosistetly i differet documets. If a feature occurs more tha oce (eg if there are several first-aid poits) each should have a uique referece. Cosult before alterig plas so that the cosequeces of chages ca be cosidered. 232 Cosider appoitig a etwork co-ordiator as a sigle poit-of-cotact. Such a perso would receive, collate, cross-check ad spread iformatio about radiochael frequecies, call sigs, phoe lies, alert cascades, camera poits, sitig of cotrol equipmet, cotact lists, etc. 233 Esure that major icidet plas are compatible with emergecy plas draw up by local authority or emergecy services. Make sure that relevat iformatio is easily available to people i cotrol rooms at remote locatios. 234 May other types of documets (techical diagrams, safety certificates, liceces, approvals, miutes of meetigs, etc) will figure i the overall commuicatio processes, referece, guidace, authorisatio or approval. Keep all documets up to date ad iform people ivolved i the plaig process of ay chages immediately. A framework for hadlig the evet 235 There is a eed for a framework that allows effective commuicatio: withi each orgaisatio (idividual emergecy services, evet orgaiser, stewardig orgaisatios, local authority); betwee differet agecies (police to fire, stewardig orgaisatio to ambulace, veue operator to police, etc). 236 Such a framework ivolves both o site ad off-site liks so that: orgaisatios which eed to respod to evets o site ca be easily cotacted; appropriate orgaisatios ca be iformed of evets o site that may have off site repercussios. Commuicatio cotrols i icidet cotrol rooms 237 Cosider the followig matters i relatio to your evet. Power supplies for commuicatio equipmet should be idepedet of productio power supplies ad with idepedet back-up facilities. Test power supplies for their ability to provide cotiuity of commuicatio whe switchig over to auxiliary power. It is importat that the back-up supply is adequate. I a major icidet, this supply may eed to last beyod a scheduled evet fiish time. Esure that icidet cotrol rooms or uits have a clear view over as much of the evet as possible, are easily accessible ad have adequate space for equipmet ad for workers to operate effectively. Liks should be available to allow commuicatio betwee key persoel. Arragemets should esure that commuicatio is possible betwee icidet cotrol rooms ad critical locatios ad activities. Co-locate commuicatio cotrols for stewardig/security, emergecy services, local authority ad first-aid providers wherever practicable. The evet safety guide Page 38 of 190

Health ad Safety Staffig should be sufficiet to allow for periodic policy ad review meetigs betwee persoel from differet orgaisatios. Radio cotrollers must have the optio to stop talk-through facilities if a urget situatio develops. Route all cablig ad wirig through areas of low risk from fire or other damage. Arrage for maiteace workers to be o had to carry out ay ecessary repairs or adjustmets. Appropriate levels of soudproofig are essetial ad where appropriate, provide workers with headsets to cut out iterferece from oise withi a busy cotrol room. Provide key items of documetatio ad statioery i all cotrol rooms: site plas, key cotact details, alertig cascades, message pads, log sheets, etc. Display frequetly-used iformatio clearly (site plas, key cotacts, etc) ad make sure facilities such as wipeable boards or flip charts are available for writig up icidet-specific iformatio as it arises. The eed to maitai ad operate emergecy commuicatios from a alterative site. The Guide to safety at sports grouds cotais much practical guidace o commuicatios. Off-site liks 238 Provide details of the evet i the cotrol rooms of each of the emergecy services ad esure that commuicatio lies, whether by radio or telephoe, to the local headquarters of all emergecy services are available at all times so that emergecy calls ca be made istatly. 239 Cosider arragemets for commuicatig with orgaisatios that are affected off site by movemets of large umbers of people, eg traffic police, British Trasport police, trasport providers, etc. This is particularly relevat whe uforesee evets (such as curtailmet of a evet) could have sigificat kock-o effects at locatios remote from the evet itself. Radio commuicatio 240 Depedig o the size of the evet, there ca be may radio sets ad etworks operatig simultaeously o site. Iform cotractors of the frequecies that are available, before they hire radios. The etwork co-ordiator ca collect iformatio o all proposed frequecies ad cosult with Ofcom ad local emergecy services. 241 Each orgaisatio requirig radio commuicatio will eed to cosider what operatioal chaels are ecessary for idetified fuctios or areas. I additio, emergecy services will have to cosider the eed for commad chaels at large evets. 242 Radio is a importat medium for geeral operatioal requiremets ad a prime medium for respodig to emergecies. Pre-evet checks are therefore essetial. Carry out full perimeter tests to esure coverage is adequate. At a outdoor site, appropriate positioig of masts, ateae ad repeaters may require research ad testig. The erectio of temporary structures ca have a sigificat impact o radio coverage ad corrective measures may be ecessary. 243 Backgroud oise is obviously a huge problem whe workig i ay large audiece ad whe there is loud music. The issuig of full ear-defedig headsets should be cosidered for key workers i high-oise areas ad remember to fully charge all batteries at the start of the evet. Adequate umbers of spare batteries ad chargig facilities are essetial. The risk of wearig such equipmet will have The evet safety guide Page 39 of 190

Health ad Safety to be assessed i relatio to ay physical-ijury hazards associated with the kid of tasks they have to carry out. Telephoe equipmet 244 Provide exteral lies for immediate telephoe cotact betwee the veue cotrol poits ad emergecy services cotrol rooms off site. Do ot use exteral telephoe lies desigated for emergecy use for other commuicatio. 245 Field telephoe etworks (or iteral telephoe etworks i a veue such as a sports stadium or area) provide vital liks betwee o-site commuicatio cotrols ad other key poits aroud the veue. Cell phoes are widely used ad provide extra commuicatio optios. However, they should ot be relied upo for importat liks ad especially ot used for emergecy commuicatio. Closed circuit televisio (CCTV) 246 A valuable safety ad security tool is CCTV which ca assist crowd maagemet. Certai fudametal questios are worth cosiderig i the evet plaig stage: will the use of CCTV make the evet safer? where should cameras be located? will there be sufficiet light? who should have cotrol over them? who should have viewig access? 247 The CCTV images ca greatly ehace the potetial to idetify problems i a crowd resultig from surges, sways, excessive desities or public disorder. Commuicatio procedures 248 There must be a clear framework of iformatio flow procedures - people eed to kow who should iform whom of what, whe, ad by what meas. 249 Prime cocers are: tight radio disciplie with proper use of call sigs ad cotact protocols; makig the purpose/fuctio of a message clear (is it a questio, warig, request for actio, commad, prohibitio, etc); cocise ad precise iformatio; cross-checkig that messages have bee received ad iterpreted correctly; relayig message cotet clearly ad uambiguously; keepig accurate records of commuicatio activity; keepig accurate logs of decisios ad actios. Message delivery ad ackowledgemet 250 Workers must be aware of the possible cosequeces if messages are ot properly commuicated ad uderstood. There will be marked differeces i levels of local kowledge amog workers at ad aroud the evet ad therefore procedures for ackowledgig or readig back messages should be itroduced. Situatio reports 251 Develop procedures for providig iformatio from the scee of a icidet or emergecy. Note that: a practised format helps the perso providig iformatio to iclude ecessary details for a appropriate respose; a familiar commuicatio patter helps people receivig iformatio to aticipate ad recogise items; this assists the receiver to ote the iformatio The evet safety guide Page 40 of 190

Health ad Safety ready for subsequet use or relay. 252 A situatio report format must work equally well for ay type of icidet. It is particularly importat to iclude the followig items of iformatio i such a report. Idetificatio: Locatio: Icidet: Requiremets: call sigs, ames of callig ad called parties; exact details of where the icidet is; precise details of what is ivolved; details of services, equipmet ad agecies required. 253 Obtai ackowledgemet that these key items have bee received ad uderstood before givig further details. If more iformatio is available, further items that are particularly importat i secod or further trasmissios are: Warigs: Access: Casualties: Cotrol poit: Other iformatio: details of ay hazards (preset or potetial); ay details about what might affect access to the scee, or advice o the quickest access route; ay details kow about ijured or sick people; details of who to cotact ad where, for more iformatio from the scee; ay other relevat iformatio. Alertig procedures 254 Differet levels of urget respose may be ecessary, for aythig from serious ijury or sickess of a sigle perso, to a large-scale respose to a major icidet that requires full ad urget evacuatio. Accurate iformatio is vital to appropriate decisio makig. Sice each lik i a commuicatio chai is a potetial source of misuderstadig or breakdow, alertig chais betwee iformats, decisio makers ad respose providers should be as short as possible. 255 Alarms or threats will have to be evaluated o their merits, but i those circumstaces where the first respose is to ivestigate further, specific istructios or coded aoucemets should reach all those who have a emergecy role. All workers ivolved should stad by at desigated emergecy positios ad await further iformatio. Regular updatig 256 Good use of commuicatio chaels that allow easy access to iformatio is essetial. Whiteboard logs are a simple example of this. They are effective broadcastig mechaisms - providig ready access to iformatio ad reducig verbal ad had-writte exchages. Much thought has to be give, therefore, to aticipatig the iformatio requiremets of others. Record keepig 257 Keepig records ad loggig iformatio throughout the course of a evet is a key activity. Logs must show key evets ad actios i sequece ad are a valuable tool for keepig workers iformed of the progress of ay icidet. Traiig, briefig ad preparatio 258 All orgaisatios have a resposibility for traiig their workers appropriately, coverig everythig from usig appropriate radio disciplie to keepig a decisio log. There must be proper briefigs for all workers about their duties for the evet. This icludes briefig workers offsite who eed to be aware of special arragemets for a evet, eg those i icidet cotrol rooms. The evet safety guide Page 41 of 190

Health ad Safety Public iformatio ad commuicatio Types of iformatio 259 The iformatio requiremets of the audiece rage from performace details, ticketig arragemets, travel optios, recommeded routes, locatio of facilities, veue layout ad welfare iformatio right through to urget cotact messages or emergecy istructios. Aticipatig public iformatio eeds has a importat bearig upo welfare ad safety. Cosider what iformatio the audiece will require if the evet is cacelled or curtailed ad how to provide that iformatio. Well iformed people are less likely to be frustrated, aggressive or obstructive. Advace iformatio o how to get to the veue, where to go o arrival or what will or ot be allowed, all reduce frustratio ad irritatio. If there is a eed to commuicate rules ad restrictios, people are more likely to comply if they are aware of the reasos behid them. Commuicatio chaels 260 Commuicatio chaels iclude: publicity material ad tickets; media (press, radio, TV); route-markig; sigs; otices, iformatio displays; screes, scoreboards; face-to-face cotact; emergecy public aoucemets; PA systems. Alarms 261 Audible alarms are useful alertig devices but covey little iformatio. The activatio of a audible alarm will most ofte eed to be followed by a explaatio about what to do, or simply iformatio that it has bee a false alarm. PA systems 262 PA systems are a vital chael of commuicatio with the audiece. Output should be clear ad itelligible for everyoe of ormal hearig i all parts of the veue, icludig people i the immediate surrouds. Esure that the PA aoucer has a good view over as much of the veue as possible ad good commuicatio liks with cotrol poits. I the evet of a major icidet, override facilities must allow aoucemets to be made over the PA system without iterferece from other soud sources. Agree the circumstaces i which this will happe i your major icidet plas. The PA system should be fully tested before the evet. It should have a back-up power supply that allows it to cotiue to operate at full load i the evet of a emergecy. 263 The availability of vehicle-mouted PA systems aroud the veue has also proved importat whe there is a eed to commuicate with people arrivig at, or leavig, the veue. I the evet of a evacuatio there will be a eed to commuicate with the people outside the veue. The power requiremets for these systems will eed to be plaed. Further useful guidace o PA systems ca be foud i the Guide to safety at sports grouds ad the Football Stadia Advisory Desig Coucil (FSADC) publicatio Stadium public address systems. Screes, scoreboards 264 Video screes ad scoreboards are a useful commuicatio chael for puttig out public aoucemets. They ca provide iformatio without iterruptio to a performace. For urget public aoucemets, however, they ca reiforce the message ad give iformatio to those who have hearig difficulties. The evet safety guide Page 42 of 190

Health ad Safety Loud hailers 265 Provide loud hailers at strategic poits i the veue for use by stewards ad police for urget commuicatio ad as a back-up i case the PA system fails. Trai workers how to use them ad where they are located. Keep batteries fully charged. Staff (face-to-face cotact) 266 Direct cotact betwee persoel ad the public is obviously a vital commuicatio chael, particularly i the safety chai. Approachable ad helpful stewards have a particularly importat role i creatig a positive relatioship with the audiece. Their role i givig people clear ad cocise directios ad assistace i a emergecy ca be a vital oe. 267 Staff with ay safety role should be easily idetifiable by tabards or other highvisibility items of clothig. These allow the public to seek them out as a source of assistace ad to recogise their authority whe appropriate. If people are beig directed alog a route of safety, stewards i high-visibility clothig ca help idicate the way much more clearly. 268 Whe problems are beig dealt with, high-visibility clothig also helps colleagues, supervisors or CCTV cotrollers to pick them out ad spot whe they may be i difficulty or eed support. I some cases, for workers who do ot ormally eed to be visually cospicuous but may eed to be idetifiable for certai cotigecies, reversible jackets that are high visibility o oe side are worth cosiderig. Emergecy public aoucemets 269 Where there is kow dager, early warig is essetial. May estimates of crowd evacuatio times oly calculate the time betwee a crowd startig to move ad the time the area has bee cleared. However, i may situatios, the time betwee first requestig people to evacuate a area ad whe they start to comply is a sigificat factor i the overall evacuatio. Persuasio time must be added to movemet time. 270 Oe reaso ofte give for ot idicatig the cause of a evacuatio is the fear of causig paic. Lessos leared from previous icidets ad experimetal research idicate that complacecy ca be a much greater dager. If paic occurs, it is usually oly whe people s escape time is so compressed that they feel they o loger have the chace to escape. Delayed commuicatio has geerally bee foud to be a far greater dager. Accurate ad timely iformatio is therefore essetial. 271 People will respod better if the iformatio comes from a source that is recogised as havig authority or from someoe the listeers respect. There is therefore a choice betwee usig a authority or a empathy figure. If the latter seems to be the best optio, seek the collaboratio of the performers ad brief them accordigly at the start of the evet. 272 The major icidet pla must idicate who has the authority to decide that a emergecy aoucemet is ecessary, who should make it ad uder what circumstaces. Pre-pla the wordig of aoucemets or text messages as far as possible. Agree messages to be made, through cosultatio betwee orgaisatios with a safety role. 273 Coded aoucemets may be eeded to alert workers so that they ca take up emergecy positios. Oce they are ready, iformatio ca be give to the The evet safety guide Page 43 of 190

Health ad Safety audiece. The audiece should be attracted by loud ad distict sigals (such as two-toe chimes). Succeed i attractig their attetio before ay iformatio is give. Keep laguage simple, seteces short ad positive wheever possible. 274 Istructios should tie i with route markig, sigs ad other visual cues. Aoucemets eed to make clear ad specific locatio refereces wherever practicable (if possible, avoid relative refereces that ca be iterpreted differetly such as away from the frot or further back ). I serious situatios, a itegrated approach would combie spoke aoucemets, text displays ad directios from stewards i high-visibility clothig. Differet people will respod to cues differetly ad this approach also recogises that some chaels are ot available to people with hearig or sight impairmets. Reiforcemet ad repetitio is eeded to keep people o course. 275 Key elemets should be repeated: what actio is required, the ature of the icidet, where to go, what to do o arrival. People should be told that it will be repeated as they proceed alog their route. If ot, they may be afraid of missig iformatio ad impede flows by stoppig to check, seekig a authority figure to ask, or waitig for a further aoucemet. 276 Keep people up to date with the situatio, eve if o chages have occurred. Tellig people that there is o chage is still iformatio, pre-empts idividual queries ad removes pressure from workers. Broadcasts are much easier ad much more efficiet tha idividual resposes. 277 Eve whe people have left a veue they will eed to kow whe ad if a evet will be restarted, whether ad whe they ca collect vehicles, ad what to do if the evet is postpoed, rescheduled or cacelled. 278 Summary of key poits for emergecy aoucemets. Early warig/timely iformatio is essetial. Persuasio time must be added to movemet time. Clarity ad quality of aoucemet delivery are crucial. Cosideratio should be give to whether a audiece will respod better to a empathy figure makig certai aoucemets. Live, directive messages relatig to the circumstaces are more effective tha those that are pre-recorded. Reasos for messages (the ature of problems) should be give where possible. Key message elemets ad sequecig should be pre-plaed. Aoucemets should be reiforced by message displays where possible. Sectorig facilities ca help public aoucemets to be targeted effectively. Positive statemets ad istructios are preferable to egative oes. Key items should be repeated (locatio of problem, required destiatio, required route, etc). The evet safety guide Page 44 of 190

Health ad Safety Crowd maagemet 279 The safety ad ejoymet of people attedig a music evet will deped largely o the effective maagemet of the crowd. Crowd maagemet, however, is ot simply achieved by attemptig to cotrol the audiece, but by tryig to uderstad their behaviour ad the various factors which ca affect this. It is ecessary to put a complete system ito practice rather tha attempt to cotrol certai elemets of obvious cocer, without uderstadig the uderlyig issues. Further iformatio o crowd maagemet ca be foud i HSE s Maagig crowds safely. 280 I additio to the aspects covered i this chapter, may other factors i the desig ad plaig of the evet, discussed elsewhere i this publicatio, will have a bearig o crowd maagemet, such as: desig of the veue to allow good etry ad exit ad to allow for crowd movemet withi the veue; audiece capacity; provisio of adequate facilities for refreshmets, saitary requiremets, etc; clear, effective meas of commuicatio with the audiece. Audiece profile ad crowd dyamics 281 Two importat aspects to be cosidered i crowd maagemet are: audiece profile; ad crowd dyamics. 282 May factors may itroduce the potetial for crowd movemet ad therefore eed to be cosidered at the veue ad site-desig stage, such as: multiple-stage etertaimet; provisio of satellite stages, platforms ad stage thrusts; soud ad video towers; sight-lie obstructios or restricted views; multiple-barrier systems ad pes; locatio of facilities; the psychological state of the audiece; special effects. 283 The way i which crowds behave ad respod is a combiatio of physical ad other factors. The dyamics of the crowd will deped, i a large part, o the activities of the crowd ad this, i tur will be iflueced by the character of both the crowd ad the groups or artists performig. 284 Matters to be addressed iclude: the character of the artists or groups, eg divig ito audiece, throwig items ito audiece ad performig i audiece area; the audiece profile, eg male/female split, age of audiece, heavy cosumptio of alcohol or likelihood of drug cosumptio, physical behaviour, eg slammers ; likely crowd activities; eg body surfers, slam dacers, moshers, aerialists ad stage divig. The evet safety guide Page 45 of 190

Health ad Safety 285 It is importat for stewards to be able to recogise ad uderstad what are ormal activities for the audiece. Etry ad exit of the audiece 286 Before the audiece eters the veue, esure that checks are made of all fire ad emergecy facilities ad that: all exits are ulocked; escape routes are clear; emergecy lightig works; fire-fightig equipmet ad alarms are i full workig order; a PA system for use i emergecies ca be heard clearly i all parts of the veue. If these checks are to be carried out by stewards clear istructios must be give. Etraces ad exits 287 Esure that etraces ad exits are clearly sigposted ad operate efficietly. Cosider the eeds of childre ad people with mobility difficulties. Separate etraces ad exits for pedestria access from etry routes used by emergecy services, ad cocessio vehicles. Provide iformatio to the audiece about ay restricted exits that are ot i use while the evet is i progress (see chapter o Veue ad site desig for more iformatio o etraces ad exits). Opeig time 288 Problems may occur at etry poits if large umbers of people seek to gai admissio at the same time ad if the situatio is ot properly maaged this may result i crushig ijuries. It is therefore recommeded that: etraces are opeed some cosiderable time (eg 1-2 hours) before the evet is due to start ad the audiece is made aware of this by tickets, posters or other meas. If sigificat crowdig is likely to occur before that time, cosider opeig gates before the published time, providig that o-site services are ready; admissio is staggered by providig early supportig acts or other activities. 289 It is importat to appreciate that whe etraces are opeed early the audiece demads o facilities such as waste clearig, saitary accommodatio ad caterig, will be icreased. Crowd pressure at the etraces 290 This ca be reduced by: keepig all other activities, icludig mobile cocessios, well clear of etry poits; arragig for adequate queuig areas away from etraces; creatig holdig areas away from etraces to relieve the pressures o these poits; esurig that barriers, feces, gates ad turstiles are suitable ad sufficiet for the umbers usig them; locatig ticket sales ad pick-up poits away from the etrace; providig a sufficiet umber of traied ad competet stewards; arragig for a short-rage PA system ad megaphoes to be made available at etraces to otify people of ay delay. The evet safety guide Page 46 of 190

Health ad Safety Opeig the etraces ad arragemets for the frot-of-stage area 291 Whe etraces are first opeed at o-seated evets, the audiece teds to rush towards the frot which ca cause trippig accidets ad ijuries. Carefully cosider how the area i frot of the stage will be maaged ad stewarded whe the etraces are opeed. If a stadig area is provided i frot of the stage, make sure that etraces do ot lead directly to this area from stage right or left. 292 Oe recommeded method of easig the iitial rush towards the stage ad prevetig slippig or trippig accidets is to provide a lie or lies of stewards across the area through which the audiece ca move towards the stage i a orderly maer. This may be supplemeted by PA aoucemets to keep the audiece iformed about what is happeig. Ticketig 293 Ticketig policies ca have a direct effect o the safe maagemet of the audiece. Cosider the followig: where a capacity or ear-capacity attedace is expected for a evet, admissio should be by advace ticket oly; tickets for seats which offer restricted views, or are ucovered, are marked accordigly, ad the buyer forewared; tickets for seats with severely restricted views are ot sold; part of the ticket retaied by the audiece member after passig through a ticket cotrol poit should clearly idetify the locatio of the accommodatio for which it has bee issued; a simplified, uderstadable groud pla is show o the reverse side; if there is more tha oe etrace, itroduce colour codig of tickets correspodig to differet etraces ad esure audiece members are proportioally divided betwee etraces; all sectios of the veue, all aisles, rows ad idividual seats, are clearly marked or umbered, as per the ticketig iformatio. Admissio policies 294 As stated above, the admissio policies ca have a direct effect o the rates of admissio ad the maagemet of etrace areas ad audiece accommodatio i geeral. Specific poits to be cosidered iclude: Cash sales 295 To esure a steady flow of audiece ito the veue whe etry is by cash, set the admissio price at a roud figure. This avoids the eed for hadlig large amouts of small chage. Ticket-oly sales 296 The advatage of cofiig etry to ticket-oly is that the rate of admissio should be higher tha for cash sale. If tickets are sold at the evet, wherever possible, provide separate sales outlets. Esure that these outlets are clearly sigposted ad positioed so that queues do ot coflict with queues for other etry poits. Reserved (or umbered) seat ticket sales 297 Sellig tickets for specific umbered seats has the advatage that the seats are more likely to be sold i blocks ad the system allows differet categories of audiece member (eg paret ad child) to purchase adjacet seats ad eter the veue together. This policy helps to avoid radom gaps ad esures that i the key period precedig the start of the evet there will be less eed for stewards to direct latecomers to the remaiig seats, or move members of the audiece who have already settled. The evet safety guide Page 47 of 190

Health ad Safety Ureserved seat sales 298 Sellig ureserved seats has the advatage of beig easier to admiister. However, people are proe to occupy seats i a radom patter, ad, as stated i paragraph 297, it ca be hard to fill uoccupied seats i the importat period before the start of the evet. For this reaso, whe seats are sold ureserved, a reductio i the umber of seats made available for sale may be ecessary (i the regio of 5-10% of total capacity, accordig to local circumstaces). No ticket sales o site 299 If all tickets have sold out i advace, or if tickets are ot sold o site, every effort should be made to publicise this fact i the media. I additio, place sigs advisig people of the situatio alog all approaches to the evet, to avoid a uecessary build-up of crowds outside. This is a preferred method for likely sellout cocerts. Ticket desig 300 Ticket desig ca have a direct effect o the rate of admissio. Clear, easyto-read iformatio will speed the ability of the etry-poit steward to process the ticket. Similarly, if ati-couterfeitig features are icorporated (as is recommeded), esure that there are simple procedures i place for the steward to check each ticket s validity. Admissio of youg childre 301 It may ot be appropriate to allow youg childre, particularly those uder the age of five years, to atted certai evets because they may be trampled or crushed. If they are ot to be allowed i, clearly advertise this fact i advace. Where youg childre are allowed, cosider arragemets for prams ad pushchairs, ad at large evets, dedicated childre s areas may be useful. Cosider cotigecy plaig for dealig with this elemet of the audiece, such as relocatio to a specific area ad esure that you have a procedure i place for stewards to assist with such relocatio. Pass outs 302 Pass outs eable members of the audiece to leave the evet for a short time ad retur. Cosider this facility for evets that will last for more tha four hours. Guest/VIP/restricted areas 303 Separate access poits may be eeded for particular types of ticket holders, eg guests ad VIP s, artists ad their etourage, workers, officials ad emergecy services workers. Cosider the locatio of the gates betwee these areas ad the mai area, to prevet ay crowd build-up at such poits. Clear idetificatio of people permitted ito such areas will assist stewards i cotrollig admissio ad i miimisig delays i admissio, which reduces queuig. Such idetificatio may be by meas of special passes or wristbads. Searchig 304 Searchig at etraces may be ecessary to prevet prohibited items from beig brought oto the site. Esure that searchig is oly carried out by properly traied ad supervised stewards. Late leavers 305 At the ed of the evet whe most of the audiece have left, if practicable, stewards ca form a lie i frot of the stage ad slowly walk to the furthermost exit, movig the remaiig audiece out of the area. The evet safety guide Page 48 of 190

Health ad Safety Crowd sway/surges 306 At large evets it is sometimes effective to subdivide the audiece ito pes, which reduces the effects of sway ad surge. If this method is used, esure that there is a system i place to prevet overcrowdig. 307 Thik carefully about where to positio stewards to moitor the audiece for distress, crushig, sway, or surges, as they all preset a risk to members of the audiece. Use of CCTV ad/or the provisio of raised viewig platforms, especially stage left ad stage right, may help to moitor the audiece for sigs of distress. 308 If people are at risk, you will eed to take immediate actio, eg by elistig the assistace of performers ad by makig a aoucemet. The performers could be asked to alert you or the safety co-ordiator if they are cocered about a possible serious audiece problem. It ca the be ivestigated immediately. Police ivolvemet 309 If there is to be a police presece i, or at the evet, the resposibilities ad fuctios of the police eed to be agreed ad documeted, eg whether particular posts are to be staffed by stewards or by police officers, ad who will assume resposibility i particular circumstaces. Record the outcome of these discussios i a statemet of itet. Remember that a statemet of itet is a maagemet statemet ad ot a legal documet. Aids to crowd maagemet Use of PA systems ad video screes 310 It may be helpful to arrage a safety aoucemet for the audiece before the evet starts. The aoucemet could give iformatio about the locatio of exits, the idetificatio of stewards ad procedures for evacuatio. The use of video screes to provide etertaimet before the evet ad durig chageover periods ca also help crowd maagemet. They ca be used to iform the audiece about safety arragemets, facilities o the site ad trasport, etc. However, screes may ot be visible i all parts of the site ad so it may be ecessary to pla supplemetary meas of givig iformatio. Stewardig 311 The mai resposibility of stewards is crowd maagemet. They are also there to assist the police ad other emergecy services if ecessary. Apart from the specialist workers provided for the protectio of the performers, the use of separate teams for security ad stewardig should ot be cosidered without cosultatio betwee all iterested parties. The roles of these two groups are closely iter-liked ad lack of commuicatio ca lead to ieffective crowd maagemet. Deploymet ad umbers of stewards 312 The risk assessmet will help you to establish the umber of stewards ecessary to maage the audiece safely. Whe preparig your risk assessmet for crowd maagemet, carry out a comprehesive survey to assess the various parts of the site ad cosider the size ad profile of the audiece. 313 Basig stewardig umbers o the risk assessmet rather tha o a precise mathematical formula will allow a full accout to be take of all relevat circumstaces, icludig previous experiece. To maage the audiece, locate stewards at key poits. These iclude barriers, pit areas, gagways, etraces ad The evet safety guide Page 49 of 190

Health ad Safety exits ad the mixer desk ad delay towers. 314 A example of some of the matters to be cosidered for the risk assessmet iclude: previous experiece of specific behaviour associated with the performers; ueve groud, presece of obstacles, etc, withi or aroud site, affectig flow rates; legth of perimeter fecig; type of stage barrier ad ay secodary barriers; provisio of seatig. Further iformatio regardig risk assessmets for crowd maagemet ca be foud i the documet Research to develop a methodology for the assessmet of risks to crowd safety i public veues. Orgaisatio of stewards 315 There has to be a established chai of commad. Cosider appoitig a chief steward to be resposible for the effective maagemet of all stewardig cotractors at the evet. (This could be a role of the safety co-ordiator.) The arragemets will deped o the ature ad size of the evet ad veue but may iclude: a chief steward; a umber of seior supervisors, resposible for specific tasks, who report directly to the chief steward; ad a umber of supervisors who report direct to a seior supervisor ad who are ormally i charge of six to te stewards. 316 Esure that stewards receive a writte statemet of their duties, a checklist (if this is appropriate), ad a pla showig key features. Brief stewards before the evet, particularly about commuicatig with supervisors ad others i the evet of a major icidet. Coduct of stewards 317 All stewards eed to be fit to carry out their allocated duties, aged 18 years ad over, ad while o duty they should cocetrate oly o their duties ad ot o the performace. Esure that stewards uderstad that they should: ot leave their place without permissio; ot cosume or be uder the ifluece of alcohol or other drugs; ad remai calm ad be courteous towards all members of the audiece. 318 All stewards should wear distictive clothig, such as tabards ad be idividually idetifiable by meas of a umber which is clearly visible. Competecy of stewards 319 Duties ad competecies of stewards iclude: uderstadig their geeral resposibilities towards the health ad safety of all categories of audiece (icludig those with special eeds ad childre), other stewards, evet workers ad themselves; carryig out pre-evet safety checks; beig familiar with the layout of the site ad able to assist the audiece by givig iformatio about the available facilities icludig first aid, toilet, water, welfare ad facilities for people with special eeds, etc; staffig etraces, exits ad other strategic poits; eg exit doors or gates which are ot cotiuously secured i the ope positio while the evet is i progress; The evet safety guide Page 50 of 190

Health ad Safety cotrollig or directig the audiece who are eterig or leavig the evet, to help achieve a eve flow of people ito ad from the various parts of the site; recogisig crowd coditios to esure the safe dispersal of audiece ad the prevetio of overcrowdig; assistig i the safe operatio of the evet by keepig gagways ad exits clear at all times ad prevetig stadig o seats ad furiture; ivestigatig ay disturbaces or icidets; esurig that combustible refuse does ot accumulate; respodig to emergecies (such as the early stages of a fire), raisig the alarm ad takig the ecessary immediate actio; beig familiar with the arragemets for evacuatig the audiece, icludig coded messages ad udertakig specific duties i a emergecy; commuicatig with the icidet cotrol cetre i the evet of a emergecy. Stewards traiig 320 Esure that all stewards are traied so that they ca carry out their duties effectively. The level of traiig will deped o the type of fuctios to be performed. Keep a record of the traiig ad istructio provided, icludig the: date of the istructio or exercise; duratio; ame of the perso givig the istructio; ame of the perso(s) receivig the istructio; ad ature of the istructio or traiig. 321 All stewards eed to be traied i fire safety matters, emergecy evacuatio ad dealig with icidets such as bomb threats. For those workig i the pit area, make sure they are traied so that they are able to lift distressed people out of the audiece safely ad without risk to themselves. (The Guide to safety at sports grouds provides some further iformatio o the traiig of stewards workig i football stadia.) Stewards welfare 322 Esure that stewards are ot statioed for log periods ear to loudspeakers ad make sure they are provided with ear protectio i accordace with the Noise at Work Regulatios 2005 (see chapter o Soud: oise ad vibratio). Stewards will eed adequate rest breaks so esure that arragemets are i place for them to have rest periods at reasoable itervals. The evet safety guide Page 51 of 190

Health ad Safety Trasport maagemet 323 Traffic maagemet proposals eed to be plaed to esure safe ad coveiet site access ad to miimise off-site traffic disruptio. Set your traffic maagemet proposals out i a trasport maagemet pla ad agree the pla with the police ad local highway authority. Traffic sigs ad highway departmet road closures 324 Idetify the eed for temporary traffic sigs before the evet. If temporary traffic sigs are eeded, prepare ad agree detailed traffic sigs plas ad schedules with the police ad local highway authorities before the evet. It may be ecessary for people livig i the area to be cosulted over route chages ad to be advised of the impact, oce agreemet has bee reached. Cosider usig a traffic sig cotractor for evets where the majority of people will be arrivig by cars or coaches. 325 Cosider the eed for temporary traffic regulatio orders to provide for road closures, baed turs, lae closures, parkig restrictios, temporary speed limits ad lay-by closures. For large evets ad particularly if special traffic maagemet arragemets ad temporary traffic regulatio orders are required, cosultatio with the local highway authority is essetial. Highway authorities iclude the highways agecy for all truk roads ad motorways, ad the local authority for all other roads. 326 Cosult the local highway authority as to the best way of carryig out traffic orders ad allow sufficiet time for ay temporary traffic regulatio orders to be processed. Traffic marshallig 327 Oly the police or someoe uder their directio ca legally udertake traffic regulatio o the public highway. Cosultatio is therefore essetial to secure the appropriate provisio of resources. Stewards directig traffic o site should have suitable persoel protective equipmet such as high-visibility clothig ad weather protectio. Stewards should receive traffic marshallig traiig, eg safe positioig of the marshal ad awareess of visibility problems for drivers of reversig vehicles. 328 Make sure that there is suitable ad sufficiet commuicatio betwee o-site ad off-site traffic marshallig regardig temporary oe-way systems, etc. Also, provide adequate umbers of stewards to maage the traffic flows ad deal with the parkig of vehicles. Public trasport Trais ad udergroud trais 329 If appropriate, cosult with rail authorities about itroducig additioal trais or ehacig existig services to accommodate the demads of the evet ad to limit the demad for o-site ad off-site parkig. 330 It may also be worth ivestigatig the use of combied evet/rail package tickets. Cosideratio, however, eeds to be give to the distace betwee railway statios ad the veue ad the availability of coectig bus ad coach services to The evet safety guide Page 52 of 190

Health ad Safety ad from the evet. Advertisig may be carried out o trais ad at statios before the evet, statig ay additioal service (or lack of) beig provided. 331 It is also importat to cosult the rail authorities cocerig the maximum umber of people that a statio ca accommodate at ay oe time. Most railway statios will have cotigecy plas, which idetify the safe umber of people allowed o the platform at ay oe time. These cotigecy plas ca be used at the evet plaig meetigs betwee the relevat railway authorities, police, British Trasport police ad local authority. 332 The British Trasport police are resposible for crowd cotrol o railway property. Trai-operatig compaies ad Railtrack have resposibility for the queuig of large umbers of people at their statios. Pla how you are goig to commuicate with the trai-operatig compaies ad the police i the evet of a major icidet to esure that the statios receive advace iformatio i case the evet fiishes earlier tha plaed or emergecy evacuatio is ecessary. Public trasport maagemet Advice to trai-operatig compaies 333 Trai-operatig compaies eed to cosider their ow plaig procedures to esure that they ca safely maage the potetial icreased through put of passegers associated with the evet, eg esurig suitable etraces ad exits, cotrol of passeger umbers o platforms, footbridges ad tuels, crowd flow plas ad temporary queuig system ad commuicatig travel iformatio by PA systems. 334 It is importat that the trasport providers also draw up their ow cotigecy plas for dealig with trai delays or icidets o the track ad cosider the suitability of the rollig stock, provisio of first-aid poits ad first aiders, additioal toilets ad additioal workers. Coaches/buses 335 Plaig the arrival ad departure of coaches ca greatly reduce cogestio at the begiig ad ed of a large music evet. Careful cosideratio has to be give to the routig of such vehicles. Parkig areas ad access roads should be provided to reduce as far as possible the eed for coaches/buses to reverse, eg creatig oe-way systems. 336 Coaches eed wide ad easily accessible etrace ad exit poits, as well as large turig areas ito allocated parkig areas. Cosider specific arragemets to esure the free flow of coach routes i cosultatio with the police, ad esure that this is documeted i the trasport maagemet pla. Coach parkig areas may eed to cotai toilet facilities. 337 Private bus/coach operators are ofte prepared to provide special shuttle bus services betwee local rail ad/or bus statios. However, shuttle bus systems may ot be appropriate for all evets. Cogestio caused by a atural mass exodus at the ed of a evet is likely to prohibit free flow of traffic routes ad cosequetly shuttle buses become uable to operate effectively. Cosider the potetial for dedicated shuttle bus routes or cosult local bus operators about ehacig or extedig their established services to serve ay proposed evet. Vehicle parkig ad maagemet 338 Iclude proposals i the trasport maagemet pla for the maagemet of vehicle parkig which idetify the likely resources required (space ecessary, traffic marshals ad equipmet) ad methods to be used for parkig maagemet. The evet safety guide Page 53 of 190

Health ad Safety 339 Make sure that both you ad the police ca commuicate with the vehicle parkig maagemet team, so that resources ca be directed quickly to deal with ay icidets withi the car parks or at the various site accesses. 340 For large evets, cosider the appoitmet of a traffic maagemet co-ordiator who will liaise with the police, car park maagemet, traffic sigs cotractor, local highway authority ad local authority. Vehicular access 341 Esure that the road sigs are appropriate ad easily visible, the capacities of the parkig areas are adequate ad the surface is capable of withstadig the aticipated traffic volume. Cosider usig hardcore, trackway ad/or other suitable temporary surfacig which ca prevet damage to the groud ad prove ivaluable i wet groud coditios. 342 Detailed capacity assessmets may be eeded to esure access etry capacity is adequate. Queuig o etry ito the site ca cause blockig of traffic flows leadig, potetially, to severe cogestio. Exit capacity is less problematic as, if cogestio occurs o exit, it is cotaied withi the site ad will ot adversely affect off-site coditios. However, the risks associated with poor vehicle exit maagemet should ot be uderestimated. Methods for esurig the safe exit of vehicles from the site eed just as much careful plaig. Cosider plaig alterative routes ad accesses. These ca be used if mai access poits or routes become blocked. 343 Cosider vehicle access for service vehicles before, durig ad after the evet, eg waste collectio vehicles ad saitary servicig vehicles. Parkig 344 Cosider separate parkig areas for the geeral audiece traffic, vehicles for people with special eeds (close to evet site), coaches, shuttle buses, guests/ VIPs, artistes, emergecy service workers ad evet workers. Overspill-parkig facilities either o site or at a coveiet locatio off-site to accommodate the potetial for excess visitors may also eed to be plaed. This may take the form of a vehicular circulatio/holdig area as a temporary measure. 345 Car ad coach parks eed to be adequately lit, sigposted ad labelled with reflective umerals or letters so that vehicles ca be easily located at the ed of a evet or i ay other emergecy. Ideally, separate coaches from car parks. For large outdoor evets, positio sigs at exit gates leadig from the parkig area to the veue to assist i idetifyig where cars have bee parked ad cosider clear sigs for exitig vehicles showig route directio. Emergecy access 346 Pla provisio for the etry ad exit of emergecy service vehicles. Ideally these routes should be separate ad safeguarded. The routes ad access chose must allow for meas of access by the fire brigade to withi 50 m of ay structure, icludig fuel storage facilities. The access route will eed to bear the weight of fire appliaces ad avoid mahole covers. These routes should be sigposted. 347 Get advice from the fire brigade cocerig access route specificatio ad icorporate this ito the trasport maagemet pla. I this respect, early applicatio for road closures ad temporary traffic regulatio orders may be ecessary. It is also importat to idetify allocated emergecy vehicle redezvous poits i the trasport maagemet pla. The evet safety guide Page 54 of 190

