Suppletion and stem dependency in inflectional morphology

Suppletion and stem dependency in inflectional morphology Olivier Bonami Université Rennes 2 olivier.bonami@uhb.fr Gilles Boyé Université Nancy 2 gilles.boye@clsh.univ-nancy2.fr UFRL May, 2002 Goal: provide a general analysis of suppletion in inflectional morphology. Requirements : We must account for the fact that suppletion is not erratic: suppletive forms tend to appear in groups, in definite areas of verbal paradigms. An adequate analysis should minimize the quantity of redundant phonological information that has to be listed in the lexicon for a given lexeme. (ultimately) An adequate analysis should account for the speaker s intuitions on regularity. 1 From inflectional forms to stem dependencies 1.1 Suppletive inflectional forms (1) Inflectional affixes finite forms 1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl present Ø Ø Ø Õ e @ imperfective E E E jõ je E simple past I Ø Ø m@ t@ Ir@ future re ra ra rõ re rõ subjunctive @ @ @ jõ je @ subj. imperfective s@ s@ Ø sjõ sje s@ conditional re re re rjõ rje re imperative Ø Õ e non-finite forms infinitive present participle past participle r à 1 Ø

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 2 (2) Lexeme infl. class suppletive form ungrammatical reg. form être be prst. 1sg suis (s4i) *es (*E) prst. 1pl sommes (som) *étons (*etõ) prst. 2pl êtes (Et) *étez (*ete) prst. 3pl sont (sõ) *êtes (*Et) avoir have prst. 1sg ai (E) *as (*a) prst. 3pl ont (Õ) *avent (*av) faire do prst. 2pl faites (fet) *faisez (*f@ze) prst. 3pl font fõ *faisent (*av) imperative 2pl faites (fet) *faisez (*f@ze) aller go prst. 1sg vais (ve) *vas (*va) prst. 3pl vont võ *allent (*al) dire say prst. 2pl dites (dit) *disez (*dize) imperative 2pl dites (dit) *disez (*dize) 1.2 The stem space (3) (4) Verb 1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl er ( wash ) + + + +Õ +e +@ asseoir ( sit ) asje+ asje+ asje+ asej+õ asej+e asej+@ mourir ( die ) mœr+ mœr+ mœr+ mur+õ mur+e mœr+@ boire ( drink ) bwa+ bwa+ bwa+ byv+õ byv+e bwav+@ prst. imperfective future conditional 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 simple past subjunctive imperfective subjunctive imperative 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 infinitive present participle past participle

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 3 (5) The part of the stem space we will discuss imperfective and present 12pl imperative 2sg present 3pl imperative 12pl present singular subjunctive singular and 3pl present participle subjunctive 12pl (6) stem pair verb stems nb. of verbs imperf./prst 12pl and prst. 3pl boire drink byv/bwav 50 imperf./prst 12pl and prst. sg valoir be worth val/vo 86 imperf./prst 12pl and imperative sg asseoir sit asej/asje 88 imperf./prst 12pl and imperative pl être be et/swaj 3 imperf./prst 12pl and subjunctive sg/3pl aller go al/aj 66 imperf./prst 12pl and subjunctive 12pl faire do f@z/fas 15 imperf./prst 12pl and prst. part. savoir know sav/sas 2 prst. 3sg and prst. sg valoir be worth val/vo 35 prst. 3sg and imperative sg savoir know sav/sas 37 prst. 3sg and imperative pl savoir know sav/sas 54 prst. 3sg and subjunctive sg/3pl savoir know sav/sas 17 prst. 3sg and subjunctive 12pl savoir know sav/sas 65 prst. 3sg and prst. part. savoir know sav/sas 53 prst. sg and imperative sg être be E/swa 3 prst. sg and imperative pl être be E/swaj 88 prst. sg and subjunctive sg/3pl être be E/swaj 39 prst. sg and subjunctive 12pl être be E/swa 88 prst. sg and prst. part. savoir know se/sas 87 imperative sg and imperative pl. asseoir sit asje/asej 85 imperative sg and subjunctive sg/3pl tenir hold tjẽ/t@n 36 imperative sg and subjunctive 12pl valoir be worth vo/val 85 imperative sg and prst. part. tenir hold tjẽ/t@n 86 imperative pl and subjunctive sg/3pl faire do f@z/fas 63 imperative pl and subjunctive 12pl faire do f@z/fas 12 imperative pl and prst. part. être be swaj/et 1 subjunctive sg/3pl and subjunctive 12pl aller go aj/al 62 subjunctive sg/3pl and prst. part. aller go aj/al 63 subjunctive 12pl and prst. part être be swaj/et 14

