NASA Earth Science Research Results Enhance Public Health Science For Society John A. Haynes Program Manager, Public Health Applied Sciences Program Science Mission Directorate NASA Washington, DC USA 1
2006 NASA Strategic Plan NASA Strategic Goal 3 Develop a balanced overall program of science, exploration, and aeronautics consistent with the redirection of human spaceflight program to focus on exploration. NASA Sub-Goal 3A: Study Earth from space to advance scientific understanding and meet societal needs. NASA s partnership efforts in global modeling and data assimilation over the next decade will shorten the distance from observations to answers for important, leading-edge science questions. NASA s Applied Sciences program will continue the Agency s efforts in benchmarking the assimilation of NASA research results into policy and management decision-support tools that are vital for the Nation s environment, economy, safety, and security. NASA also is working with NOAA and inter-agency forums to transition mature research capabilities to operational systems, primarily the polar and geostationary operational environmental satellites, and to utilize fully those assets for research purposes. 2
GEOSS 10-Yr Implementation Plan 4.1.2 Health: Understanding environmental factors affecting human health and well-being Health issues with Earth observation needs include: airborne, marine, and water pollution; stratospheric ozone depletion; persistent organic pollutants; nutrition; and monitoring weatherrelated disease vectors. GEOSS will improve the flow of appropriate environmental data and health statistics to the health community, promoting a focus on prevention and contributing to the continued improvements in human health worldwide. 3
Current and Future NASA Earth Remote Sensing Observatories GPM 4
NASA Earth Science Focus Areas OZONE above18 km SAGE & HALOE 60S 60N Atmospheric Composition Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems Climate Variability and Change Weather Water and Energy Cycle Earth Surface and Interior 5
Earth System Models 6
NASA Applied Sciences Architecture Results of NASA Earth Science Research Societal Needs Technology Management Decisions Missions / Observations Data and Archives Applied Sciences Program Policy Decisions Forecasting Research and Analysis Models / Predictions Response & Recovery 7
GEO 9 Societal Benefit Areas Applied Sciences works across the 9 Societal Benefit Areas of GEO, with a focus on those areas where: NASA has greatest capability and expertise Where there is greatest need for decision support Natural & Human Induced Disasters Water Resources Ecosystems Human Health & Well-Being (Air Quality) Energy Resources Sustainable Agriculture Weather Information, Forecasting & Warning Climate Variability & Change Oceans 8
Why public health? 9 Patz et al., 2000 http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/library/nationalassessment/healthimages.htm
Surveillance Project: EPHTN 10
EPHTN/HELIX-Atlanta Provide information regarding the 5-county Metro-Atlanta Area Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb,, Fulton, & Gwinett Integrate environment & public health data into a local network that is part of a national network Take action to prevent & control environmentally related health effects 11
EPHTN/HELIX System Architecture 12
v. April 2005 Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) in 2003 B-Spline Surfacing Algorithm: EPHTN/HELIX NASA and the CDC are partners in linking environmental and health observations to enhance public health surveillance through the Environmental Public Health Tracking Network (EPHTN)/HELIX-Atlanta project. The integration of NASA earth science satellite observations, model predictive capabilities, and technology enhances the value of public health decision support. In the future, NASA MODIS aerosol optical depth observations will be combined with EPA monitoring data to create more representative particulate matter (PM) products. CDC Contact Pamela Meyer, DrPH, RN Science Development Team Leader National Environmental Public Health Tracking Program Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, MS E19 Atlanta GA 30333 NASA Program Contact John A Haynes, Program Manager Public Health Application, Applied Sciences Program NASA Headquarters MS 5L79 Washington DC 20546-0001 Additional Earth science satellite observations, such as ozone and surface temperature, will also be used to enhance the EPHTN. Data from scattered EPA monitoring sites were used to make daily surfaces of particulate matter (PM) concentrations. High concentrations of PM are associated with adverse health reactions, eg. respiratory and cardiovascular problems. High : 50 µg/m 3 Low : 0 µg/m 3 Technical Contacts: EPA sites Doug Rickman (doug.rickman@nasa.gov) Dale Quattrochi (dale.quattrochi@nasa.gov)