Health ad Safety Pedestrias 348 Idetify safe meas of etry ad exit for pedestrias, ideally segregated from vehicular access. Where pedestria access is difficult, cosider the provisio of alterative meas of access, eg shuttle buses to collect pedestrias e route. Cosider makig specific arragemets for those attedig who have a physical disability ad may ot be able to walk log distaces. Avoid etry ad exit routes crossig car or coach parks ad traffic routes. Where the latter is uavoidable, pla for adequate traffic cotrol measures. O-site vehicle maagemet ad temporary roadways 349 It is importat to miimise traffic movemet withi the site ad coflicts betwee vehicles ad pedestrias. Cosider movig vehicles ito the parkig areas as efficietly as possible ad havig a dedicated access to parkig areas with o ticket checks o etry. I some circumstaces, ticket checks ca be udertake o pedestria exits from the parkig ito the evet area. This may, however, ot be practicable for campig evets. 350 Restrict traffic movemet i the evet area to emergecy service vehicles ad other essetial services. Cosider speed restrictios o site ad pla separate access for productio vehicles. 351 Temporary roadways are useful to allow suitable hard-surfaced access for pedestrias ad service vehicles. Pla temporary access roads, ideally to provide for two-way emergecy access or oe way with passig places ad workig space as appropriate. All o-site vehicles must display adequate lightig at ight-time ad remember to keep pedestria ad vehicle coflict poits to a miimum. Pla how the vehicles that will be deliverig equipmet ad provisios are to eter ad exit the site safely durig the build up (ad breakdow) of the evet. 352 Where vehicle routes chage from those arraged at plaig stage, due to heavy rai or some other uforesee circumstace, make sure that arragemets are i place for reiforcig the alterative route. Safe vehicle recovery from soft groud should be plaed. Lift trucks ad other vehicles Lift trucks 353 No oe should be permitted to operate a lift truck uless they have bee selected, traied ad authorised to do so. The HSE publicatio Rider-operated lift trucks: Operator traiig. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace provides practical guidace i relatio to the ecessary traiig. 354 Traied operators will have a certificate from a accredited orgaisatio idicatig the type of lift truck for which they have received traiig. A certificate to drive oe lift truck does ot qualify a operator to drive other types of lift truck. Do ot allow workers to operate lift trucks without checkig that they are fully traied for the type of truck they are to use. 355 If lift trucks are hired, check that the equipmet is delivered i a safe workig coditio. They should be marked with their safe workig load to comply with the Liftig Operatios ad Liftig Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (LOLER) (see Safe use of liftig equipmet ad paragraph 382). These Regulatios also require safe workig practices whe usig trucks. Esure they come with a curret report of thorough examiatio which covers adequately the period they will be used o the site. The evet safety guide Page 55 of 190

Health ad Safety 356 The Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (PUWER) cover the use ad maiteace of lift trucks (see Safe use of work equipmet). Both LOLER ad PUWER require periodic ispectios of the vehicle ad its liftig equipmet. Other vehicles used o site 357 As well as lift trucks, there is likely to be the eed for other types of vehicles to operate o site such as: other specialist liftig vehicles, eg scissor lifts; vehicles used to deliver equipmet aroud the site or veue, eg golf buggies ad electric carts; ad other vehicles, eg tractors, trailers ad waste-collectio vehicles. 358 If these vehicles are beig used for work activities, PUWER ad i some cases LOLER may apply. The use of all vehicles o site should therefore be carefully plaed ad moitored to esure that accidets do ot result from the icorrect use of the vehicle or that pedestrias are ot ijured as a result of their use. The evet safety guide Page 56 of 190

Health ad Safety Structures 359 May evets require the provisio of temporary demoutable structures, eg gradstads, stages, marquees. Maagig the hazards coected with these structures is just as importat as maagig other hazards. This ca oly be achieved if all those resposible for these structures udertake their duties coscietiously. 360 The failure of ay temporary demoutable structure, o matter how small, i a crowded, cofied space could have devastatig effects. It is therefore essetial to desig ad erect structures to suit the specific iteded purpose, ad to recogise that the key to the safety of these structures is largely i the: choice of appropriate desig ad materials; correct sitig or positioig; proper plaig ad cotrol of work practices; ad careful ispectio of the fiished product. 361 This chapter gives guidace o providig safe temporary demoutable structures. It starts with the prelimiary decisios that eed to be made - choosig the site ad the supplier - ad cotiues to give geeral guidace o: the safety requiremets for temporary demoutable structures; the documetatio required to esure that the essetial safety requiremets are provided; advice o post-erectio maagemet of temporary demoutable structures. 362 While it is iteded that this chapter will complemet the Istitutio of Structural Egieers documet Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use, it is ot meat to be used istead of the Istitutio s documet ad other relevat desig stadards or vice versa. Scope 363 The kids of structure usually foud at music evets iclude stages, sets, barriers, fecig, tets ad marquees, seatig, lightig ad special effect towers, platforms ad masts, video screes, TV platforms ad crae jibs, dace platforms, loudspeaker stacks, sigage ad advertisig hoardigs. This chapter applies to temporary demoutable structures erected idoors ad outdoors. Temporary demoutable structures erected outdoors will eed to meet all the requiremets of idoor structures plus the additioal factors created by the effects of the weather. How the law applies 364 I geeral, the erectio ad dismatlig of temporary stages, gradstads ad other temporary platform arragemets used by the etertaimet idustry are ot costructio operatios. The specific requiremets of the various regulatios made uder the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act (HSW Act), specifically for costructio, will ot apply to this kid of work. Similarly, the Costructio (Desig ad Maagemet) Regulatios 2007 do ot apply to these kids of structure. 365 However, other law will apply. The Work at Height Regulatios 2005 will apply to all work at height where there is a risk of fall liable to cause persoal ijury. The HSW Act ad the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 The evet safety guide Page 57 of 190

Health ad Safety (Maagemet Regulatios) apply. The resposibility for the eforcemet of the HSW Act ad associated regulatios is therefore the resposibility of the health ad safety eforcig authority for the whole evet. I most cases this will be the local authority health ad safety ispectors uless the local authority are themselves orgaisig the evet i which case it will be the HSE. 366 Risks should be assessed, hazards elimiated or reduced ad safe systems of work developed. The various regulatios relatig to costructio work will assist i idetifyig the types of precautios which eed to be take to cotrol the risks associated with this type of work. I Scotlad, the Civic Govermet (Scotlad) Act 1982 cotrols the use of temporary structures ad approval must be sought from the local authority. Prelimiaries Choosig the locatio 367 The followig factors may ifluece the choice of locatio for temporary structures. Is the site adequately draied? If the site is liable to floodig, this could cause either the load bearig capacity of the groud to be reduced or wash away the groud uder the supports. Take measures to cotrol the effects of this. Is the site flat or ca it be made flat? Where there is a gradiet or the groud is ueve, the structure eeds to be capable of beig modified to deal with such variatios. Are there overhead power cables, ad if so are they sufficietly clear of the upper part of the structure (or craes which may be employed i the assembly of temporary demoutable structures)? Does the proximity of surroudig buildigs, structures ad vegetatio create risks i relatio to the possible spread of fire? 368 Obtai iformatio about the load bearig capacity of the groud or floor. For outdoor evets esure that the groud load bearig capacity is capable of supportig the imposed loadigs i all weather coditios. Idoor veues may have gaps or basemets uder the floor surface. Very high poit-loads may be created by the use of craes or lift trucks to istall sectios of structures or equipmet ad specialist advice is essetial. Choosig the supplier 369 Choose a competet supplier for all temporary demoutable structures to be erected ad used o site. A competet supplier will be able to demostrate at least the followig: a kowledge ad uderstadig of the work ivolved; that they ca maage/elimiate the risks ivolved i costructig these types of structure; that they employ a suitably traied workforce. 370 It is importat to ote that the desig of temporary demoutable structures is outside maistream civil ad structural egieerig. Therefore, the desig of temporary structures should oly be carried out by suitably competet people. A suitable desiger must be able to demostrate: a full uderstadig of the loads that these types of structure may be subjected to; a full uderstadig of the properties of the materials ormally used for these structures; a kowledge of the skills of the people ormally employed to erect these The evet safety guide Page 58 of 190

Health ad Safety structures; a full uderstadig of the proprietary structural elemets used i these structures. Essetial requiremets Desig 371 All temporary structures must possess adequate stregth ad stability, i service ad durig costructio. The meas of achievig these are covered, i some detail, i various British Stadards ad other guidace. Further iformatio ca be foud i the documet Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use. 372 The desig of a temporary structure should provide protectio agaist falls for: performers - cosider the eed for hadrails at a appropriate height for all stage areas, platforms ad access ways; workers; the audiece. 373 I additio, the surface of ay ramp or tread, particularly those which could become wet, should be covered with a slip-resistat material. Erectio 374 To prevet the icorrect erectio ad subsequet use of temporary structures, attetio should be paid to the followig. The assembly of temporary structures should be carried out i accordace with calculatios, plas ad specificatios draw up by a competet desiger. Apparet similarities betwee proprietary systems used for temporary structures may oly be cosmetic ad it is importat ot to mix products from differet maufacturers uless the potetial implicatios have bee fully cosidered. Erectio should take place i a way that esures stability at all times. Whe practicable, temporary structures should be erected either from the groud or from a suitable stable platform. May temporary demoutable structures caot be built except by climbig the framework as it is assembled ad this should be addressed i the risk assessmet ad safety method statemet. Equipmet should be checked to esure that it is fit for its purpose ad fully meets ay specificatio which has bee laid dow, eg steel items with cracked welds, bet or buckled members, or with large amouts of corrosio should be rejected. All compoets should be examied durig assembly (ad dismatlig) for sigs of wear, deformatio or other damage, ad replaced where ecessary. Correct aligmet of compoets is importat - they should ot be bet, distorted or otherwise altered to force them to fit. Particular attetio should be give to fasteigs ad coectios. It is essetial to provide suitable coverig for bolts ad fittigs which project ito or adjoi audiece areas. Earthig. Where guyig is used, care should be take to esure that the guys ad their achors do ot cause a obstructio. All stakes or achors should be located or covered so that they do ot create a trippig hazard. The evet safety guide Page 59 of 190

Health ad Safety Protectig erectors agaist fallig 375 Virtually every temporary demoutable structure is free-stadig without the beefit of support from existig buildigs or similar. Therefore it is very difficult to provide effective fall restrait systems for the workers assemblig or dismatlig the top compoets. I commo with the costructio scaffold idustry, maximum protectio is afforded by the selectio of competet workers who have demostrated their aptitude for the task ad are subject to ogoig assessmet ad traiig as appropriate. 376 Where persoal protective equipmet is assessed to be the most effective meas of cotrollig the risk of ijury, employers must issue this to workers, advise o its use ad esure that it meets the requiremets of the Persoal Protective Equipmet at Work Regulatios 1992. (See HSE s Workig at heights i the broadcastig ad etertaimet idustries, Etertaimet Iformatio Sheet No 6.) Protectio from fallig objects 377 While structures are beig erected, try ot to lift materials over the heads of people workig or passig below. Create o go areas below workig areas from which other workers are excluded. Limitig the loads carried by people 378 The Maual Hadlig Operatios Regulatios 1992 have replaced all existig legislatio o the liftig ad carryig of loads. They set out ew requiremets for safe hadlig of loads where there is a risk of ijury ad cover all hazardous maual hadlig operatios. 379 The mai duties of employers are to: so far as is reasoably practical, avoid the eed for maual hadlig of loads ivolvig a risk of ijury; assess the risk of ijury i those operatios that caot be avoided; reduce the risk of ijury to the lowest level reasoably practicable usig the assessmet as a basis for actio. 380 The assessmet must take ito accout a umber of factors icludig the load, the task, the workig eviromet ad idividual capability. Use of liftig ad riggig equipmet 381 The Liftig Operatios ad Liftig Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (LOLER) apply i all the premises ad work situatios subject to the HSW Act ad build o the requiremets of the Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (PUWER). 382 Ay orgaisatio usig liftig equipmet has a duty uder LOLER to provide physical evidece (eg a copy of the last report of thorough examiatio) to health ad safety ispectors to demostrate that the last ispectio has bee carried out. People hirig liftig equipmet should make sure that it is accompaied by the ecessary documetatio. After positioig riggig ad similar equipmet, the user should esure that a competet perso ispects the liftig equipmet before it is put ito use to make sure it is safe to operate. The user the has the duty to maage the subsequet liftig operatios i a safe maer. 383 The selectio of suitable work equipmet for particular tasks ad processes makes it possible to reduce or remove may risks to the health ad safety of people at the workplace. This applies both to the ormal use of the equipmet as well as to other operatios such as maiteace. The risk assessmet will help to select work equipmet ad assess its suitability for particular tasks. The evet safety guide Page 60 of 190

Health ad Safety 384 Everyoe ivolved i erectig ad dismatlig temporary demoutable structures must be appropriately traied. Traiig is ow commercially available i safe techiques for high level riggig, ad those workig at high level must have udergoe traiig ad assessmet. Dismatlig 385 Dismatlig of temporary demoutable structures is subject to the same risks as the assembly operatio. Therefore, it should be carried out methodically by people who are appropriately traied ad strictly i accordace with the desig documetatio. Items or compoets should be haded or lowered dow, ever dropped or bombed. Essetial documetatio Desig cocept ad statemet 386 All proper desigs will have calculatios to determie the balace of loadig ad scale of forces actig o the structure. Therefore, the desiger should be able to provide: a statemet as to what the structure is desiged to do (the cocept); a list of items or coectios that require particular checkig each time the structure is erected; particularly for outdoor structures, details of the methods of trasferrig all horizotal forces, eg wid, back to the groud (without which the structure will ot be stable). 387 The physical checkig of temporary structures becomes much more effective ad simple if the desiger s statemet is available to the local authority. Costructio drawigs 388 Costructio drawigs will ormally be required for all but the simplest temporary structures. These should be accompaied by full calculatios, desig loads ad ay relevat test results. These documets should ormally be set to the local authority at least 14 days before the evet. It should be recogised that supplemetary details, eg loads from lightig ad soud suppliers, may ot be available util earer to the evet. Risk assessmet 389 A risk assessmet should be carried out by the cotractor to cover the erectio ad desig of the temporary demoutable structure. Remember that the effort ad resources applied to health ad safety issues should be proportioal to risks associated with the project ad the difficulty of maagig those risks. It may be ecessary to carry out aother risk assessmet to cosider the hazards that the temporary demoutable structure may create by beig i the veue. Safety method statemet 390 A safety method statemet should be draw up for the erectio ad dismatlig of ay structure. This should be submitted with the iitial plas ad calculatios to the local authority. The method statemet should be specific to the structure. Completio certificate 391 Moitor all activities at the veue relatig to the erectio ad costructio of temporary demoutable structures to esure that they are erected to the detailed specificatio ad that safety method statemets ad safe workig practices are followed. The evet safety guide Page 61 of 190

Health ad Safety 392 Esure that all structures are checked by a competet perso after they have bee erected ad before they are used, to make sure that they coform with the drawigs ad specified details. If this check is carried out by someoe employed by the cotractor erectig the structure, verify that the checks have bee carried out effectively ad have bee recorded. At this stage, a completio certificate may be issued. A completio certificate is a statemet that the work has bee carried out i accordace with the desiger s specificatio. 393 If self-certificatio is used, it is ulikely that the local authority will carry out ay ispectios of the temporary demoutable structure. It is therefore critical to esure that each cotractor certifies their structure/s as complete ad that this documetatio is passed to the local authority. The temporary demoutable structure must be certified as complete oly by people who are competet to do so. Maagig the completed structure Before admittig the audiece 394 Temporary demoutable structures should comply fully with the desig documetatio, before the audiece is admitted to the site. If modificatios to the structure are ecessary, liaise fully with the local authority ad the desiger. Moitorig after erectio 395 A competet perso should moitor a structure which is susceptible to the effects of the weather ad/or misuse (by overloadig the roof structure for istace) at all times. I practice this meas that a represetative of the supplier, or other suitably qualified perso, should be o-site at all times while the temporary demoutable structure is i use, either by workers or durig a performace. Regularly check the groud after the structure has bee erected to cofirm that o deterioratio i its load bearig capacity, such as excessive settlemet, has occurred. Protectio agaist falls: people ad objects People at work 396 If work is to take place o a completed structure at height, a safe access system will be eeded to esure that maiteace ad adjustmets ca take place. Guard rails for platforms should ormally be provided where a drop exceeds 2 m. Where a access platform is ot practicable, a alterative is to provide safety ets or a safety haress which ca protect workers from fallig from workig areas. Objects 397 Platforms over 1.8 m i height should have either a clear space aroud them or a method of prevetig objects fallig oto people. Where items are beig passed up a structure, eg by meas of a lie or a lift, o oe should be allowed i the area immediately below or ext to the loads. The audiece 398 Protectio agaist falls, provided for the audiece, must ot, i ay circumstaces, be removed, altered or tampered with i ay way. Providig adequate lightig 399 Lightig should be sufficiet to eable people to move safely about o the temporary demoutable structure. Avoid dazzlig lights ad distractig glare. Stairs should be well lit i a way which esures that shadows are ot cast over the The evet safety guide Page 62 of 190

Health ad Safety mai part of the treads. Where ecessary, provide local lightig to supplemet the geeral level of lightig available, eg at locatios of high-risk, such as where there are uavoidable chages i level. Note: While workers ca be expected to take care, a performer leavig a brightly lit performace area may be uable to see or recogise a exit route, especially if the light level is sigificatly lower tha o stage. 400 Lights ad their fittigs should be positioed so that they do ot themselves form a hazard. Lights should ot be allowed to become obscured. Sufficiet emergecy lightig should be provided i case of partial or complete failure of the ormal lightig. Markig obstructios, edges, etc 401 Fall protectio for the edge of the performace area facig the audiece is ot ormally provided but the edge should be clearly marked. Other physical obstructios, uprotected edges, edges by gaps ad stair osigs should all be marked with white or lumious tape. Ay such markigs should be a miimum of 25 mm wide to be visible, but 50 mm is preferable. Protectig the temporary structure 402 The provisio of a fece with stewards, or boardig or claddig to a miimum height of 2.4 m, ca stop people gaiig access to restricted areas. To prevet tamperig it is advisable to costruct structures i such a way that sectios caot be removed without special tools. Alterig structures 403 Compoets i temporary structures must ot be removed without first cosultig the desiger. If claddig is added to structures, they may become more vulerable to wid ad may also allow other forces to be trasmitted to the temporary structure. Therefore, ever add baers or other types of hoardig to a temporary structure without first cosultig the desiger. Work ear temporary structures 404 Ay acillary operatios which are carried out close to temporary structures should ot affect the stability of that structure. Where treches are to be dug these should be placed at sufficiet distace from a temporary structure so as ot to udermie or adversely affect stability. Maagig the loads 405 Loads o temporary demoutable structures ca be applied i various ways. It is importat to esure that they do ot exceed the desig loads. Therefore, adequate measures must be take to prevet overload by: people - due to overcrowdig ay part of a temporary demoutable structure; uauthorised additios - eg baers, hoardigs, projectio screes, scrims, sceic facades,etc. They should ever be added to temporary demoutable structures without the prior coset of the desiger; equipmet loads - eg lightig, special effects, soud systems, video ad TV screes. These ca be sigificat, therefore it is importat that the fial istallatio does ot exceed levels permitted by the desig documetatio. The evet safety guide Page 63 of 190

Health ad Safety Barriers 406 Barriers at music evets serve several differet purposes. They ca provide physical security, as i the case of a high perimeter fece at a outdoor cocert, or be used to prevet the audiece climbig o top of mixer towers, etc. They may also be used to relieve ad prevet the build-up of audiece pressures, eg a properly costructed frot-of-stage barrier eables those sufferig physical distress to be reached ad helped more easily. 407 Barriers will always be subject to loadig ad should therefore be desiged to withstad right agle ad parallel loads i lie with the probable pressures. Accout should be take of the ature of the loadig, eg surgig. Detailed techical requiremets for the various types of barrier referred to i this chapter are give i the book Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use. Frot-of-stage barrier 408 Assess whether such a barrier is eeded ad what form it should take. If audiece pressure is expected a frot-of-stage barrier will be ecessary. Factors to be take ito accout iclude audiece desity, the likely behaviour ad size of the audiece ad the ature of the veue. For most cocerts, some form of frot-ofstage barrier will be required. 409 Audiece pressure is ormally greatest at the frot-of-stage barrier. If the audiece surges, dyamic loads may be cosiderable, but such pressure is mometary ad to date has ot bee idetified as the cause of serious ijury. Firstaid treatmet from audiece pressure will ormally be for faitig ad exhaustio ofte due, i part, to other factors (heat, alcohol, hysteria, etc). However, there is a risk that the audiece may collapse due to surgig or heavig motios ear the frot of the stage, resultig i people fallig to the groud ad beig trampled ad perhaps asphyxiated. A suitably desiged ad costructed barrier arragemet ca help to reduce the risk of collapse. The pit 410 The area betwee the stage ad the frot-of-stage barrier (the pit ) should be desiged to assist the work of stewards, first aiders ad paramedics. A importat role of stewards is to extract members of the audiece who are i distress. The pit should have a o-slip uobstructed workig area behid the barrier which is large eough to allow those i the pit to lift members of the audiece ito it. Some form of elevated platform iside the barrier ca help with the liftig of people ad eable stewards to oversee the audiece ad idetify ayoe i distress. Etraces or exits from the pit should be uobstructed to allow stretcher-bearers clear access to a medical or first-aid poit away from the pit area. It is also helpful if pit exits are at least 1.1 m wide. 411 The pit area should be kept clear of ayoe other tha stewards ad first-aid staff. Ay arragemets for TV film crew or photographers to work i the pit area should be plaed to esure that their activity will ot iterfere with the work of stewards or first-aid staff. 412 A cocert held i the roud with a stadig audiece requires special arragemets for a pit area. The provisio of a uobstructed escape corridor eables members of the audiece take over the barrier to be led away from the pit. However, care eeds to be take to avoid creatig a poit where people ca The evet safety guide Page 64 of 190

Health ad Safety be trapped betwee the escape corridor ad the barrier. Pla a method to eable people to retur ito the area after havig bee lifted ito the pit. Frot-of-stage barrier costructio 413 Moder barrier systems are A framed ad rely o a tread plate at the frot to maitai their stability. They are ormally free stadig but if used outdoors they may be fixed to the stage structure with couplers. Fixig by couplers is oly appropriate if the stage is desiged to resist the imposed lateral load. 414 All barriers should be desiged to meet the ecessary loadigs as described i the publicatio Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use. Checks should be made by a competet perso to esure that, whe erected, the barrier meets the desig criteria. 415 To prevet ijuries from barriers the followig matters should be cosidered. Are barriers smooth with o rough edges or trappig poits particularly for feet or hads whe uder load? Do they eed to be padded? Is there likely to be ay movemet or settlemet of the barrier whe a load is imposed ad could ay such movemet cause ay ijury especially to feet or hads? To ease the liftig of members of the audiece, has the barrier a smooth, curved timber, or steel top? Have steps bee take to esure that there are o sharp or protrudig objects from the barrier, eg bolts? Do barriers which have a tread plate or floor pael, have a ramped approach or ay similar arragemet to reduce the risk of trippig? 416 There should be a reasoable distace betwee the frot-of-stage barrier ad the edge of the stage. I o circumstaces should it be less tha 1 m ad should ofte be cosiderably more for outdoor evets. Shape of the frot-of-stage barrier 417 If a veue has restricted space, a straight barrier is suitable. However, for large cocerts, particularly those outdoors, a covex barrier extedig ito the audiece may be preferable. I such circumstaces, the barrier should cosist of short, straight sectios istalled at agles to each other to form a curve across the mai performace area, extedig to the eds of the side stages. It should be erected i cojuctio with escapes to right ad left of the stage. Cocave stage barriers should ot be used as people ca be trapped betwee a curved barrier ad a straight barrier ad are uable to move away. However, at certai evets a figer barrier may be appropriate (see paragraph 423 o figer barriers). 418 A curved barrier ca provide the followig additioal safety beefits. It : dissipates audiece surges away from the cetre of the stage; assists meas of escape; provides a wider frot row sight lie; improves performer safety by placig a greater distace betwee the stage ad the barrier, therefore makig it difficult for members of the audiece to reach the stage; ad ca provide a wider area for stewards ad first aiders to operate withi the pit. The evet safety guide Page 65 of 190

Health ad Safety Barrier aroud thrusts 419 A thrust is a sectio of the stage, which projects from the mai body of the stage towards the audiece. Where thrusts exted ito the audiece, a barrier should be provided which complies with the desig criteria ad loadig factors for a frot-of-stage barrier. It is advisable to costruct a thrust i such a way that it does ot create poor sight lies. Care should be take to esure that such stage desigs do ot result i cocave trappig poits from which audiece members caot escape. 420 With less covetioal veue layouts that have i-the-roud stages, B stages ad other satellite performace spaces, it is importat to desig the barrier systems to avoid peig people i ad creatig trappig poits. Side-stage barrier or feces 421 The costructio of a high side-stage fece to form a sight-lie obstructio will esure that importat exits to the right ad left of the stage are kept clear ad are available for use i a emergecy. Such a fece should always be provided for stadig audieces. The desig ad loadig criteria for such a fece ca be foud i the book Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use. Additioal barrier arragemets 422 At large outdoor evets, it may be possible to have a additioal barrier arragemet to reduce the likelihood of crowd collapse. This could take the form of a figer barrier, extedig ito the audiece or a multiple-barrier arragemet. Figer barriers 423 If a figer barrier is used, careful desig is eeded to avoid the creatio of trappig poits. The barrier should be able to withstad the same crowd loadig as the frot-of-stage barrier ad should have a area which meets the recommedatios set out i paragraph 416, ad which eables stewards ad first aiders to have access to the audiece alog its legth. Multiple-barrier arragemets 424 For large evets, it may be possible to use a multiple-barrier system (ie double or triple barriers i frot of the stage). If it is proposed to use such a system, escape arragemets will eed to be agreed with the local authority ad fire authority. Multiple-barrier systems are ot suitable for all veues; for istace, cotrolled side escapes may be difficult to icorporate i some veues. Peig of audieces i flat, ope areas by meas other tha the arragemets described i the followig paragraphs could also create difficulties i evacuatio ad is cosidered usafe. 425 Where double or triple-barrier arragemets are used, the barriers should form a covex curve ito the audiece with escapes from both eds. The provisio of a corridor or area behid each curved barrier will give stewards ad first aiders adequate access to the audiece alog the legth of the barriers. The barriers used to achieve this should meet the required miimum loadig. 426 With a very ethusiastic audiece, it is likely that may of the problems ormally ecoutered at the frot-of-stage barrier will be experieced at the The evet safety guide Page 66 of 190

Health ad Safety barrier furthest from the stage. It is therefore essetial that adequate umbers of first aiders ad stewards be provided. However, because of the wider sight-lie potetial (75% i some cases) ad the icreased distaces from the stage, the icidece of audiece surge ad crushig may be reduced. The evet safety guide Page 67 of 190

Health ad Safety Electrical istallatios ad lightig 427 Electricity ca cause death or serious ijury to performers, workers or members of the public if the istallatio is faulty or ot properly maaged. This chapter gives some geeral guidace limited to low-voltage istallatios. Very large loads ad high-voltage systems are ot covered i this chapter sice they require special cosideratios. I may circumstaces the electrical supply may be of a temporary ature, but this does ot mea that it ca be sub-stadard or of a iferior quality to a permaet istallatio. Oly a competet electricia should carry out electrical work. 428 All electrical istallatios ad equipmet must comply with the geeral requiremets of the Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989. More specific guidace is provided by: BS 7909:1998 Code of practice for desig ad istallatio of temporary distributio systems deliverig ac electrical supplies for lightig, techical services, ad other etertaimet related purposes; BS 7430:1998 Code of practice for earthig; BS 7671:2001 Requiremets for electrical istallatios (also kow as the IEE Wirig Regulatios). This is the most widely used UK stadard for fixed electrical istallatios. Referred to i BS 7909; HSE s guidace ote GS50 Electrical safety at places of etertaimet - for smaller veues; HSE s booklet HSR25 Memoradum of guidace o the Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989; HSE booklet INDG247 Electrical safety for etertaiers. 429 The followig paragraph 430 provides a geeral overview of some of the matters to be cosidered by a evet orgaiser whe plaig electrical istallatios withi the overall veue desig. Electrical cotractors workig o site should however refer to the specific guidace metioed above ad ot rely o the geeral overview give i this chapter. Plaig 430 Factors to cosider whe plaig the electrical istallatio iclude: the locatio of ay existig overhead power lies or buried cables; the total power requiremets for the site; access to a etwork power supply; the use of geerators; earthig; positioig of temporary overhead or udergroud cables; the locatio of the stages; the mai isolators cotrollig the electrical supplies to the stage lightig, soud, special effects, emergecy lightig, ad liftig equipmet; the locatio of mixer positios, etc; special power supplies for some equipmet, eg equipmet from the USA which operates o 110 V, 60 Hz; power supplies required for hoists, portable tools, etc; the electrical requiremets for emergecy lightig ad exit sigs; The evet safety guide Page 68 of 190

Health ad Safety power supplies for caterig equipmet, first-aid poits, icidet cotrol room, CCTV cameras, etc; power supplies for heatig or air coditioig. Istallatio 431 Where possible locate the mai electrical itake ad/or geerator eclosure where it is accessible for ormal operatios or emergecies, but segregated from public areas of the veue. Display dager warig sigs aroud the itake or eclosure. The sigs should comply with the Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996, see Safety sigs ad sigals. 432 All electrical equipmet which could be exposed to the weather, eg cosumer uits, distributio boards, etc, should be protected by meas of suitable ad sufficiet covers, eclosures or shelters. As far as practicable, all electrical equipmet should be located so that it caot be touched by members of the public or uauthorised workers. 433 O completio of the electrical istallatio it should be ispected ad tested accordig to the procedures laid dow i BS 7909: 1998. Cablig 434 Temporary overhead cables, whether they are carryig mais voltage, commuicatio, or televisio sigals, should be securely fixed or supported by a cateary wire. The cateary wire ad cables should be placed out of reach of members of the public. The cateary wire should be boded to the earthig system of the cable supported. The cables should be suspeded from the cateary wire by meas of suitable hagers spaced at regular itervals to provide adequate support to the cable. Advisory otices warig of the locatio of the overhead cables ad the voltage beig carried should be clearly displayed. 435 Wherever possible, segregate traffic ad cables routes. If this is ot possible, a cable height of ot less tha 5.8 m is advisable to esure that high-sided vehicles ca pass beeath the overhead cables. Feces should be used to segregate roadways from overhead cables ruig parallel to the roadway to prevet iadvertet cotact. 436 If it is ecessary to ru cables uder groud, BS 7671: 1992 gives extesive details, takig ito cosideratio space factors. Cables should be placed far eough udergroud to protect agaist: crushig by vehicles; damage by machiery, equipmet or tools; other mechaical damage, (eg members of the public). 437 If cables have to be ru o the surface they should be protected agaist sharp edges or crushig by heavy loads, eg by coverig with ramps or rubber mats. Ramps should be cospicuously marked to avoid trippig hazards. Electricity utility cables 438 Overhead or udergroud electricity supply cables belogig to a electricity supply compay may cross the site, or its access roads. If this is so, precautios must be take to avoid dager from these cables. The evet safety guide Page 69 of 190

Health ad Safety 439 HSE publishes two documets developed i cojuctio with the electricity supply idustry, which provide guidace regardig dager from overhead lies, ad udergroud cables. These are Avoidace of dager from overhead electric power lies; Avoid dager from udergroud services. Access to electrical equipmet 440 A clear workig space is required to allow access to: cotrol switches ad equipmet; amplificatio equipmet; special effects equipmet; follow spots; dimmers; high-voltage discharge lightig, eg eo. 441 The mai cotrol equipmet ad items specified above should be clearly idetified, ad their locatios marked o a pla to be located i the icidet cotrol room. 442 Protect switchgear to prevet access by uauthorised people. Where switchgear is istalled i a locked eclosure, specific keyholders should be give resposibility for operatig the equipmet to comply safely with ay request made by the emergecy services. Geerators 443 If geerators are to be used, cosider their locatio ad accessibility for refuellig purposes. Allow for the storage of the fuel, ad accessibility for further fuel deliveries. The geerator ad its fuel should ot be accessible to members of the public or other uauthorised people ad may eed to be feced. If the veue is located close to a residetial area cosider the oise-uisace factor. If this is excessive, sileced geerators may be a suitable meas of reducig it. 444 BS 7430:1998 gives guidace o the earthig of mobile geerators for outdoor evets. Electricity to the stage area ad effects lightig 445 The electricity supply to the stage should be cotrolled by a switch or switches ad istalled i a positio accessible at all times to authorised people i the stage area. 446 Where possible, provide sufficiet fixed socket outlets withi the stage area to avoid the use of flexible extesio leads ad multi-socket outlets. Fixed socket outlets ca be either permaet or o properly mouted temporary distributio boards. It is also advisable for equipmet to be located withi 2 m of a fixed socket outlet to avoid the eed for log trailig leads. 447 Ay later or other suspeded lightig equipmet should have a suitable safety chai or safety wire fitted. The weight of ay flow lightig equipmet should ot exceed the safe workig load of the securig poits. No flow or suspeded equipmet, icludig lightig bars ad amplificatio equipmet, should rely solely The evet safety guide Page 70 of 190

Health ad Safety o oe suspesio cable, clamp or bolt. Each meas of suspesio should be secured to idepedet fixig poits o the flow equipmet ad the structure. 448 If lightig equipmet ad other apparatus likely to reach high temperatures are located close to sceery ad other combustible materials assess whether guardig is required to prevet fire. Colour filters for effects lightig, etc, should comply with the flammability requiremets of BS 3944-1:1992. Normal lightig circuits 449 All parts of a outdoor veue should, uless ot iteded to be used i the absece of adequate daylight, be provided with suitable levels of artificial light. Cosider the lightig of the first-aid post, iformatio area/marquees, pedestria access to car parks, car park areas, toilets, ad access routes to public highways. Emergecy lightig circuits 450 I additio to the ormal lightig arragemet, emergecy lightig should be provided as determied by the risk assessmet ad fire-risk assessmet. These assessmets should cover all possible hazards associated with the veue, eg pits, holes, treches, ditches, etc. Also cosider the provisio of emergecy lightig withi geerator eclosures, the mai electrical i-take, or mai area of isolatio. 451 The emergecy lightig supply should come from a source of electricity idepedet of the ormal lightig. The emergecy lightig should be of a maitaied type (cotiuously lit), which icludes the exit sigs located aroud the veue for directioal purposes, ad located above the fial exit doors. The emergecy-lightig arragemets should be i accordace with BS 5266-1:2005; Part 2 1998; Part 3 1981. All exit sigs throughout the veue should be i accordace with BS 5499-1:2002; Part 2 1986 (amd 1995). Further iformatio o exit sigs ca be obtaied i the HSE documet Safety sigs ad sigals. 452 Ay source of supply used for providig emergecy lightig should be capable of maitaiig the full light load as determied by the evet risk assessmet ad the major icidet plas prepared for the evet, i case of a mais failure. It is importat to keep ay battery used for this purpose i a fully charged coditio wheever the veue is i use. Maagemet of lightig circuits 453 The ormal ad emergecy lightig systems should be istalled so that a fault or accidet arisig to oe system caot jeopardise the other. Suitable provisio should be made to eable repairs to be udertake if part of these lightig systems fail. Both the ormal lightig circuits ad emergecy lightig circuits, icludig geerators, should be protected from acts of vadalism. 454 Dimmig equipmet should be located i a approved locatio, ad uder the cotiuous supervisio of a competet perso whe the veue is ope to members of the public. Lightig levels for meas of escape 455 All parts of the veue to which people have access should be provided with ormal ad emergecy lightig, capable of givig sufficiet light for people to leave safely as determied by the risk assessmet. Cosider providig additioal The evet safety guide Page 71 of 190

Health ad Safety emergecy lightig, operatig i a maitaied mode to the gagways passig through temporary seatig structures. For stairways, gagways/corridors, exit doorways, gates, etc, the average lightig level should be 20 lux ad the miimum should be 5 lux. Portable electrical appliaces 456 Portable electrical equipmet is defied as equipmet which is ot part of a fixed istallatio but is, or iteded to be, coected to a fixed istallatio or a geerator by meas of a flexible cable ad either a plug ad socket or a spur box, or similar meas. The particular legal requiremets relatig to the use ad maiteace of electrical equipmet are cotaied i the Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989. Esure that ay perso that may brig portable electrical equipmet oto the site ca demostrate that the electrical equipmet is maitaied correctly ad the equipmet has bee subjected to routie ispectio ad testig. Further iformatio ca be foud i HSG107 Maitaiig portable ad trasportable electrical equipmet. The evet safety guide Page 72 of 190

Health ad Safety Food drik ad water Caterig operatios 457 Esure that the delivery, storage, preparatio ad sale of food complies with the relevat food safety legislatio ad where appropriate cosideratio is give to the advice cotaied i the relevat idustry guides ad codes of practice. This will iclude mobile caterig uits, caterig stalls ad marquees, crew caterig outlets, hospitality caterig, bars ad ice cream vedors, etc. 458 Esure that food busiesses carry out their work i a safe ad hygieic way. Examie documetary evidece from each caterer regardig: the idetificatio ad cotrol of potetial food hazards by all caterig operatios; the idetificatio ad cotrol of potetial health ad safety hazards by all caterig operatios; provisio of appropriate fire extiguishers; proper traiig of all food hadlers; the suitability of all premises used for the productio or sale of food; the suitability of the equipmet beig used; trasportig food safely ad separate from ay potetial source of cotamiatio; storig ad disposig of food waste (solid ad liquid) properly; the maiteace of high stadards of the persoal hygiee of food hadlers; the proper storig, hadlig ad preparatio of food; the provisio of a drikig water supply (see paragraph 472); isurace of all food busiesses icludig public, product ad employers liabilities; the possessio of electrical ad gas istallatio compliace certificates by all food busiesses; the possessio of a properly equipped first-aid box by each operatig uit. 459 Cotact the local authority evirometal health officers (EHOs) for advice o food safety ad hygiee. EHOs may wish to carry out a ispectio of the caterig facilities provided at the evet. They may also require you to provide them with a list of caterers who will be attedig the evet. 460 Additioal requiremets may be ecessary i certai types of caterig operatios, eg barbecues ad spit roastig. Such operatios may preset a icreased risk of fire, cotamiatio or food poisoig. Carry out a suitable risk assessmet, takig ito accout the particular factors of the operatio. Positioig 461 Your site pla of the evet will eed to iclude a detailed layout of all caterig operatios (see chapter o Veue ad site desig), bearig i mid the eed to: prevet ay obstructio that may affect the health ad safety of people attedig or workig at the evet; prevet, as far as is possible, access to the rear of caterig operatios by the audiece; allow etry ad exit for emergecy vehicles; take ito accout suitable spacig betwee idividual operatios; provide readily accessible ad preferably lockable facilities for the storage ad The evet safety guide Page 73 of 190

Health ad Safety disposal of solid ad liquid waste; allow for the efficiet removal of refuse (see chapter o Waste maagemet); positio caterig operatios withi close proximity to a supply of drikig water, foul draiage ad withi a safe miimum distace from ay source of possible cotamiatio, ie fuel, waste or refuse storage; cosider maual-hadlig issues ivolved i the disposal of water, the delivery of supplies, etc; provide separate toilet facilities for the exclusive use of food-hadlers, with hot ad cold had-washig facilities; provide suitable facilities for parkig ad access of support vehicles; positio mobile sleepig accommodatio away from the caterig operatios. LPG 462 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the mai source of fuel for outside caterig operatios. It does preset a substatial fire/explosio risk, therefore esure that: all operators usig LPG ca demostrate a basic uderstadig of its safe use, its characteristics ad emergecy procedures; storage at each caterig operatio does ot exceed that which is required for a 24-hour period or a maximum of 200 kg, whichever is the least; all LPG is hadled ad stored i accordace with the curret regulatios ad codes of practice; all supplies of LPG whether i compouds or withi caterig operatios are secure from iterferece by the audiece. Electrical istallatios 463 Electrical power to caterig operatios should, wherever possible, be provided by the site electrical supply (see chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig). If portable geerators are used, preferece should be give to LPG or diesel-fuelled types. 464 Esure that: they are of a suitable rated power output for the iteded use; they have bee tested ad certified by a competet perso; they are sited i a well-vetilated place away from LPG cyliders ad combustible material; they are adequately guarded to avoid accidetal cotact by people or combustible material; cables ad sockets are appropriate for their iteded use; the electrical istallatio is protected by a residual curret device (RCD); cables do ot create a trip hazard; fuellig ad re-fuellig are carried out i a safe maer; fuel is stored i a safe maer i suitable cotaiers. Fire-fightig equipmet 465 Suitable fire-fightig equipmet should be provided at the caterig operatio depedet o the activity type. The equipmet must coform to the relevat British Stadard (see chapter o Fire safety). No combustible materials should be allowed to accumulate ext to ay caterig outlets. The evet safety guide Page 74 of 190