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 4 1.3 Simple stem dependency (7) a. asje prst-sg imperative-sg b. asej prst-sg imperative-sg (8) There are: 3 8 3 (2 8 2) 3 + 28 2 + 1 = 1094 6 2 different ways of filling the stem space with at most three phonologically distinct stems. example imperf. prst.3pl prst.sg subj.12pl subj.sg imper.sg imper.pl prst.part verb prst.12pl subj.3pl er ( wash ) A A A A A A A A devoir ( owe ) A B B A B B A A haïr ( hate ) A A B A A B A A avoir ( have ) A A A B B B B B être ( be ) A A B C C C C A valoir ( cost ) A A B A C B A A savoir ( know ) A A B C C C C C pouvoir ( can ) A B B C C B A A vouloir ( want ) A B B A C B A A faire ( do ) A A B C C B A A (9) Dependencies between stem slots in the present paradigm imparf./prst. 12pl prst. 3pl prst. sg er wash A A A savoir sav sav se know A A B * * * * A B A mourir mur mœr mœr die A B B boire byv bwav bwa drink A B C

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 5 (10) Stem dependency tree imparf./prst. 12pl part. prst impér. pl subj. 12pl prst. 3pl subj. sg/3pl prst. sg impér. sg (11) Using the tree to predict regular stems If a stem is not explicitly listed in the lexicon, it has the same phonology as its mother in the tree. (12) er wash Stems listed in the lexicon: Stem dependency tree: imparf/prst. 12pl : imparfait/prst. 12pl part. prst. impér. pl subj. 12pl prst. 3pl subj. sg/3pl prst. sg impér. sg

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 6 (13) mourir die Stems listed in the lexicon: Stem dependency tree: imparf/prst. 12pl : mur prst. 3pl : mœr imparfait/prst. 12pl mur part. prst. mur impér. pl mur subj. 12pl mur prst. 3pl mœr subj. sg/3pl mœr prst. sg mœr impér. sg mœr (14) boire drink Stems listed in the lexicon: Stem dependency tree: imparf/prst. 12pl : byv prst. 3pl : bwav prst. sg : bwa imparfait/prst. 12pl byv part. prst. byv impér. pl byv subj. 12pl byv prst. 3pl bwav subj. sg/3pl bwav prst. sg bwa impér. sg bwa (15) There are 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 7 + 1 = 29 ways of filling the stem dependency tree with at most 3 phonologically distinct stems.

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 7 1.4 Loose ends 1.4.1 Complex stem dependency (16) savoir know Stems listed in the lexicon: Stem dependency tree: imparf/prst. 12pl : sav prst. sg : se prst. part. : sas imperative pl : sas subj. 12pl : sas subj. sg/3pl : sas imperative sg : sas imparfait/prst. 12pl sav part. prst. sas impér. pl sas subj. 12pl sas prst. 3pl sav subj. sg/3pl sas prst. sg se impér. sg sas