1 9 8 5. 0 M o d e 2 M o d e 3 1 9 8 7. 5 1 9 9 0. 0 1 9 9 2. 5 Surveillance Project: Malaria/GSAT Habitat identification Textural/contextual classifications significantly increase landcover mapping accuracy using high resolution data such as Ikonos. Identifying key factors that sustain or intensify transmission Satellite & meteor. data Microepidemiology data Risk prediction Nonparametric model computes the likelihood of disease outbreak using meteorological and epidemiological time series as input. Local environment Population database Landcover Dwelling Host behaviors 4000 3500 3000 Tak Pf cases Temperature (deg C) x 100 Rainfall (mm) x 5 + 1000 Vector ecology Vector control Medical care 2500 2000 1500 Discrete Wavelet Transform is used to differentiate confusion vegetation types. Sporozoites Oocysts Primary schizogony Hypnozoites relapses Asexual erythrocytic cycle 1000 500 0 0 25 50 Wavelet Transform and Hilbert-Huang Transform Empirical Mode Decomposition identify the driving variables that lead to disease outbreaks and provide more accurate predictions. 75 100 125 VECTOR Fertilization Gametocytes HUMAN Evaluated Thail military airborne data and established neural network rectification capability. blood meal oviposition eggs larvae pupae adults destroyed PARASITE pre-patent incubation delay treatment infectious relapse immunity 1 9 8 5.0 Mode 1 M o d e Mode 2 1 9 8 7.5 1 9 9 0.0 1 9 9 2.5 Spatio-temporal distribution of disease cases Mode 3 Richard.Kiang@nasa.gov 14
Surveillance Project: Malaria/GSAT The AFSOC GSAT will be enhanced with satellite observations from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometry (ASTER) instrument onboard NASA Terra, the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), NASA MODIS, NASA EO-1, and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Other satellite observations may also be used if appropriate. According to a recent NASA Evaluation Report, enhancing the AFSOC GSAT with NASA Earth Science satellite observations and model predictive capabilities is expected to result in the following benefits for DOD: Reduced morbidity and mortality for US overseas forces and populations in host countries Almost 1/3 of US personnel involved in the 2003 Liberia operation came down with malaria Optimized utilization of larvicide and insecticide Optimized utilization of chemoprophylaxis The enhanced GSAT was tested in real military exercises such as Joint Forces Exercises (JFEX) 06 and will be tested in JFEX 08. During AFSOC preparations for JFEX 06, the NASA team transmitted certain data sets to AFSOC for use in the exercise. 15
Surveillance Project: ArboNET/Plague Vector habitats, seasonal lifecycle variations, migration pressure from rainfall, soil moisture, vegetative cover, surface temperature, elevation, and slope. Terra Landsat 7 TRMM 16
Surveillance Project: ArboNET/Plague 17
Surveillance Project: PHAiRS/RSVP Upper Left: Dust observed from the NOAA GOES 12 satellite at 20:26 UTC on December 15, 2003. The red dashed line encircles a large dust storm occurring in west Texas. Lower Left: DREAM modeled dust concentration distribution for 20:00 UTC on December 15, 2003, before ingesting NASA MODIS land cover observations. Lower Right: DREAM modeled dust concentration distribution for 20:00 UTC on December 15, 2003, after ingesting NASA MODIS land cover observations. Note that the DREAM model much more accurately represents the NOAA GOES 12 observed dust storm after ingesting NASA Earth science satellite observations. 18
PHAiRS/RSVP System Architecture Terra & Aqua L1B Data T+1 hour Direct Broadcast Receiving Station (UNM CREATE) EDAC SOAP/WMS Service Req. T+7 hrs Web Client SYRIS DSS AZ and NM Air Quality and Public Health Offices EDOS MODIS L0 Data T+3-5 hours University of New Mexico Earth Data Analysis Center Initialization Parameters Dust Model Outputs T+5-7 hours GES DAAC NASA/GSFC NOAA-NWS (WRF Forecast) University of Arizona Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences 19 May 2006
Enhancing the RSVP/SYRIS Decision Support Tool 20
Projects Awarded in DECISION 04 and through the MS Research Consortium Enhancing USAID Famine and Malaria Early Warning with NASA Earth Science Results (FEWS NET/MEWS) The project's goal is to enhance USAID humanitarian programs by integrating NASA Earth observation and modeling results into famine and malaria early warning systems (FEWS NET/MEWS). PIs: James Verdin (USGS) Molly Brown (SSAI) GeoMedStat Enhance the GeoMedStat decision support tool (developed by the University of Mississippi Medical Center) for asthma surveillance, prediction, and intervention. PI: Fazlay Faruque (UMMC) 21
Project Selected in ROSES 05 Integration of Remote Sensing into Encephalitis Virus Intervention Decision Support Systems This project will establish procedures to directly incorporate observations and model predictive capabilities into the CDC ArboNET and the California Mosquito-borne Virus Surveillance and Response Plan (CMVSRP) from NASA satellites and ecosystem models generated by the Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS) at NASA Ames Research Center. At a minimum, the project will utilize observations from NASA MODIS and AMSR-E, Landsat, and NOAA AVHRR. PI: William Reisen (UC-Davis) 22
Privacy and medical confidentiality 23
NASA s Public Health Partners.gov/ph.gov/rs.org.edu.int.mil 24
NASA Applied Sciences Program April 2004 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Science Enterprise Applications Plan http://science.hq.nasa.gov/earth-sun/applications/index.html http://aiwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/ 25
Epidemiology in the 21 st Century 26