Health ad Safety 466 Suitable equipmet levels are: No cookig: Oe x 2 kg dry-powder extiguisher; 2 Cookig: Oe x 2 kg dry-powder extiguisher ad a 1 m light-duty fire blaket (BS 7944:1999) or if deep-fat fryig, 9 L foam-type fire extiguisher ad a 1 m 2 light-duty fire blaket. Alcohol ad bar areas 467 Alcohol comes uder the defiitio of food ad should meet the requiremets of the relevat food safety legislatio, associated idustry guides ad codes of practice. Esure that: the structure used for the sale of alcohol, usually marquees or tets, complies with the structural requiremets (see chapter o Structures); the operatio is desiged to allow the free flow of people to ad from the bar servery areas to prevet cogestio ad crushig hazards (this may ivolve the use of suitable barriers, providig cosideratio has bee give to the barriers becomig a hazard i themselves); the electrical istallatio complies with the requiremets detailed i the chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig; suitable ad sufficiet lightig is provided; alcohol storage taks are positioed o stable, eve groud allowig suitable access for delivery vehicles, particularly i bad weather; risk assessmets for both food ad health ad safety, have bee carried out; carbo dioxide cyliders are suitably secured; chemicals to clea pipelies are properly hadled ad stored; the type of cotaiers that driks are served i coform to ay site/evet specificatios, eg o glass policy; there is a suitable meas of disposal for glass bottles, used to decat driks before servig; bar areas are kept free of litter ad the floors are cleared of spillages; if a toke system is used istead of cash, the chage areas eed to be separate from the bar service area. Drikig water 468 The provisio of free drikig water is importat at all evets, especially opeair cocerts ad dace evets, due to the volume of people, cofied coditios ad the weather. 469 Geerally all water should be provided from a mais supply, but if this is ot possible the bowsers are permissible provided they are suitable for the purpose. All water dispesig equipmet should be clea, well maitaied ad suitable. It is cosidered good practice to sample ad test temporary water supplies for bacteriological safety, especially those provided at outdoor evets. Pit area 470 There should be a adequate supply of drikig water poits i the pit area, together with a adequate supply of paper or plastic cups. The umber of drikig water poits will be determied by the risk assessmet. 471 If storage cotaiers are used to supply the water, they should be of sufficiet capacity ad umber for the aticipated eeds of the people withi the first 5 m of the pit barrier. Pit area water poits should ot be withi the reach of the audiece. The evet safety guide Page 75 of 190

Health ad Safety Geeral area 472 There must be a supply of drikig water withi easy reach of the audiece ad all caterig operatios. At outdoor sites (oe-day evets) a geeral guidelie is oe water outlet per 3000 people ad oe outlet per te caterers provided they are i the same area. 473 All water poits should: have uobstructed access; be clearly marked; be clearly lit at ight if the evet cotiues after dark; have self-closig taps. 474 The groud surroudig all water poits should be well draied or provisio made to bridge ay flooded areas. The evet safety guide Page 76 of 190

Health ad Safety Merchadisig ad special licesig 475 There are four aspects to merchadisig that eed to be plaed ad maaged: the merchadisig facilities which iclude the structure of the stalls or stads; the space requiremets; the settig up, dismatlig ad operatio of the stall or stad; the items for sale as merchadisig. Facilities 476 It is essetial that merchadisig stalls ad stads are cosidered i all aspects of the plaig ad maagemet of the music evet. 477 Cosider the followig matters whe plaig the veue or site desig: the positio, size ad space requiremets of the merchadisig stalls or stads withi the area or veue to esure that etrace ad exit audiece flows are ot obstructed, or cause a audiece build-up at ay strategic poits; whether stads ad stalls are of a fixed or temporary ature? check that ay structures will be erected properly ad will satisfy ay structural itegrity requiremets (see chapter o Structures), as well as requiremets i respect of fire safety (see chapter o Fire safety); power supplies, if required, eed to be cosidered as part of the overall electrical supplies to the evet (see chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig); ay vehicle or vehicle movemets associated with the stads or stalls; allocatio of parkig spaces ad campig accommodatio for people workig at the stalls or stads; waste accumulatio ad collectio; security arragemets. 478 Esure that people workig o merchadisig stalls ad stads are iformed of the site safety rules particularly i relatio to the equipmet that ca or caot be brought oto site or withi the area or veue. Also make them aware of the space allocated to them o site ad that they must adhere to allotted space. Settig up, operatio ad dismatlig 479 Most workers employed by people ruig merchadisig stalls ad stads are temporary. To esure that all relevat safety iformatio is passed to all workers, brief the people ruig the stalls ad stads about safety matters o site. Defie the resposibilities for health ad safety ad agree methods of commuicatio with the merchadisers. Give a copy of the site safety rules to the merchadisers whe they arrive o site ad esure that they ad ay subcotractors are iformed of the site safety rules. 480 Checks should be made o ay public ad products liability isurace certificates. Agree the operatio time of the merchadisig stads with the operator ad explai procedures to be take i the evet of a major icidet or The evet safety guide Page 77 of 190

Health ad Safety cotigecy. Ay gas or electrical equipmet brought oto site by merchadisers should be accompaied by relevat ispectio reports ad have udergoe the recommeded testig. Other equipmet should be examied to esure that the relevat fire-fightig equipmet is available i case of fire. 481 I the case of permaet sites, iformatio o health ad safety policies withi the premises will already be i place. Therefore, the procedures should be followed at all times by all cocered. 482 Stewards workig o behalf of the merchadisers, who do ot form part of the evet stewardig teams, should be approved ad ivolved i the evet briefig ad lies of commuicatio ad co-ordiatig activity agreed. Discuss the use of radios for commuicatio to avoid coflictig frequecies. 483 The storage of merchadisig stock, particularly if flammable goods are for sale should be discussed with the fire authority ad local authority to esure that the appropriate fire extiguishers are o had o the stads or stalls. The cotrol ad movemets of stock aroud the site should follow agreed procedures. Items of merchadisig 484 The items for sale as merchadisig should ot breach ay licece requiremets, tradig stadards, copyright, or trademark regulatios. 485 Esure that iformatio cocerig items that could cause ijury or discomfort (eg glo-sticks) is give to the purchaser at the poit of sale ad the procedures for their correct use are promietly displayed. 486 The practice of tattooig, body piercig ad massage will require a special treatmet licece from the local authority i certai parts of the UK. Check that the ecessary liceces have or will be issued by the local authority before allowig tattooig or body piercig to take place. 487 Offesive material should be viewed i relatio to the audiece profile ad perhaps ot actively displayed. 488 I the case of ticket touts ad uwated street traders, liaise with the local authority to determie the methods that ca be used to deter such practices. The evet safety guide Page 78 of 190

Health ad Safety Amusemets, attractios ad promotioal displays 489 Guidace is already available i relatio to attractios, rides, amusemet devices ad stalls foud at fairgrouds ad amusemet parks (see HSE s publicatio HSG175 Fairgrouds ad amusemet parks: Guidace o safe practice). This chapter does ot replace the eed for a evet orgaiser to obtai this guidace. The itetio of this chapter is to highlight some areas for cosideratio whe amusemets, attractios ad displays are icorporated i a music evet rather tha at a fairgroud or amusemet park. Amusemets ad attractios 490 If you wish to iclude amusemet activities at your evet, it is importat to obtai the required safety iformatio about the activity from the operator. This is to esure that the sitig ad operatio of the amusemet does ot: compromise safety i relatio to the overall risk assessmet for the evet; block the emergecy access routes; or cause audiece cogestio problems. 491 Poits to cosider whe icorporatig ay amusemet as part of the overall etertaimet iclude the followig. Obtai advice about the particular hazards associated with the amusemet or attractio from the operator ad ask them for copies of their ow risk assessmet ad safety iformatio. Icorporate the iformatio ito your overall risk assessmet for the evet. Obtai advice from the relevat eforcemet authority (local authority/hse) about the particular amusemet. Local authority officers ad HSE ispectors should have up-to-date iformatio cocerig hazards that have bee reported about a particular amusemet activity. Check the competece of the operator. It should be relatively straightforward to check the competece of the operator agaist iformatio already acquired. Is the operator able to demostrate compliace with legislatio or codes of practice? Are they a member of a associatio? Do they have curret isurace? Does each amusemet have a curret certificate of thorough examiatio from a ispectio body? What experiece have they had i operatig the amusemet? What safety iformatio ca they supply i relatio to the amusemet? Iformatio cocered with the safe operatio of the amusemet should also be give to other cotractors workig at the evet who may be affected. Determie appropriate settig-up times, operatig times ad dismatlig times. Amusemets should be set up before the audiece eters or approaches the evet. Make sure that the amusemet is ot dismatled util all members of the audiece have left or are at a safe distace. Vehicle movemets are ofte prohibited durig evets ad amusemet operators eed to be iformed about this policy. Esure that suitable space has bee allocated for the amusemet. Space is oe of the most importat cosideratios for ay amusemet. This does ot just iclude space o the groud but ofte space above. Obstacles such as large trees, overhead-cables ad power-lies ca cause major hazards to the safe operatio. The sides ad rear of the amusemet may eed barriers to The evet safety guide Page 79 of 190

Health ad Safety prevet members of the audiece beig exposed to hazardous parts of the equipmet. The space allocatio must therefore be cosidered i your veue ad site desig. Miimum space requiremets ca be foud i Fairgrouds ad amusemet parks: Guidace o safe practice. Whe plaig the positioig of the amusemet, cosider emergecy access routes as well as space for members of the audiece who may be queuig to have a go o the amusemet. Space may be eeded for family, frieds ad others to comfortably watch the amusemet. Esure that the operatio is co-ordiated with the music evet. Crowd maagemet problems ca arise if operators are still offerig rides or go s o the amusemet after the music evet has eded ad if members of the audiece try to have oe last go before leavig. O the other had, it may be appropriate to cotiue the operatio of the amusemet to stagger people leavig the evet. Whatever the decisio, careful co-ordiatio of the activities must be plaed ad commuicated to the operator ad stewards. The availability of atural light may also be a importat safety factor i the operatio of some amusemets, particularly where colour-depedet safety features are used. Bugee jumpig 492 The British Elastic Rope Sports Associatio (BERSA) Code of Safe Practice was formulated i cosultatio with HSE, the Safety ad Reliability Directorate of the Atomic Eergy Authority ad idepedet operators. The Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act), the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 (Maagemet Regulatios) ad the Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (PUWER) also apply to bugee jumpig. Esure that bugee jumpig operators belog to a reputable associatio, which ca meet the requiremets of the BERSA Code of Safe Practice. 493 Pre-bookig is recommeded for those wishig to take part i bugee jumpig ad this should be discussed with the bugee jumpig operator. I particular, advertisig i advace of the evet may eed to be cosidered. Iflatable boucig devices 494 HSE s Safe operatio of passeger carryig amusemet devices: Iflatable boucig devices PM76 (Out of prit) describes various factors that ca cotribute to accidets ivolvig iflatable boucers ad the precautios that should be take to avoid them. 495 There are may types of iflatables that ca be used for boucig upo, icludig: ope-sided or flat beds; ope-froted, eg castles; totally eclosed. 496 Hazards iclude beig blow over or away by the wid, splittig of the fabric, accidetal spillig of users, ijury to the users by themselves or other users, overcrowdig, air loss due to blower discoectio, power supply failure ad iadequate meas of escape i the evet of fire. Each iflatable should be thoroughly examied aually for ay deterioratio by a competet perso or compay. Height ad age restrictios are ofte ecessary for the safe operatio of these boucig devices ad such iformatio should be made visible to the audiece wishig to take part. The evet safety guide Page 80 of 190

Health ad Safety Flight simulators ad computer games 497 Mobile flight simulators ad associated rides are ofte very heavy pieces of equipmet that eed specific groud coditios to operate safely, access requiremets ad ample space aroud the device. They are also defied as fairgroud equipmet ad subject to the requiremets of Fairgrouds ad amusemet parks: Guidace o safe practice. Fairgrouds ad fairgroud rides 498 Fairgrouds or idividual fairgroud rides may be icorporated at outdoor evets ad some larger idoor evets. Fairgrouds ad amusemet parks: Guidace o safe practice, provides guidace ad should be cosulted. The eforcemet resposibility of fairgrouds rests with HSE. 499 There is also a series of plat ad machiery guidace otes that detail the safety requiremets for idividual passeger-carryig devices. HSE titles iclude: Safe operatio of passeger carryig amusemet devices; The octopus; The big wheel; The paratrooper; The chair-o-plae; The ark/speedways; The water chute ad The trabat (all Out of prit). Liaise fully with the operators of these devices to esure that the requiremets laid out i the guidace otes ca be fully met. Circuses 500 It is relatively uusual for a complete circus to be part of a music evet. It would be more commo to fid circus performers demostratig some of their talets i ad aroud the veue or site itself. Performaces ad acts such as fire eatig, stilt walkig ad jugglig are examples. Brief performers about safety matters i relatio to audiece safety ad advise them where ad whe to start their act. Emergecy exits should always be kept clear. The eforcemet resposibility for circuses is allocated to local authorities, with the exceptio of a small umber of circuses operatig withi fairgrouds, which remai the resposibility of HSE. Promotioal displays 501 Compaies sposorig evets may wish to advertise their product by way of a promotioal display. These ca rage from advertisig balloos ad iflatables, purpose-made structures, video ad virtuality electroic games through to smaller merchadisig stads. 502 It is easy to overlook the effect that some of these displays might have o the safety of the evet. Obtai iformatio as to the type of equipmet that will be brought o site, its method of erectio ad particular hazards that the equipmet may pose. Drawigs of ay special structures should also be obtaied alog with the methods of erectio ad dismatlig. 503 Cosider the placig of promotioal displays at the veue desig stage to esure that they do ot obstruct emergecy exit routes or hamper audiece movemet aroud the site. Iflatable balloos ad displays must have appropriate space allocated to them as well as beig suitably achored. 504 Those brigig the equipmet oto site must also be istructed o the site safety rules. Ay advertisig stads should be treated i the same way as merchadisig stads. Electrical equipmet must come equipped with the relevat electrical test certificates ad be istalled by a competet electricia (see chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig). The evet safety guide Page 81 of 190

Health ad Safety Saitary facilities 505 Esure that adequate saitary provisio is made for the umber of people expected to atted the evet, ad that cosideratio is give to locatio, access, costructio, type of temporary facilities, lightig ad sigage. 506 Costruct ad locate toilets so that people are protected from bad weather ad trip hazards. The floors, ramps ad steps of the uits should be stable ad of a o-slip surface costructio. Protect coectig pipe work to avoid damage. 507 Toilets should be readily visible, lit, ad clearly siged from all parts of the veue. The areas ad, where appropriate, the idividual uits, should be adequately lit at ight ad durig the day, if required. The Chartered Istitute of Buildig Services recommeds a miimum lightig level of 100 lux for geeral toilet areas (200 lux for wheelchair-accessible toilets). Maiteace 508 Regularly maitai, repair ad service toilets usig suitably experieced competet workers throughout the evet to esure that they are kept safe, clea ad hygieic. Toilets eed to be supplied with toilet paper, i a holder or dispeser at all times. Arragemets should be made for the rapid clearace of ay blockages. Locatio 509 Where possible, locate toilets at differet poits aroud the veue rather tha cocetratig i oe small area, to miimise crowdig ad queuig problems. Cosider placig toilets outside the perimeter feced veue area (eg car parks, box office queuig areas, evet campsites, etc). Attetio should be give to access requiremets for servicig ad emptyig. This may iclude the eed for temporary roadways ad dedicated access routes, subject to the layout of the site. Type 510 Where temporary toilets are required, a assessmet should be made of the suitability of each of the available types of temporary uit, for the ature ad duratio of the evet beig orgaised. Cosider the perceived peak usage of ay toilet uits ad the time take for cisters to fill. Rapid ad costat use of ay toilet ca cause the bowls to become usaitary ad proe to blockages. 511 Temporary mais uits ca be used if a sewer, drai, septic tak, or cesspool is available, provided a adequate water supply ad adequate water pressure are available. Recirculatig self-cotaied uits are ot reliat o the availability of drais or water services. Provisio must be made for servicig vehicles ad safe access. 512 Sigle self-cotaied uits are versatile ad easily relocatable durig evets but are limited to a maximum umber of uses before requirig servicig/emptyig. Treches ad latries may be appropriate for some evets though advice should be sought from the Eviromet Agecy or Scottish Evirometal Protectio Agecy ad local authority regardig their suitability for each evet ad ay local guidelies for esurig safe ad hygieic use. The evet safety guide Page 82 of 190

Health ad Safety 513 Wherever o-mais uits are used, provisio for safe ad hygieic waste removal must be arraged with holdig tak facilities if required. Advice should be sought from the Eviromet Agecy or Scottish Evirometal Protectio Agecy. Numbers 514 Recommedatios as to the miimum scale of toilet provisio for buildigs of public etertaimet are laid out i BS 6465-1:2006. For evets licesed for public etertaimet, the umbers ad locatio of toilets should be agreed with the local authority. 515 I all circumstaces, the saitary accommodatio will deped o the ature of the evet, the audiece profile, ad the type of veue. To calculate saitary provisio requires kowig the audiece size ad the estimatig the aticipated male to female ratio. Whe there is isufficiet iformatio to assess this ratio, a split of male to female 50:50 should be assumed. 516 Cosider the followig whe determiig the miimum provisio for saitary coveieces: the duratio of the evet; perceived audiece food ad fluid cosumptio; adequate provisio durig itervals ad breaks i performace; requiremets for evet-related temporary campsites; provisio of suitable facilities for childre, elderly or ifirm people attedig who may take loger to use a facility; facilities iside a feced veue at a o-readmissio evet; weather coditios ad temperature. 517 The experiece of a competet cosultat or resposible cotractor could prove ivaluable whe determiig umbers of saitary coveieces. 518 The table below shows a geeral guidelie for a music evet, though these figures may be too high for short duratio/ o peak period evets such as coutry fairs ad garde parties, or too low for evets with high levels of fluid cosumptio or where campig will occur. For evets with a gate opeig time of 6 hours or more For evets with a gate opeig time of less tha 6-hours duratio Female Male Female Male 1 toilet per 1 toilet per 1 toilet per 1 toilet per 600 100 females 500 males, plus 120 females males, plus 1 urial per 1 urial per 150 males 175 males Washig facilities 519 Where possible, provide had-washig facilities i the ratio of oe per five toilets with o less tha oe had-washig facility per te toilets provided. Provide suitable had-dryig facilities. If paper towels are supplied, arrage for regular disposal ad restockig. The evet safety guide Page 83 of 190

Health ad Safety 520 Where warm water had-washig facilities are available, provide adequate supplies of suitable soap. Atiseptic had wipes or bactericidal soap should be provided where warm water is ot available. 521 O sites where had-washig facilities are supplied i the ope air, cosider the maagemet of the facility to esure that the surroudig groud does ot become waterlogged leadig to localised floodig. 522 Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 2002 (COSHH) assessmets should be available to cover all cleaig ad deodorisig products used. Where products are kow to preset a risk to users with pre-existig ski coditios, suitable warig otices should be promietly displayed. Log duratio evets 523 Had-washig facilities aloe may ot provide adequate provisio for evets loger tha oe day, or whe overight campig is available. I these istaces, cosider whether it may be appropriate to supply shower facilities o site, subject to the availability of adequate water supply ad water pressure. Saitary provisio for people with special eeds 524 Provide appropriate saitary accommodatio for wheelchair users ad other people with special eeds attedig the evet. The Disability Discrimiatio Act 2005 will apply with regard to saitary accommodatio for people with special eeds. 525 Also cosider access to toilets for people with special eeds. Supply fixed ad stable ramps where appropriate. Positio facilities close to ay area set aside for people with special eeds such as viewig platforms, ad esure they are desiged to comply with the provisios of BS 8300:2001. 526 The provisio of facilities should relate to the expected umbers of people with special eeds attedig the evet. It is suggested that oe toilet with hadwashig facilities should be provided per 75 people with special eeds. Disposal of saitary towels ad appies 527 If there is ay possibility that saitary towels or appies may block saitary coveieces, supply suitable ad clearly idetified desigated cotaiers with suitable arragemets for regular emptyig of the receptacles. 528 If ifats are expected at a evet, provide appropriate baby-chagig facilities icludig receptacles for the hygieic disposal of appies. Provide promiet sigs withi the baby-chagig cubicle to esure that the receptacles are used. Sewage disposal 529 Differet water authorities have differet policies regardig waste disposal, ad may disposal sites are closed at ight-times ad at weekeds. If effluet eeds to be stored o site util off-site disposal facilities are ope, it is essetial that adequate holdig taks are provided o site i a safe ad secure locatio. Seek advice o safe effluet disposal from the appropriate water authority ad local authority ad esure that a licesed cotractor is employed to remove ad dispose The evet safety guide Page 84 of 190

Health ad Safety of effluet. Arragemets should be documeted ad agreed with the cotractor before the begiig of the evet. Facilities for employees ad evet workers 530 The Workplace (Health, Safety, ad Welfare) Regulatios 1992 require that suitable ad sufficiet toilets ad washig facilities must be provided at workplaces. Guidace o the facilities that should be provided is give i the accompayig code of practice to the regulatios L24 Workplace health, safety ad welfare. 531 Saitary accommodatio for use by evet workers, should be located ear to the work areas ad, i particular, behid the stage, ear the mixer tower, ext to the caterig areas ad car parks, the first-aid areas, welfare ad childre s areas. Specific toilets with hot ad cold had-washig facilities should be provided for food hadlers. Cotractors providig or servicig the saitary facilities 532 Discuss requiremets for the type, umbers, positioig, servicig ad maiteace of saitary facilities with the cotractor before the evet. It is advisable to provide cotractors with a pla of the site, showig the proposed locatio of the facilities alog with a copy of the site safety rules ad iformatio cocerig ay sigificat risks highlighted i the overall evet risk assessmet. Separate waste trasfer otes will be required for cotaiers holdig waste from saitary towels ad appies. 533 Examie cotractors safety policies ad risk assessmets. Cotractors should esure that their workers are provided with ad wearig the correct persoal protective equipmet. Protective overalls, boots or shoes, gloves ad eye protectio are eeded to esure that workers are protected from accidetal splashes of the disifectig ad odorisig chemicals as well as accidetal cotamiatio by sewage. 534 A assessmet is required uder the COSHH Regulatios by cotractors providig, servicig, or emptyig the saitary facilities. The COSHH assessmet eeds to cosider exposure to the chemicals used i the recirculatig selfcotaied uits as well as accidetal exposure to sewage. The evet safety guide Page 85 of 190

Health ad Safety Waste maagemet 535 Large quatities of waste materials will be geerated by the cocessioaires ad the audiece at most music evets. Waste eeds to be maaged carefully to miimise the risks associated with its accumulatio, collectio ad fial disposal. Types of waste 536 Types of waste geerated iclude the followig: paper ad cardboard packagig; food ad drik cotaiers; left-over food debris; waste food from food cocessios; glass; plastics; metal cas; other metal waste, eg costructio materials; clothig; huma waste products (vomit, urie ad faeces, saitary towels ad tampos ofte placed i miscellaeous cotaiers); medical waste such as eedles ad badages; remais of camp fires; fireworks ad pyrotechics; waste water from toilets; showers ad had-washig basis; waste water from food cocessios; eedles used by IV drug users. Hazards posed by waste 537 Hazards posed by waste iclude the followig: ijury to workers durig collectio ad removal of waste from the site. Examples iclude cuts ad grazes, eedle stick ijuries; back strais due to maual hadlig difficulties ad possible ifectio; accumulatios of waste, blockig emergecy access routes or hamperig movemet aroud the site as well as presetig trippig hazards to the audiece; fire hazards whe waste is accidetally or purposely igited; the misuse of waste by the audiece, eg throwig bottles, cas, etc; vehicle movemets associated with the collectio of waste materials; waste attractig isects ad vermi. Areas where waste is geerated ad the types of waste 538 Waste ad the type of waste products will ot be geerated evely across the veue or site. The build-up of waste will vary i differet areas over time. A competet waste cotractor will therefore eed to maage their workers ad equipmet to esure that there are suitable ad adequate resources directed to the most appropriate areas at the most appropriate times. Each area of the veue or site may eed to be maaged differetly. 539 Pay special attetio to the followig areas: The evet safety guide Page 86 of 190

Health ad Safety approaches to music evet, ie surroudig streets or lad; etraces ad exits; areas ad stages; saitary areas; first-aid areas ad health-care waste; caterig areas; campig area. Iformatio to be exchaged with waste cotractor 540 Esure that details are give to the waste cotractor cocerig audiece size, area size, site boudaries, umbers of campers, food cocessios, ad other relevat factors. The waste cotractor caot accurately pla workig methods or employ the correct umber of workers without this iformatio. Isufficiet iformatio could have serious cosequeces for the audiece ad employee health, safety ad welfare. Methods of collectio 541 The collectio of waste from the site or area usually ivolves a combiatio of the followig: cotractors workers specifically traied to pick the waste up (litter pickers), ad/or empty the receptacles placed aroud the site or veue; the use of sweeper vehicles ad vacuum suctio vehicles; vacuum takers for collectio of waste water temporarily held i smaller taks; other vehicles, trailers ad towig vehicles. 542 Discuss arragemets with the waste cotractor before the evet so that ay special requiremets regardig access or height restrictios, storage space for vehicles or accommodatio for the litter pickers ca be icorporated ito your overall evet plaig. Receptacles 543 Waste receptacles ca be positioed aroud the perimeter of the veue or site, ad they ca also be positioed withi the veue or site or other areas as appropriate. Great care must be exercised i choice, size ad locatio of receptacles. Wheeled cotaiers or similar receptacles appear to be the most versatile at preset as they ca be obtaied i a variety of sizes ad are equipped with lids. They ca be easily positioed ad maoeuvred as required. Also cosider providig tamper-proof sharps bis. 544 Steel drums are difficult to maoeuvre ad empty whe full so assess their use. Skips ca also be used but agai their positioig requires plaig to esure that there is suitable access for delivery ad collectio especially i wet weather. Geerally, positio them i areas separated from the audiece. Waste receptacles ca be set o fire, so require regular moitorig. 545 Large o-site compactors ca also be used to reduce the bulk of the refuse. They will eed to be plugged ito a electrical supply ad a traied operative should be available at all times. Frot-ed-loader cotaiers may also eed to be separated from the audiece for reasos of safety, access for loadig ad to prevet the audiece placig ucompactable ad hazardous or other iappropriate waste ito these uits. 546 The collectio compay must be a registered waste carrier or exempt from registratio. Vehicles used to help with the collectio of waste must be The evet safety guide Page 87 of 190

Health ad Safety mechaically soud ad be accompaied with the relevat test certificates icludig a MOT if appropriate. Times of collectio 547 Discuss with the waste cotractor the strategy for collectio of the waste for the whole duratio of the music evet, icludig pre- ad post-evet collectios. Differet collectio methods may eed to be plaed for each of these phases. Methods of removal 548 Discuss with the waste cotractor the methods of removal of waste from the veue or site. There may be areas that are subject to a ba o vehicle movemets durig the evet to protect the audiece. The sites chose for the bulk collectio must have a suitable access route capable of takig the weight of ofte very large collectio vehicles. These could weigh up to 38 toes. 549 A evet orgaiser is uder a duty of care discussed i paragraphs 557-559. The resposibility for the disposal of waste does ot ed with the waste leavig the site or veue but exteds util the waste has reached its fial destiatio. Health, safety ad welfare of employees ad evet workers 550 Waste cotractors have a legal duty to esure that the health, safety ad welfare of their employees is protected o site. The Persoal Protective Equipmet Regulatios 1992 require a employer to esure that their employees have suitable ad sufficiet protective clothig ad equipmet to carry out their tasks. 551 Examples of suitable clothig iclude: protective boots or shoes with metal toe caps; trousers ad jackets; waterproof suits; fluorescet waistcoats; hard hats; goggles; differet types of gloves for differet tasks. 552 Esure that toilets are available throughout the waste collectio process. Those hadlig waste eed access to hot ad cold ruig water, soap ad ail brushes to wash their hads ad bodies if they become cotamiated. Toilets ad washig facilities must be available, particularly at the fial waste collectio process ad i some circumstaces showers will be ecessary. 553 Brief workers before begiig work to explai site hazards ad risks, hours of work ad meal breaks ad estimated completio time. Recyclig 554 The optios for recyclig o site iclude desigated recyclig cotaiers aroud the site. These ca either be small-wheeled cotaiers, which are the collected to allow further sortig of the materials to take place, or they ca be larger baks such as those provided by specialist cotractors. The effectiveess of the segregatio systems for recyclig will be depedet upo the good will of the attedees to the evet, adequate provisio of the recyclig cotaiers, suitable clear labellig of the cotaiers ad the locatio of the cotaiers. The evet safety guide Page 88 of 190

Health ad Safety Legislatio 555 Waste holders (which icludes waste producers, waste carriers ad waste disposers) have a duty uder the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) to esure, so far as is reasoably practicable, the health ad safety of their employees ad other people who may be affected by their actios i coectio with the use, hadlig, storage or trasport of waste. A waste producer must also esure that a safe meas of access to ad exit from the waste storage area is provided for the cotractor. Evet orgaisers will be defied as waste producers. 556 Legislatio cocerig the maagemet of the waste itself icludes the followig: the Evirometal Protectio Act 1990; the Eviromet Act 1995; the Cotrolled Waste Regulatios 1992; Waste Maagemet Licesig Regulatios 1994; Special Waste Regulatios 1996. The duty of care 557 Sectio 34 of the Evirometal Protectio Act 1990 itroduced a duty of care for waste maagemet which applies to ayoe who produces, carries, treats or disposes of cotrolled waste. Cotrolled waste is defied as ay commercial, idustrial or household waste. 558 A waste producer is uder a legal obligatio to esure that the waste is oly collected by a registered waste carrier or someoe registered as exempt such as a local authority. It should oly be trasferred to a site with a suitable waste maagemet licece. The waste must be accompaied by a accurate descriptio of the waste ad trasfer otices must be completed ad siged. The duty of care also imposes a duty for people to cotai the waste o site. 559 It is a offece to deposit cotrolled waste o lad ot i accordace with a waste maagemet licece ad also a offece to keep, treat or dispose of cotrolled waste i a maer which is likely to lead to pollutio of the eviromet or harm to huma health. It therefore follows that the waste producer, i this case the evet orgaiser, must esure the selectio of competet ad resposible trasport ad disposal cotractors. The waste producer must esure that whoever has possessio or cotrol of the waste will hadle ad evetually dispose of it legally. Obtai the Evirometal Protectio Act 1990, sectio 34: Duty of care: A Code of Practice for further iformatio. The evet safety guide Page 89 of 190

Health ad Safety Soud: oise ad vibratio 560 High soud levels preset a risk to hearig, both for those workig at a evet ad for the audiece. High levels of vibratio ca have serious cosequeces for the itegrity of temporary ad permaet structures. Both soud ad vibratio ca lead to oise uisace outside the veue. Therefore, proper cotrol ad maagemet of soud ad vibratio levels is eeded both i rehearsal ad durig the evet. 561 If sufficietly loud, ay soud, icludig music, ca damage hearig if people are exposed to it log eough. The risk to hearig from loud souds is directly related to the dose of soud eergy a perso is exposed to. The risk of damage to hearig icreases the louder the soud ad the loger a perso is exposed to it. At high soud levels the risk of damage to hearig occurs at much shorter exposure times tha at a lower levels; at extreme high or impulsive levels the risk of ijury to the ear is almost immediate. 562 Most members of the audiece will ot atted evets regularly eough to suffer serious hearig damage solely as a result of goig to music evets. However, the louder evets ca cotribute sigificatly to the overall soud exposure that members of the audiece receive throughout their life, icludig oise from other leisure activities, at work ad at home, therefore icreasig the risk of damage to their hearig. 563 The Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) ad the Noise at Work Regulatios 2005 require you to protect workers ad the audiece from oise. The Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 (Maagemet Regulatios) also apply to cover oise ad vibratio cosideratios. 564 For the commuity impact of oise from evets, may local authorities already have evirometal music oise cotrol protocols which they apply to veues i their district. The Noise Coucil has produced a Code of practice o evirometal oise cotrol at cocerts ad recommeds oise cotrol procedures for miimisig oise i surroudig areas. Refer to this source of guidace for the cotrol of evirometal music oise ad its impact o commuities eighbourig outdoor music evets. 565 I terms of vibratio impact, the effects off site will geerally be much less sigificat tha o site, with the uisace aspect of vibratio beig most sigificat. For the potetial uisace aspects of vibratio, guidace is available i BS 6472:1992. Workers 566 The Noise at Work Regulatios 2005 gives the legal duties (o a employer) to prevet damage to the hearig of workers from excessive oise at work. They set out actios which must be take whe stated levels of oise exposure are reached. 567 If oise exposure is likely to reach the first actio level of Lep,d of 85 db (A) (Lep,d = daily persoal oise exposure level) or peak actio levels, employers must: esure that a oise assessmet is made by a competet perso; provide workers with iformatio ad traiig; provide ear protectio for all workers who request it. The evet safety guide Page 90 of 190

Health ad Safety 568 If oise exposure is likely to reach the secod actio level of Lep,d of 90 db (A) or the peak actio level of 200 pascals (140 db), employers must: esure that a oise assessmet is made by a competet perso; provide workers with iformatio ad traiig; reduce exposure as far as is reasoably practicable by reducig soud levels or the time exposed to the oise or both (without ear protectio); provide ear protectio to all workers ad esure that they are used correctly. The Regulatios also require workers to comply with the employer s istructios i respect of oise exposure, icludig wearig ear protectio or takig breaks where ecessary; mark ear protectio zoes ad make sure that everyoe who goes ito them uses ear protectio. This ca iclude etraces to the stage, moitor mixig area, frot barrier area, frot-of-house soud mixig ad lightig towers, ad delay/distributio loudspeaker towers. 569 A essetial elemet of the above is the assessmet of oise exposure by a competet perso. Guidace o how to choose a competet perso ad how to carry out a oise assessmet ca be foud i the HSE publicatio L108 Cotrollig oise at work. 570 Cosider commissioig a oise-exposure risk assessmet with recommedatios for limitig exposure for workers ad audiece, before orgaisig a evet. These oise-exposure risk assessmets ca the be show to local authorities before the evet takes place ad help prevet difficulties occurrig o the day of the evet. These oise-exposure risk assessmets ca also help satisfy the requiremets of the Maagemet Regulatios. 571 The use of regular audiological testig of hearig, for people who are likely to routiely work i high-oise-level eviromets is recommeded by the British Audiological Associatio ad is a requiremet of the Maagemet Regulatios. Regular audiometry testig allows hearig damage or susceptibility to hearig damage (idividual sesitivity to oise-iduced hearig loss ca vary sigificatly) to be picked up. See HSE s leaflet Noise at work. Audiece 572 There is o specific legislatio settig oise limits for the audiece exposure to oise. However, the geeral requiremets of the HSW Act ad civil law duties relatig to egligece reveal that audieces eed to be protected agaist ad iformed of the risk of damage to their hearig. 573 The evet equivalet cotiuous soud level (Evet Leq) i ay part of the audiece area should ot exceed 107 db (A), ad the peak soud pressure level should ot exceed 140 db. 574 The above soud-level exposure values are for the whole of the audiece area. For practical purposes, it is usual for audiece soud-level exposure to be moitored close to the frot-of-house soud mixig positio. For the largest outdoor ad idoor veues, this ca be up to 75 m from the frot-of-stage barrier positio where the audiece soud-level exposure ca be sigificatly higher tha at the frot-of-house soud mixig positio. 575 Esure that durig the soud check the differece i soud level betwee the frot-of-house soud mixig positio ad the frot-of-stage barrier, ad where delay/distributio stacks are i use, at the barrier for each delay/distributio stack, is established. This will the allow a guidelie soud pressure level for the frot-of- The evet safety guide Page 91 of 190

Health ad Safety house soud mixig positio to be determied which will restrict the whole of the audiece soud-level exposure to below a Evet Leq of 107 db (A), ad peak soud pressure levels to below 140 db. 576 Where practicable, the audiece should ot be allowed withi 3 m of ay loudspeaker. This ca be achieved by the use of approved safety barriers ad dedicated stewards, wearig appropriate ear protectio. Where this is ot practical, the overall music soud levels will have to be modified so that people closer tha 3 m to the loudspeakers are ot exposed to a Evet Leq of more tha 107 db (A) or peak soud pressure levels of more tha 140 db. Uder o circumstaces should the audiece ad loudspeaker separatio distace be less tha 1 m. 577 Where the Evet Leq is likely to exceed 96 db (A) advise the audiece of the risk to their hearig i advace, eg either o tickets, advertisig or otices at etry poits. 578 Sources of oise other tha music also eed to be properly cotrolled. I particular, the oise from pyrotechics should be restricted so that at head height i the audiece area, oise from pyrotechics does ot exceed peak soud pressure level 140 db or 200 Pa. Discuss this requiremet with the specialist pyrotechic techicias before the evet, as charge desity ad altitude of deploymet may eed adjustig to meet this requiremet. 579 Noise sources such as music associated with fufairs ad soud systems brought oto site by merchadisig cocessios ca also add to the overall oise levels produced by the evet as a whole. Also cosider a assessmet ad cotrol of these sources. Noise assessmets 580 To eable effective maagemet of soud ad vibratio levels, both i terms of ear protectio ad exteral uisace to the earby commuity, a pre-evet assessmet of likely soud levels, coupled with moitorig ad cotrol of soud levels durig the evet will be ecessary. Assessmet of audiece oise exposure ad off-site oise uisace levels is best combied with the oise assessmet for workers required by the Noise at Work Regulatios 2005. 581 This assessmet should iclude the followig: the soud levels likely i the audiece area; the steps ecessary to esure that the soud levels likely i the audiece area are withi the values metioed i paragraph 573; if the soud levels likely i the audiece area are expected to exceed the value i paragraph 577, the advace warigs for the audiece will be ecessary; if ay worker s oise exposure reaches or exceeds ay of the actio levels set out i the Noise at Work Regulatios 2005; if the markig of ear protectio zoes is ecessary, idetify the locatio of such areas; the arragemets for moitorig ad cotrol of soud levels durig the evet; the soud levels likely outside the veue; the positioig, array, type ad specificatio of the loudspeakers makig up the soud system. The desig, compositio, array ad positioig of the soud systems used ca have very sigificat beefits i aidig the cotrol ad maagemet of oise levels. This is both i terms of the music oise ad vibratio levels at the veue ad outside i the earby commuity; the possibility of soud ad vibratio eergy beig trasmitted through the stagig, groud ad structures, particularly bass ad sub-bass soud ad vibratio eergy. The evet safety guide Page 92 of 190

Health ad Safety 582 Soud ad vibratio eergy at the low bass ad sub-bass frequecies has the potetial to compromise the itegrity of structures, i particular relatively lightweight temporary structures such as stagig, lightig rigs, scaffoldig platforms, giat video screes ad temporary audiece stads. The assessmet should iclude a aalysis of the risks associated with low bass ad sub-bass soud ad vibratio icludig referece to BS 7385-1:1990 ad Part 2 1993 regardig the measuremet of vibratio ad evaluatio of effects i buildigs, icludig groudbore vibratio. 583 Where the assessmet idetifies potetially hazardous levels of low bass ad sub-bass soud ad vibratio, it should iclude recommedatios for reducig these to acceptable levels ad the moitorig of low bass ad sub-bass soud ad vibratio durig rehearsal, soud check ad performace phases of the evet. Cotrollig soud ad vibratio levels 584 Measures to cotrol worker exposure iclude: restrictig the legth of time spet i oisy coditios; restrictig music oise levels durig rehearsals ad soud checks; shieldig of work areas where workers do ot eed to fully hear the music to fuctio properly, ie backstage, uder the stage, stage wigs, i artist ad guest hospitality areas, first-aid posts, ad i areas used for orgaisig the evet, safety, cotrol ad admiistratio, etc; usig ear protectio i areas which are likely to exceed the first actio level of Lep,d of 85 db (A) ad where there is o other practicable way of reducig the oise level below this level. 585 Ear protectio should esure that whe wor properly the soud exposure of the perso is below the secod actio level or peak actio level of the Regulatios. The Regulatios require that where ear protectio is provided, workers must wear it i the appropriate ear protectio zoes. 586 Ear protectio should be provided by the employer. It should be allocated to appropriate workers at risk as idetified i the evet risk assessmet. Additioally, ear protectio should also be provided as back-up ear to the ear protectio zoes idetified i the evet risk assessmet. If commual stores or dispesers of ear protectio equipmet are used, the equipmet should be checked for wear ad tear ad restocked before the start of each evet ad durig the course of each evet as ecessary. 587 If self-employed people are o site ad are likely to be exposed to oise levels which exceed the first actio level of the Noise at Work Regulatios 2005 (Lep, d 85 dba), otify them i writig to comply with the oise exposure cotrol regime for the evet, statig that they must provide their ow ear protectio. 588 For certai workers such as soud egieers ad the performers, it is ofte argued that they eed to be able to hear the music at least at the same level as the audiece. This frequetly results i these people beig routiely ad repeatedly exposed to oise levels which exceed the first actio level of the Noise at Work Regulatios 2005 (Lep, d 85 dba), with accompayig serious risk of hearig damage. 589 Ear protectio, both passive ad active, is ow available which equally reduces soud across the frequecy rage. It has bee successfully used by soud egieers ad musicias, etc, to restrict their exposure to high music oise levels, without uacceptably compromisig the quality of the music soud they hear. Ecourage relevat workers to use such specialist ear protectio. The evet safety guide Page 93 of 190