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 8 1.4.2 Thematic functions (17) Stem dependency tree for Spanish : subj. prst. prst. 3pl prst. 1sg prst. 2sg prst. 1pl prst. 3sg imperative 2sg prst. 2pl simple past 12sg/pl infinitive/imperative 2pl simple past 3sg simple past 3pl imperf. past part. prst. part. future imperf. subj. cond. future subj. (18) The phonological function prst. 3pl prst. 1pl Stress the last vowel and lower it if it is high and the penultimate is middle. (19) a. amar : ama amá b. tomar : toma tomá c. comer : komi komé d. vivir : bibi bibí

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 9 1.4.3 Defection (20) frire fry (up) Stems listed in the lexicon: Stem dependency tree: imparf/prst. 12pl : present 3pl : fri imparfait/prst. 12pl part. prst. impér. pl subj. 12pl prst. 3pl subj. sg/3pl prst. sg fri impér. sg fri 2 Morphological dependency relations in the hierarchical lexicon 2.1 Morphological dependencies sign (21) syn-sign lex-sign phrase word stem (22) phrase [ dtrs list(syn-sign) ] (27) a. The prst. 1pl word ons (we) wash phon Õ imperf-prst12pl-stm m-dep phon m-dep elist

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 10 b. The prst. 3pl word ent (they) wash phon @ prst3pl-stm phon m-dep imperf-prst12pl-stm m-dep phon m-dep elist lex-obj LEXEME MORPH-TYPE (28) stem word er-lxm imperf-prst12pl-stm prst3pl-stm prst-1pl-wd - (29) lex-obj [ m-dep list(stemj) ] (30) Paradigm Integrity Principle lex-obj synsem 1 m-dep list( [ ] synsem 1 ) ons

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 11 2.2 Inflectional forms lex-obj LEXEME MORPH-TYPE word (31) er-lxm être-lxm prst-1pl-wd phon / 1 Õ m-dep imperf-prst12pl-stm phon 1 phon m-dep Õ [phon ] sommes-wd phon som 2.3 Stem dependency lex-obj LEXEME MORPH-TYPE stem (32) er-lxm acquérir-lxm prst-3pl-stm phon / 1 m-dep imperf-prst12pl-stm phon / 1 phon m-dep [phon ] acquier-stm phon akjer

Bonami & Boyé Suppletion May, 2002 12 (33) a. The prst. 3pl word ent (they) wash prst3pl-wd&er-lxm phon @ prst3pl-stm&er-lxm phon m-dep m-dep imperf-prst12pl-stm&er-lxm phon b. The prst. 3pl word acquièrent (they) acquire prst3pl-wd&acquérir-lxm phon akjer@ acquier-stm phon akjer m-dep m-dep imperf-prst12pl-stm&acquérir-lxm phon aker References Andrews, A. D. (1990), Unification and morphological blocking, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8, 507 557. Aronoff, M. (1994), Morphology by itself, MIT Press, Cambridge. Bonami, O. & Boyé, G. (2001), Suppletion and stem dependency in inflectional morphology, in L. Hellan & F. Van Eynde, eds, The Proceedings of the HPSG 01 Conference, CSLI Publications, Stanford. URL: http://cslipublications.stanford.edu/hpsg/2/hpsg01.html Boyé, G. (2000), Problèmes de morpho-phonologie verbale en français, espagnol et italien, PhD thesis, Université Paris 7. Fradin, B. (1993), Organisation de l information lexicale et interface morphologie/syntaxe dans le domaine verbal, PhD thesis, Université Paris 8. Kœnig, J.-P. (1999), Lexical relations, CSLI Publications, Stanford. Kœnig, J.-P. & Jurafsky, D. (1994), Type underspecification and on-line type construction, in Proceedings of WCCFL XIII, pp. 270 285. Morin, Y.-C. (1987), Remarques sur l organisation de la flexion en français, ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 77 78, 13 91. Sag, I. A. & Wasow, T. (1999), Syntactic theory. A formal introduction, CSLI Publications, Stanford. Swiggers, S. & Van Den Eynde, K. (1987), La morphologie du verbe français, ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 77 78, 151 251.