Health ad Safety 590 Soud levels ofte rise durig a evet to maitai impact or to emphasise leadig performers who appear towards the ed of a show. Where this is likely to occur, the soud level for earlier performers should be set lower to allow for the likely icrease, so that the overall soud-level limits are ot exceeded. 591 Where cotrol of the soud system is to be trasferred to aother egieer durig the course of a evet, all the egieers ivolved eed to be iformed about the soud-level moitorig ad cotrol system. Moitorig soud ad vibratio levels 592 Moitorig of soud ad vibratio levels durig rehearsal, soud check ad performace elemets of a evet is ecessary so that there is adequate cotrol of soud ad vibratio levels. 593 Moitorig ca be cotiuous or for a successio of short periods, eg up to 15 miutes, to eable the overall oise levels for the evet to be established. Noise levels for the audiece should be checked at head height i the loudest part of the area, usually at the frot-of-stage barrier. As stated previously if the soud level is measured elsewhere, eg at the frot-of-house mixig desk positio, a correctio eeds to be estimated durig the iitial assessmet ad applied to allow for the differece betwee that measuremet positio ad the loudest area. 594 Durig the evet, those ivolved i moitorig ad cotrollig soud ad vibratio levels eed to be able to maitai a dialogue. If moitorig idicates that the soud ad vibratio levels are liable to exceed the relevat limits, the soud egieer eeds to be advised to adjust the system immediately. All soud egieers eed to be istructed to act o the advice of the omiated perso resposible for overall cotrol of soud ad vibratio levels. The evet safety guide Page 94 of 190

Health ad Safety Special effects, fireworks ad pyrotechics Fog ad vapour effects 595 I the cotext of special effects, the term smoke is ofte used colloquially to mea fog. Strictly, smoke cosists of solid particles suspeded i air produced by combustio, whereas fog is composed of liquid droplets suspeded i air. Fog ca be produced by a variety of processes, but ot by burig. Oly fog-makig processes are cosidered i this chapter. The three mai fog-makig techologies are heated fogs, cryogeic fogs ad mechaical fogs. Heated fogs 596 Whe usig heated fog machies, always cosult the maufacturer s istructios to esure that the correct fog fluid is used i the equipmet. The relatioship betwee fog fluid compositio, temperature cotrol ad the desig of the fog machie is critical. Use of a icorrect fog fluid may result i either uderheatig, which ca leave residues, or overheatig, which may cause the fog fluid to decompose ad produce harmful by-products. Never use mieral oil i a pumppropelled glycol fog machie, as this will create a fire hazard. 597 Carefully follow the maufacturer s istructios for maiteace ad cleaig of heated fog machies. Do ot modify or bypass the fog machie thermostat ad do ot use cotamiated fog fluid. The compositio of the fog fluid should ot be altered by the additio of pigmets or dyes to chage the colour of the fog. Whe heated, the added substaces may make the fog usafe to breathe, or clog or damage the machie. The use of coloured filters o the lights illumiatig the fog will produce coloured fog. Perfumes ad scets should ot be added to the fog fluid without the maufacturer s approval. Cryogeic fogs 598 Hadle all cryoges with care ad follow the maufacturer s safety recommedatios as they are extremely cold. Dry ice (solid carbo dioxide) should oly be hadled whe wearig impervious well-isulated gloves of a approved desig, as eve mometary ski cotact causes serious frostbite ad blisters. Medium-term storage of dry ice is possible i cotaiers with good isulatio, but these should be veted ad positioed i well-vetilated areas. As small pieces of dry ice vaporise rapidly, it is advisable ot to break up blocks of dry ice util immediately before use. 599 Take special care whe hadlig liquid itroge as it is extremely cold ad causes severe frostbite o cotact with the ski. Whe hadlig liquid itroge wear log isulated gloves ad face visors of approved desig. This esures that o ski is left ucovered to avoid hazards from splashig. Store liquid itroge i the cotaier i which it is supplied. Like all cryoges, stored liquid itroge should be allowed to vet. Failure to do so will lead to rupture of the cotaier. Cosult suppliers for further iformatio ad advice o the storage, hadlig ad use of cryoges. 600 Because of their low temperatures, all cryogeically geerated fogs ted to stay at low level. I additio, the carbo dioxide i fog produced by dry ice is heavier tha air ad will quickly move dow to the lowest accessible level. However, cryogeic burst techiques ca be used to create fog effects high i the air. The evet safety guide Page 95 of 190

Health ad Safety 601 Carbo dioxide ad itroge gases cause asphyxia ad high cocetratios ca preset dagers to the audiece, performers ad stage workers. Good vetilatio is therefore ecessary. Particular care eeds to be take at idoor veues i the orchestra pit, ad i ay other cofied spaces such as uder-stage basemet workshop ad storage areas. The gases may flow ito such areas through opeigs ad crevices ad put people at risk. I additio, o oe should be allowed to lie dow i a fog that has bee produced cryogeically. 602 Followig iitial geeratio of the fog, the vapours become ivisible ad the cocetratio of the gas may be difficult to determie. If, durig a test before its use at a performace, there is ay doubt about the cocetratio preset, you should seek expert advice to moitor the oxyge ad carbo dioxide levels before the equipmet is used for a performace. Mechaical fogs 603 Three methods are employed for producig mechaical fogs: pressurised water, crackers ad ultrasoic. All of these methods use a mechaical process to maipulate a fluid to produce fog without the eed for heatig or coolig. Geeral requiremets 604 Guidace o the use of smoke ad fog effects i etertaimet is give i HSE s Smoke ad vapour effects used i etertaimet. Where adverse health effects are possible, work with smoke ad fog effects will be subject to the Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 2002 (COSHH). A risk assessmet should be carried out o the substaces used to produce fog ad o the compositio of the fog itself. Ay idetified risks must be removed or cotrolled as far as is reasoably possible. Suppliers ad maufacturers should provide the required iformatio to allow the risk assessmet to be carried out. 605 Some substaces used to create fog effects have workplace exposure limits (WELS) published i HSE s guidace ote EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits. These limits should be referred to i the maufacturer s iformatio. Exposure below these levels should cause o ill effects i most people, although small childre, the elderly ad asthmatics may be at risk. 606 I additio to the COSHH risk assessmet coverig chemical hazards, a geeral risk assessmet should be carried out i accordace with the Maagemet Regulatios. The assessmets should cosider all people likely to be affected, icludig fog machie operators, performers, members of the audiece ad other workers. Particular attetio should be give to those who are more likely to be affected such as small childre, the elderly, asthmatics ad others with respiratory sesitivity. If there is ay doubt about the level of exposure that may result from a particular fog effect, o-site moitorig should always be employed. 607 Whe fog is to be used i a performace, display warig otices or prit warigs o the tickets. If ecessary, these warigs ca be reiforced by verbal warigs before the fog is used. 608 Locate the fog machie i a fixed positio ad esure it is adequately protected agaist uauthorised iterferece. The fog machie should be operated by a competet operator at all times. The fog machie outlets should always be withi the direct view of the operator. 609 Some compoets i a fog machie ca get very hot. Normal fire-safety precautios should be observed. The machie should be adequately vetilated ad be readily accessible i a emergecy. Where a fog machie is used there should be adequate vetilatio of the iteded fogged area. The amout of fog i the areas to which the audiece is admitted should be limited to the miimum The evet safety guide Page 96 of 190

Health ad Safety ecessary for the desired effect. 610 Where ecessary use fas to direct the fog ito the desired area to prevet cloudig at the poit of discharge ad possible overspill ito other parts of the veue. Do ot discharge fog or allow it to drift ito exits, exitways, stairways, escape routes, etc, or allow it to obscure exit sigs or fire-protectio equipmet. 611 Before approvig the use of a smoke or vapour effect, the local authority ad fire authority will cosider the presece of ay automatic fire detectio or fire sesor system istalled i the veue, because of the possibility of iadvertet triggerig of the system. 612 The use of fog machies ca lead to a progressive build-up of slippery residues. This ca ormally be see o metal surfaces ad sealed cocrete floors. However, particular care should also be take to esure that the residues do ot build up o trusses, catwalks, stairways ad similar areas to create a slippig hazard. The residues may also be draw ito the air filters of electroic equipmet ad clog them. 613 Health ad safety ispectors will require the productio of documetary evidece of the o-toxicity ad o-flammability of the fog, uless the type of equipmet is i commo use. Strobe lights 614 Carefully cosider the use of strobe lights, as uder some coditios they may iduce epilepsy i flicker-sesitive idividuals. Wheever strobe lights are used, arrage for a prior warig to be give at the etrace to the evet or i the programme. 615 If strobe lights are used, keep flicker rates at or below four flashes per secod. Below this rate it is estimated that oly 5% of the flicker-sesitive populatio will be at risk of a attack. This flicker rate oly applies to the overall output of ay group of lights i direct view, but where more tha oe strobe light is used the flashes should be sychroised. 616 To reduce risk further, mout lights as high above head height as is practicable. Where possible, the lights should be bouced off walls ad ceiligs or diffused by other meas so that glare is reduced. They should ot be used i corridors or o stairs. Cotiuous operatio of strobe lightig for log periods should be avoided. Further iformatio ca be foud i the HSE HELA guidace ote Disco lights ad flicker sesitive epilepsy. Lasers 617 Laser use i etertaimet applicatios has icreased i recet years. They are ow commoplace at cocerts, ight-clubs, exhibitios ad at outdoor evets. Most of these activities ivolve the use of laser products that ca cause eye ijury ad sometimes ski burs if used improperly. It is therefore importat for maufacturers, suppliers, istallers ad users to properly assess exposure risks that may arise from the use of these devices. 618 HSE has published comprehesive guidace o the use of lasers i these activities: Radiatio safety of lasers used for display purposes (HSG95), ad explaatory leaflet Cotrollig the radiatio safety of display laser istallatios (INDG224). The guidace describes legal duties ad gives practical advice about display laser safety assessmet. Compaies that maufacture, supply or istall The evet safety guide Page 97 of 190

Health ad Safety display laser istallatios ad those that use them, eg veue operators, should esure that they are familiar with the cotet of this documet. Esure that you otify the local authority ad health ad safety ispectors if you ited to use lasers at your evet. A laser safety officer will eed to be appoited. 619 Display laser safety assurace is primarily about hazardous beam idetificatio ad persoal access restrictio; Radiatio safety of lasers used for display purposes gives practical guidace o how this ca be achieved. I circumstaces where access restrictio is ot possible, eg durig deliberate audiece scaig, safety assurace becomes more a issue of cotrollig beam hazard so that applicable exposure limits are ot exceeded. The height of the scaig beams is particularly importat, eg above audieces o a dace platform. A miimum height of 3 m above the highest dace platform is recommeded. 620 Operators of lasers eed to be able to assess display modes, either by measuremet or calculatio, so that emissio levels ca be kept below applicable limits. These are published i the BS EN 60825-1: 1994 (amd 2 1997) as maximum permissible exposure levels (MPEs); those relevat to display laser safety assessmet are icluded i Radiatio safety of lasers used for display purposes. 621 MPEs are ot statutory limits but they are based upo good iteratioal cosesus o tissue damage thresholds ad are therefore cosidered by HSE to be authoritative for the purposes of safety assurace ad eforcemet. High-power (sceic) projectors Xeo ad HMI lamp systems 622 The operator should be competet i the special hadlig procedures for xeo ad HMI lamps. A xeo lamp burst is possible whe cold ad therefore gautlets coverig wrist arteries, chest protectio ad a full face visor coverig eck arteries should be wor while hadlig the lamps. Xeo ad HMI lamps reach high pressures whe eergised, eg 30 bar. Both types of lamp reach high temperatures whe eergised, eg 95 C. A lamp burst is possible i either lamp type whe eergised, with the resultat dager from flyig glass, burs ad fire. Whe xeo lamps are beig istalled, other workers should be wared of the dagers ad asked to vacate the viciity for the few miutes that it takes to istall the lamps. The lamp houses of commercial high-power projectors are desiged to withstad a lamp burst ad to cotai the glass withi the housig eve if the burst happes whe eergised ad they should pose o dager to the audiece if istalled ad operated properly. 623 Xeo lamps ad HMI lamps produce sigificat amouts of ultraviolet (UV) radiatio. Commercial high-power projectio systems are desiged to cotai this UV radiatio withi the projector ad so should pose o risk to people if used properly. 624 The arc of xeo ad HMI lamps is very bright ad housigs are desiged so that the arc caot be viewed directly by the operator. Care should be take to esure that people are ot put at risk by blidig them with the light, especially if they are movig aroud i otherwise dark eviromets (eg while eterig or leavig a veue). Geeral requiremets 625 All types of high-power projectio systems require sigificat amouts of electrical power. Typically, 32 A three-phase power for xeo lamps ad 32-63 A sigle-phase power for HMI lamps per projector. Electrical systems that are istalled for high-power projectors should take this ito accout ad cablig should The evet safety guide Page 98 of 190

Health ad Safety be rated accordigly (see chapter o Electrical istallatios ad lightig). Sufficiet dry powder or carbo dioxide fire extiguishers should be provided to esure coverage of all the areas that house sceic projectors. 626 Projectio towers should coform to safe workig coditios ad careful equiry should be made ito the weight ad dimesios of the chose projectio system. Not oly to house the projector, but also to allow sufficiet workig space aroud the system (see chapter o Structures). Projectors beig used exterally eed to be housed i a weather-proof projectio structure. Water must ot eter the projector while i operatio. Projectors eed to be protected agaist uauthorised iterferece, ad staffed or readily accessible by a competet techicia at all times whe i use. Ultraviolet light 627 Esure that lamps are used correctly to restrict exposure to UV radiatio ad i particular to UVB radiatio. To remove UVB radiatio, some lamps have a double ski whereas other maufacturers provide lamp housigs which have separate filters. Lamps should ot be used if the outer ski is broke or if the housig filter is ot i place. 628 UV lamp operators eed to kow the emissio characteristics of the lamps so that applicable exposure limits are ot exceeded. Whe replacig lamps or other compoets which could affect the radiatio output, it is importat that the maufacturer s advice is followed; it is possible to istall icorrect replacemet lamps uless the maufacturer s lamp specificatio is kow, eg germicidal uits could be used i a etertaimet applicatio by mistake. 629 A risk assessmet should be carried out for the use of UV radiatio at evets which should take accout of exposure to the audiece, performers ad workers, particularly i relatio to photosesitive reactios. Fireworks 630 A simple defiitio of the differece betwee outdoor firework displays ad pyrotechic stage displays is that firework displays are geerally iteded as etertaimet i their ow right; pyrotechic stage displays are usually used to ehace a particular scee or sog, or to draw the audiece s attetio to or from a part of the stage set. Regulatio ad cotrols 631 The primary cotrol o the supply ad acquisitio of fireworks are the Fireworks (Safety) Regulatios 1997. Uder these Regulatios oly certai defied fireworks withi BS categories 1, 2 ad 3 may be supplied to the public. Category 4 ad larger category 2 ad 3 fireworks are prohibited to the public ad may oly be supplied to specified types of people which iclude a professioal orgaiser or operator of firework displays. The miimum age for the acquisitio of fireworks is 18 years. Authorisatio ad product safety 632 Authorisatio is required by the Explosives Act 1875 (EA75), as ameded by the Placig o the Market ad Supervisio of Trasfers of Explosives Regulatios 1993. Order i Coucil Nos, 6, 6A ad 16 prohibit the keepig of uauthorised explosives i licesed stores or registered premises. Authorisatio is udertake by the HSE at the same time as classificatio (required by the Classificatio ad Labellig of Explosives Regulatios 1983) ad a competet authority documet (CAD) issued. The effect of the classificatio ad authorisatio requiremets is that oly explosives listed o such a documet may be maufactured, kept, trasported The evet safety guide Page 99 of 190

Health ad Safety or supplied. HSE has published the Coditios for the authorisatio of explosives i Great Britai (HSG114). 633 The referece stadard for fireworks is BS 7114: Parts 1-3 1988. I the case of category 4 fireworks, which have o specific requiremets i the British Stadard, the requiremets of the coditios for authorisatio should be met. 634 Obtai fireworks from suppliers who ca demostrate that their products have bee authorised ad classified. The supplier should provide detailed istructios ad guidace with the fireworks ad be able to offer advice ad back-up i the evet of problems arisig. Keepig of fireworks 635 The EA75, as modified by the Cotrol of Explosives Regulatios 1991 requires that explosives are kept i a legal place of keepig. For further iformatio cotact the local authority or HSE. Trasport to site 636 The carriage of fireworks ad other explosives by road is subject to the Carriage of Dagerous Goods ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Equipmet Regulatios 2004 ad the Carriage of Dagerous Goods by Road (Driver Traiig) Regulatios 1996 (as ameded by the Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Amedmet) Regulatios 1999). These address a wide rage of operatioal issues icludig selectio of vehicle, placardig, maximum quatity carried, iformatio carried ad traiig of the driver. 637 Ay fireworks must be carried ad delivered to the site i appropriate packagig ad i a form that has bee classified by HSE. The details of these requiremets are give o the CAD. The Classificatio ad Labellig of Explosives Regulatios 1983 ad the Carriage of Dagerous Goods ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Equipmet Regulatios 2004 cotrol the classificatio ad packagig of explosives. Risk assessmets 638 Clearly the plaig ad settig up of the display are importat factors i esurig the smooth ad safe operatio of the evet. 639 Factors to cosider whe carryig out the risk assessmet. Display site locatio ad layout Is the layout ad size of the firig area adequate, cosiderig the risk of the burig debris from oe firework accidetally settig off aother firework, ad the eed for firers to be able to move safely out of the area? Are the safety distaces adequate for the fireworks to be fired, takig ito accout the risks from the malfuctio of those fireworks, ad other evetualities? Settig up the fireworks Are the precautios to be take while the fireworks are beig set up adequate, takig ito accout risks to those doig the work ad other people, icludig the geeral public? Have the risks from shells ad other fireworks which ca explode violetly, or which project debris, bee fully cosidered ad adequate precautios take? Have the oise levels from fireworks bee take ito cosideratio? (Guidace o soud levels ca be foud i the chapter o Soud: oise ad vibratio). The evet safety guide Page 100 of 190

Health ad Safety Firig ad clearig up Have the risks associated with these operatios for the display bee fully cosidered ad adequate precautios take? Where ay evet ivolves a work activity, the perso who is providig the premises for the evet may have duties uder sectio 4 of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974. It is likely that several employers will be ivolved at a music evet. Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 requires co-operatio betwee the differet employers to esure that all riskassessmets are co-ordiated. There is extesive guidace already available o the settig up ad firig of fireworks. Cosult HSE s publicatio (Workig together o firework displays) for iformatio o this issue. Theatrical ad stage pyrotechics 640 Pyrotechics are used i may productios from a small theatrical show to major rock cocerts ad as pyrotechics are explosives, the dagers iheret i the types used for the etertaimet idustry should be uderstood. 641 All pyrotechic effects produce light, colour, heat, soud ad smoke or a combiatio of two or more of these elemets. With oe or two exceptios, pyrotechics rely o the igitio of chemicals to create a combustio reactio; this ca be spotaeous or over a loger period. Oce igited, pyrotechic devices are virtually impossible to extiguish, therefore the effects must be chose carefully. 642 To esure safety: the effects should be obtaied from a recogised maufacturer. Home-made effects are illegal ad may be ureliable i performace; the effects should oly be fired via a cotrol system that has bee desiged ad maufactured with adequate safety features built i, both mechaical ad electrical; the user, ie the operator, should have eough experiece ad kowledge to esure that, ot oly are the effects used correctly ad safely, but that they ca cope with ay uforesee circumstaces. 643 Oe of the most commo problems with the use of pyrotechics is the lack of pre-plaig. Pyrotechics are ofte required but decisios are made very late with the result of tryig to icorporate them ito a show after everythig else, eg the late sitig of pyrotechics o stage roofs. With early plaig may of the problems ca be overcome ad uecessary risks reduced. Regulatio 644 Theatrical ad stage pyrotechics are subject to the same legislative cotrols as those described for fireworks (see paragraphs 631-637). Notificatio ad ispectio 645 Notify the local authority of the iteded use of pyrotechics i advace. The writte otificatio should cotai details icludig quatity, type, ad a brief descriptio of the effect type. Notificatio ofte icludes a drawig or set pla showig the positios of each effect. If fireworks are goig to be used ear coastal water, the coast guard will eed to be otified. 646 A risk assessmet to cover the use of the pyrotechics at the evet should be prepared by a competet perso. The isurace cover of the pyrotechic compay or the idividual pyrotechicia should also be examied. The evet safety guide Page 101 of 190

Health ad Safety 647 Arrage for a ispectio of the proposed effects ad their positioig with the operator. I a theatre this ca ofte be doe i advace of the show or opeig ight. With some evets this is ofte impossible ad the ispectio ormally takes place o the evet day. The pyrotechic cotet of ay evet is ofte looked at with other elemets of the evet, eg riggig, drapes, etc. It is ofte the last to go i - other tha the cables, which are ofte the first - ie, the devices caot be made ready util the set is i positio. 648 A demostratio ca be requested for ay ufamiliar effects or if there are cocers as to the suitability i a certai positio. This should take place where the effects will be positioed ad fired durig the evet uless there is a very good reaso for it ot to be doe i situ. Safety cosideratios 649 Questios about ay effect, firig system, operator, compay, etc, should be resolved durig the ispectio. 650 Some aspects are as follows. Are the chose effects safe i the chose positio? Is there eough safety distace to the set, the audiece, other equipmet ad to ay workers o stage? Which type of effects, if ay, are at high level, for istace airbursts or waterfalls, ad which type are close to the stage edge ad vice versa? A example would be effects situated close to moitors, may of which, although built to withstad the rigours of tourig, have foam liigs which will bur quite easily. Some of the potetially most dagerous effects are maroo or cocussio effects. Are there ay, where are they positioed? Maroos or cocussio must be situated away from all people ad maroos ca oly be fired from a purpose-built bomb tak with the required warig otices i positio. A warig light system is also a worthwhile additioal safety precautio. Are ay effects particularly oisy? Guidace o recommeded soud levels for special effects are give i the chapter o Soud: oise ad vibratio. Check certificates for ay drapes, especially if the evet is outdoors where the drapes may have got wet. What state is the floor i? It should be solid, without cracks that could eable sparks to igite stored items beeath it. Is ay fall-out geerated by the devices ad if so where does this ed up? Is this fall-out hot as well? Esure o devices are situated over or across emergecy exits from the veue. Where is excess material stored that is ot to be used durig the show? Some re-loadig may have to be carried out durig the show although this is rare, or there may be several shows with pyrotechics i the same complex. Excess material should be i a secure ad suitable box ad ot left o the side of the stage. Check that adequate ad suitable fire extiguishers are readily available (both water ad carbo dioxide) ad that workers kow how to use them. Firig ad cotrol systems 651 This aspect should form a essetial part of the ispectio. The cotroller must be oe desiged ad maufactured specifically for pyrotechics ad ot adapted from some other source. The most importat feature of the cotroller is that it is operated via a removable key ad that this is kept with the operator at all times ad is put i the cotroller oly for testig or firig. Uder o circumstaces should the cotroller key be i positio at ay other time. 652 The pyrotechic techicia must always have clear sight lies to the devices to be fired, to esure there are o people close or that othig has, for istace, The evet safety guide Page 102 of 190

Health ad Safety bee left o top of the devices. This is ot always possible at larger evets ad ofte there will be two or more pyrotechicias for larger evets who keep i touch via radio or by CCTV. 653 All effects should be electrically fired, with oe or two exceptios such as flash paper. Had firig i a idoor situatio is uecessary ad usafe. Electrical firig meas that, via a cable coected to a electrical igiter istalled i a device, the effect is istatly fired ad this has proved to be extremely reliable. Misfires/ duds are very rare ad if a device does ot fuctio immediately, there is virtually o chace that it will do so later. It is also fairly simple to physically discoect ay circuit that has a dud device o it therefore isolatig it from ay subsequet firigs o the cotroller. Firig via trasmitter/ receiver statios is ow beig used as well as computer based systems. Operatio 654 Oe perso should be resposible for all aspects of the pyrotechics, icludig the firig. The pyrotechic techicia has resposibilities to other workers, performers ad audiece, icludig the provisio of appropriate persoal protective equipmet (the Persoal Protective Equipmet Regulatios 1992). For istace, where there are oise effects, ear protectio should be available. They should also esure that a first-aid kit, eye wash kit ad fire extiguishers are available. Types of effects 655 Particular care should be take with certai types that produce: sparks/fall-out which ca remai hot for some time eve after returig to groud level (eg star effects, gerbs, stage mies, saxos, airbursts); fall-out over a wide area (eg waterfall effect, saxos, airbursts); a cosiderable report (eg star effects, airbursts, maroos); cosiderable heat (eg coloured fire); a cosiderable amout of smoke (eg smoke puffs, coloured smoke, gerbs, waterfall effect); coloured dyes which ca stai aythig i the immediate area (eg coloured smoke); aked flame (eg flame effects); effects that ca be fired or directed towards the audiece (eg streamer/glitter/ cofetti uits). Caos ad maroos Caos 656 These devices must be used ad positioed with care because of their power. They must ever be poited at people ad should be firmly fixed, as there is cosiderable recoil whe fired. The cotets are propelled outwards with cosiderable force at great speed ad ca travel for up to 10 m before slowig dow. Maroos/cocussio 657 Although oe of the most popular ad widely used effects, it is probably the most misused ad potetially dagerous. Maroos explode ad fragmet with great force ad produce a loud report. Cocussio produces more of a boom oise tha a maroo. The cocussio device is a heavy gauge small steel mortar, which eeds the same safety procedures as maroos. 658 Maroos must oly be used i a properly costructed bomb tak, ot i dustbis, waste paper bis, old water taks, etc. Bomb taks should be sited off the stage area ad well clear of all people ad flammable materials. Careful The evet safety guide Page 103 of 190

Health ad Safety positioig is essetial ad due care must also be take with regard to light fittigs or other items i the immediate viciity of the tak. The best positio for a bomb tak is sub stage. Whe bomb taks are i use warig otices which read DANGER, EXPLOSIVES KEEP CLEAR, BOMB TANK IN OPERATION should be positioed at all access poits. Everyoe must be kept away from the tak area. A warig-light system is also advisable ad the relevat ear protectio devices should be made available to all workers. The evet safety guide Page 104 of 190

Health ad Safety Campig 659 At may evets campig is o loger icidetal ad a alterative to other accommodatio - it is a itegral part of the evet. The campig area should be provided withi the defied evet site ad icorporated as part of the evet plaig. Emphasis eeds to be placed o proper plaig to esure that a adequate level of services ad facilities are available for the whole duratio of the campig evet ad ot merely durig the licesed period of etertaimet. 660 I isolated locatios or where the music starts early or fiishes late, cotigecy provisio may have to be made for campig eve whe people were ot iteded to camp. Some cosideratio may also have to be give to crew campig ad campig for stall holders with their stalls. 661 Services provided for people campig, icludig fire, stewardig, medical facilities, water supply, etc, eed to be available for the legth of time that campers are allowed to remai o the site. Esure your evet publicity states the opeig ad closig times of the campsite. If large umbers of campers are likely to remai after the evet, cosider a gradual closig of the site to ecourage those people to move, but without exposig them to risk. Site desig 662 The campig area will eed to be reasoably well draied ad level with grass cut short to miimise the risk of fire spread. Campig should ot be allowed o stubble. Break the campig areas up ito discrete smaller areas to: provide a idetifiable area for campers; allow for the maagemet of each area; cotrol the desities of each area; provide iformatio ad commuicatios. 663 Music evets ivolvig campig are likely to attract a broad mix of people ad it might be desirable to create a separate area for family campig. Separatig areas ca be carried out by simple measures such as posts ad tapes while at larger evets it may be ecessary to provide some physical barrier to prevet campig such as metal trackways, ballasted roads, etc. Wherever possible the layout of the site should provide for a etertaimet area i the middle of the site with campig o the periphery ad parkig beyod that. Crowd movemets will therefore disperse away from the focus of the evet. It is importat that campsite layout plas are fully itegrated betwee the various agecies ivolved, so that the site features ad descriptios of locatios will be idetical for all the agecies. 664 Site arragemets ad boudaries eed to take accout of atural hazards such as pods, ditches, rivers, etc. Other hazards such as electricity pylos may eed to be assessed to prevet access or risk of shock from activities such as kite flyig ad the use of tethered commercial balloos. Site desities 665 Experiece has show that a desity of up to 430 tets per hectare for rock/ pop evets is a realistic stadard. At more family-orietated evets, ie larger tets with greater umber of occupats, this desity would eed to be reduced, possibly by aroud 50%. The evet safety guide Page 105 of 190

Health ad Safety 666 It is desirable to provide separatio distaces betwee idividual tets to make the site safer from fire ad trip hazards, etc. Provide people eterig the site with iformatio ad maps showig the campig areas ad esure there are sufficiet stewards to direct people to the appropriate areas as the campsite fills up. Segregatio of vehicles/live-i vehicles 667 It is desirable to physically separate campig areas from vehicle parkig areas. The reasos for this are to remove risks from: cruisig or joyridig; car fires; ruaway vehicles. 668 Try to miimise the distace betwee car parks ad campsite. Cosider providig iteral trasport for campers to ad from the campsite. This is particularly importat for families with childre who eed to carry cosiderable amouts of equipmet. 669 It may be justifiable to permit parkig with campig i certai circumstaces o a level site ad where the audiece are compliat (eg families). Where there is a desire to allow campig ad car parkig ext to each other, the desity will eed to be substatially reduced to allow for icreased roads ad separatio. Particular attetio will eed to be paid to desigig the campsite i advace so that blockages of tets ad cars caot happe. It may be acceptable to allow vehicles ad tets to mix i a area provided for campers with special eeds. 670 If live-i vehicles (eg dormobiles, camper vas or caravas or adapted vehicles) are to be allowed o site, set aside a special area for this purpose. Such vehicles should ot be used for campig i a parkig area. Iformatio, orgaisatio ad supervisio 671 Iclude iformatio o site restrictios, such as o uauthorised PAs, campfires, etc, o the ticket. At strategic poits o the site (icludig the campsites) provide iformatio icludig a You are here map ad key iformatio to direct people to importat facilities such as toilets, water, medical facilities, fire poits, etc. Make iformatio, icludig site safety ad restrictios, easily available (i the case of a large evet this could be by way of a dispersed warde service that would operate 24 hours a day). Esure the warde service has radio commuicatio ad is able to respod to iformatio requests from members of the audiece about emergecy situatios ivolvig idividuals health, fires, etc. 672 By breakig up the campig area ito smaller discrete areas, people ca be give a idetifiable campig area to which they ca more easily retur. O complex sites ivolvig may campig areas ad a large etertaimet area, provide all campers with maps o etry ad/or preferably a iformatio pack with safety advice. 673 Locate stewards withi the campig areas before campers arrive to assist with the geeral build-up of the campsite, ad to moitor key facilities such as toilets, fire provisio, water supply, etc. These stewards will also have a role i helpig to esure that campig is dispersed i the best way over the desigated campig areas. The evet safety guide Page 106 of 190

Health ad Safety Cotigecy plaig 674 Aspects of cotigecy plaig that require particular attetio where there is campig o site iclude: adverse weather; failure of water supply; other eed to clear the area. 675 At certai types of evets attractig youg people, it is ot uusual for them to atted without tets. Similarly, people attedig with tets may fid that the tets are uusable so that they are without accommodatio. Campers might also have their tets stole. Therefore, cotigecy provisio will have to be made to allow members of the audiece to obtai shelter where they are uable to provide ay themselves. 676 If temporary accommodatio eeds to be provided, existig marquees ad tets may be suitable. I the case of adverse weather coditios, particularly wet weather combied with high wids, such structures may ot be capable of beig guarateed stable. A source of smaller tets may therefore be advisable to provide emergecy accommodatio. 677 At large evets where people arrive i large umbers by public trasport it may be impossible to close the evet ad clear the campig area i a emergecy. Facilities will have to be brought to the campig areas rather tha the people removed to aother place of safety. Public health 678 It is useful to provide advice to idividuals o basic persoal hygiee matters ad the sort of food that they should or should ot brig with them. Give the greefield ature of a campig area, large umbers of people ivolved, basic saitatio ad remoteess from care, it is essetial to esure that food outlets ad persoal hygiee are satisfactory. The cosequeces of a ifectious disease outbreak would be sigificat i terms of both the umbers that could be ivolved ad the likely amout of care that could be provided. Provide adequate caterig facilities, some overight, ad outlets where campers ca buy basic provisios such as bread, vegetables, milk, etc. 679 Sites that are grazed will aturally be cotamiated with aimal droppigs ad may expose campers to health risks such as E. coli 0l57 ifectio. Exclude aimals from all areas other tha car parks for as log as possible before public access. E. coli 0157 ca survive for log periods i the eviromet. 680 Dogs should ot be permitted o the site ad advace publicity should be give. Uecessary health risks iclude foulig ad dog bites, ad stray dogs pose a uisace. Notwithstadig ay advace publicity, it is likely that people will brig dogs, i which case provisio should be made to deal with strays. Crime 681 Campers are vulerable to havig property stole from tets but may be uable to carry aroud items that might be stole if left uprotected i their tets. Cosider providig secure accommodatio o campsites where people ca leave bulky or valuable items. The evet safety guide Page 107 of 190

Health ad Safety 682 Campsites should be adequately lit ad patrolled by stewards to deter both isolated ad orgaised crimial activity. Patrols will also help to idetify other matters such as fire outbreaks, camp fires gettig out of cotrol, etc. Fire safety 683 Campfires costitute a risk of burs, tet fires ad ca cause smoke pollutio. They are udesirable ad wherever possible should be discouraged. At some types of evet however, it would be virtually impossible to prohibit fires ad for certai audiece profiles more regulated (commual) fires are ulikely to be a attractive optio. Where fires are allowed, cosider the material campers will bur. Cosider providig chopped firewood to avoid destructio of trees ad hedges ad the potetial for burig plastics ad other material that could produce oxious fumes. 684 Cosider the hazards ad risks of camp fires i the evet risk assessmet to iclude the followig: suitably traied stewards or fire marshals; fire poits: as a miimum these should cosist of a meas of raisig the alarm such as a gog or triagle ad supplies of water ad buckets, although these are probably of limited use i a tet fire; watchtowers cosistig of raised platforms staffed by stewards with radios are a more effective meas of observig for ucotrolled fires ad suspicious behaviour. They should be supplemeted by the provisio of fire extiguishers ad, depedig o the scale of the evet, a o-site capability to atted to fires with specialised vehicles; the fire poits themselves becomig a hazard due to rubbish accumulatio, etc. Site services 685 Esure that facilities are maitaied throughout the site 24 hours a day ad services are provided for the duratio that people are actually o site. All facilities must be lit at ight. First aid 686 See the chapter o Medical, ambulace ad first-aid maagemet. At campig evets that ru over several days it will ot be sufficiet to provide a firstaid facility oly. Expect the demads that would be placed o a GP practice servig a commuity of similar size. Routie medical supplies, therapeutic drugs, etc, may eed to be provided, icludig pharmacy facilities, detistry ad psychiatric facilities. Welfare 687 See the chapter o Iformatio ad welfare. I additio, it is likely that there will be a umber of childre preset o site ad facilities will have to be provided, icludig potetially accommodatig childre overight. Commuicatios ad availability of iformatio o lost childre, lost frieds, etc, must be established (see chapter o Childre). Telephoes 688 Provide telephoes i suitable umbers ad esure they are easily accessible, The evet safety guide Page 108 of 190

Health ad Safety well siged ad available 24 hours a day to cater for the demad from idividuals to cotact parets, frieds, etc. Saitary facilities 689 See the chapter o Saitary facilities. I the case of evets with large campig areas, it is ot sufficiet to merely allocate facilities o a umeric basis; assess where ad whe facilities will be uder pressure. There will ievitably be a peak morig demad. 690 It is suggested that a pla is established whereby saitary accommodatio, drikig water supplies, washig facilities ad showers are all clustered together, creatig a easily idetifiable locatio for all facilities. Moitor the coditio of saitary accommodatio to esure they are regularly emptied ad cleaed as required i additio to routie programmed servicig. Refuse 691 Provide refuse receptacles alog the walkways ad access ways for vehicles ad also at cospicuous poits such as saitary facilities, etc. Esure that bis are emptied o a regular basis to ecourage careful disposal ad to avoid creatig a fire hazard. O greefield sites with potetially difficult terrai this is likely to be achieved by tractors ad trailers. Reductios i volume of refuse are likely to be achieved by usig recyclig poits to take separated waste. Site lightig 692 Provide adequate lightig to eable orietatio at ight, with higher levels of lightig at toilet areas, fire poits, iformatio ad warde poits, etc. Take care i decidig o the ature of lightig. Lightig tower rigs are likely to be usuitable for campig areas due to geerator oise as well as providig a overly bright source of light. They may, however, be suitable for juctios, crossroads ad facilities, etc. Festoo lightig ca be tampered with so it wo t work or becomes a safety hazard. Wherever possible, provide the campig areas with some illumiatio provided from borrowed light from other areas of higher lightig earby, which ca be supervised. Access 693 Provide both vehicular ad pedestria tracks to ad through campig areas to esure ready access for emergecy vehicles ad also to provide safe routes for pedestrias free of trip hazards such as guy ropes, etc. Noise 694 Pla for prevetig or reducig the impact of potetially oisy activities withi campsites or of dealig with ay overight activities that become problematic. Depedet upo the ature ad proximity of resideces to the site, restrictios may be eeded i limitig the backgroud music provided by cocessioaires to avoid oise disturbaces. The evet safety guide Page 109 of 190

Health ad Safety Facilities for people with special eeds 695 Cosider suitable arragemets, wherever possible, to esure that all people with special eeds are able to atted. It is also recommeded that a complete access strategy is prepared which icludes the techical issues as well as factors which will ecourage ad attract persos with special eeds to your evet. Details of atioal orgaisatios who may be able to provide guidace are give at the ed of this book, i Useful addresses. 696 Cosider provisio for people with: mobility problems (icludig wheelchair users); difficulty i walkig; impaired visio ad/or hearig. 697 Evet publicity should provide a cotact umber where people with special eeds ca obtai iformatio o site arragemets. 698 Whe desigig your site or veue cosider how people with special eeds ca best be accommodated. This icludes easy access ad adequate meas of escape i a emergecy. The umber of wheelchair users who ca be admitted will be depedet upo a umber of factors icludig the structural ad iteral layout of the veue. 699 Wheelchair spaces i parts of a seated area should allow for adequate room for maoeuvrig a wheelchair. Geerally, a maual wheelchair eeds approximately 0.9 m width ad 1.4 m depth. Electric wheelchairs eed more space. Access 700 Place parkig facilities for people with special eeds at the most directly accessible poit to those areas set apart for wheelchair users. Spaces allocated should be wider tha ormal (about 3.6 m) to allow room to maoeuvre. At outdoor evets parkig for people with special eeds should also be placed at the most directly accessible poit to the allocated seatig areas, as well as the most directly accessible poit to desigated ad accessible campsites. Thought should be give to the meas of havig direct ad safe access liks betwee the desigated parkig, campig ad seatig areas. Use flat surfaces or ramps to provide access from parkig or drop-off areas to desigated areas. Ramps 701 Ramps for wheelchairs should coform to BS 8300:2001. The ramp should have a easy gradiet ad it is suggested that it should ot be steeper tha 1 i 12. Ramps should have a level restig space ladig every 10 m. They should also have raised safety edges ad hadrails. Viewig areas 702 As stadig audieces ca cause surgig movemets, all people attedig The evet safety guide Page 110 of 190

Health ad Safety the evet that have ay mobility difficulties should be located i a area where they will ot be affected. Whe settig aside viewig areas for people with special eeds, the area should have a clear view of the stage, ofte beside the mixig tower. The area should be costructed usig o-slip materials with direct access to a exit. 703 At outdoor cocerts wheelchair users ca be accommodated either o a ope area or o a flat terrace with direct access to toilet facilities ad cocessios. The eye level of a wheelchair user is estimated as beig betwee 1.1 m ad 1.25 m. 704 May wheelchair users will be accompaied by a able-bodied compaio. Make sure that space i the wheelchair users area ca accommodate these compaios, preferably with chairs provided which do ot block the view of other wheelchair users i the area. Facilities 705 Cocessio stads should also be ecouraged to have either varied level of servig couter space or a access ramp i frot of the servig couter. Toilet allocatio (see chapter o Saitary facilities) should be uisex cabis with wheelchair access ad it is suggested that oe uisex cabi per 75 wheelchair users should be provided, alog with additioal provisio for the use of carers, etc. Support 706 Stewards or special eeds assistats should be i attedace to esure that facilities which are provided for people with special eeds are available for the iteded purpose. 707 Cosider providig desigated groud support workers. They could be people with special skills (sigers, medics, etc) who ca provide o-site support for people with special eeds. These workers should be easily recogisable by the use of a easy-to-read emblem or logo, eg the letter A for assist emblazoed o a outer garmet. Stewards operatig i ad ear to the area set aside for people with special eeds require traiig i the evacuatio ad exit procedures. Also cosider usig safe sites for people with special eeds i the evet of a evacuatio. People with impaired visio 708 People with impaired visio or colour perceptio may have difficulty i recogisig iformatio sigs icludig those used for fire safety. Sigs therefore eed to be desiged ad positioed so that they ca easily be see ad are distiguishable. Good lightig ad the simple use of colour cotrasts ca also help visually impaired people fid their way aroud. Where practicable, cosider admittig guide dogs. Advice o ay of these matters ca be obtaied from the Royal Natioal Istitute for the Blid or the Natioal Federatio of the Blid of the Uited Kigdom. Evacuatio 709 People i the audiece may be affected by a rage of disabilities, icludig restricted mobility, epilepsy, impaired hearig, metal health problems, etc, so their eeds ad requiremets should be icluded i major icidet ad cotigecy The evet safety guide Page 111 of 190

Health ad Safety plas. Where they exist, electroic display systems should be used to give iformatio, icludig evacuatio messages, particularly for people with impaired hearig. Publicity 710 It would be helpful to potetial visitors if the facilities that are available are publicised. This ca be achieved by cotactig the local disability associatio, access groups ad local clubs or orgaisatios for people with disabilities. Further iformatio 711 Orgaisatios offerig support ad advice for people with special eeds ca be foud i Useful addresses. The evet safety guide Page 112 of 190

Health ad Safety Medical, ambulace ad first-aid maagemet 712 The aim of this chapter is to set out the resposibilities of the evet orgaiser to esure that medical, ambulace ad first-aid assistace, as appropriate, are available to all those ivolved i a evet. The evet orgaiser eeds to miimise the effects of a evet o the healthcare provisio for the local populatio ad, wherever possible, reduce its impact o the local NHS facilities ad ambulace service. 713 The umber of people requirig medical treatmet at ay music evet will vary cosiderably as will the type of ailmet. These will vary with evirometal coditios ad ca rage from traumatic ijuries due to crushig, falls, fightig or coditios such as hypervetilatio, exhaustio, dehydratio, sustroke, hyperthermia or hypothermia, emotioal or axiety attacks, food poisoig or the serious effects of drugs or alcohol. Acute medical emergecies such as heart attack or stroke will eed to be provided for as well. 714 At evets which may take place over several days, such as festivals, coditios commo i geeral practice are likely to predomiate. I additio, people with various existig disabilities ad medical coditios such as asthma, diabetes, heart, or psychiatric problems may atted evets where their coditio could be worseed. 715 Previous experiece suggests that approximately 1-2% of a audiece will seek medical assistace durig a evet day. Of these, aroud 10% will eed further treatmet o site. Approximately 1% of the umber requirig iitial medical assistace will require subsequet referral to hospital. It should be recogised that other factors such as ieffective welfare facilities, poor weather coditios, absece of free drikig water or the presece of other o site hazards may icrease this umber. 716 It is essetial that all major music evets have suitable arragemets for the triage, treatmet, ad trasport of those i eed. Esure that this provisio is approved by the local authority who will take ito accout the recommedatios of the NHS usually through the NHS ambulace service or i Scotlad the local health board. Plaig 717 Pla the provisio of medical, ambulace ad first-aid services alog with the statutory services ad appoit a competet orgaisatio to provide medical maagemet. This orgaisatio eed ot be the sole provider of resources at the evet, but must be able to demostrate competece i operatig the medical arragemets. I additio, the appoited orgaisatio should be experieced i the medical maagemet of similar evets, ad must accept resposibility for providig a appropriate maagemet ad operatioal cotrol ifrastructure ad co-ordiate the activity of other medical providers. Esure that the appoited medical provider liaises with other statutory services ad first-aid providers o site. Respective roles ad resposibilities should be set out i a medical, ambulace ad first-aid pla. 718 It is cosidered good practice to cosult with the local NHS health authority ambulace service, (local health board i Scotlad) for the area so that they ca The evet safety guide Page 113 of 190

Health ad Safety advise both the evet orgaiser ad the local authority o the likely impact of the evet o pre-hospital accidet ad emergecy services i the area. Named maager 719 A maager from the medical provider should be appoited to take overall cotrol ad co-ordiatio of first-aid provisio. This perso should also be readily available durig the evet. The evet orgaiser ad the appoited medical provider should liaise with all iterested parties which may iclude the local NHS health authority, health board, ambulace service or competet first-aid providers, as appropriate. Cofirmatio 720 It is recommeded that the fial details of the evet are cofirmed i writig to the appoited medical provider as soo as possible. Specific cosideratios Build-up ad breakdow 721 Cosider the availability of medical, ambulace, ad first-aid provisio durig the build-up ad breakdow of the evet (see First aid for employees ad evet workers, paragraph 757-758). Queuig 722 Cosider the eed for medical, ambulace ad first-aid arragemets for ay audiece members queuig before the gates or doors ope ad whe they leave at the ed of the evet. Iformatio 723 Iformatio o the locatio of first-aid facilities must be available to all those attedig. Provide adequate sigage ad cosider pritig the locatio of firstaid facilities o tickets for the evet. I additio, stewards should be aware of the earest facility. Campsites 724 At evets with overight campsites, appropriate provisio should be made to have medical, ambulace, ad first-aid cover available while the campsite is ope. Because of the likely rage of coditios requirig medical advice, also cosider GP services through the appoited medical provider durig the times the campsites are i operatio. Sterile routes 725 Where practicable, cosider the provisio of suitable sterile routes for the exclusive use of emergecy vehicles. Locatio 726 The locatio of respoders is importat whe assessig the respose times for the arrival of emergecy care to idividual casualties at ay locatio withi the evet. Vehicle movemet 727 Oly i exceptioal circumstaces should ambulace vehicles be allowed to eter audiece areas. Ambulaces should ot move from their desigated positio except o the istructio of their cotrol uless compromised o grouds of safety. At evets with high audiece desities cosider the use of foot squads or buggies to remove casualties. The evet safety guide Page 114 of 190

Health ad Safety Maitaiig cover 728 The appoited medical provider should have i place arragemets to esure that cover is maitaied at the correct level throughout the evet. If a casualty eeds to be removed from the site by ambulace, arragemets must be i place to replace that vehicle or to trasport the casualty usig a ambulace dedicated to off-site patiet movemet (if there is the eed for ambulaces o site). Helicopters 729 At certai evets, a area for medical evacuatio by helicopter may be required ad a suitable ladig site, either at the site or earby, idetified. Commuicatios 730 At large evets, there may be a eed for a separate medical radio chael coectig the NHS ambulace service with ambulace workers, key medical workers, mobile respose teams, ad key first aiders. A protocol for the use of radio equipmet, icludig cosistet call sigs, must be agreed before the evet. A commuicatios pla detailig medical commuicatios liks should be produced ad held at both the medical cotrol poit or icidet cotrol room ad cetral ambulace cotrol. 731 If there is more tha oe medical facility, there should be a desigated mai medical facility with a exteral telephoe lie (which does ot go through a switchboard) ad a list of appropriate umbers. All other medical facilities should have a iteral telephoe or radio lik to the mai positio. Documetatio 732 A evet log should be maitaied, which should iclude ay actios or decisios take by the maager of the medical provisios ad the reasos for those actios. Note: Evet logs, report forms ad records completed at a evet may be required at a later date to assist i the reportig of accidets ad ijury to workers ad audiece members uder the Reportig of Ijuries, Diseases ad Dagerous Occurreces Regulatios 1995 (RIDDOR). 733 Esure that the appoited medical provider maitais a record of all people seekig treatmet. I some locatios, for cosistecy ad ease of documetatio, suitable patiet report forms may be supplied by the NHS ambulace service. This record should iclude details such as: ame, address, age, geder, presetig complait, diagosis, treatmet give, the oward destiatio of casualties (eg home, hospital, ow GP), ad the sigature of perso resposible for treatmet. The oly people who may be show patiets records are those that are ivolved i the treatmet or those that have lawful authority. Medical, ambulace ad first-aid provisio 734 Followig the risk assessmet ad agreemet o levels of medical, ambulace ad first-aid cover, this ad ay further arragemets relatig to health care should be writte i a statemet of itet ad siged by the relevat parties ad icluded i the evet maagemet pla. Esure that a suitable skills mix exists ad that medical, ambulace ad first-aid providers are located effectively throughout the site. The evet safety guide Page 115 of 190

Health ad Safety 735 The decisio o the level of medical provisio ad whether the NHS ambulace service will be directly ivolved, or ot, at ay particular evet will deped o a umber of specific factors icludig: size of audiece; ature ad type of evet ad etertaimet; ature ad type of audiece - icludig age rage; locatio ad type of veue - outdoor or idoor, stadig or seated, overight campig ad the size of the site; duratio of evet - hours or days; seasoal/weather factors; additioal activities ad attractios; proximity/capability/capacity of local medical facilities; itelligece from other agecies regardig previous experiece of similar evets; availability ad potetial misuse of alcohol or drugs (illicit, recreatioal, or cotrolled); exteral factors icludig the complexity of travel arragemets; time spet i queues; availability of facilities o site icludig welfare, befriedig ad other social services; rage of possible major icidet hazards at or associated with the evet (structure collapse, civil disorder, crushig, explosio, fire, chemical release, food poisoig); availability of experieced first aiders. 736 Tables are provided at the ed of this chapter, pages 121-124, which show a way of calculatig the quatities of medical, first aid ad ambulace provisio required for various evet types. First aiders 737 The recommeded miimum umber of first aiders at small evets where o special risks are cosidered likely is 2:1000 for the first 3000 attedig. No evet should have less tha two first aiders. 738 At idoor veues or stadia, first-aid facilities are likely to have bee agreed. However, the historical umber of first aiders provided at a existig veue does ot replace the eed to carry out a assessmet for each evet. Some veues will be i multiple use. I such cases, the overall provisio of medical, ambulace ad first-aid resources should take accout of all activities takig place withi that veue. 739 At evets atteded by a very youg audiece, ad at log evets or street carivals, the umber of first aiders may eed to be sigificatly icreased or the ratio of first aiders to professioal ambulace workers, doctors or urses altered. I these circumstaces, the ambulace provisio required should be discussed with the local NHS ambulace service, who may recommed special requiremets. This may iclude the provisio of a ambulace cotrol uit or a ambulace emergecy equipmet vehicle. Medical practitioers 740 The risk assessmet may idicate the eed for the provisio of medical practitioers o site. Ay medical practitioers should be provided i additio to ay medical workers allocated for the care of performers. 741 Usually oe suitably experieced medical practitioer should be able to fulfil the role of medical icidet officer with overall resposibility, i close liaiso with the ambulace icidet officer for the maagemet of medical resources at the scee of a major icidet. The evet safety guide Page 116 of 190

Health ad Safety Psychiatric care 742 At legthy or large evets, cosideratio should be give to ay requiremet for a psychiatric care team icludig psychiatrists, psychiatric urses ad drug advisers. This team may eed to liaise with the local authority social services departmet, hospital authorities ad the police. Nurses 743 Qualified urses may be required to care for patiets requirig loger-term maagemet o site. Uless traied as part of a mobile-respose team, urses should udertake the specific duty of staffig the mai medical facility, workig as a team with the medical practitioers, paramedics ad first aiders i the triage ad treatmet of casualties. Paramedics, ambulace techicias ad ambulace care assistats 744 Paramedics ad ambulace techicias may eed to be positioed i the pit area, medical facilities or areas of perceived risk, or deployed i immediate respose to emergecies arisig throughout the evet area. 745 Ambulace care assistats may assist i the trasport of those with ourget medical coditios or with mior ijury. Medical cover i pit areas 746 The risk assessmet may idicate that medical cover may be required withi the pit area. Medical workers i this area should be suitably experieced ad traied to provide advice o casualty hadlig to stewards, appropriate triage to casualties ad, where required, have the ability to facilitate the rapid evacuatio of ay casualties to a medical facility. The area i frot of the stage should have the followig equipmet quickly available: rescue board ad cervical collars; oxyge therapy ad resuscitatio equipmet; assorted splitage. O-site medical facilities (first-aid poits) 747 The umber, locatio ad suitability of medical facilities should be plaed. If there is more tha oe medical facility, oe should be desigated as the mai medical facility. First-lie medical facilities, icludig those i the pit area, will refer those requirig further treatmet to the secod-lie mai medical facility. The mai medical facility may be equipped as a medical cetre or field hospital. I the evet of a major icidet, i accordace with local major icidet procedures, a medical facility will be established or desigated as the casualty clearig statio. Maps ad plas 748 Detailed gridded maps or plas of the site with positio of medical facilities clearly marked must be available before the evet. This should iclude the surroudig roads ad access routes. Structures 749 At outdoor evets, if a suitable permaet structure is ot available, provide suitably equipped mobile first-aid uits or marquees with appropriate floorig. At idoor evets, positio the medical facility i or ext to the mai area. Staffig pla 750 A appropriate umber of competet first aiders should staff each medical facility ad, as appropriate, medical workers, ambulace workers ad urses, some of whom should be available to offer assistace withi audiece areas. At large outdoor evets, esure that a proportio of mobile first aiders are strategically positioed or asked to patrol a defied area, i cosultatio with the NHS ambulace service, if preset. All workers must be clearly idetified. Mobile first The evet safety guide Page 117 of 190

Health ad Safety aiders should be i costat radio cotact with their cotroller. Mobile respose teams 751 At high-risk evets, cosider the use of a suitably equipped mobile respose team with a appropriate skills mix ad meas of trasport to atted medical emergecies where their specific skills are required. Positio 752 At larger evets, provide a medical facility ear to the stage area with urestricted access to this positio from the pit area. I geeral, other medical facilities are situated i positios o the perimeter of the audiece area eablig urestricted access ad exit for ambulaces without eterig areas occupied by the audiece. Geeral cosideratios for the mai medical facility 753 As a miimum requiremet, the mai medical facility should be: desigated as a o smokig area ; of a adequate size for the aticipated umber of casualties ad readily accessible for the admissio of casualties ad ambulace crews; large eough to cotai at least two examiatio couches or ambulace stretcher trolleys, with adequate space to walk aroud, ad a area for the treatmet of sittig casualties; accessible at groud level ad have a doorway large eough to allow access for a ambulace stretcher trolley or wheelchair; maitaied i a clea ad hygieic coditio, free from dust ad with adequate heatig, lightig ad vetilatio; provided with adequate first-aid ad medical equipmet ad screes, etc, icludig resuscitatio equipmet, patiet-care cosumables ad where appropriate, a defibrillator, all of which should be separate from those cotaied i ambulaces. A agreemet should be reached durig the plaig stage about who will provide such items; withi close proximity of a easily accessible wheelchair-users toilet ad workers facility; provided with a supply of ruig hot ad cold water. If this is ot possible, provide adequate fresh clea water i cotaiers; provided with a supply of drikig water over a sik or had-wash basi or suitable receptacle; provided with a worktop or other suitable surface for equipmet ad documetatio, eg foldig tables; provided with suitable secure storage facilities for drugs ad equipmet used by the medical providers; ext to appropriate hard stadig or parkig facilities for ambulaces or associated emergecy vehicles. Cliical waste 754 Specific arragemets for the disposal of cliical waste must be plaed. Special Bio hazard cotaiers for the disposal of sharps or appropriately marked yellow bags for the disposal of dressigs or other cotamiated materials will be required. Suitable arragemets must also exist for the disposal of o-cliical waste at medical facilities. Liaiso with welfare services 755 The workers at medical facilities should be made aware of the arragemets The evet safety guide Page 118 of 190

Health ad Safety for social/welfare provisio so that people ca be suitably redirected to those facilities. Welfare of employees ad evet workers 756 Pla the welfare of the medical, ambulace, ursig ad first-aid workers. At ay evet which lasts more tha four hours, provide rest areas, saitary ad diig facilities. Where possible, separate these areas from the audiece facilities. First aid for employees ad evet workers 757 Uder the Health ad Safety (First Aid) Regulatios 1981, employers are resposible for esurig that first-aid facilities, equipmet ad persoel are provided for their employees if they are ijured or become ill at work. I order to decide o the level of first-aid provisio ecessary, a employer should make a assessmet of the first-aid eeds appropriate to the circumstaces of the workplace. Employees who are appoited as first aiders must have successfully completed the ecessary traiig with a HSE approved traiig orgaisatio. It is also good practice to have a accidet book available i which to record icidets which require first-aid treatmet. It is strogly recommeded to have a writte agreemet betwee the various employers, eg cotractors, subcotractors ad others workig at the evet to esure that the first aid provided meets all their eeds ad to avoid misuderstadigs. 758 Further guidace o Health ad Safety (First Aid) Regulatios is cotaied i HSE s publicatio First aid at work. The Health ad Safety (First-Aid) Regulatios 1981. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace. Defiitios ad competecies for medical workers 759 First aiders, ambulace ad medical workers should: be at least 16 years old ad ot over 65 years old; have o other duties or resposibilities; have idetificatio; have protective clothig; have relevat experiece or kowledge of requiremets for first aid at major public duties; be physically ad psychologically equipped to carry out the assiged roles. Also, first aiders uder 18 years old must ot work usupervised. Medical practitioer 760 A qualified medical practitioer is a medical practitioer registered with the Geeral Medical Coucil i the UK. The medical practitioer should be familiar with, or have access to, the local authority ad NHS major icidet plas ad have completed a course i major icidet maagemet. The medical practitioer should also have recet experiece i dealig with emergecies i the pre-hospital or accidet ad emergecy eviromet (withi two years) ad be familiar with the operatio of the local NHS ambulace service ad competet first-aid providers. I additio, he or she should have atteded a course i pre-hospital emergecy care. Qualified urse 761 A qualified urse is a urse whose ame is etered i the relevat part of the professioal register maitaied by the UK Cetral Coucil for Nursig, Midwifery The evet safety guide Page 119 of 190

Health ad Safety ad Health Visitig. The qualified urse should have post-registratio kowledge ad recet experiece i dealig with emergecies i the pre-hospital or accidet ad emergecy eviromet (withi two years). Paramedic 762 A paramedic is a member of a NHS ambulace service who holds a curret certificate of proficiecy i paramedical skills, issued by the Istitute of Health Care ad Developmet (IHCD), ad who has immediate access to the appropriate level of specialist equipmet, icludig drug therapy, as stipulated ad approved by the relevat Paramedical Steerig Committee. Ambulace techicia 763 A ambulace techicia is a member of a NHS ambulace service who holds a curret certificate of proficiecy i ambulace aid skills issued by the IHCD. Ambulace care assistat 764 A ambulace care assistat is a member of a NHS ambulace service who has completed a ambulace care assistat course at a IHCD recogised ambulace traiig establishmet. First aider 765 A first aider is a perso who holds a curret certificate of first-aid competecy issued by ay of the three volutary aid societies (or certai other bodies or orgaisatios): St Joh s Ambulace, British Red Cross Society or St Adrew s Ambulace Associatio. The first aider should have prior traiig or experiece i providig first aid at crowd evets. 766 Note: The completio of a Health ad Safety at Work or four day First Aid at Work course does ot ecessarily qualify a perso as competet to admiister first aid to members of the public. Appoited medical provider 767 A competet orgaisatio chose by the evet orgaiser, to provide overall maagemet of medical, ambulace ad first-aid services at a evet. Medical, ambulace ad first-aid provisio 768 It is recogised that medical cover at evets ca be orgaised i differet ways ad that the most appropriate model will vary accordig to the medical provider ad the ature of the evet. The followig tables set out a method of estimatig a reasoable level of resource. 769 It is emphasised that these figures may require modificatio as some providers may choose to substitute medical staff or paramedics for first aiders. I ay case, the suggested levels of resource are iteded oly as geeral guidace ad should ot be regarded as prescriptive. The tables are ot a substitute for a full risk assessmet of the evet. Figures do ot take accout of dedicated cover for performers or VIPs. Use Table 1 to allocate a score based o the ature of the evet. Use Table 2 to allocate a score based o available history ad pre-evet itelligece. Use Table 3 to take ito cosideratio additioal elemets, which may have a effect o the likelihood of risk. Use Table 4 to idicate a suggested resource requiremet. The evet safety guide Page 120 of 190

Health ad Safety Table 1 Evet ature Item Details Score (A) Nature of evet Classical performace 2 Public exhibitio 3 Pop/rock cocert 5 Dace evet 8 Agricultural/coutry show 2 Marie 3 Motorcycle display 3 Aviatio 3 Motor sport 4 State occasios 2 VIP visits/summit 3 Music festival 3 Bofire/pyrotechic display 4 New Year celebratios 7 Demostratios/marches/political evets Low risk of disorder 2 Medium risk of disorder 5 High risk of disorder 7 Opposig factios ivolved 9 (B) Veue Idoor 1 Stadium 2 Outdoor i cofied locatio, eg park. 2 Other outdoor, eg festival 3 Widespread public locatio i streets 4 Temporary outdoor structures 4 Icludes overight campig 5 (C) Stadig/seated Seated 1 Mixed 2 Stadig 3 (D) Audiece profile Full mix, i family groups 2 Full mix, ot i family groups 3 Predomiately youg adults 3 Predomiately childre ad teeagers 4 Predomiately elderly 4 Full mix, rival factios 5 Add A+B+C+D Total score for Table 1 The evet safety guide Page 121 of 190

Health ad Safety Table 2 Evet itelligece Item Details Score (E) Past history Good data, low casualty rate previously -1 (less tha 1%) Good data, medium casualty rate previously 1 (1% - 2%) Good data, high casualty rate previously 2 (more tha 2%) First evet, o data 3 (F) Expected umbers < 1000 1 < 3000 2 < 5000 8 < 10 000 12 < 20 000 16 < 30 000 20 < 40 000 24 < 60 000 28 < 80 000 34 < 100 000 42 < 200 000 50 < 300 000 58 Add E+F Total score for Table 2 Note: Numbers attedig may vary throughout the duratio of loger evets. Therefore, resource requiremets may eed to be adjusted accordigly. The evet safety guide Page 122 of 190

Health ad Safety Table 3 Sample of additioal cosideratios Item Details Score (G) Expected queuig Less tha 4 hours 1 More tha 4 hours 2 More tha 12 hours 3 (H) Time of year Summer 2 (outdoor evets) Autum 1 Witer 2 Sprig 1 (I)Proximity to Less tha 30 mi by road 0 defiitive care More tha 30 mi by road 2 (earest suitable A&E facility) (J) Profile of defiitive Choice of A&E departmets 1 care Large A&E departmet 2 Small A&E departmet 3 (K) Additioal hazards Carival 1 Helicopters 1 Motor sport 1 Parachute display 1 Street theatre 1 (L) Additioal o-site Suturig -2 facilities X-ray -2 Mior surgery -2 Plasterig -2 Psychiatric / GP facilities -2 Add G+H+I+J+K Subtract L Total score for Table 3 The evet safety guide Page 123 of 190

Health ad Safety Calculatio To calculate the overall score for the evet, do the followig: Add the total scores for Tables 1+2+3 above to give a overall score for the evet Table 4 Suggested resource requiremet Use the score from the above calculatio to gauge the levels of resource idicated for the evet. Note: The followig is a idicatio of the resources that may be required to maage a evet based a assessmet of factors set out i the previous tables. It must be oted that this table, i cojuctio with the medical chapter, is iteded for guidace oly. It caot ecompass all situatios ad is ot iteded to be prescriptive. The score refers to the suggested resources that should be available o duty at ay oe time durig the evet ad ot the cumulative umber of persoel deployed throughout the duratio of the evet. Score Ambulace First aider Ambulace persoel Doctor Nurse NHS ambulace maager Support uit <20 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 21-25 1 6 2 0 0 visit 0 26-30 1 8 2 0 0 visit 0 31-35 2 12 8 1 2 1 0 36-40 3 20 10 2 4 1 0 41-50 4 40 12 3 6 2 1 51-60 4 60 12 4 8 2 1 61-65 5 80 14 5 10 3 1 66-70 6 100 16 6 12 4 2 71-75 10 150 24 9 18 6 3 >75 15+ 200+ 35+ 12+ 24+ 8+ 3 Note: A ambulace paramedic crew, as a miimum, cosists of a paramedic plus a ambulace techicia traied to IHCD stadards. The evet safety guide Page 124 of 190

Health ad Safety Iformatio ad welfare 770 Providig iformatio ad welfare services at a evet ot oly cotributes to the safety ad well-beig of the audiece but they also act as a early-warig system to detect ay potetial breakdow of services or facilities o site. The rage ad level of iformatio ad welfare services eeded at ay evet will be determied by the evet risk assessmet. 771 Make sure that you clarify the role ad resposibilities of welfare ad iformatio workers i advace. Fully brief other services ivolved i the orgaisatio ad maagemet of a evet, such as stewards ad emergecy services about the ature of available welfare ad iformatio services ad ecourage them to share iformatio ad liaise with such services before ad durig a evet. Esure that workers i the iformatio ad welfare services have suitable access ad commuicatio with members of the evet maagemet team, stewards, first aid, etc. 772 Locate iformatio ad welfare services i suitable accommodatio, easily accessible, well siged, properly lit ad make sure that they are ope for the whole time the audiece are o site. Iformatio 773 Iformatio is a essetial elemet i crowd maagemet. Research has show that whe people have difficulty i obtaiig iformatio, they may feel usatisfied, discoteted, or eve become aggressive. I tur, this may result i people becomig less likely to comply with safety istructios or i the extreme, lead to public order problems. 774 Provide advace iformatio about the site layout ad facilities at the poit of sale of tickets, preferably i the form of a leaflet. This could iclude welfare provisio, crime prevetio advice, suggestios for clothig, food ad shelter, persoal security, essetial health ad safety measures, a site map, meetig-up arragemets, trasport ad parkig details, iformatio about ay prohibited items or practices, ad details about how chages i evet iformatio (eg lie-up, trasport, locatio of services) will be relayed durig the evet. 775 Cosider usig the ticket itself to show the site i relatio to mai routes, dates of the evet ad ay safety iformatio or special coditios. This could be backed up by providig a telephoe umber for further iformatio o the etertaimet, ad facilities available for people with special eeds. 776 Provide iformatio poits accordig to the scale ad duratio of the evet, to cover all times the audiece are o site. Locate them i promiet places, well displayed ad lit. Site maps should be freely available or at least provided for referece. 777 Iformatio poits ca give details of public trasport, o-site facilities, local facilities, performace times, message-leavig systems ad access to emergecy services by telephoe. Some of this iformatio could also be provided, alog with other safety advice, o free hadouts or i the evet programme. The iformatio poit ca also be used as a resource to provide up-to-date safety messages. A exteral telephoe lie or radio for emergecy or humaitaria use is advisable. The evet safety guide Page 125 of 190

Health ad Safety 778 Brief the workers i the iformatio ad welfare services with the site services ad layout, as well as emergecy procedures ad facilities for dealig with lost or distressed people. 779 Display the site pla promietly at etraces, iformatio poits, car parks, first-aid poits ad i the evet programme. Esure that plas are large, clear, preferably i large prit, waterproof ad show the followig iformatio, as relevat: toilets performace areas campig areas exits ad etraces car parks mai roads first-aid poits emergecy services fire poits welfare poits iformatio poits police poit caterig facilities lost people s meetig poit lost childre s facility public telephoes childre s play areas lost property drikig water emergecy shelter(s), where applicable property lock-ups, where applicable. 780 The issue of pass outs will eed to be addressed as part of the evet risk assessmet. It is importat that the audiece is wared i advace if pass outs to the car parks or the local area are ot allowed. Welfare services 781 Welfare services are provided for people who fid themselves i difficulties. These services fill i gaps ot provided by other specialist services such as medical services, police ad stewards. They eed to be ope durig the whole time the audiece are o site. Esure that welfare workers are competet ad have received adequate traiig ad briefig. 782 Workers from day cetres, ight shelters, drugs projects, cousellig services, alcohol services, probatio, social services, metal health workers, teachers ad solicitors, all offer relevat experiece which could be ivaluable i a welfare service settig. Welfare services, however, offer crisis-itervetio ad caot offer logterm support. 783 Cosider icorporatig welfare services ito your major icidet ad cotigecy plaig for a evet. Welfare services are well placed to offer a wide rage of support to witesses of icidets or to relatives of those ivolved i icidets. Welfare ad iformatio services ca help with the dissemiatio of iformatio durig ad after emergecies ad icidets. 784 The rage of welfare services depeds o the scale of the evet. At smaller evets, it may be possible to combie iformatio ad welfare services i oe poit. At larger evets, particularly where campig facilities are provided, welfare The evet safety guide Page 126 of 190

Health ad Safety ad iformatio services should be available at several locatios across the site. 785 Give the use of drugs ad alcohol by youg people, it is essetial that you cosider the provisio of appropriate drugs ad alcohol cousellig, if relevat. Meetig poit ad persoal messages 786 Oe of the most commo problems at evets is that people become separated from the group with whom they have travelled. Whe plaig your veue or site desig cosider a place for people to leave messages for each other ad a clearly marked meetig place for people to meet up. A card idex system is foud to be the most effective way of leavig messages. 787 There may also eed to be a meetig poit just outside the site for meetig up or collectio by relatives after the evet. It is especially importat that the meetig poit is well lit ad clearly sigposted ad does ot create a obstructio to exits. The use of the PA system to locate idividuals i the audiece i cosultatio with the welfare services workers is recommeded. Public telephoes ad other public services 788 Cosider providig public telephoes especially if the site is isolated ad if pass outs or re-admissios are restricted. A choice of coi ad card payphoes is best. For security reasos ad to ecourage 24-hour service, cardphoes are preferable to cashphoes, provided that cards are available for purchase o site. It is essetial that there is a operator coectio to eable reverse charge calls. Public telephoes eed to be accessible ad operate durig a emergecy. Wherever possible, ecourage baks to provide a service o site. Lost property poit 789 Iformatio ad welfare services ca also provide a lost property poit to deal with property foud o site ad where missig or stole property ca be reported (where appropriate, i liaiso with police services o site). 790 Locatig a lost property poit with welfare services has the additioal advatage of providig support for people who become distressed because of losig their possessios. However, a separate etrace for the lost property poit may be advisable at larger evets where the amout of lost property equiries could overwhelm regular welfare ad iformatio services. 791 Make sure that foud property is take to the lost property poit where details of the property, where it was foud, ad who foud it are recorded. You may also eed to make arragemets for the safekeepig of property which has ot bee reclaimed at the ed of a evet. Cloakroom/left luggage/lock-ups 792 Providig lock-ups o site where the audiece ca leave valuable or bulky items may reduce the amout of lost property ad theft. The type of items to be deposited ad the desig of the provisio will deped o the type of evet, eg campig equipmet, rucksacks, etc, at campig evets; ad coats, bags ad warm clothig at oe-day evets. The evet safety guide Page 127 of 190

Health ad Safety Support for vulerable attedees 793 Provide support for members of the audiece who become distressed durig the evet or who are deemed vulerable. Such services are ofte also able to provide a space where disorietated people ca feel safe ad ca stay util they feel able to leave, or eed referral to specialist help. At larger or loger evets, there may also be a eed to arrage access to specialist services for people i acute eed of psychiatric assessmet ad support. 794 There may also be a eed to have competet workers available to help attedees experiecig difficulties through drugs they have cosumed, icludig alcohol. Basic guidace o assistig people with drug-related difficulties ca be obtaied from specialist drug agecies or through the local health authority. If appropriate, provisios should iclude pletiful free drikig water ad a cool space (chill-out area). 795 Cosider providig a emergecy shelter or a crash marquee which ca serve as emergecy accommodatio for people who are left without trasport home or without their ow shelter at campig evets. Such a marquee ca also provide accommodatio i the case of a major icidet or cotigecy. I such istaces, make sure the groud is covered to protect people from damp. If a marquee is provided, it will be ecessary for the welfare workers to liaise with medical services ad stewards about access to these services. Saitary facilities, emergecy clothig or blakets, ad refreshmets may also eed to be provided. 796 First-aid recovery/recuperatio ad observatio ca be provided at the welfare poit if this is pre-arraged ad supervised by medical workers, although it is recommeded that cases that are more serious remai i the medical area. 797 Evets provide uique opportuities for health educatio, particularly for youg people. Wherever possible, ecourage relevat health agecies to work i liaiso with o-site welfare ad iformatio services o providig iformatio o issues such as safer subathig, advice o drug use, safer sex, HIV/Aids ad the provisio of codoms. The evet safety guide Page 128 of 190

Health ad Safety Childre 798 Cosider provisio for childre eve if the evet itself is ot ecessarily aimed at childre, as they may accompay adults. Make sure that your publicity material idicates whether or ot the evet is suitable for childre ad if they are required to be accompaied by a adult, or if childre uder a certai age are ot allowed etry. 799 The Childre Act 1989 applies to activities that ru for more tha two hours per day for six or more days of the year. Such activities will require registratio. Childre s activity orgaisers should cosult the Registratio ad Ispectio Uit of the local authority social services departmet for advice ad clarificatio. Eve where the Childre Act 1989 does ot apply, the Childre Act provides soud guidelies regardig adult:child ratios ad space stadards for premises. 800 Cosider the followig matters i relatio to childre at the evet: dedicated play areas; rides ad activities which are ot located i dedicated play areas; childre with special eeds; activities ivolvig early teeagers; temporary arragemets for the safe care of lost childre (which should be preset at all evets). Plaig ad liaiso 801 Cosider the presece of childre i your evet risk assessmet ad major icidet ad cotigecy plas. The presece of pushchairs may eed to be cosidered i evacuatio plas. Esure that there are suitable methods of commuicatio with orgaisers of childre s facilities ad that other relevat o-site services, such as stewards, first aid ad welfare, are aware of the provisios for childre, their locatio, operatig times, etc. 802 Esure that the providers of services ad facilities are aware of the possible eeds of childre ad youg people, eg bar workers eed to be aware of the situatio regardig the sale of alcohol ad have methods of idetifyig those who are uder age. Toilet facilities could iclude a mother ad baby room for baby feedig ad appy chagig. Care of childre at dedicated play areas 803 Esure that the areas are arraged ad maaged by people with relevat expertise ad experiece. Some key poits are that: the desigated leader of the childre s play area has verifiable, relevat qualificatios ad experiece; all helpers are over 18 years of age; people with kow histories of child-related offeces must ot be ivolved; people ivolved are ot uder the ifluece of alcohol or drugs ad must be medically fit; it is advisable for someoe i the team to have a curret first-aid certificate; people workig with childre kow the earest first-aid poit ad all emergecy procedures; it is essetial that all people workig with childre are fully briefed o all aspects The evet safety guide Page 129 of 190

Health ad Safety of evet safety policy ad child protectio issues; all accidets are recorded. Child protectio at dedicated play areas 804 Cosider these matters: childre uder 8 years are ot to be left uatteded; a child must ot be left uder the supervisio of oly oe worker; it is iadvisable for childre uder 8 years to leave the evet uless accompaied by a paret or resposible adult; childre are ot to be take away from desigated childre s areas, veues or sites uless paretal permissio has bee obtaied beforehad; childre s workers are aware of the potetial problems relatig to the iappropriate hadlig or touchig of childre; childre s workers are coversat with procedures for disciplie ad dealig with uco-operative childre or their parets; corporal puishmet (smackig, slappig ad shakig) is illegal; practices that threate, frighte or humiliate childre are ot to be used; dagerous behaviour by childre is always discouraged; supervisors are aware of the problems that could arise from itruders ad systems of commuicatio with stewards are well established; workers should ot udertake the care of sick childre. Facilities at dedicated childre s areas 805 Make sure you have cosidered these matters. Is there adequate lightig, heatig ad vetilatio? Is there supervised ad cotrolled etry ad exit at eclosed sites ad veues? Are areas well defied or appropriately feced? Is there provisio for shade ad shelter at ope-air sites? The proximity to fial exits i case of evacuatio. There is o access to ope water, eg pods, for youg childre. Is there access to toilets ad ruig water withi a reasoable distace of the area or withi the veue? Is there suitable food ad drik for childre? No smokig withi childre s areas. Toilets ad washbasis are regularly maitaied ad cleased. Is there suitable furiture for the age group of the childre? Is there safety glass that coforms to the relevat British Stadards provided at low levels? Are hadrails at appropriate heights o stairs or steps? Floors are ot slippery. Is there adequate provisio for the regular ad safe disposal of rubbish, icludig used appies? Numbers of childre at dedicated play areas 806 The umber of childre i ay area is based o the size of the space, the activities offered ad the umber of workers available. Where activities are provided for uder 8 year olds, the Childre Act 1989 may apply. Cotact the local authority social services departmet for further advice. The evet safety guide Page 130 of 190

Health ad Safety Childre s activities i dedicated play areas 807 Activities should be appropriate to the age of the childre ivolved. Esure that a risk assessmet for each activity is carried out ad everyoe ivolved i the activity is fully briefed. Clearly display iformatio about potetial hazards. Pictures may be more effective for childre. 808 Play equipmet accessible to childre must be safe ad childre eed to be closely supervised whe usig the equipmet at all times. Esure there is costat supervisio for activities that could be potetially dagerous, eg woodwork or cadle makig. Materials should be clea, o-toxic ad o-allergeic. Particular care should be take to check juk materials before use, for their clealiess, suitability ad ay hidde sharp items, eg staples. 809 Face paiters should oly pait cheeks or hads of childre uder four years ad always have paretal permissio. Ask face paiters for their public liability isurace ad proof that they are usig a reputable brad of o-allergeic, waterbased face paits. Provide iformatio to parets about whe ad how to remove face paits. Childre of differig ages 810 Childre s activity orgaisers should be aware that differet age groups of childre demad differet levels of supervisio ad differet types of activity. For childre of 0-2 years, there must be appy-chagig facilities, qualified workers, suitable safe toys ad all childre must be registered o arrival. Provide had-washig facilities ad tables for supervisig adults, ad esure equipmet is regularly cleased. For childre of 3-5 years, qualified workers must lead activities. There should be access to a quiet rest area, activities should be varied ad all childre must be registered o arrival. The etry poit must be supervised at all times to esure that childre do ot leave the evet uoticed. Childre of 5-7 years should be registered o arrival ad a variety of iteractive equipmet ad activities provided for them. For childre of 8-11 years, registratio may be advisable ad more challegig activities that last for loger periods should be provided. For the 11-18 year old group, cosider the situatio regardig the sale of alcohol ad methods of idetifyig those who are uder age. Plety of soft driks should be easily available as a alterative. 811 If mixed age group activities are to be ru, care should be take with the layout of the childre s area to avoid smaller childre beig kocked over or accidetally hurt by excited older childre. Childre with special eeds 812 Cosider the requiremets of childre with special eeds ad develop a policy with regard to these childre. Where evets ca provide activities for these childre, provide suitable equipmet ad esure that it is of a type that eables childre with special eeds to be fully egaged i the activity. Rides, amusemets ad outdoor play equipmet 813 Site rides ad amusemets i a evirometally child-friedly space. Rides The evet safety guide Page 131 of 190

Health ad Safety should be appropriate to the age ad size of users. Ride operators must have relevat statutory certificates for their equipmet (see chapter o Amusemets, attractios ad promotioal displays). Boucy castle operators must provide proper supervisio at all times. Fixed outdoor play equipmet should coform to BS EN 1176 Parts 1-4, 6 1998, Part 7 1997 (replacig BS 5696). Evets ivolvig early teeager audieces 814 Problems may arise with audieces of predomiatly youg teeagers who atted without their parets. They may be more proe to ecouterig difficulties, such as becomig separated from compaios, missig the trasport home ad losig items, icludig moey. Cosider providig a help poit for these childre. 815 Parets ofte take their childre to these evets, ad sometimes have difficulties fidig them agai at the ed of the evet. Cosider providig a specific meetig place for parets to wait alog with a staffed message facility. A alterative would be to offer a space where parets ca sped the time at the veue, waitig o site to collect their childre at the ed of the evet. Lost childre 816 Prepare a lost child policy that idetifies arragemets for the safe care of lost childre util they are reuited with paret/guardia. 817 There should be a clearly advertised collectio poit for lost childre, supervised at all times with fully briefed workers. Esure that lost childre are ot left i the sole care of a sigle worker (see paragraph 804). If there is a childre s area o site, this will be the best place for the care of lost childre. I some circumstaces it may be ecessary to make a aoucemet over the PA system. Take care to esure that aoucemets do ot refer to childre specifically or give persoal details, descriptios or ames. 818 If a child is reluctat to go with a paret or collectig adult seek a secod opiio from the police. The paret s or guardia s sigature ad proof of idetity should also be obtaied. Oce a child has bee reuited with their paret or guardia, iform stewards ad police immediately if they have bee ivolved. The evet safety guide Page 132 of 190

Health ad Safety Performers 819 The requiremets ad resposibilities of performers have to be cosidered i evet plaig. Cotract egotiatios provide a opportuity to raise cocers ad resolve safety issues i advace. Performers have resposibilities i relatio to the safety of the audiece ad site workers. Performers could be held directly resposible for ijury that results from their behaviour such as throwig thigs from the stage or ot keepig to performace timigs. 820 Supply the performer s maagemet with a full briefig documet before the evet, icludig: how to reach the site ad a map of the site showig specific artists etrace, stage, stage pla ad accommodatio pla; a itierary of what is happeig, site access times, soud check times, performace times, etc; specific security arragemets. Performers areas ad accommodatio 821 Esure that chagig ad warm-up facilities are weatherproof, well lit ad secure. Provide toilet facilities for male ad female artists ad cosider separate toilet provisio close to the stage. Arrival ad departure 822 Pla the arrival ad departure times for performers. Their etry ad exit poits, if practicable, should be differet to those used by the audiece. Where risk of sigificat audiece attetio is perceived, try to keep their vehicles out of view. Desigate appropriate umbers of stewards to the area, if it is felt that performers will attract sigificat attetio. Also cosider the route to be take to ad from the veue. Some performers may arrive by helicopter so your risk assessmet will eed to cover the selectio, markig ad locatio of the ladig zoe. Buses ad other vehicles 823 Parkig facilities for performers should, where possible, be separate from audiece car parkig ad close to the stage. Where this is ot possible, workers should be o had, with appropriate trasport if ecessary, to help move people ad equipmet. 824 Esure that the umber of vehicles is kept to a miimum. Allocate a specific parkig area for the vehicles, with the drivers available at all times i case they eed to be moved. May vehicles carry o-board geerators ad it is udesirable to keep these powered by leavig egies ruig. The vehicle operator should carry cablig to lik up to a mais supply where possible. Where practical, cosider providig a suitable mais supply (see Electrical istallatios ad lightig chapter). Workers ad guests 825 Esure that the umber of workers ad guests permitted ito restricted areas is cotrolled so that the areas do ot become overcrowded especially o stage ad performace areas. Try to keep workers associated with performers to a miimum ad esure that they have suitable security clearace, which should be graded with access to key areas, such as dressig rooms. The evet safety guide Page 133 of 190

Health ad Safety Security of performers 826 Esure that performers are met ad booked i o arrival at the veue, suitable security passes are issued ad where ay threat, such as mobbig, seems likely, suitably traied stewards are employed. Durig the performace every effort should be made to secure the performace space. Artists ad maagemet should be made aware that they play a part i this process. 827 Advise performers of the evacuatio procedures ad the whereabouts of medical facilities. If this is ot practicable, advise a seior represetative who ca shadow performers while o site, keepig i mid security eeds ad escape routes. Performers help i emergecy plaig 828 As well as beig aware of the site safety arragemets, performers or their represetatives ca participate i the emergecy procedures plaed by helpig to calm a situatio ad askig the audiece to stad back (see paragraphs 269-278 o Emergecy public aoucemets). The evet safety guide Page 134 of 190

Health ad Safety TV ad media 829 Music evets attract a wide cross-sectio of media workers. Depedig o the size, locatio ad type of evet, this ca rage from local media coverage through to global media attetio. Large evets ca attract as may as 30 TV crews, 150 photographers, 200 jouralists ad up to 50 radio statios makig a small commuity of up to about 500 people. 830 The maagemet of TV ad media ca be split ito two areas: pre-evet; durig evet. Pre-evet 831 As a aid to crowd maagemet ad public iformatio cosider issuig a press release cotaiig as much iformatio as possible about the evet: ame, dates, times, locatio, lie-up, ticket iformatio, public trasport iformatio ad cotact ame ad telephoe umber. 832 Make sure that as well as atioal media outlets, all local media have bee cotacted with details of the evet. If the evet sells out or is cacelled or if a major icidet occurs, good commuicatios with local media will esure that iformatio is carried to the public quickly ad efficietly. 833 Decide the amout of media that is maageable for the evet. Settig a acceptable level of media attedace depeds o how may people are able to look after them, how log the evet lasts ad available space. 834 All media ca usefully provide advace advice to the public, such as coditios o site, travel arragemets, site facilities ad restrictios. Esure that each media represetative who will be attedig your site, receives iformatio ad advice o-site safety arragemets. Durig the evet 835 At medium- to large-scale evets, cosider settig up a small press tet or press office withi the VIP or guest hospitality area (if provided). Ideally this should be situated away from productio or artist chagig areas. 836 The press tet or office is where iformatio about the evet ca be posted, iterviews orgaised ad a meetig place set up for photographers, film ad radio crews before media activity. If possible, provide the press tet or office with a payphoe ad power poits so that the media ca recharge batteries, phoes, etc. Photographers 837 Make sure that photographers are escorted ito ad out of the pit area ad display appropriate passes. Where possible, photographers should eter ad exit the pit area from the same side to allow medical services total access from the opposite side. If for ay reaso the pit becomes crowded or the safety of the audiece is compromised the photographers should be made to withdraw. If there are a large umber of photographers o site, it is recommeded that they should be escorted to the pit area i smaller maageable groups to prevet overcrowdig of the area. The evet safety guide Page 135 of 190

Health ad Safety Radio broadcasters 838 Local radio statios ofte atted the site with a mobile or outside broadcast uit (OB uit) to feed live iserts or soudbites back to the studios. The OB uit usually takes the form of a estate car or four-wheel drive vehicle with a large telescopic mast. Oce the iterviews are completed esure the OB uit is moved off site or to allocated parkig areas. 839 Sometimes a radio statio is set up o site specifically to broadcast programmes to the audiece. Not oly does this provide etertaimet ad iterviews with performers ad the audiece, but also it ca be extremely useful i trasmittig importat safety iformatio ad messages for people. Pla how you will access the radio statio with safety iformatio you may wish to be trasmitted. Press jouralists 840 Press jouralists ormally require the least amout of attetio as they atted to review the evet as a whole rather tha acquire idividual iterviews. Oce agai, however, esure that ay iterviews with artists are pre-arraged before the evet begis to limit the amout of o-site orgaisatio betwee press office ad artists. TV broadcasters 841 TV requires the most amout of attetio ad the type of TV crews ad workers ca be broke dow ito three mai areas: Evet filmig uits 842 A large evet will geerally be recorded by a dedicated productio compay or broadcaster for live or future broadcast. Pla these arragemets i advace as they require special facilities such as filmig platforms, OB vehicles parked backstage, audio ad visual mixig trucks, frot-of-house filmig platforms, etc, these arragemets eed to be cosidered i veue ad site desig. TV ews crews 843 TV ews crews will cosist of local ews crews, cable ad satellite crews. These crews are ormally small (two to four people). They will require oly a short amout of time o site ad therefore ca be serviced relatively quickly. They should be supervised wherever possible ad escorted quickly ad efficietly to key locatios (productio offices, services offices, frot-of-house, etc). Productio compaies 844 This is ormally the largest part of the TV mix ad is made up of music programmes iterested i coverig the evet, to lifestyle programmes. 845 TV crews ted to eed access to vehicles for equipmet ad storage, so cosider space allocatio close to the hospitality/vip area as possible. Other oessetial vehicles ca be allocated spaces i desigated car parks. Foreig media 846 Foreig media workers eed to be clearly briefed i advace ad give assistace to uderstad the safety requiremets especially regardig the provisio, compatibility ad use of electrical equipmet. Studet media 847 Studet media ca be helpful to the evet ad useful for commuicatig with the audiece at evets atteded by predomiatly youg people. O-site structural cosideratios 848 I additio to requiremets already metioed for facilities, vehicles ad The evet safety guide Page 136 of 190

Health ad Safety accommodatio, the presece of media workers, ad TV broadcasters i particular, will have to be cosidered i your veue ad site desig. Media provisio such as gatries may restrict viewig areas for audieces ad therefore caot be couted i occupat capacity calculatios. 849 Media may eed to use costructios, as outlied i the chapter o Structures, such as scaffold towers ad the use of barriers aroud media istallatios. Similarly, requiremets for electricity supplies will eed to coform to recommedatios, eg buryig cables. O-site public relatios staffig requiremets 850 The umber of workers required to maage media will vary accordig to the size of the evet, the umber of days that the evet is held over, the type of evet, the capacity ad the amout of media expected. At large three-day music evets with a 50 000 or more capacity, at least te people will be required to deal with the media. At smaller oe-day evets, four to six people should suffice. 851 Issue all workers with site radios that have their ow dedicated chael to avoid takig up uecessary time dealig with media questios, guest lists, artists whereabouts, etc. Esure that all media workers are fully briefed ad aware of ay emergecy procedures. 852 Media liaiso workers eed to have a base; ormally this will be at the poit where media represetatives check-i or at a press tet. These areas are best sited close together to avoid large distaces betwee the productio areas, pit, presstet ad media check-i locatios. 853 Over the course of a evet, media ad press officers will get to kow the idividuals ivolved ad this is extremely useful i the case of emergecies or importat aoucemets. Esure that the chief press officer is itroduced to key stewardig workers, local authority officers, police spokespersos, welfare orgaisers, evet film uits, etc. This will eable a direct lie of commuicatio betwee the media ad services that is cotrolled ad efficiet. The evet safety guide Page 137 of 190

Health ad Safety Stadium music evets 854 Stagig evets i stadia differs from other veues. This chapter begis by describig the geeral orgaisatioal arragemets, legal issues ad maagemet resposibilities ad is followed by practical matters to cosider whe stagig a music evet i a stadium. 855 Sports stadia are icreasigly used to hold evets other tha those for which they were origially desiged. Music evets will ormally require a public etertaimet licece. However, i the case of sports stadia additioal legal requiremets will apply uder the Safety of Sports Grouds Act 1975. If the stadium is desigated uder the 1975 Act, eg league ad premier football grouds ad atioal stadia, a geeral safety certificate will have bee issued, but will be ulikely to cover activities such as music evets. A special safety certificate will therefore eed to be issued for a music evet. 856 I some areas of the coutry the etertaimet licesig ad safety certificatio resposibilities may ot be held ad admiistered by a uitary authority but split betwee local authorities at district ad couty level. Where two local authorities udertake these fuctios it is essetial that there is close liaiso betwee the authorities to esure cosistecy i safety stadards ad requiremets. Guide to safety at sports grouds 857 Sport stadia regulated ad certificated uder the 1975 Act are assessed for occupat capacity, safety, comfort ad welfare of spectators by stadards cotaied i the Guide to safety at sports grouds. Whe a sports groud is used for a music evet, the iformatio i the Guide to safety at sports grouds ad this publicatio will apply. The provisios of this publicatio will be ecessary to supplemet those of the Guide to safety at sports grouds, either i respect of the matters ot covered, or that require a alterative approach because of the differet circumstaces. 858 It is very importat whe deviatig from the recommedatios of the Guide to safety at sports grouds, to esure that safety decisios are recorded ad justified with writte evidece. A evet specific risk assessmet will eed to be carried out. These matters are the resposibility of the stadium maagemet team. Maagemet issues 859 The stadium maagemet will be the certificate holder uder the 1975 Act ad will remai resposible for the provisio ad maiteace of safe accommodatio ad safety stadards for a audiece comig oto the premises. It is also quite likely that the local authority will grat the public etertaimets licece to the stadium maagemet as occupier of the premises. However, it is equally likely that the promotio ad stagig of a music evet will be udertake by a outside orgaisatio. 860 To avoid coflict betwee the parties ad blurrig of lies of resposibility for specific safety duties, close liaiso is essetial together with a record i writig of the agreemet betwee the parties regardig the resposibility for safety or safety fuctios. 861 Stadium maagemet eed to esure that the proposed evet, icludig temporary structures, will fit ito the stadium ad that all proposed audiece The evet safety guide Page 138 of 190

Health ad Safety accommodatio, both permaet ad temporary, is safe ad sufficiet for the use iteded. Also cosider existig structures ad whether they ca cope with the dyamic loadig likely to result from the movemets of a cocert audiece as opposed to those of sportig fas. Further iformatio ca be foud i the Istitutio of Structural Egieers documet Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use. Plaig for safety 862 Ultimate resposibility for the safety of a stadium audiece rests with the stadium maagemet ad ot with the evet orgaiser, uless they are oe ad the same. Stadium maagemet therefore eed to have a safety maagemet structure i place ad be able to demostrate their compliace with health ad safety legislatio. 863 I particular stadium maagemet should have: a writte safety policy for employees ad audiece members; cotigecy plas; agreed major icidet procedures; agreed statemet of itet documets; writte risk assessmets that justify actios, activities, plas ad methods of operatio. 864 Stadium maagers will or should be actively ivolved i safety advisory groups, which iclude officers of the local authority ad emergecy services. Such groups are useful for assistig ad advisig the stadium maagemet o how to discharge their resposibilities ad should be cotacted at a early stage durig plaig for music evets. This assistace however, does ot relieve stadium maagemet of their resposibility towards people visitig their stadia. 865 Start safety plaig at a early stage, as much of it will be critical to importat issues icludig occupat capacities. It would be wise to review existig plas ad risk assessmets as these may still be appropriate uder the temporary arragemets or may oly eed adjustmets or modificatios to take accout of the differet circumstaces. 866 Some safety plas may eed to be re-writte to deal with specific situatios. For example, plaig the evacuatio of audiece members from terraces, which may ivolve a elemet of forward movemet oto the pitch as a place of safety. Obviously if the stadium is beig used for a music evet, with the pitch area desigated for the audiece, the likelihood that members of the audiece will try to evacuate the stadium via the terraces must be catered for. 867 Those ivolved i the process of reviewig, revisig ad redraftig major icidet ad cotigecy plas, risk assessmets, etc, will beefit by walkig the site. This simple exercise will prove extremely beeficial ad highlight issues ot otherwise thought of that might have the potetial to cause harm ad pose a risk. Audiece size 868 The meas for calculatig the audiece size or occupat capacity for a evet is dealt with separately i this publicatio. However, calculatig the occupat capacity for a evet withi a stadium will require a rage of additioal factors to be cosidered. The purpose of settig the occupat capacity is to esure safe etry, safe accommodatio durig the evet, safe exitig at the ed of the evet ad that The evet safety guide Page 139 of 190

Health ad Safety the meas of escape are adequate for the umber of people attedig the evet, ad i the case of music evets with stadig provisio, it also assists i cotrollig audiece desities. There is also a beefit i kowig the maximum capacity whe determiig the level of provisio eeded for first aid, stewards, toilets, caterig facilities, etc. 869 Whe calculatig the occupat capacity for a sports stadium certificated uder the 1975 Act, there is the immediate advatage of already kowig the set capacities for the ormal spectator areas, which will also be provided with adequate meas of escape. However, if the pitch area is occupied by the audiece (stadig or seated) ad/or by temporary structures, such as a stage or stads, additioal exits are likely to be required. Whatever the assessed capacity ad desity is, it must be emphasised that the fial capacity should ot exceed the available calculated meas of escape. It would, therefore, be sesible to iitially calculate the occupat capacity based o the exit potetial of the stadium. Factors affectig the occupat capacity 870 The additioal factors that will ifluece ad reduce the fial occupat capacity due to loss of space ad restricted viewig iclude: those areas of the stadium closed to the audiece, eg back stage; sight-lie obscured areas, eg stage left ad right ext to back stage. If the stage is deep ad the performers work from the back of the stage, the poor sight-lie areas particularly i the terrace seatig will icrease; stage size ad locatio o terrace ad pitch - if the stage is large ad positioed too far forward, valuable audiece space is lost; those areas take up by the soud ad lightig mixer uit, delay towers, camera platforms, caterig ad merchadisig stalls; reduced terrace seatig removed to allow for wider gagways oto ad off the pitch area; satellite stages ad large thrusts for acts to perform, together with protected access routes; multiple barrier systems ad pes - whe these systems are used to the frot of stage, a cosiderable amout of pitch area is take up by the barrier costructio ad sterile gagways for the stewards ad first-aid teams; first-aid poits located o the pitch; areas both o the pitch ad i the terraces that are i the shadow of structures - such as the mixer tower. These positios ofte have very poor sight lies ad as such are ot occupied; migratio of the audiece dow from the terraces oto the pitch - this displacemet ca lead to higher audiece umbers ad desity o the pitch tha cosidered safe. 871 The locatio of the stage structure i the correct positio as agreed o the site plas caot be over emphasised. It is essetial to esure that a competet perso oversees the stage istallatio ito its correct positio. If this does ot happe ad a error occurs with everythig beig 1-2 m further forward oto the pitch, may safety-related problems will esue, eg may terrace seats will suddely have poor or o sight lie of the stage, the pitch area available is reduced (icreasig the audiece desity), ad the pitch structures will correspodigly have to move, affectig more audiece sight lies - remember that this will all happe at a poit i the evet productio whe the bulk of the tickets will have bee sold. Access maagemet 872 I sports stadia the umber of etraces, which will be maily turstiles, will have bee approved by the certificatio authority. The layout of turstiles or The evet safety guide Page 140 of 190

Health ad Safety etrace poits i a stadium will be cofigured to reflect the spectator viewig areas for the purpose for which it was origially desiged. 873 Whe a stadium is used for a music evet some of the etraces caot be used as they feed ito back stage areas, or would prejudice safety ad lead to crushig by feedig the audiece ito the frot-of-stage area from either side while simultaeously fillig from the rear of the pitch. 874 If all etrace poits are ot available, it will be ecessary to determie how the stadium ca be loaded safely for the assessed occupacy capacity. The stadard for sports stadia is based o a maximum otioal flow rate of 660 people through a turstile i 1 hour or the measured flow rate, whichever is the lower, with a overall groud-loadig time of 1 hour (this stadard reflects the arrival patter of football spectators). A loger loadig time with a reduced turstile flow rate may be acceptable as log as the safety of the people queuig to eter will ot be compromised. 875 Cosider the followig factors: the profile ad ature of the audiece ad likely or kow behaviour; assumed slow arrival over much loger period; etraces opeed at least two hours before the first act; the actual umber ad locatio of turstiles proposed to be used; the level of security checks of the audiece comig through the turstiles; whether the evet is a geeral access show, ie free movemet of people; plas to feed pitch from opposite ed to stage; seated pitch - this reduces eed for oe ed access ad allows for greater umber of turstiles to be opeed; reserved seatig - ecourages people to tur up later ad ot rush access; ticket sales o day (should be remote from turstiles, as should ticket pick-up poits. 876 Crowd coditios ca deteriorate outside of stadia if large umbers of people seek to arrive ad gai admissio at the same time - this is a particular problem with eveig evets whe access poits simply overload ad caot process the audiece members ito the stadia quickly eough. Health ad safety resposibilities exted to people outside the stadium, eve if people are o the public highway, so cosider the followig matters: early cosultatio ad plaig with the police ad provisio of stewards for marshallig the queuig audiece; suitable barrier systems are available if required; adequate umbers of properly traied stewards are deployed; a PA system eeds to be available ad ca deliver aoucemets to the waitig audiece (keepig people iformed of evets ad timigs is reassurig ad settlig); use of CCTV to moitor queues; caterig facilities are available if they ca be located so as ot to cause a obstructio, restrict queuig or free movemet (if o the public highway it may be ecessary to discuss this with the local authority); first-aid facilities to the outside of the stadium are essetial; toilet facilities are available - it may be ecessary to provide mobile uits (this should be discussed with the local authority if o the public highway); cotigecy plas are i place to deal with audiece problems ad i particular the relief of pressure poits i frot of or ear to turstiles. The evet safety guide Page 141 of 190

Health ad Safety Exit ad evacuatio arragemets 877 Spectator exit ad evacuatio arragemets will already be i place ad approved for the stadium. However, for music evets audiece accommodatio will differ from the stadard arragemets. Cosider issues relatig to the accommodatio of audiece members o the pitch, whether seated or stadig ad the requiremets for additioal exits that do ot deliver people ito occupied terraces. Evaluate the eed to evacuate people from the temporary structures. If multiple barrier systems or pes are used to the frot-of-stage, careful plaig ad recordig is eeded. Pla how the audiece will exit without delays, ad esure that ay barrier systems will ot affect exit routes from the pitch. 878 Emergecy evacuatio plas will have to be revised or re-writte i respect of the terraces as stadard plas that may iclude the use of the pitch as a meas of escape or refuge, will ot be available. 879 Whe cosiderig exit ad evacuatio strategies, particularly if a stadium is beig used for the first time for music evets, the audiece will respod i a differet ad slower way to istructios, cotrols ad emergecy evacuatio procedures. There will ot be the same sese of urgecy to leave the groud that regular sports fas will have. The pitch 880 Music evets i stadia that iclude the use of the pitch for audiece accommodatio must be safe to use with associated access to facilities. Arragemets should iclude: the provisio of firm uder foot coditios, that do ot preset trippig hazards i themselves ad where they joi other surfaces ad levels, are ot slippery ad caot be set alight; specific provisio, such as tuels or custom-built pitch cover uits or tiles that icorporate cable rus that lik the mixer uit with the stage facilities; barrier systems that protect temporary structures o the pitch; plaed iterface of temporary structures ad barrier systems with the terracig to avoid uecessary sight-lie obstructio, exit obstructio ad slowig of free movemet to facilities; drikig water poits strategically placed aroud the pitch perimeter that do ot create pich poits or obstructios ad water-logged areas - these should be effectively stewarded; access poits oto ad off the pitch through the terraces to allow free movemet to iteral facilities, shelter ad rest from the activity. It is critical to keepig good order ad movemet that oe-way systems are itroduced usig the terrace gagways, which should be cotrolled ad moitored by stewards ad groud CCTV. These poits ear to ad o either side of the frot of stage must oly be used as exits off the pitch to prevet overcrowdig ad potetial crushig at the frot of stage; gagways off the pitch must be kept clear of people tryig to gai a improved view. Audiece profile - service implicatios 881 Music evets held i sports stadia attract differet groups of people to traditioal sports evets. The audiece profile will vary, attractig more wome, childre, people with special eeds or elderly people ad larger groupigs of particular geeratios. The differece i audiece profile take together with The evet safety guide Page 142 of 190

Health ad Safety cosiderably loger evet ad loadig times, will require careful evaluatio of the suitability ad adequacy of services available or plaed for the occupat capacity. Thought eeds to be give to the way i which the audiece members will use or wat to use the premises, ad the eed to revisit, revise ad adapt cotigecy plas i the light of the above. First aid 882 Some of the ormal groud facilities may be i areas that are ot ope to the audiece for the duratio of the evet. Additioal facilities will be eeded o the pitch, especially either side of the stage to assist with those people take over the frot-of-stage barriers. Whe the pitch first-aid statios are plaed it is importat to locate them so that they are ot exposed to excessive soud levels from earby speaker stacks, ad access for stretchers ad trolleys is good - do t forget the provisio of power for lightig ad water. First-aid provisio will also be required to the outside of the premises ad greater umbers of medical staff may be eeded to cope with the loger duratio of evet. Saitary facilities 883 The curret stadium facilities will have ratios of males to females that will eed adaptig if there is a icrease i the female audiece umbers. Whe cosiderig the locatio of these uits, service arragemets, ie sewerage ad water coectios, must be available ad their locatio must ot obstruct or block circulatio routes, especially those affectig exits ad evacuatio. Whe calculatig toilet provisios cosider the likely weather coditios ad the drikig capacity of the audiece. Sigage 884 It is likely that some people attedig music evets at a stadium will be ufamiliar with the layout of the premises, which together with temporary chages to the usage of the buildig will require additioal sigs backed up by stewards at key poits, eg oe-way access poits oto ad off the pitch. These extra sigs must comply with the Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 ad ot coflict with existig sigage which may have to be either take dow or covered up. Lightig 885 Eveig shows ad evets are likely to have reduced house lightig levels to the pitch ad terracig areas to ehace the special effect ad stage lightig. It is essetial that emergecy lightig ad exit lightig is maitaied ad ot obscured. The pitch area must have a suitable level of lightig available for emergecies ad at the ed of the evet whe the audiece leaves. Sole reliace o the stadia floodlights for this purpose is ot acceptable, as these systems do ot respod istatly takig time to power up - alterative supplemetary lightig should be available. Commuicatio 886 It is essetial that the stadium PA system ca cut ito ad iterrupt ay imported show soud systems so that the stadium maagemet s evet cotrol The evet safety guide Page 143 of 190

Health ad Safety ca relay safety aoucemets. Ambiet oise levels iside a stadium durig evets ca be high, ulike those experieced at ormal sportig evets. Support services such as security, stewardig, medical ad fire safety workers rely upo radio commuicatios. It will therefore be ecessary to esure that the systems ca fuctio withi the eviromet. This may require upgradig of microphoe ad earpiece kits for portable radios ad chages to operatig methods. Electrical istallatios 887 It is importat to stress that the ormal systems icorporated withi the stadium will ot be sufficiet to meet the power demads of the show productio for stage effects, lightig ad support service. I additio there will be further power demads for the temporary caterig ad toilet uits istalled withi the veue, which also could overload i-house circuits if ot provided with a idepedet supply. 888 The ormal source for the additioal demads are geerators. These must be istalled ad operated by a competet perso. Their locatio should ot obstruct exit routes from the stadium ad should ot create pich poits i audiece circulatig areas. Geerators should also be secured by barriers to prevet uauthorised access. Cable rus from geerators should be carefully plaed ad moitored so that they do ot obstruct the safe movemet of people, ad that cables are ot exposed to damage from vehicles, fork-lifts trucks, etc. Productio facilities 889 Stadia usually have miimal admiistrative ad support facilities that will be used by stadium maagemet ad the emergecy services o evet days. However, the requiremets for extra office accommodatio, storage, crew caterig, plat, equipmet ad lorry pouds, ad artists quarters, will be cosiderable. These villages will develop ad usually grow from the edge of the buildig backstage. These facilities while critical to the show, must be plaed, moitored ad secured from the audiece esurig that their positio does ot iterfere with pedestria access ad exit routes or emergecy services vehicle paths. Structures 890 It must be stressed that resposibility for the safety of temporary structures erected withi the stadium rests with the stadium maagemet ad referece should be made to the chapter o Structures i this publicatio for detail. It is worth remidig all those resposible withi a stadium eviromet for the erectio of temporary structures that there are other serious safety implicatios which arise from their poor positioig i relatio to proximity of other structures, exit, access routes ad facilities. The potetial for dagerous audiece movemets ca occur due to poor positioig with fuels ad pich poits beig created, ad arrow gaps betwee protective barriers resultig i high audiece desities. Special effects 891 Fireworks displays, ofte at the ed of a show, should be arraged so as ot to fill the stads with smoke, ad shower debris ito the faces of the skywardlookig audiece iside the stadium ad public outside. Such firework displays are ofte by ecessity fired from the stadium stad roofs, which do ot always afford safe access ad by their ature are fragile i costructio. The evet safety guide Page 144 of 190

Health ad Safety 892 May special effects used i shows are custom desiged ad built for specific evet tours ad may iclude the use of fuel such as bottled propae. The use of bottled gas is ot ormally permitted. However, approval may be give to oe-off effects if the orgaisers ad stadium maagemet ca justify its presece o the grouds of alterative safety factors. Evet workers ad facilities 893 Music evets held i stadia will draw i may workers who are ufamiliar with the particular groud ad its safety maagemet arragemets. It is, therefore, essetial that stadium maagemet esure that all those comig ito the stadium - such as techical staff, cotractors, cotract stewards ad security, media persoel, promoter s staff, officials, participats ad artists represetatives - are adequately briefed ad familiarised i advace together with the chai of commad ad clear split of resposibilities. 894 If stadium maagemet are makig arragemets for stewardig provisio ad are likely to be usig the same pool of resources as used for sports evets, the stewardig traiig may eed to be re-assessed. Accout also eeds to be take of the stewards welfare due to the loger duratio of the evet, ad the eed for caterig ad rest facilities. At music evets there are some specialised tasks, such as stewardig the frot-of-stage pit that require additioal skills, ot ormally held by the residet stewards ad this factor eeds to be take ito accout. 895 For log-duratio evets, also cosider the house keepig issues regardig the sigificat build-up of rubbish ad pressure o all facilities icludig toilets. It is essetial that adequate workers are available to deal with these matters ad keep the facilities safe ad clea. The disposal of the large amouts of refuse geerated at music evets require pre-plaig so that audiece safety is ot jeopardised. 896 Due to the ature of music evets ad the early arrival of the audiece, the evet cotrol cetre/room will eed to be operatioal earlier tha is usual ad be prepared to operate through to the ed of the evet. The evet safety guide Page 145 of 190

Health ad Safety Area evets 897 This chapter aims to highlight some of the factors to cosider whe orgaisig a music evet i a area-type eviromet. A area ca be defied as a idoor area used for the purpose of public assembly. This defiitio ca therefore cover a variety of differet premises ragig from purpose-built areas specifically desiged for the holdig of music evets through to premises ot origially desiged ad built for the purpose of holdig music evets. 898 May areas are multi-fuctioal so as well as hostig music evets they will also be likely to host fashio shows, sportig evets, exhibitios ad cofereces. I larger complexes, with several differet sized areas, it is possible that more that oe evet could be i progress at ay oe time. This chapter is specifically desiged to give advice about music evets although there may be elemets of good practice cotaied i this chapter that ca be applied to other type of evets i areas. Plaig ad maagemet 899 Areas specifically built for the purposes of holdig music evets will almost certaily have a aual etertaimet licece, which will be held by the area ower or maager (referred to as the area operator for the rest of this chapter). If you wish to stage your ow evet i a area already holdig a etertaimet licece you will eed to liaise directly with the area operator. The most importat plaig aspect will be determiig the resposibilities for health ad safety betwee the respective parties ad documetig the agreemets. 900 Some areas will ot have obtaied a aual etertaimet licece or the area operator will require you as the evet orgaiser to obtai a occasioal etertaimet licece specifically for the evet i your ow ame. I these circumstaces, it will still be ecessary to determie health ad safety resposibilities especially if other evets are takig place i differet parts of the premises. 901 Area operators will already have i place a writte safety policy, risk assessmet ad major icidet ad cotigecy plaig documets required for their ow workers ad evets they orgaise themselves. If you are hirig a area (or part of it) ad/or obtaiig a etertaimet licece i your ow ame you will also eed to liaise with the area operator so that iformatio about the existig safety maagemet systems ca be exchaged. 902 Health ad safety resposibilities eed to be determied for the preparatio of the risk assessmet for the music evet. Agreemets also eed to be documeted o the services supplied by the area operator icludig workforce ad equipmet. There may be a eed to omiate a safety co-ordiator, from oe of the parties. 903 Area operators are likely to have prepared their ow i-house safety procedures which eed to be commuicated to ay exteral cotractors brought oto site. I multi-occupied premises it is importat that agreemet is reached ad health ad safety resposibilities assiged betwee the parties, i relatio to major icidet plaig. Esure that the plaig for the evet is co-ordiated with the plaig of the premises as a whole. 904 A system to esure that health ad safety iformatio is commuicated to other users of the buildig, especially if there is more tha oe evet occurrig at The evet safety guide Page 146 of 190

Health ad Safety the same time, also eeds to be documeted ad agreed. 905 The breakdow of the evet may have to take place very quickly if the area has bee booked for other evets. Workig to tight deadlies eeds careful plaig to avoid creatig tired ad stressed workers ad cotractors more proe to make mistakes. 906 All these matters should be discussed at the iitial plaig meetigs with the local authority at the evet safety plaig meetigs. It is recommeded that area operators ad evet orgaisers should follow the guidace set out i the Plaig ad maagemet chapter. Crowd maagemet 907 Some areas require the existig stewardig ad security staff to be employed, others do ot. If exteral stewardig or security cotractors are to work alogside the existig stewards, clear lies of cotrol ad co-operatio eed to be established. All stewardig ad security workers should operate through a cetral cotrol. The role ad duties of security ad stewards should also be clearly defied. 908 Areas ot origially desiged for music evets, especially located i the heart of cities ad tows, are ulikely to have adequate queuig areas. Members of the audiece may arrive a few hours before the official opeig of the evet. I these circumstaces it will be ecessary to pla the provisio of barriers to prevet audiece members queuig oto the public highway. Stewardig ad commuicatio systems may eed to be cosidered i these circumstaces to keep the audiece members iformed ad relay ay special safety iformatio. 909 Large amouts of litter ca be geerated i queues icludig glass bottles ad cas. Extra waste receptacles may be eeded. You may eed to provide toilet facilities outside the area. 910 Maagemet of the audiece arrivig ad leavig the area should be discussed with the police, highway authority ad local authority. Extra stewards may be eeded to direct the audiece leavig the veue as to where to fid waitig coaches. The majority of the audiece members will leave the evet at the ed. It is importat that there has bee proper cosultatio with the public trasport providers to esure that sufficiet public trasport is available (see chapter o Trasport maagemet). 911 Agree with the police mechaisms to cotrol uruly behaviour outside of the area. It is usual that there will be a staggered arrival of audiece members to the area. This may, however, be depedet upo the allocatio of umbered seated evets as opposed to stadig evets. I the latter case audiece members may wish to arrive early to secure a stadig positio close to the performace/stage area. 912 Make sure your major icidet ad cotigecy plas take accout of the problems caused by the eed to evacuate the area. The sudde iflux of the audiece ito surroudig streets could cause traffic cogestio problems ad prevet access for emergecy vehicles. It is importat that the audiece are iformed as to whether the evet will cotiue or if it will be cacelled. This will determie whether the audiece members stay or leave the area to make their way home. Both scearios should be plaed ad stewards suitably traied i the ecessary procedures. The evet safety guide Page 147 of 190

Health ad Safety Trasport maagemet 913 Iformatio cocerig the availability of car parkig, public trasport ad other forms of trasport such as special bus or coach services should be advertised with the music evet or prited o the tickets. Whether the audiece arrives by car, coach, trai, bus or udergroud trai will be very much depedet o the availability of adequate parkig areas ad the public trasport facilities ear to the area (see chapter o Trasport maagemet). 914 Examie trasport maagemet i relatio to the major icidet plaig for the evet. If the area eeds to be evacuated ad the evet cacelled after startig, pla to take accout of the sudde ad uexpected iflux of the audiece members o to the public trasport etwork ad surroudig roads. It is importat that the trasport providers, police ad other agets receive iformatio quickly to eable them to put their emergecy procures ito actio rather tha react to the situatio as it occurs. Veue desig 915 Whe plaig area evets, remember that there is a certai degree of iflexibility compared to greefield sites, eg the size of the premises, existig WC facilities ad fixed etry ad exit poits. The occupat capacity of the area will therefore be primarily depedet upo the meas of escape i case of fire, the limitig factor beig the width ad suitability of the exit doors for the differet stadig/seatig cofiguratios. To esure that the area is suitable for the music evet it may also be ecessary to brig i temporary equipmet, such as extra toilets ad electrical geerators. 916 Area operators eed to agree with the fire authority ad the local authority the differet stadig/seatig cofiguratios that ca be used withi the area. Evet orgaisers ca the be supplied with a copy of the various acceptable arragemets. Prior approval of specific area layouts ca be useful. 917 The positio ad desig of ay ecessary barriers should also be take accout i the overall desig of the area. The positioig of all structures, o matter how small, should be show o the plas, eg food cocessios ad display stads as these ca have a effect o the safe evacuatio of people i the evet of fire or other emergecy. Structures 918 Area operators may have their ow facilities ad staff to erect the ecessary structures for a music evet, eg stages ad seatig. You may, however, eed to istall your ow structures. Agreemet should be clearly documeted as to what structures ad other equipmet will be brought ito the area ad who will be resposible for its correct positioig, safe erectio ad use. Icorrect positioig of stages ca have a serious effect o viewig areas (see chapter o Stadium evets). 919 Health ad safety maagemet systems betwee a exteral workforce brought oto site ad the existig iteral workforce should be defied ad documeted. You will eed to esure the competece of exteral cotractors brought oto site. The existig health ad safety procedures should be brought to the attetio of the cotractors. The evet safety guide Page 148 of 190

Health ad Safety Large evets 920 For the purposes of this chapter a large evet ormally has oe or more of the followig compoets: multi-stage; multi-performace; multi-activity; multi-day; physical size of veue (outdoors). 921 The sigificat factor is, however, the size of the audiece - commoly 15 000-35 000 but sometimes i excess of 100 000. It would be easy to regard a large evet as beig the same as ay evet but with more facilities, services ad workers, etc. While referece should be made to the specialist chapters of this publicatio, there are a umber of areas where the size of the evet demads particular attetio. Plaig ad maagemet 922 The eed for extesive cosultatio ad plaig caot be overemphasised. The formatio of a evet safety maagemet team, comprisig represetatives of the emergecy services ad local authority, is a useful method of addressig the practicalities of evet orgaisatio. Team meetigs ca be scheduled before, durig ad after the evet ad ca ru i parallel to ay formal public etertaimet licece procedure. Give a sufficiet lead-i period, it should be possible for the safety maagemet team to develop ito a workig uit that ca resolve ay difficulties. Crowd maagemet 923 While the proposed attedace figure is the key to the provisio of services ad facilities, accout should be take of the umber of guests ad staff. Depedet o the evet, up to 10% of the capacity could be guests or staff at the evet with the cosequet additioal load o site ifrastructure. 924 Also cosider easig local traffic cogestio by opeig the site early ad restrictig exits. Icremetal occupatio of the site should be accompaied by a similar icremetal provisio of services. 925 I some istaces for omially o-campig evets, it may be useful to make cotigecy campig provisio ad low key etertaimet o a ormally silet ight. There is, however, a dager of chagig the ature of the evet for subsequet years. Ticket pricig structures may cotrol arrival, particularly i terms of late Friday arrivals for a Saturday evet. 926 Withi the site there eeds to be active crowd maagemet. The techical issues of stage layout, audiece size ad barriers are dealt with elsewhere. At a large evet the layout should take accout of audiece movemet across the site ad miimise cross flow ad poits of cogestio. Ideally a wheel layout, with etertaimet at the hub ad campig at the rim, could be combied with oe or more of the followig: area or cellular stewardig to maitai a cotrolled scale of audiece The evet safety guide Page 149 of 190

Health ad Safety movemet; dyamic etertaimet maagemet where the programmes o separate stages are itegrated ito the audiece maagemet programme; esurig that timig ad ruig orders are adhered to, to avoid coflicts at the ed of performaces; gradual close dow of mai stages; cotiuig (perhaps for 24 hours) low level etertaimet such as ciema or markets; o etertaimet withi the defied areas of campsites. Major icidet plaig 927 The size ad complex ifrastructure associated with a large evet reiforces the eed for a comprehesive major icidet pla. The evet safety maagemet team i cosultatio with the local authority emergecy plaig officer, who would kow about local arragemets, should develop the pla. The followig aspects should be cosidered. Is the evacuatio of the etire site practical or would selective evacuatio be preferable? Is the evacuatio of the site desirable, give that uder some circumstaces food, water ad saitary facilities may still be operatioal o a scale ot available elsewhere? What ifrastructure is available elsewhere? What would be the impact of a mass exodus from oe part of the site o other parts or o the locality? What implicatios are there for public address systems i various emergecy situatios? Trasport maagemet 928 If public trasport liks are available they may be ecouraged by the use of itegrated ticketig. Depedig o the evet ad availability, may people may choose itegrated coach/evet travel. I rural locatios, or where other trasport is uavailable, a high proportio of the audiece will, almost ievitably, travel by car ad the logistics ad impact o the locality should form a early item for cosultatio. 929 Traffic should be removed from the public road system oto site, as quickly ad efficietly as possible - the use of professioal stewardig may be the best optio. Withi the site, parkig areas should be divided ito easily idetifiable zoes (perhaps associated with earby campig) ad traffic should be routed to avoid desigated pedestria routes/areas. Childre 930 A fuctio of the size of the evet is that people may become more easily lost. The eed for overight provisio ad the implicatios of the Childre Act 1989 eed to be cosidered (see chapter o Childre). Iformatio ad welfare 931 The provisio of a comprehesive iformatio ad welfare service that ca assimilate ad co-ordiate iformatio i a active way as the evet progresses The evet safety guide Page 150 of 190

Health ad Safety allows other agecies, such as medical ad police services, to udertake their specialist fuctios. I geeral terms, everythig possible that a idividual requires for the duratio should be readily available o the site. It is particularly importat that there are a sufficiet umber of food stalls to cater for the audiece demads. TV/media 932 The presece of atioal ad iteratioal media may i itself ifluece the progress of a evet. I particular, icorrect ticket availability broadcasts may cause problems. Esure that chaels of accurate iformatio are available for co-ordiated release to the media. Veue ad site desig 933 The site desig for a multi-day evet must recogise the eed for 24-hour access to facilities for both the audiece ad for servicig the facilities. Fire safety 934 Discussio should take place, pre-evet, o the areas of resposibility for fire safety teams. There eeds to be a clear uderstadig of the circumstaces uder which the local fire brigade will atted ad lies of commuicatio must be established. There should be a policy ad procedure i place for safely dealig with small area fires. Saitary facilities 935 The availability of water is a limitig factor o the audiece size at all greefield evets. I particular, the logistics of movig large quatities of liquid, whether water or effluet, eed to be addressed. While flush toilets are a preferred optio, they are vulerable to failure of water supply ad ca be very difficult to brig back ito use whe the supply has bee restored. The use of fewer toilet blocks with more uits ca, subject to proper access routes ad efficiet cotiuous servicig, mea that a greater umber of toilets will remai i operatio. For overight or multi-day evets, there will ievitably be a peak morig demad, particularly if showers are provided i campig areas. Food ad drikig water 936 Supplies of both food ad drikig water must be adequate for the duratio of the evet; the facility for campers to buy basic commodities such as bread, milk, etc, eeds to be available. To esure sufficiet supplies of water there will eed to be a cosiderable amout of temporary pipework, which is susceptible to damage ad vulerable to cotamiatio. Cosideratio should be give to splittig up the water supply o the site ito several idepedet supply zoes. I this way the cosequeces of a serious icidet affectig the water supply will ot affect the whole site. It may be ecessary to protect the quality of the supply by icreasig chloriatio above ormal mais levels. The use of percussio taps will help reduce waste. Health ad safety of evet workers 937 Set up a proper maagemet ifrastructure with delegatio of resposibility. The evet safety guide Page 151 of 190

Health ad Safety The safety maagemet team should iclude people with experiece of previous or similar evets. Oe of the issues that will be ecoutered with large evets ruig over may days is oe of fatigue amog both maagemet ad cotractors. All will be workig log hours uder stressful coditios ad if this is ot addressed, the quality of decisios, some of which may be critical, could be poor. The evet safety guide Page 152 of 190

Health ad Safety Small evets 938 This chapter cotais advice aimed at the small-evet orgaiser. The immediate difficulty is defiig what is a small evet ad followig o from that decisio which parts of this publicatio apply ad which parts do ot. The importat factor to cosider is ot whether a evet ca be defied as small or large but the level ad extet of facilities ad safety maagemet systems required at your evet to esure the health, safety ad welfare of the people attedig. 939 The advice i this publicatio has bee writte for evets with over 2000 people attedig. The safety ad welfare recommedatios therefore reflect this figure. For the small-evet orgaiser this publicatio ca help you thik about the safety matters to be cosidered. Your overall evet risk assessmet will help to determie what systems or precautios you eed to put ito place to maage the evet safety. Remember, however, that maagig ay size of music evet will require good safety plaig procedures. 940 While this chapter covers small evets takig place either wholly or partially i the ope air or i marquees or other temporary structures, it may also cotai useful safety advice for small evets takig place idoors i fixed buildigs. Plaig ad maagemet 941 It is suggested that small-evet orgaisers use the chapter headigs i this publicatio as a framework or checklist for evet plaig. All evet orgaisers must be clearly aware of their resposibilities for the audiece ad other participats at their evet, icludig performers, traders, etc. 942 Small-evet orgaisers should ot assume that because a proposed evet is deemed to be small, the associated risks are less. Not oly will the umber of people attedig be sigificat for the evet maagemet, but the activity itself ad the audiece type will also ifluece the safety requiremets. It is just as importat for a small-evet orgaiser to carry out a risk assessmet for the evet, to idetify which hazards are of greatest sigificace ad therefore which parts of this publicatio are of most relevace. Simple hazards o greefield sites, such as rabbit holes, old barbed wire i log grass, the presece of recet aimal droppigs, etc, are as much a dager to a small audiece as to a large oe. 943 A safety policy statemet should be produced that describes how the evet orgaiser iteds to maage safety; who has specific resposibilities; ad how these will be carried out. The risk assessmet ad safety policy eed ot be log or complicated, but should clearly demostrate the approach take to esure the safety of all those ivolved i the evet. Assistace i drawig up a risk assessmet ad safety policy ca be foud i the Plaig ad maagemet chapter ad i the HSE documets listed i the Referece ad Further readig sectios. 944 A safety maagemet team should be formed to put the actios outlied i the safety policy ito practice. Two to three people would be sufficiet for a small evet. A list of site safety rules should be draw up ad distributed to all workers or helpers who eed to be aware of safety procedures. Esure that ay cotractors or subcotractors hired to build the stages, erect marquees or stalls, etc, are competet i maagig their ow health ad safety o site. Ask for copies of the cotractors safety policies, risk assessmets for their work ad safety method statemets. The evet safety guide Page 153 of 190

Health ad Safety Staffig 945 Small evets may operate with small budgets ad rely o ethusiastic helpers rather tha paid employees or cotracted service compaies. The crucial aspect is good co-ordiatio by the evet maagemet team ad close supervisio, support ad moitorig of helpers. The orgaisig group ca sometimes provide may services at small evets such as caterig ad stewardig, rather tha buyig them i from commercial compaies. All helpers will eed to be aware of legislatio, regulatios ad guidelies affectig the provisio of services. 946 Maagemet of workers ad helpers requires clear job fuctios ad resposibilities to be idetified. It is particularly importat for iexperieced workers ad helpers to receive proper traiig ad supervisio. 947 Everyoe workig or providig services at the evet should be clear about what they are required to do, how to do it ad whe it eeds to be doe. This ca be achieved by preparig a schedule whe work is required to be carried out ad by whom, ad iformig everyoe ivolved. Levels of provisio of site services ad facilities 948 While some of the recommeded levels of provisio i this publicatio may be reduced for small evets, there are areas where a miimum provisio will be required. For example, the umber of toilets obviously caot be below two. Realistically, the umber of first aiders, stewards, etc, should ever be less tha two, to allow for cotigecies. Local authority liaiso 949 Small-evet orgaisers should cosult with the relevat local authority officers ad emergecy services represetatives with resposibility for the evet. These officers will be prepared to offer advice ad assistace icludig whether a etertaimet licece is required or ot. 950 Provide the local authority with sufficiet writte iformatio to eable officers to uderstad the ature of the evet. This documetatio will i ay case already have bee prepared as part of your evet plaig. 951 It should iclude: a descriptio of the evet, icludig build-up ad breakdow time, audiece size, type of activities, etc; a site pla showig relevat features ad relatioship with the eighbourhood; a list of key members of the orgaisig team ad their resposibilities; the risk maagemet strategy, icludig a copy of the risk assessmet, safety policy ad site-safety rules. 952 Further documetatio should be available o site durig the evet, icludig: the safety policies, risk assessmets ad safety method statemets for ay cotractors or subcotractors hired to erect stages, tets, marquees, stalls, etc; risk assessmets ad safety documetatio of ay activity associated with the etertaimet such as boucy castles, trampolies, etc; statutory test certificates for ay work equipmet brought oto site, such as electrical equipmet, geerators, liftig equipmet. The evet safety guide Page 154 of 190

Health ad Safety Classical music evets 953 For the purposes of this chapter, a classical music evet is defied as a outdoor performace o a greefield site - typically parklad withi the grouds of a stately home, with a audiece who brig with them their ow chairs, food ad drik ad sit where they wat withi a desigated area. 954 As with ay evet, the iitial plaig meetigs with the local authority ad emergecy services are critical. It is ot ucommo for a tourig evet to buildup o the morig of a cocert ad to breakdow immediately o cocludig a eveig performace. Crowd maagemet 955 Stewardig of a classical cocert is very differet from a pop cocert. The audiece profile teds to be older ad less reactive. However, some classical musicias have a followig similar to a pop performer ad it would be wise to treat their performace as a rock music evet. 956 Stewardig may be udertake (i whole or i part) by local volutary orgaisatios. These volutary stewards will require traiig. A experieced chief steward should be appoited who has bee traied to deal with areas of potetial coflict (extiguishig lit barbecues, movig audiece to avoid over-crowdig, etc). A ratio of oe steward to 250 audiece members has bee foud to be effective. Trasport maagemet 957 It is uusual for a cocert o a greefield site to be located close to a major trasport route. A large proportio of the audiece will travel by car ad vehicular access via mior estate roads ad gated etraces may be a limitig factor o audiece capacity. Cotigecy plaig is eeded for bad weather coditios; this icludes availability of hardcore ad tow vehicles ad possible re-routig of traffic. 958 It is ot ucommo for volutary stewards to be used to direct traffic o site ad orgaise parkig. A more experieced group may be required where the audiece exceeds 4000-5000. Volutary stewards must ot direct traffic o or from a public road uless the police have specifically requested it. Performers 959 A classical orchestra may comprise 75 or more musicias. The additio of choirs ca greatly icrease this umber. It is importat that they are provided with dedicated parkig ad welfare facilities. Veue ad site desig 960 Whe utilisig a greefield site as a music veue, problems arise which would ever be ecoutered i a purpose-built area. A coutry estate, origially desiged for use by oe family, may show sigs of strai i copig with a large umber of people i oe eveig. Narrow gateways ad steps may become a cosiderable hazard whe used by thousads of people ad suitable access routes for site ifrastructure (stagig, portable toilets, etc) eed to be idetified. Some hazards, eg The evet safety guide Page 155 of 190

Health ad Safety lakes, are easily idetified. Others, such as rabbit holes, are ot, ad are oly foud by tappig local kowledge ad walkig the site. 961 Livestock may take fright at the soud of music, or the pyrotechics which almost ievitably, accompay such evets. Arragemets should be made to remove livestock before the cocert. 962 Evacuatio of the site i emergecy, ad dispersal of the audiece, is ot ormally a problem i ope parklad but a veue i a formal garde, with access via gateways, requires careful cosideratio. Saitary facilities 963 The water supply to the site may be a limitig factor o audiece size uless re-circulatig or o-flush uits are employed. A high expectatio of the facilities should be aticipated ad therefore all uits should be serviced throughout the cocert. 964 The umber of toilets should be based o the recommeded stadard i the chapter o Saitary facilities. I geeral, toilets are used more efficietly if they are sited i the same locatio ad easily accessible from the audiece area. A exceptio to this would be wheelchair accessible facilities, which o larger sites could be located o either side of the audiece to reduce travel distace. Food 965 At a typical classical evet, the audiece will picic. Persoal barbecues are ot ormally permitted, so the caterig facilities will eed to serve hot food ad drik which the audiece caot provide for themselves. Waste 966 Greefield sites are ofte the home of aimals such as deer, sheep ad cattle that may suffer cosiderable harm if the waste is ot cleared efficietly. O sites with grazig aimals it is importat that as much waste as possible is collected o the ight of the cocert with a sweep the followig morig to pick up loose material such as firework debris, ails, bolts ad plastic fittigs, etc. 967 Additioally, may veues may be ope to the public o the day followig the cocert ad it is importat that the site is left i the same coditio that it was foud. Audieces will ormally respect the veue ad if issued with a rubbish bag (white for visibility after dark) will either take rubbish home or deposit it for collectio. The evet safety guide Page 156 of 190

Health ad Safety Ufeced or uticketed evets, icludig radio roadshows 968 Ufeced ad/or uticketed evets are very popular at ope-site veues such as local authority parks. Occasioally free evets will be orgaised i existig areas or stadia. The aim of this chapter is to highlight specific issues that have to be cosidered whe lookig at health ad safety at ufeced/uticketed evets i ope spaces. A few specific suggestios have bee made for such evets i areas ad stadia ad radio roadshows. Plaig ad maagemet 969 The plaig ad maagemet chapter provides iformatio cocerig the applicatio of good health ad safety maagemet systems. Risk assessmet 970 The whole of the park or ope space should be ispected to determie if there are ay particular hazards that preset greater risks whe large umbers of people atted the evet. Evets that take place ext to or with a water feature such as a lake, river or pod will eed special provisio to prevet people from fallig i or swimmig i the water. Stewards traied i life-savig skills may eed to be employed ad extra warig sigs erected. I certai circumstaces, it may be ecessary to physically separate areas of the park or ope space from the area chose for the evet. Build-up/breakdow 971 The fact that there is o perimeter fecig ca cause added problems for cotractors workig o site. Members of the public will ofte wat to wader aroud the site to see what is happeig. Vehicle movemet aroud the site should keep to dedicated paths ad observe strict speed restrictios (5 mph) ad use hazard lights. If the park or ope space is heavily used it may be ecessary to cosider havig a perso walkig i frot of the movig vehicle. 972 Areas where work is beig udertake ca be temporarily cordoed off to esure that o member of the public waders ito the costructio area. Greater security will be eeded especially at ight to esure that the temporary structures erected are ot vadalised or tampered with i ay way. Cosideratio should therefore be give to the provisio of specialist security guards. 973 Whe erectig temporary demoutable structures follow the guidace cotaied i the chapter o Structures. Radio roadshows ted to use vehicles specially adapted for the purpose which cotai a itegral stage. These vehicles eed to be situated o firm level groud that has adequate draiage. If the vehicle is to be placed o grass ad there is the possibility of rai, temporary hard stadigs may eed to be cosidered. It is importat to esure that sufficiet space ca be provided for the vehicle/stages i the veue desig. Crowd maagemet 974 The beefit of free evets held i parks or similar is that there is o eclosed area, so there is o physical restrait to crowd dyamics, however the umbers that are likely to tur up o the day are always difficult to predict. As we have see throughout the publicatio, plaig for the safety ad welfare of the audiece is related to the size ad ature of the audiece attedig the evet. The umbers The evet safety guide Page 157 of 190

Health ad Safety of stewards required is depedet upo the overall risk assessmet. The fact that the audiece members are likely to be spread out over a greater area should be a cosideratio. 975 I these circumstaces, you will eed to estimate the expected audiece levels. This estimate ca vary cosiderably, depedet upo the popularity of the performers at the time, the weather, other evets orgaised at the same time i the local area ad the amout of media attetio give to the evet. Acquire as much iformatio as possible cocerig the expected umbers of audiece likely to tur up ad all site facilities icludig stewardig umbers will eed to be based o this umber. It would be sesible to over-estimate the audiece umbers rather tha uder-estimate. 976 Free or uticketed evets orgaised i existig premises may cause problems whe esurig that the occupat capacity determied for the premises is ot exceeded. I these circumstaces it may be appropriate to issue free tickets to gai etry to the evet or a system for coutig audiece members i ad out of the veue. A march the the evet 977 A march sometimes precedes a evet, so that the majority of people arrive at the same time. Care must be take to esure that the site ad services are ready ad able to cope with the large umber of people withi a limited amout of time. Steward traiig is essetial at this type of evet to esure that the audiece is directed to where it is expected. Crowd iformatio 978 Whe a evet has tickets, iformatio o evet times ad trasportatio routes ca be give o the reverse of the ticket. Whe this medium is ot available, more emphasis eeds to be placed o providig iformatio about the evet o leaflets (flyers), local radio, ad ewspapers. Iformatio could also be made available throughout the evet by electroic otice boards. Major icidet plaig ad emergecy access routes 979 Emergecy plaig ad the desig of dedicated emergecy access routes ca prove more difficult at ufeced evets as the audiece members are ot cotaied i oe area. At feced evets, there is relatively easy access aroud the site oce the audiece are i the area watchig the evet. At ufeced evets the audiece are able to move to all parts of the park or ope space ad this ca hamper the movemet of emergecy vehicles. Cosider providig cordos with appropriate stewardig to dedicated access routes. Adjustmets may eed to be made to the existig perimeter fecig of the park to allow for the safe evacuatio of the audiece from the park, other tha through restricted park etraces ad exits. Commuicatio 980 Good commuicatio systems are vitally importat to health ad safety maagemet. At ufeced evets, the locatio of stewards aroud the site ca be more problematical as there are fewer easily defied stewardig positios, eg etraces ad exits to the feced area. Stewards eed to exhibit greater disciplie to remai i the area that they have bee statioed ad ot to wader aroud the The evet safety guide Page 158 of 190

Health ad Safety site. Greater reliace o the use of radio commuicatio may be eeded at a large site ad stewards will eed to have clearly gridded plas so that they ca be more accurate i summoig assistace ad idetifyig their ow positio. Performers 981 It may be ecessary to provide a secure backstage area for the performers which is securely feced to prevet members of the audiece tryig to get access to the performer. Plaig for the arrival ad departure of the performer may require cordoig separate areas ad roadways. Childre 982 There may be a greater proportio of families with childre attedig this type of evet compared to the traditioal ticket/feced cocerts. There is also a higher probability that childre ad youg adults will atted the evet o their ow. Provide help poits ad a lost childre s facility (see chapter o Childre). Iformatio ad welfare 983 Provide facilities for iformatio ad welfare. The establishmet of meetig poits for the audiece will be more importat as there will ot be the usual etraces ad exit poits for audiece members to idetify with. Veue ad site desig 984 Veue desig should cosider over-spill areas if the umbers that tur up greatly exceed those predicted. Over-spill areas are required to prevet audiece members blockig roads or desigated emergecy escape routes. 985 The umbers of food ad merchadisig cocessios, toilets, first-aid poits ad other site facilities will deped upo the predicted audiece attedace. Careful cosideratio also eeds to be give to the locatio of the food ad merchadisig cocessioaires, first-aid poits, welfare ad iformatio poits ad toilets. It is likely that the audiece will be spread over a greater area tha is usually calculated for a feced or eclosed area. The locatio of these facilities should reflect this. Food ad drik 986 Glass bottles should ot be sold o the site. Local public houses ad food outlets should be cotacted to request that durig the evet food ad drik is ot sold i glass cotaiers. Waste 987 At ufeced evets, it will be effectively impossible to prevet members of the audiece takig glass bottles ad cas o to the site. Cosider providig as much pre-publicity about this aspect as possible. Special cotaiers should be provided to ecourage the audiece members to dispose of their glass cotaiers safely ad if possible ecourage people to decat the cotets of glass cotaiers ito plastic oes. The evet safety guide Page 159 of 190

Health ad Safety All-ight music evets 988 This chapter highlights some of the matters to cosider whe orgaisig a all-ight music evet. All-ight evets may take place i ay of the followig: park lads surroudig a stately home, greefield sites, warehouses, leisure cetres/ facilities, exhibitio halls, purpose-built areas ad ight-clubs. Audiece profile 989 All-ight evets ted to attract a age rage of 18-30 years (ofte with slightly more male attedees). At evets more i tue with the cocept of clubbig, a slightly older audiece would be expected: 20-35 years with a 50:50 male:female ratio. Cotrolled drugs 990 It may be prudet to arrage for a appropriate drug/alcohol cousellig agecy to be o site to esure that if people are i eed of advice or assistace, this ca be provided. A umber of staff should be retaied after the evet util the site is cleared or o problems are reported. Admissio 991 Cosider people who may be queuig i cold weather for log periods of time i the eveig or witertime ad make efforts to reduce this time. Duratio of the evet 992 All-ight evets vary i duratio, but 10 hours is ot uusual for idoor evets, with over 16 hours for outdoor weeked evets. There will also be a build-up period, followed by breakdow after the show which will impact o the local eviromet. Maagemet 993 The arragemets for these evets mirror those referred to i other chapters of this publicatio. Most outdoor evets are of a sigle ight s duratio but for multiple ight evets, a ight workig crew is likely to be ecessary to affect ruig repairs aroud the site. Due to the duratio of these evets, esure that adequate rest is take by workers ad cotractors. Format 994 The format of these evets is that differet types of music will be played i differet areas if the veue layout permits. The audiece will move from oe area to aother throughout the evet. This has crowd maagemet implicatios due to the crowd dyamics of people tryig to get ito particular locatios where the mai DJs or live acts are takig place. 995 Esure that the ruig order is opely advertised at the veue, eg o the The evet safety guide Page 160 of 190

Health ad Safety queuig lae, fece paels ad at iformatio poits. Programmig should esure that crowds are safely distributed aroud the site accordig to the capacity of the differet areas, to avoid over-crowdig, pressure o access poits ad mass movemet aroud the site. Veue ad site desig 996 Outdoor evets are susceptible to the weather, ad suitable cotigecy arragemets should be i place, as i severe iclemet weather, uder-foot coditios ca rapidly deteriorate. Low artificial-lightig levels ca prevet slip ad trip hazards. 997 Vehicle movemets aroud the site should be restricted, particularly durig the hours of darkess, as this is potetially very dagerous due to idividuals sittig or lyig dow. Wherever possible, dedicated vehicular routes should be utilised. A moat created betwee perimeter fecig systems provides a ideal route. However, fece support structures (eg bracig struts), must be clearly highlighted with fluorescet tape or white pait. Marquees 998 Outdoor evets are usually held i dace music tets ad/or the ope air. A issue of particular cocer affectig the audiece safety is the availability of teted cover for the occupat capacity of the evet. A outdoor daytime cocert could last up to 13 hours, with o cover provided agaist the weather for the audiece. However, at ight the air temperature ca drop rapidly ad with the possibility of limited public trasport or remoteess of the site from other facilities, the risk assessmet should cosider the possibility of hypothermia. 999 A reasoable percetage of the audiece should be able to fid cover if they so wish, particularly i bad weather. All teted accommodatio must comply with the relevat structural ad fire safety stadards referred to i the chapters o Structures ad Fire safety. Chill-out areas 1000 Fast dacig ca result i risig body temperatures i the participats ad this ca be exacerbated by the effects of some drugs. It therefore is absolutely essetial that a chill-out area is provided (or possibly several). This will allow people to cool dow, ad be i a more calmig eviromet. There may be music, but it will be quieter ad more relaxig. It ca take a variety of forms, eg a room, tet, marquee with seats, or space outdoors. 1001 If a outdoor chill-out facility is provided i the witer, the air temperature may be so low that heatig may be ecessary i the area set aside for this use, eg marquee. Stewards should maitai a presece i this area(s), ad be particularly observat for idividuals who may be i eed of medical attetio or welfare. If youth/drug cousellors are o site, they should also pay particular attetio to these areas. Further iformatio ca be foud i the publicatio Dace till daw safely. Vetilatio at idoor veues 1002 Most clubs ad warehouse-type veues used for all-ight evets caot The evet safety guide Page 161 of 190

Health ad Safety usually provide a air-coditioed eviromet. Noetheless, a variety of methods ca be used to achieve a good stadard of vetilatio. 1003 Due to the vast quatity of hot ad humid air that eeds to be moved, high velocity fas (forced or iduced draught) will be eeded to achieve sufficiet air chages. If possible, a balaced system should be used where extracted air is replaced by fresh air draw ito the veue. The use of smoke machies or similar effects will eed to be carefully assessed. 1004 If the premises caot be vetilated as previously described, temporary facilities ca be brought i to give some relief to the audiece, such as high velocity fas placed at approximately 1.6 m (face level). They ca be positioed ext to areas where idividuals will stad, eg bars. 1005 It is preferable if cross vetilatio ca be provided to move the air quickly. I practice this ca be achieved by opeig doors or fire exits o opposite sides of the buildig. Depedig o the veue s locatio the oise break-out may ot preset a problem; however, i may circumstaces it is likely to do so. The opeig of ay door has to be doe o a cotrolled basis by usig the DJs/MCs to explai to the audiece the eed to briefly reduce soud levels, for safety reasos. If this approach is adopted there should be o public order problems withi the veue. 1006 I small areas or rooms, portable air coditioig uits ca be used, ad will brig about a reasoable reductio i temperature. Lightweight structures will quickly cool i the witer moths ad will become extremely warm durig the summer. Water 1007 The water supply at evets may be provided by a variety of methods. Normally a mais supply will be available but bowsers may have to be used. The water supply iside a permaet veue may be from the risig mai or covered/ sealed taks. 1008 It is importat to esure that if a bleded water supply is provided at a sigle tap o the had-wash basi, the water is ot too warm. Had-wash basi taps which are used for persoal hygiee should ot be used for drikig water as they ca become cotamiated i a variety of ways, eg vomit. 1009 Drikig water foutais esure that waste water ca be retaied ad floors do ot become slippery ad dagerous. Drikig water taps should always be labelled as such. The pressure of the mais water supply should be adequate for the umber of taps (percussio type) beig used from it. Seek techical advice form the local water compay. Oe drikig water foutai per 750 people has bee foud to work i practice. Free drikig water 1010 This is without doubt the most importat aspect of maitaiig persoal safety at dace evets. The idividual, particularly at idoor evets, may perspire profusely ad eed a itake of approximately 556 ml (oe pit) of fluid per hour. It is essetial for the core of the huma body to be kept cool, otherwise it will overheat (heat stroke). However a cautioary ote: too much water, cosumed too quickly ca be just as dagerous as too little, ad may cause medical problems with serious cosequeces. The evet safety guide Page 162 of 190

Health ad Safety 1011 The provisio of a free drikig water supply, regardless of the veue type, is a absolute ecessity. The method of supplyig water ca iclude water bowsers with sparge pipes/taps, drikig water foutais, idividual sealed bottles of mieral water ad waxed cartos filled by bar or caterig staff, etc. 1012 The stewards should kow the locatio of these facilities. Alcohol ad soft driks 1013 The cosumptio of alcohol at all-ight evets varies depedig o the ature of the evet. High sugar cotet isotoic soft driks or fruit juices help to replace body salts ad mierals lost through dacig i a hot eviromet. Cloakrooms 1014 Throughout the duratio of all-ight dace evets people require differet clothig, depedig o the temperature. Whe dacig, people are lightly clothed, ad some clothig may be discarded as the evet progresses. It is importat for a secure cloakroom facility to be available to store bags, jackets, coats, etc. Welfare 1015 Some additioal welfare provisios may be eeded. As the majority of people attedig such evets are youg people it is essetial to have traied youth or drug workers osite so that they ca idetify people who may require support or assistace. These staff should be readily idetifiable by the wearig of suitable exteral idetificatio. They should have a accessible base o site so that they ca be easily cotacted whe their services are eeded. A clearly visible meetig poit will be required for missig people. People with special eeds 1016 At these evets viewig platforms are ot usually ecessary. Esure that people with special eeds ca participate i the evet as much as possible. All facilities must be accessible i order that they ca maximise their ejoymet. Stewards should be aware of the presece of people with special eeds, who may require assistace if a evacuatio takes place. Evacuatio 1017 It would be uusual for a evacuatio of the whole site to be eeded, particularly i a greefield situatio, whereas a sigle marquee or buildig may be a more realistic sceario. If possible, a dedicated evacuatio area should be used, the after the situatio has bee resolved ad the area is safe, the audiece ca be allowed back i a orderly maer. Trasport 1018 Special travel arragemets ca be put i place, particularly where commercial public trasport operators have agreed to provide additioal vehicles/ rollig stock or chage their timetables to suit the evet. 1019 For evets that are i excess of 12-hours duratio, trasport arragemets The evet safety guide Page 163 of 190

Health ad Safety will be ecessary to take people back to public trasport termii/car parkig areas durig the evet. A proper timetable should be draw up ad as far as possible departure times adhered to. These details should be displayed o iformatio boards or icorporated ito hadouts available o site. Cosideratio should be give to fiishig the evet at a time whe public trasport has started agai i the morig. Weather forecast 1020 Up-to-date weather iformatio will assist both the productio team ad the audiece. The ight temperatures will drop ad lightly clothed participats, may fid that they suffer medical coditios, eg hypothermia, if they are ill prepared. The evet safety guide Page 164 of 190

Health ad Safety Ulicesed evets 1021 The iformatio cotaied i this publicatio has primarily bee writte to provide advice o the applicatio of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) at music evets ad it is usual for such evets to require a public etertaimet licece from the local authority. 1022 This chapter looks at evets that do ot require a public etertaimet licece. These may iclude a wide rage of etertaimet where music is ot ecessarily the predomiat feature. Sportig fixtures, carivals, fetes ad fairs, air shows, agricultural ad couty shows, evets held o public lad outside Lodo, ad evets ivolvig substatial umbers of campers extedig over a umber of days ca fall ito this category. There are also specific categories that are excluded by legislatio such as religious gatherigs ad pleasure fairs. 1023 There is o differece betwee the applicatio of the HSW Act at a licesed or ulicesed evet. The differece lies i whether or ot the local authority ca impose more detailed coditios i relatio to public etertaimet licesig legislatio relevat to the local authority i questio. (Etertaimet licesig legislatio varies betwee Eglad ad Wales ad Scotlad, i Greater Lodo ad other parts of Eglad.) 1024 Whe orgaisig a evet that does ot eed a public etertaimet licece it is ot ecessary to approach the local authority through the licesig procedures. It is still ecessary to comply with the HSW Act ad so the iformatio cotaied i this publicatio is applicable to ulicesed evets. 1025 This publicatio has bee produced for the beefit of evet orgaisers resposible for music evets. Elemets of this guide ca however be used as a template for orgaisig other type of evets where large crowds may gather. The Plaig ad maagemet chapter ca be applied to most types of public evet. 1026 I these circumstaces you may fid it beeficial to cotact the local authority to discuss your proposals ad to set up iformal discussios with the police, fire authority, ambulace services ad other agets that ca provide advice o the safe maagemet of the evet ad advise o compliace with HSW Act ad other associated legislatio. 1027 It may also be beeficial to agree a iformal set of coditios with regard to such aspects as traffic maagemet, sigage, security, stewardig, first aid, saitary facilities, etc, ad ivite represetatives of the local authority, police, fire authority ad ambulace services to atted evet maagemet meetigs. I this way the correct safety iformatio is available to all iterested parties. The evet safety guide Page 165 of 190

Health ad Safety Health ad safety resposibilities 1028 Oe of the difficulties ofte faced by evet orgaisers is determiig who has the legal resposibility for the protectio of the health, safety ad welfare of cotractors, self-employed people, suppliers, workers ad members of the public o site. 1029 This chapter will outlie some of those resposibilities. It should also be oted that this chapter does ot attempt to provide a authoritative legal defiitio of the levels of resposibility for health ad safety o site. Legal relatioships betwee promoters, evet orgaisers, cotractors, subcotractors, self-employed people ad workers ca be very complex areas of law. The legal relatioships will vary depedet upo the type of cotract that is etered ito by the respective parties. Duties of the veue or site ower 1030 Evet orgaisers wishig to stage a evet will usually hire a veue or site. The veue could rage from a purpose-built stadium or area owed by a compay, idividual or local authority to a greefield site such as a park or collectio of fields. These owers may occupy the premises or site themselves or may have grated leases or sub-leases to others. A importat factor to cosider is who has cotrol over the premises (veue or site). The perso i cotrol is defied as the occupier. 1031 A resposible veue or site ower eeds to esure that the veue or site is safe ad without risk to ayoe who hires the premises ad has resposibilities uder the followig legislatio. Occupiers Liability Act 1957 1032 A occupier of premises owes a commo duty of care to all his/her lawful visitors. The commo duty of care is a duty to take such care as i all the circumstaces of the case is reasoable to see that the visitor will be reasoably safe usig the premises for the purposes for which he/she is ivited or permitted by the occupier to be there (Occupiers Liability Act 1957 sectio 2 (2)). Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 sectio 4 (2) 1033 This places a legal duty o people who have cotrol of premises to esure that the premises, access ad exits ad ay plat ad substaces withi the premises are safe ad without risks to the health of people, other tha their workers, usig the premises as a place of work or a place where they may use plat or substaces provided for their use there. Duties of the evet orgaisers 1034 Music evets are usually orgaised through a promoter. A promoter could be a self-employed perso specifically hired by a etertaimet aget, artist s maager, record compay or other orgaisatio wishig to stage a evet. Sometimes differet promoters may work together joitly to orgaise a music evet. Promoters may work as evet orgaisers i their ow right or employ a productio compay or cotract a self-employed evet orgaiser. 1035 Promoters or veue owers may apply for the etertaimet licece i their ow ame or may request that the evet orgaiser obtais the etertaimet The evet safety guide Page 166 of 190

Health ad Safety licece. The holder of the etertaimet licece will be held resposible for breaches i the coditios or requiremets of the etertaimet licece. Breaches of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) ad associated regulatios may ot be so easily defied. 1036 It is therefore crucial that promoters, productio compaies, evet orgaisers ad cotractors are clear as to the legal resposibility that each may have i relatio to compliace with health ad safety legislatio. I the majority of circumstaces, the resposibility will rest with the evet orgaiser (or stadium maagemet i the case of stadia). Duties of cotractors, subcotractors ad self-employed people 1037 A cotractor is ayoe that has bee hired to carry out work who is ot a employee. Cotractors i tur may hire other subcotractors to carry out part of the work for which they have bee cotracted. 1038 Cotractors ad subcotractors as employers have legal duties uder the HSW Act of esurig, so far as is reasoably practicable, the health, safety ad welfare of their employees ad the health ad safety of people ot i their employmet, who may be affected by their work. 1039 Self-employed people have duties uder the HSW Act to esure that they ad ayoe else who may be affected by their work, are ot exposed to risks to their health. 1040 Cotractors, subcotractors, ad self-employed people also have duties uder the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 (Maagemet Regulatios). These iclude the requiremet to have arragemets i place to cover health ad safety, assess the risks to workers ad other people from their work ad to co-operate ad exchage iformatio with other employers ad self-employed people o site. 1041 Cotractors ad subcotractors have resposibilities to: produce a health ad safety policy for their work if five or more people are employed; assess the risk to workers ad others of their activities. If five or more people are employed, sigificat fidigs of the risk assessmet must be recorded; iform their employees of ay risks to their health ad safety; trai their employees; provide the correct persoal protective equipmet for their employees; make suitable arragemets for their employees while workig o site; check the competece of ay subcotractors that are hired by them; provide iformatio to other employers or self-employed people workig o site. Self-employed people have similar duties ad resposibilities that relate to their work. Employed or self-employed? 1042 The HSW Act sectio 53 (1), describes a self-employed perso as a idividual who works for gai or reward otherwise tha uder a cotract of employmet, whether or ot others are employed by that perso. The Ilad Reveue defiitio of a self-employed perso depeds largely upo The evet safety guide Page 167 of 190

Health ad Safety the circumstaces but it is a perso who has a cotract for services rather tha a cotract of service. (A cotract of service is the same as a cotract of employmet.) It is usual to fid labour oly self-employed subcotractors i the music idustry, similar to the costructio idustry. 1043 Cotractors employig labour-oly self-employed subcotractors must have clear evidece that these people, eve if they pay their ow icome tax ad atioal isurace cotributios, ad believe themselves to be self-employed, are i fact self-employed. The absece of a cotract of employmet, eve if these people pay their ow icome tax ad atioal isurace cotributios, is ot always sufficiet proof. 1044 May labour-oly self-employed people may actually be classified as employees for the maer ad type of work that they carry out o site. This aspect is particularly importat i relatio to the requiremet for employers to have Employers Liability Isurace. Duties of employees 1045 Employees have a duty to take reasoable care for their health ad safety ad of ay other people who may be affected by their acts or omissios at work. They must co-operate with their employer ad should ot recklessly iterfere or misuse aythig provided i the iterests of health, safety, ad welfare. Employees should also otify their employers of ay shortcomigs i health ad safety arragemets. Stadard statemet o self-employed people Although oly the courts ca give a authoritative iterpretatio of law, i cosiderig the applicatio of these regulatios ad guidace to people workig uder aother s directio, the followig should be cosidered: If people workig uder the cotrol ad directio of others are treated as self-employed for tax ad atioal isurace purposes they may evertheless be treated as their employees for health ad safety purposes. It may therefore be ecessary to take appropriate actio to protect them. If ay doubt exists about who is resposible for the health ad safety of a worker this could be clarified ad icluded i the terms of a cotract. However, remember, a legal duty uder sectio 3 of the HSW Act caot be passed o by meas of a cotract ad there will still be duties towards others uder sectio 3 of HSW Act. If such workers are employed o the basis that they are resposible for their ow health ad safety, legal advice should be sought before doig so. Legislatio 1046 All etertaimet evets are classed as work activities ad are therefore subject to the HSW Act ad various regulatios ad Codes of Practice. I additio, licesig legislatio may also apply. 1047 Most health ad safety legislatio is qualified by the duty to take actio so far as is reasoably practicable. Reasoably practicable meas that the time, trouble, cost ad physical difficulty of takig measures to avoid the risk are ot wholly disproportioate to it. The size or fiacial positio of the employer is ot take ito accout. The evet safety guide Page 168 of 190

Health ad Safety 1048 Uder licesig law, a differet cocept applies. The licesig authority may impose coditios which are govered by a duty of reasoableess. This meas that it ca impose requiremets which will achieve higher stadards tha those required uder health ad safety legislatio. Applyig the HSW Act 1049 Evet orgaisers, cocert promoters, licesees, specialist cotractors ad veue owers all have a statutory duty to protect the health ad safety of their workers ad others who may be affected by their work activity. Sectio 2 1050 Sectio 2 of the Act is cocered with the duties of employers to their employees. The geeral duty is to esure, so far as is reasoably practicable, the health, safety ad welfare at work of all employees. Some of the most importat areas covered by this geeral duty are specified, eg traiig, safe systems of work ad the preparatio of safety policies. This sectio applies to all orgaisatios with employees at the music evet icludig cotractors ad costructio compaies. Sectio 3 1051 Sectio 3 places a duty o employers ad self-employed people to safeguard those ot i their employmet, for example the public. Evet orgaisers should esure that they are doig all they reasoably ca to protect the public. They may have o employees at the veue but their duty to safeguard third parties will exted to providig relevat iformatio to people about aspects of their work which may affect their health ad safety, such as emergecy procedures. Cotractors should cosider what effect their work may have o the safety of the employees of other orgaisatios ad o the public. Sectio 4 1052 Sectio 4 places a duty o those who have cotrol, to ay extet, of odomestic premises, to esure as far as is reasoably practicable that the premises are safe ad without risks to the health of those who work there. The primary resposibility for the maagemet of risks will usually fall to the evet orgaiser, the maager, the ower of the veue, licesee ad/or promoter, depedig upo the cotractual arragemets uder which the evet is to be ru. The cotrol of the veue may be shared betwee a umber of parties ad if this is the case, there should be liaiso arragemets to esure that resposibilities are adequately idetified ad assiged. Orgaisatios ad idividuals who have cotrol, to ay extet, should cosider what measures they ca take to esure that the veue is safe. Sectio 6 1053 Sectio 6 is particularly relevat to suppliers of equipmet or substaces for use at work. It also applies to desigers ad suppliers of equipmet for use by performers, etc, ad to cotractors who erect or istall stages ad soud systems. Sectio 7 ad 8 1054 Sectios 7 ad 8 describe broad duties which will apply to all employees at a evet. The Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 1055 These Regulatios require employers to assess the risks which might exist i the workplace ad might affect employees or o-employees (members of the public). They also require them to decide whether safety precautios are adequate ad, if they are ot, what other cotrol might be eeded. Self-employed people The evet safety guide Page 169 of 190

Health ad Safety must also take similar steps. 1056 Where there are five or more employees, the assessmet must be recorded. The record should iclude the sigificat fidigs of the assessmet ad details of ay employees idetified as beig especially at risk, ad what measures are i place to cotrol the risk. 1057 So that employers ca carry out their resposibilities properly, the Regulatios require that a competet perso is appoited to assist them with their health ad safety duties. 1058 Where employers share their workplace with aother employer or selfemployed perso, or have aother employer s staff workig i their premises, they have a duty to co-operate with each other ad exchage iformatio o health ad safety. 1059 The Regulatios also require employers to have procedures i place to deal with serious ad immiet dager. This might iclude evacuatio of the workplace. The employer must ame a sufficiet umber of people to put the procedures ito practice. They should be traied ad competet to carry out their role i a emergecy. The evacuatio of audiece members at a evet is usually icluded i a major icidet pla. The Reportig of Ijuries, Diseases ad Dagerous Occurreces Regulatios 1995 1060 Certai work-related accidets ad dagerous occurreces are reportable to the health ad safety eforcig authority (either the local authority or HSE depedig o the evet) uder the Reportig of Ijuries, Diseases ad Dagerous Occurreces Regulatios 1995 (RIDDOR). 1061 A employer must report work-related accidets if: their employee, or a self-employed perso workig o premises uder their cotrol is killed or suffers certai types of ijury; a member of the public o premises uder their cotrol is killed or take to hospital; or oe of the dagerous occurreces listed i the Regulatios takes place. These iclude such icidets as certai scaffold collapses, failure of liftig equipmet, certai electrical short circuits. 1062 Further advice about RIDDOR is available o HSE s website at www.hse.gov. uk/riddor. Etertaimet licesig law 1063 The legislatio that may be relevat i relatio to licesig law icludes: Schedule 1 to the Local Govermet (Miscellaeous Provisios) Act 1982; Schedule 12 to the Lodo Govermet Act 1963; Sectio 41 of the Civic Govermet (Scotlad) Act 1982. The legislatio above have all bee ameded by Part IV of the Fire Safety ad Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987. The evet safety guide Page 170 of 190

Health ad Safety 1064 Other relevat legislatio is as follows: The Licesig Act 1964, as ameded by the Licesig Act 1988; The Licesig (Scotlad) Act 1976; Private Places of Etertaimet (Licesig) Act 1967; The Public Etertaimet Licece (Drug Misuse) Act 1997; ad Relevat local acts. Eglad ad Wales 1065 Uder the Local Govermet (Miscellaeous Provisios) Act 1982 or, i Greater Lodo, the Lodo Govermet Act 1963, resposibility for cotrollig places which are used for public music ad dacig ad similar etertaimets, icludig music evets, rests with the district coucil or, i the case of Lodo, the relevat Lodo borough. However, if i Eglad there is o district coucil, the resposibility rests with the couty coucil. I Wales, resposibility rests oly with a couty coucil or a couty borough coucil. It is ormally a offece to orgaise public etertaimet without a licece obtaied i advace from the local authority, or to be i breach of ay of the terms, coditios or restrictios the legislatio empowers the authority to place o such a licece. 1066 The purpose of this licesig regime is to esure, amog other thigs, that places of etertaimet have adequate stadards of safety ad hygiee ad to miimise ay possible oise which may be caused to the immediate eighbourhood. I cosiderig public etertaimet licece applicatios, the local authority will geerally cosult with the police ad the fire authority, to whom advace otificatio of the applicatio must be supplied. 1067 The licesig of public etertaimet applies to evets held idoors throughout the coutry ad to those held outdoors i Greater Lodo. Outside Greater Lodo, licesig applies oly to outdoor musical evets o private lad to which the public have access, ad the oly if the local authority has take the ecessary steps to adopt the relevat provisios of the 1982 Act. 1068 Local authorities have very wide discretio over whether or ot to grat public etertaimet liceses ad i the case of idoor evets or outdoor evets held i Greater Lodo, to attach to ay licece such terms, coditios ad restrictios as they thik fit. For outdoor musical evets o private lad outside Greater Lodo to which the public have access, the local authority may impose terms, coditios ad restrictios o ay licece it issues oly for certai particular purposes which are specified i paragraph 4(4) of Schedule 1 to the Act. These cocer: securig the safety of performers ad other people preset at the etertaimet; esurig there is adequate access for emergecy vehicles ad provisio of saitary appliaces; prevetig ureasoable oise disturbace to people i the eighbourhood. 1069 It is, however, possible to impose a variety of terms, coditios or restrictios i respect of a evet, provided that they all relate i some way to oe of the purposes specified i paragraph 4(4). 1070 I additio, the Private Places of Etertaimet (Licesig) Act 1967 eables all local authorities to take o powers, broadly o a similar basis to the wide ragig powers i respect of places of public etertaimet, ad require the licesig of private evets which ivolve music ad dacig that are, for example, promoted for private gai. The evet safety guide Page 171 of 190

Health ad Safety Scotlad 1071 The coucil for the local govermet area may licese public etertaimets which take place i its area uder sectio 41 of the Civic Govermet (Scotlad) Act 1982, where the particular coucil has passed a resolutio to licese a particular class or classes of public etertaimet. I such cases, the local authority may grat a public etertaimet licece for a evet where members of the public attedig are required to pay for admissio. Where o charge is made, the evets caot be licesed uder the 1982 Act. Uder sectio 7 of the 1982 Act, it is a offece to promote a evet without a licece i circumstaces where a licece is required. I gratig such a licece, the local authority may attach coditios regulatig such matters as the start ad fiish time of the evet or imposig requiremets i respect of tickets, audiece capacity, audiece desity ad evirometal oise levels. Sectio 89 of the Act cotrols the use of temporary seatig ad stagig, etc, ad the provisio of adequate exits. Such coditios are desiged to esure that there are adequate stadards of public safety with respect to the veue, its cotets ad fire precautios. 1072 A evet may also take place o premises for which a licesig board has grated a etertaimet licece uder the Licesig (Scotlad) Act 1976. Such a licece may be grated for places of etertaimet such as ciemas, theatres, dace halls ad proprietary clubs ad permits the sale or supply of liquor for cosumptio o the premises provided that the sale or supply of liquor is acillary to a licece to esure that the sale or supply of alcohol is ideed acillary to the etertaimet. The Public Etertaimet Licece (Drug Misuse) Act 1997 1073 This Act eables a local authority to revoke or ot to reew a public etertaimet licece if it ca be proved that there is a serious problem relatig to the supply or use of cotrolled drugs i coectio with the premises. The closure of the premises will take immediate effect ad will ot be postpoed util ay appeal by the licecee. The local authority will act o a police report. The local authority may impose terms, coditios or restrictios o the licece such as icreasig security measures. Who eforces? Health ad safety legislatio 1074 Eforcemet resposibility for health ad safety legislatio is determied o the basis of mai activity. Where the mai activity is a leisure activity, which icludes a music evet, it is the resposibility of the local authority to eforce health ad safety legislatio, uless the evet is orgaised by the local authority i which case it will be HSE. Certai activities such as radio ad televisio broadcastig ad fufairs are retaied by HSE. I certai circumstaces arragemets are made to trasfer the eforcemet resposibilities for these activities to the local authority so that they are resposible for the whole evet. Health ad safety eforcemet withi local authorities is usually the resposibility of the evirometal health officers. 1075 Local authorities ad HSE will follow the Health ad Safety Commissio s policy statemet o eforcemet. The priciples of eforcemet iclude proportioality, cosistecy, targetig ad trasparecy. Proportioality meas relatig eforcemet actio to risks. Cosistecy meas takig a similar approach i similar circumstaces to achieve similar eds. Trasparecy meas helpig evet orgaisers uderstad what is expected of them ad what they should expect from the eforcig authorities. Targetig meas makig sure that ispectio is targeted primarily o activities that preset the most serious risks. Discuss these priciples with the health ad safety ispector for your evet so that you are clear as to what is expected from you ad what you ca expect from the health ad safety ispector The evet safety guide Page 172 of 190

Health ad Safety Etertaimet licesig legislatio 1076 The eforcemet resposibility for etertaimet licesig legislatio is the resposibility of local authorities who have a statutory resposibility to cosult with the police ad fire authority. The etertaimet licesig fuctio is usually assiged to the Evirometal Health Departmet but may be assiged to differet departmets withi a local authority. Overlappig legislatio 1077 If eforcemet actio is ecessary the decisio as to which is the most appropriate legislatio will rest with the local authority. Local authorities will therefore esure that duplicity of eforcemet is avoided. The evet safety guide Page 173 of 190

Health ad Safety Useful addresses Geeral Ambulace Service Associatio Capital Tower 91 Waterloo Road Lodo SE1 8XP Tel: 020 7928 9620 Associatio of Chief Police Officers Greater Machester Police PO Box 22 South West PDO Chester House Boyer Street Machester M16 0RE Tel: 0161 872 5050 Associatio of Festival Orgaisers PO Box 296 Matlock Derbyshire DE4 3XU Tel: 01629 827014 Chief ad Assistat Chief Fire Officers Associatio 9-11 Pebble Close Amigto Tamworth Staffordshire B77 4RD Tel: 01827 302300 Cocert Promoters Associatio 6 St Mark s Road Heley-o-Thames Oxfordshire RG9 1LJ Tel: 01491 575060 Electrical Cotractors Associatio ESCA House 34 Palace Court Bayswater Lodo W2 4HY Tel: 020 7313 4800 Football Licesig Authority 27 Harcourt House 19 Cavedish Square Lodo W1G 0PL Tel: 020 7491 7191 Istitute of Acoustics 77a St Peter s Street St Albas Hertfordshire AL1 3BN Tel: 01727 848195 Istitute of Egieerig ad Techology Michael Faraday House Steveage Herts SG1 2AH Tel: 01438 313 311 Performace Textiles Associatio 42 Heath Street Tamworth Staffordshire B79 7JH Tel: 01827 52337 Natiowide Caterers Associatio 89 Mappleborough Road Shirley Solihull West Midlads B90 1AG Tel: 0121 603 2524 Natioal Areas Associatio 20 Maorfields Whalley Clitheroe Lacashire BB7 9UD Natioal Outdoor Evets Associatio 7 Hamilto Way Walligto Surrey SM6 9NJ Tel: 020 8669 8121 Productio Services Associatio PO Box 2709 Bath BA1 3YS Tel: 01225 332668 The evet safety guide Page 174 of 190

Health ad Safety Professioal Lightig ad Soud Associatio 1 Edward Road Eastboure East Sussex BN23 8AS Tel: 01323 524120 The Chartered Istitute of Buildig Services Egieers 222 Balham High Road Lodo SW12 9BS Tel: 020 8675 5211 The Chartered Istitute of Evirometal Health Chadwick Court 15 Hatfields Lodo SE1 8DJ Tel: 020 7928 6006 The Evet Services Associatio Picto House Lower Church Street Oxo OX12 8PN Tel: 01291 630402 The Home Office Direct Commuicatios Uit 2 Marsham Street Lodo SW1P 4DF Tel: 020 7035 4848 The Istitutio of Structural Egieers 11 Upper Belgrave Street Lodo SW1X 8BH Tel: 020 7235 4535 Ofcom Riverside House 2a Southwark Bridge Road Lodo SE1 9HA Tel: 020 7981 3000 Fax: 020 7981 3333 The Royal Evirometal Health Istitute of Scotlad 3 Maor Place Ediburgh EH3 7DH Tel: 0131 225 6999 The Scottish Office Victoria Quay Ediburgh EH6 6QQ Tel: 0131 556 8400 Special eeds Names ad addresses of orgaisatios represetig people with special eeds ca be foud i Yellow pages. For coveiece, some of the pricipal orgaisatios cocered are as follows: The Access Associatio Access Officer c/o Walsall Metropolita Borough Coucil Coucil House Litchfield Street Walsall WS1 1TP Tel: 01922 652010 Fax: 01922 614210 E-mail: Foxs@walsall.gov.uk Disabled Livig Foudatio 380-384 Harrow Road Lodo W9 2HU Tel: Helplie 0845 130 9177 Fax: 020 7266 2922 E-mail: advice@dlf.org.uk Website: www.dlf.org.uk Joit Committee o Mobility for Disabled People 11 Rothesay Court Le May Aveue Lodo SE12 0BA Tel: 020 8857 8640 Leoard Cheshire Foudatio Cetre for Accessible Eviromets 70 South Lambeth Road Lodo SW8 1RL Tel: 020 7840 0125 Fax: 020 7840 5811 Website: www.cae.org.uk E-mail: ifo@cae.org.uk MENCAP Natioal Cetre 123 Golde Lae Lodo EC1Y 0RT Tel: 020 7454 0454 Fax: 020 7608 3254 Website: www.mecap.org.uk E-mail: iformatio@mecap.org.com The evet safety guide Page 175 of 190

Health ad Safety MIND 15-19 Broadway Lodo E15 4BQ Tel: Ifolie 08457 660 163 Website: www.mid.org.uk E-mail: cotact@mid.org.uk Natioal Federatio of the Blid of the Uited Kigdom Sir Joh Wilso House 215 Kirkgate Wakefield WF1 1JG Tel: 01924 291313 Fax: 01924 200244 E-mail: fbuk@fbuk.org Natioal Music ad Disability Iformatio Service 7 Taver Street Stowmarket Suffolk IP14 1PJ Tel: 01449 673990 Fax: 01449 673994 RADAR (the disability etwork) Head Office 12 City Forum 250 City Road Lodo EC1V 8AF Tel: 020 7250 3222 Fax: 0870 141 0337 E-mail: radar@radar.org.uk Royal Natioal Istitute of the Blid (RNIB) 105 Judd Street Lodo WC1H 9NE Tel: 020 7388 1266 Fax: 020 7388 2034 E-mail: helplie@rib.org.uk Royal Natioal Istitute for Deaf People (RNID) 19-23 Featherstoe Street Lodo EC1Y 8SL Tel: 0808 808 0123 Textphoe: 0808 808 9000 Website: www.rid.org.uk E-mail: iformatiolie@rid.org.uk Scottish Accessible Iformatio Forum (SAIF) Royal Exchage House 100 Quee Street Glasgow G1 3DN Tel: 0141 226 5261 Fax: 0141 221 0731 Disability Wales Bridge House Caerphilly Busiess Park Va Road Caerphilly CF83 3GW Tel: 029 2088 7325 The evet safety guide Page 176 of 190

Health ad Safety Ackowledgemets HSE gratefully ackowledges the assistace of the Home Office ad Scottish Office ad i particular, the followig people i the productio of this publicatio. Members of the Workig Party Mark Thomas HSE, Local Authority Uit Lorraie Miller-Patel Lodo Borough of Harigey, represetig local authorities Melvi Be Mea Fiddler Orgaisatio, represetig the Cocert Promoters Associatio (CPA) Steve Dudley NEC Group, Birmiham, represetig the Natioal Areas Associatio (NAA) Richard Limb Symods Group Ltd, represetig The Evets Suppliers Associatio (TESA) ad the Natioal Outdoor Evets Associatio (NOEA) Tim Norma ESS, represetig the Productios Services Associatio (PSA) Dick Tee Thats ETeetaimet, represetig the Productios Services Associatio (PSA) Adrew Youg Wembley stadium, represetig the Natioal Areas Associatio (NAA) ad especially to: Pey Mellor Evet idustry co-ordiator ad member of the PSA for help with liaisig betwee HSE ad the Evet Idustry Workig Group members, ad cotributors. HSE also gratefully ackowledges the participatio of the followig people i the draftig ad updatig of this publicatio. Those people whose ames are i bold have writte chapters of this publicatio. Tim Abbott Big Gree Gatherig Richard Abel Evet Productio Maagemet, The Kayam Theatre Tet Stephe Abrahall Festival Iformatio Joh Alexader Scottish Ambulace Service Steve Aderso Medip District Coucil Ross Ashto E/T/C UK Ltd Ady Ayres Matapla Ltd Steve Bagall Lodo Area Richard Balmforth Auste-Lewis Ltd Hele Barsley Guildford Borough Coucil Roger Barrett Star Hire Ltd Graham Bawde Festival Brach Melvi Be Mea Fiddler Orgaisatio Iai Bisset Halto Borough Coucil The evet safety guide Page 177 of 190

Health ad Safety Mark Blackstock Wolverhampto Coucil Lida Blair St Adrew s Ambulace Mike Boocock Departmet of Health GP Bowles HM Fire Services Ispectorate Steve ad Jathea Brigde Nippabout Peter Brow Strawberry Fayre Sally Cavaagh Lisa Charlwood Performig Arts Maagemet Rodey Clark Pyrovisio Ltd Ispector Ala Clarke British Trasport Police Tom Clemets Specialized Security Dick Collis D C Site Services Joh Coway Readig Borough Coucil Paul Cooke Promed Jim Cosgrove Lodo Fire Brigade Ala Craig Natioal Areas Associatio Barry Croft The Royal Borough of Kesigto ad Chelsea Dave Crump Screeco Ltd Paulie Dalby Musicias Uio Jey Daveport Machester City Coucil Bill Deeker Pais Fireworks Jim Dickie Clive Dicki Hire Associatio (Europe) Ltd Toy Douglas-Beveridge PLASA Steve Dudhill Highway Solutios Ltd Steve Dudley NEC Group, Birmigham Paul Dumpleto Paul Dumpleto Associates Roger Duca Adrew Dukley HSE Bill Ega Show Power Nick Elliso Stratford o Avo District Coucil Kevi Fetterplace Mojo Workig Iteratioal Roger Fich North Hertfordshire Coucil Nick Fisher Firethor Productios Keith Fluder Laser Hire Bob Fox MOCA Ady Frame TP & TS Ltd Dai Fuimecelli Lodo Borough of Isligto Jim Gaffey Pitstop Barriers The evet safety guide Page 178 of 190

Health ad Safety Niall Gaffey Seatig Cotracts Stuart Galbraith MCP Geoff Galilee Lodo Borough of Bret Aoife Gardier The Royal Borough of Kesigto ad Chelsea Keith Goslig Lodo Borough of Bret Joh Grat Walsall Metropolita Borough Coucil Joh Gree East Lidsey District Coucil Jim Griffiths Symods Group Ltd Chris Guy Playlik Keva Habeshaw Nyrex Area Steve Haddrell WOMAD David Hall Lodo Borough of Tower Hamlets Chris Haam South Wester Maagemet Les Hart Home Office Steve Heap Assocatio of Festival Orgaisers Barbara Herridge UK Waste Mike Herriot Scottish Ambulace Service Steve Hick Home Office Emergecy Plaig College Peter Hid Total Fabricatios Dr Ke Hies BASICS Judy Hoatso Readig Borough Coucil MS Hooker Solihull Metropolita Borough Coucil Dr Chris Howes Festival Medical Services Roy Hut Huts Exhibitio Services Pey Jackso Natioal Youth Arts Festival Ala Jacobi Uusual Services Keith James Cardiff City Coucil Fioa Joes Cambridge City Coucil Frak Joes Hertfordshire Fire ad Rescue Paul Kilgalle Leicestershire Ambulace Service Stewart Kigsley Chelmsford Borough Coucil Liz Kwast Dr C Laird BASICS (Scotlad) Ray ad Bev Lagto Gary Latha Glasgow City Coucil Peter ad Katria Lawrece Celebrate Idepedat Promoters Associatio Richard Limb Symods Group Ltd Charles Lister Search Ltd Bethay ad Toy Llewelly Creek Fairs ad Festivals Federatio The evet safety guide Page 179 of 190

Health ad Safety Berard Lloyd Cetral Caterig Sergeat Gary Lockyer Metropolita Police Paul Ludford Hash Maitra HSE Mike Mathieso Cake Pey Mellor Commader Mike Messiger Metropolita Police David Miller Gofer Lorraie Miller-Patel Cadlish Miller Cosultats Kevi Mito Hire Associatio (Europe) Ltd Steve Newma Stratford o Avo District Coucil Tim Norma ESS Peter O Coer Cetral Office of Iformatio Joh O Haga NRPB Shaw O Malley WAVE Rachel Parker Earls Court Licol Parkhouse Just FX Graham Pollock West Dumbarto Coucil Dave Pratley Helter Skelter Ray Rhodes RTW Cocessios Ltd Walter Richardso British Red Cross Ady Rock Network Recyclig Peter Rooke Cherwell District Coucil Toy Roseburg Sactuary Leisure Richard Sauders Royal Lodo Borough of Kesigto ad Chelsea Paul Scott Belfast City Coucil Wilf Scott Pyrovisio Ltd Robert Seama Oxfordshire Ambulace Service Doald Siclair Michael Skeldig MUTA Peter Smith Crawley Borough Coucil Mark Stracey Bravado/CMI Bill Stuart Stuart Leisure ad Security Toy Sulliva Lodo Fire ad Civil Defece Authority Peter Swidlehurst St Joh s Ambulace David Taylor Lodo Ambulace Service Heather Taylor Chelmsford Borough Coucil Dick Tee Thats ETeetaimet David Tolley Lodo Borough of Tower Hamlets Mary Treacy The evet safety guide Page 180 of 190

Health ad Safety Steve Tuck Blackout Mick Upto Showsec Bria Waddigham Lodo Borough of Harigey Toy Wadley TESS Steve Walker HSE Aie Watso G Weaver Lodo Borough of Isligto Ala Webb HSE Gary White Uusual Egieerig Ltd Dick Whittigham Wembley Area Coli Wickes Lodo Borough of Bret Ray Williams Williams Maagemet Commuicatios Geoff Wilso Football Licesig Authority Philip Wisor Milto Keyes Borough Coucil Dave Withey Area Seatig Nich Woolf Festival Medical Services Adrew Youg Wembley Area The evet safety guide Page 181 of 190

Health ad Safety Refereces The refereces have bee arraged so that the titles are arraged alphabetically. A guide to the Reportig of Ijuries, Diseases ad Dagerous Occurreces Regulatios 1995 L73 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1999 ISBN 978 0 7176 2431 7 Avoidace of dager from overhead electric power lies Geeral Guidace Note GS6 (Third editio) HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1348 9 Avoidig dager from udergroud services HSG47 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2000 ISBN 978 0 7176 1744 9 Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Amedmet) Regulatios 1999 SI 1999/303 The Statioery Office 1999 Carriage of Dagerous Goods ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Equipmet Regulatios 2004 SI 2004/568 The Statioery Office 2004 Carriage of Dagerous Goods by Road (Driver Traiig) Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/2094 (DTR) The Statioery Office 1996 Civic Govermet (Scotlad) Act 1982 (c.45) The Statioery Office 1982 Classificatio ad Labellig of Explosives Regulatios 1983 SI 1983/1140 The Statioery Office 1983 Code of practice o evirometal oise cotrol at cocerts Noise Coucil 1995 ISBN 978 0 900103 51 3 Coditios for the authorisatio of explosives i Great Britai HSG114 HSE Books 1994 ISBN 978 0 7176 0717 4 Cotrol of Explosives Regulatios 1991 SI 1991/1531 The Statioery Office 1991 Cotrol of substaces hazardous to health (Fifth editio). The Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 2002 (as ameded). Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L5 (Fifth editio) HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 2981 7 Cotrolled Waste Regulatios 1992 SI 1992/588 The Statioery Office 1992 Cotrollig oise at work. The Cotrol of Noise at Work Regulatios 2005. Guidace o Regulatios L108 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 6164 0 Cotrollig the radiatio safety of display laser istallatios Leaflet INDG224 HSE Books 1996 Dace till daw safely: A Code of practice o health ad safety at dace veues Lodo Drug Policy Forum 1996 Dealig with disaster (Third editio) Home Office 2003 ISBN 1 874447 42 X Disability Discrimiatio Act 2005 (c.13) The Statioery Office 2005 The evet safety guide Page 182 of 190

Health ad Safety EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits: Cotaiig the list of workplace exposure limits for use with the Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 2002 (as ameded) Evirometal Hygiee Guidace Note EH40 HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 2977 0 Electrical safety at places of etertaimet Geeral Guidace Note GS50 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1387 8 Electrical safety for etertaiers Leaflet INDG247 HSE Books 1997 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 10 ISBN 978 0 7176 1406 6) www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/idg247. pdf Eviromet Act 1995 (c.25) The Statioery Office 1995 Evirometal Protectio Act 1990 (c.43) The Statioery Office 1990 Explosives Act 1875 (c.17) The Statioery Office 1875 Fairgrouds ad amusemet parks: Guidace o safe practice HSG175 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2007 ISBN 978 0 7176 6249 4 Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 SI 1997/1840 The Statioery Office 1997 Fire Precautios Act 1971 (c.40) The Statioery Office 1971 Fire Safety ad Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987 (c.27) The Statioery Office 1987 Fireworks (Safety) Regulatios 1997 SI 1997/2294 The Statioery Office 1997 First aid at work. The Health ad Safety (First-Aid) Regulatios 1981. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L74 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1050 1 Five steps to risk assessmet Leaflet INDG163(rev2) HSE Books 2006 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 10 ISBN 978 0 7176 6189 3) Guide to fire precautios i existig places of etertaimet ad like premises Home Office, Scottish Office ad Health Departmet 1990 ISBN 978 0 11 340907 5 Guide to safety at sports grouds (Fourth editio) Departmet of Natioal Heritage 1997 ISBN 978 0 11 300095 1 Health ad Safety (First Aid) Regulatios 1981 SI 1981/917 The Statioery Office 1981 Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (c.37) The Statioery Office 1974 Icidet at work? Flyer MISC769 HSE Books 2007 www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/ misc769.pdf Licesig (Scotlad) Act 1976 (c.66) The Statioery Office 1976 Licesig Act 1964 (c.26) The Statioery Office 1964 Licesig Act 1988 (c.17) The Statioery Office 1988 Local Govermet (Miscellaeous Provisios) Act 1982 (c.30) The Statioery Office 1982 The evet safety guide Page 183 of 190

Health ad Safety Lodo Govermet Act 1963 (c.33) The Statioery Office 1963 Maitaiig portable ad trasportable electrical equipmet HSG107 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2004 ISBN 978 0 7176 2805 6 Maagemet of health ad safety at work. Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L21 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2000 ISBN 978 0 7176 2488 1 Maagig cotractors: A guide for employers. A ope learig booklet HSG159 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1196 6 Maagig crowds safely. A guide for orgaisers at evets ad veues HSG154 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2000 ISBN 978 0 7176 1834 7 Maagig health ad safety i costructio. Costructio (Desig ad Maagemet) Regulatios 2007. Approved Code of Practice L144 HSE Books 2007 ISBN 978 0 7176 6223 4 Maual hadlig. Maual Hadlig Operatios Regulatios 1992 (as ameded). Guidace o Regulatios L23 (Third editio) HSE Books 2004 ISBN 978 0 7176 2823 0 Memoradum of guidace o the Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989. Guidace o Regulatios HSR25 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2007 ISBN 978 0 7176 6228 9 Noise at work: Guidace for employers o the Cotrol of Noise at Work Regulatios 2005 Leaflet INDG362(rev1) HSE Books 2005 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 10 ISBN 978 0 7176 6165 7) www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/idg362.pdf Occupiers Liability Act 1957 (c.31) The Statioery Office 1957 Privy Coucil Order i coucil relatig to stores liceced for mixed explosives Order i coucil o 6 The Statioery Office 1875 Privy Coucil Order i coucil amedig order i coucil (o.6) of the 27th day of November 1875, relatig to stores licesed for mixed explosives Order i coucil o 6a The Statioery Office 1883 Privy Coucil Order i coucil relatig to premises registered for the keepig of mixed explosives Order i coucil o 16 The Statioery Office 1896 Persoal protective equipmet at work (Secod editio). Persoal Protective Equipmet at Work Regulatios 1992 (as ameded). Guidace o Regulatios L25 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 6139 8 Placig o the Market ad Supervisio of Trasfers of Explosives Regulatios 1993 (POMSTER) SI 1993/2714 The Statioery Office 1993 Private Places of Etertaimet (Licesig) Act 1967 (c.19) The Statioery Office 1967 Public Etertaimets Liceces (Drug Misuse) Act 1997 (c.49) The Statioery Office 1997 Radiatio safety of lasers used for display purposes HSG95 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 978 0 7176 0691 7 Research to develop a methodology for the assessmet of risks to crowd safety i public veues CRR204 HSE Books 1999 ISBN 978 0 7176 1663 0 Rider-operated lift trucks: Operator traiig. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L117 HSE Books 1999 ISBN 978 0 7176 2455 3 The evet safety guide Page 184 of 190

Health ad Safety Safe use of liftig equipmet. Liftig Operatios ad Liftig Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (LOLER). Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L113 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7176 1628 2 Safe use of work equipmet. Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998 (PUWER). Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L22 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7176 1626 8 Safety of Sports Grouds Act 1975 (c.52) The Statioery Office 1975 Safety sigs ad sigals. The Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996. Guidace o Regulatios L64 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 978 0 7176 0870 6 Smoke ad vapour effects used i etertaimet Etertaimet Iformatio Sheet ETIS3 HSE Books 1996 www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/etidex.htm Special Waste Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/972 The Statioery Office 1996 Barett P ad Woodgate J Stadium public address systems Football Stadia Advisory Desig Coucil 1991 ISBN 978 1 87 383110 6 Temporary demoutable structures: Guidace o desig, procuremet ad use (Third editio) Istitutio of Structural Egieers 2007 ISBN 978 090129745 7 The BERSA Code of Safe Practice British Elastic Rope Sports Associatio 1993 The Childre Act 1989 (c.41) The Statioery Office 1989 Writig plai Eglish: Why it should be doe? how it s bee doe? how you ca do it? Plai Eglish Campaig 1980 ISBN 978 0 907 42400 0 Waste Maagemet Licesig Regulatios 1994 SI 1994/1056 The Statioery Office 1994 Work at Height Regulatios 2005 SI 2005/735 The Statioery Office 2005 Workig at heights i the broadcastig ad etertaimet idustries Etertaimet Iformatio Sheet ETIS6 HSE Books 1998 www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/etidex.htm Workig together o firework displays: A guide to safety for firework display orgaisers ad operators HSG123 (Third editio) HSE Books 2006 ISBN 978 0 7176 6196 1 Workplace health, safety ad welfare. Workplace (Health, Safety ad Welfare) Regulatios 1992. Approved Code of Practice L24 HSE Books 1992 ISBN 978 0 7176 0413 5 While every effort has bee made to esure the accuracy of the refereces listed i this publicatio, their future availability caot be guarateed. Please see iside back cover for details of how to order HSE Books titles. The Statioery Office publicatios are available from The Statioery Office, PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Tel: 0870 600 5522 Fax: 0870 600 5533 e-mail: customer.services@tso.co.uk Website: www.tso.co.uk (They are also available from bookshops.) The evet safety guide Page 185 of 190

Health ad Safety British Stadards The British Stadards are arraged umerically. BS 3169:1986 Specificatio for first-aid reel hoses for fire fightig purposes BS 3944-1:1992 Colour ad diffusio filter material for theatre, televisio ad similar etertaimet purposes. Specificatio for flammability ad dimesioal stability Emergecy lightig BS 5266-1:2005 BS 5266-2:1998 BS 5266-3:1981 Code of practice for the emergecy lightig of premises Code of practice for electrical low mouted way guidace systems for emergecy use Specificatio for small power relays (electromagetic) for emergecy lightig applicatios up to ad icludig 32 A BS 5274:1985 Specificatio for fire hose reels (water) for fixed istallatio purposes (withdraw replaced by) BS EN 671-1:2001 Fixed fire fightig systems. Hose systems. Hose reels with semi-rigid hose Fire extiguishig istallatios ad equipmet o premises BS 5306-1:2006 Code of practice for fire extiguishig istallatios ad equipmet o premises. Hose reels ad foam ilets BS 5306-3:2003 Code of practice for selectio ad maiteace of portable fire extiguishers BS 5438:1989 (amd 1995) Methods of test for flammability of textile fabrics whe subjected to a small igitig flame applied to the face or bottom edge of vertically orieted specimes Fire safety sigs, otices ad graphic symbols BS 5499-1:2002 Graphic symbols ad safety sigs. Safety sigs, icludig fire safety sigs. Specificatio for geometric shapes, colours ad layout BS 5499-2:1986 (amd 1995) Specificatio for self lumious fire safety sigs BS 5696 Parts 1-3 Play equipmet iteded for permaet istallatio outdoors (withdraw replaced by) Playgroud equipmet BS EN 1176-1:1998 Geeral safety requiremets ad test methods BS EN 1176-2:1998 Additioal specific safety requiremets ad test methods for swigs BS EN 1176-3:1998 Additioal specific safety requiremets ad test methods for slides BS EN 1176-4:1998 Additioal specific safety requiremets ad test methods for ruways BS EN 1176-6:1998 Additioal specific safety requiremets ad test methods for rockig equipmet BS EN 1176-7:1997 Guidace o istallatio, ispectio, maiteace ad operatio Fire detectio ad alarm systems for buildigs BS 5839-1:2002 Code of practice for system desig, istallatio, commissioig ad maiteace BS 5839-3:1988 Specificatio for automatic release mechaisms for certai fire protectio equipmet BS 5839-5:1988 Specificatio for optical beam smoke detectors BS 5839-6:2004 Code of practice for the desig, istallatio ad maiteace of fire detectio ad fire alarm systems i dwelligs BS 5839-8:1998 Code of practice for the desig, istallatio, commissioig ad maiteace of voice alarm systems BS EN 54-2:1998 Cotrol ad idicatig equipmet The evet safety guide Page 186 of 190

Health ad Safety BS EN 54-11:2002 Maual call poits Specificatio for fabrics for curtais ad drapes BS 5867-1:2004 Textiles ad textile products. Curtais ad drapes. Geeral requiremets BS 5867-2:1980 (amd 1993) Flammability requiremets BS 6465-1:2006 Saitary istallatios. Code of practice for the desig of saitary facilities ad scales of provisio of saitary ad associated appliaces BS 6472:1992 Guide to the evaluatio of huma exposure to vibratio i buildigs (1 Hz-80 Hz) Fireworks BS 7114-1:1988 BS 7114-2:1988 BS 7114-3:1988 Classificatio of fireworks Specificatio for fireworks Methods of test for fireworks Evaluatio ad measuremet for vibratios i buildigs BS 7385-1:1990 Guide for measuremet of vibratios ad evaluatio of their effects o buildigs BS 7385-2:1993 Guide to damage levels from groudbore vibratio BS 7430:1998 Code of practice for earthig BS 7671:2001 Requiremets for electrical istallatios. IEE Wirig Regulatios. Sixteeth editio BS 7863:1996 Recommedatios for colour codig to idicate the extiguishig media cotaied i portable fire extiguisher BS 7909:1998 Code of practice for desig ad istallatio of temporary distributio systems deliverig ac electrical supplies for lightig, techical services ad other etertaimet related purposes BS 7944:1999 Type 1 heavy duty fire blakets ad Type 2 heavy duty heat protective blakets BS EN 1869:1997 Fire blakets BS 8300:2001 Desig of buildigs ad their approaches to meet the eeds of disabled people. Code of practice BS EN 2:1992 Classificatio of fires Portable fire extiguishers BS EN 3-1:1996 Descriptio, duratio of operatio, class A ad B fire test BS EN 3-2:1996 Tightess, dielectric test, tampig test, special provisios BS EN 179:1998 Buildig hardware. Emergecy exit devices operated by a lever hadle or push pad. Requiremets ad test methods BS EN 1125:1997 Buildig hardware. Paic exit devices operated by a horizotal bar. Requiremets ad test methods BS EN 60825-1:1994 Safety of laser products. Equipmet classificatio, requiremets ad user s guide BS EN 60849:1998 Soud systems for emergecy purposes British Stadards are available from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Rd, Lodo W4 4AL Tel: 020 8996 9001 Fax: 020 8996 7001 e-mail: cservices@bsi-global.com Website: www.bsi-global.com The evet safety guide Page 187 of 190

Health ad Safety Further readig The Further readig refereces have bee arraged i alphabetical order accordig to their titles. A short guide to the Persoal Protective Equipmet at Work Regulatios 1992 Leaflet INDG174(rev1) HSE Books 2005 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 15 ISBN 978 0 7176 6141 1) www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/idg174.pdf A step by step guide to COSHH assessmet HSG97 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2004 ISBN 978 0 7176 2785 1 Assured safe caterig: A maagemet system for hazard aalysis 1993 Departmet of Health ISBN 0 11 321688 2 Camera operatios o locatio: Guidace for maagers ad camera crews HSG169 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1346 5 Costructio (Head Protectio) Regulatios 1989. Guidace o Regulatios L102 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7176 1478 3 Electrical safety ad you Leaflet INDG231 HSE Books 1996 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 15 ISBN 978 0 7176 1207 9) www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/idg231.pdf Electricity at work: Safe workig practices HSG85 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2003 ISBN 978 0 7176 2164 4 Guidelies for good practice at dace evets Scottish Drugs Forum 1995 ISBN 0 9519761 2 5 Associatio of Chief Police Officers Geeral Policig Committee Stadig Subcommittee o Emergecy Plaig Emergecy procedures maual 1997 ACOP Idustry guide to good food hygiee practice: Caterig guide Chadwick House Group 1997 ISBN 0900 103 00 0 Idustry guide to good food hygiee practice: Markets ad fairs guide Chadwick House Group 1998 ISBN 1 902 42300 3 HELA Keepig of LPG i vehicles: Mobile caterig uits 52/13 HSE Books 1986 LP Gas Associatio Use of LPG cyliders i mobile caterig vehicles ad similar commercial uits Code of Practice 24 Part 3 LP Gas Associatio 1996 ISBN 1 87 39118 0 Maagig crowd safety i public places: A study to geerate guidace for veue owers ad eforcig authority ispectors CRR53 HSE Books 1993 ISBN 978 0 7176 0708 2 Maagig health ad safety: Five steps to success Leaflet INDG275 HSE Books 1998 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 10 ISBN 978 0 7176 2170 5) www.hse. gov.uk/pubs/idg275.pdf Workplace trasport safety: A overview INDG199(rev1) HSE Books 2005 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 15 ISBN 978 0 7176 2821 6) www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/ idg199.pdf The evet safety guide Page 188 of 190

Health ad Safety MOCA Code of practice for mobile ad outside caterers (Secod editio) The Mobile Outside Caterers Associatio 1999 MOCA Due diligece system (Secod editio) The Mobile Outside Caterers Associatio 1999 Natioal Outdoor Evets Associatio Code of Practice for outdoor evets 1993 NOEH plus amedmets 1997 Need help o health ad safety? Guidace for employers o whe ad how to get advice o health ad safety Leaflet INDG322 HSE Books 2000 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 10 ISBN 978 0 7176 1790 6) www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/idg322.pdf Protectig the public: Your ext move HSG151 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1148 5 Safety i workig with lift trucks HSG6 (Third editio) HSE Books 2000 ISBN 978 0 7176 1781 4 Football League, Football Associatio ad Football Associatio Premier League Stewardig ad safety maagemet at football grouds 1995 Successful health ad safety maagemet HSG65 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 0 7176 1276 5 Techical stadards for marquees ad large tets DOC14 Home Office 1995 Small-scale use of LPG i cyliders Chemical Iformatio Sheet CHIS5 HSE 1999 www.hse.gov.uk/pubs/comahid.htm Workplace trasport safety: A employers guide HSG136 (Secod editio) HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 6154 1 The evet safety guide Page 189 of 190

Health ad Safety Further iformatio For iformatio about health ad safety rig HSE s Ifolie Tel: 0845 345 0055 Fax: 0845 408 9566 Textphoe: 0845 408 9577 e-mail: hse.ifolie@atbrit.com or write to HSE Iformatio Services, Caerphilly Busiess Park, Caerphilly CF83 3GG. HSE priced ad free publicatios ca be viewed olie or ordered from www.hse.gov.uk or cotact HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA Tel: 01787 881165 Fax: 01787 313995. HSE priced publicatios are also available from bookshops. British Stadards ca be obtaied i PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI olie shop: www.bsigroup.com/shop or by cotactig BSI Customer Services for hard copies oly Tel: 020 8996 9001 e-mail: cservices@bsigroup.com. The Statioery Office publicatios are available from The Statioery Office, PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Tel: 0870 600 5522 Fax: 0870 600 5533 e-mail: customer.services@tso.co.uk Website: www.tso.co.uk (They are also available from bookshops.) Statutory Istrumets ca be viewed free of charge at www.opsi.gov.uk. Published by HSE 02/10 Page 190 of 190