CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LATHE By Matthew Manton and Duane Weidinger
CNC Programming Workbook Lathe Published by CamInstructor Incorporated 330 Chandos Crt. Kitchener, Ontario N2A 3C2 www.caminstructor.com Date: June 1, 2013 Author: Matthew Manton and Duane Weidinger ISBN: 978-1-897466-83-4 Copyright 2013 CamInstructor Inc. - All rights reserved. This book is protected under the copyright laws of Canada and the United States. All rights are reserved. This document may not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form without prior consent, in writing, from CamInstructor Inc. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication To order additional copies of the book contact: CamInstructor Inc. 330 Chandos Crt, Kitchener, ON, N2A 3C2 Phone 1-877-873-6867 Fax 1-866-741-8421 email sales@caminstructor.com Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the Publisher and Author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by representatives. The advice and strategies contained in this book may not be suitable for the readers or users situation. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any damage, loss or any other damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages including personal. Notice CamInstructor Inc. reserves the right to make improvements to this book at any time and without notice. Trademarks Haas is a registered trademark of Haas Automation, Inc. All brands are the trademark of their respective owners. Printed in Canada Requirements Use of the Multi-media CD/DVD requires a computer with speakers, and CD/DVD ROM. June 18, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON-1..ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING...1 ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE # 1... 2 ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #2... 3 ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #3... 4 ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #4... 5 ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #5... 6 LESSON-2..INTRODUCTION TO CNC CODES...7 LATHE TOOLS... 8 COMMONLY USED PREPARATORY G CODES... 9 COMMONLY USED MISCELLANEOUS M CODES... 11 RAPID G00 AND LINEAR G01 INTERPOLATION... 12 EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM START-UP BLOCKS... 13 MOVING TO MACHINE ZERO G28 AND G53... 16 G40, G41, & G42 TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION... 17 LESSON-3..DRILLING...19 DRILLING ON CENTERLINE EXAMPLE... 21 DRILLING CANNED CYCLES... 22 DRILLING ON CENTERLINE EXERCISE #1... 25 LESSON-4..LINEAR INTERPOLATION...27 FACING EXAMPLE... 29 LINEAR INTERPOLATION - EXAMPLE... 31 LINEAR INTERPOLATION LESSON-4 EXERCISE #1... 35
TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON-5..TURNING CANNED CYCLES...39 ROUGH TURNING CANNED CYCLE EXAMPLE... 43 ROUGH BORING CANNED EXAMPLE... 46 LESSON-6..CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION...49 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - EXERCISE #1... 51 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION BORING - EXERCISE #2... 53 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION TURNING AND BORING -EXERCISE #3... 60 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION TURNING AND BORING -EXERCISE #4... 67 LESSON-7..TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION...73 TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION (G40, G41, & G42)... 74 CNC PROGRAMMING G42 EXAMPLE... 76 CNC PROGRAMMING BORING EXAMPLE G41... 77 LESSON-8..GROOVING/PARTING OFF...79 GROOVING EXAMPLE... 80 PART-OFF EXAMPLE... 81 GROOVING CYCLE-MULTIPLE PASS... 88 GROOVING CYCLE-SINGLE PASS FOR CUT-OFF... 89 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE # 1... 95 Table of Contents - 2
LESSON-9 THREADING...101 HAAS-G76 O.D/I.D THREAD CUTTING CYCLE... 102 HAAS-G92 THREAD CUTTING CYCLE... 103 HAAS-M24 THREAD CHAMFER OFF... 104 THREADING OVERVIEW... 105 THREADING EXAMPLE DRAWING... 108 THREADING EXERCISE... 116 APPENDIX...121 EXTRA CNC PROGRAMMING EXERCISES... 122 PREPATORY FUNCTIONS G-CODES... 131 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS M-CODES... 135 STANDARD DRILL SIZES INCHES... 136 INCH TAP DRILL SIZES... 137 METRIC TAP DRILL SIZES... 138 DISCRIMINATOR SOFTWARE INSTALLATION... 139 Table of Contents - 3
Table of Contents - 4
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-1 ABSOLUTE AND INCREMENTAL POSITIONING Page 1
Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n LESSON-1 EXERCISE #1 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero). Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian or Rectangular Co-ordinates. INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location. Each coordinate is based on how far the tool is to move from start to finish. For an incremental move in X axis, we use U and for an incremental move in the Z axis we use W. G91 is not used. STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND BACK TO THE POINT O USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE Page 2 X Z INCREMENTAL O (Origin) O 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 O Lathe Lesson 1-2 U W
LESSON-1 EXERCISE #2 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero). Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian or Rectangular Co-ordinates. INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location. Each coordinate is based on how far the tool is to move from start to finish. For an incremental move in X axis, we use U and for an incremental move in the Z axis, we use W. G91 is not used. STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND BACK TO THE POINT O USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE X Z INCREMENTAL U W O (Origin) O 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 O Lathe Lesson 1-3 Page 3
Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n LESSON-1 EXERCISE #3 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero). Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian Co-ordinates. INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location. Each coordinate is based on how far the tool is to move from start to finish. For an incremental move in X axis, we use U and for an incremental move in the Z axis, we use W. G91 is not used. STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND BACK TO THE POINT O USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE Page 4 X Z INCREMENTAL O (Origin) O 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 O Lathe Lesson 1-4 U W
LESSON-1 EXERCISE #4 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING OD STARTING AT THE POINT A (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE TOOLPATH THROUGH ALL THE POINTS USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE X Z INCREMENTAL U W A B C D E F G H I A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I Lathe Lesson 1-5 Page 5
Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n LESSON-1 EXERCISE #5 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING OD BEGIN AT START POINT SP (X3.75, Z0.25), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM SP THROUGH POINTS A-K AND BACK TO POINT SP, USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ABSOLUTE X Z INCREMENTAL SP (START POINT) SP A A A B B B C C C D D D E E E F F F G G G H H H I I I J J J K K K SP SP Page 6 Lathe Lesson 1-6 U W
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK CODE G00 FUNCTION Rapid traverse motion; Used for non-cutting rapid moves of the machine axis to a location to be machined, or rapid retract moves after cuts have been completed. Maximum rapid motion (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary on machine model. G01 G02 G03 G04 G18 G20 G21 G28 G40 G41 G42 Linear interpolation motion; Used for actual machining and metal removal. Governed by a programmed feedrate in inches (or mm) per minute. Maximum feed rate (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary depending on the model of the machine. Circular Interpolation, Clockwise Circular Interpolation, Counterclockwise Dwell- Used with an X value for time of dwell in seconds ZX Plane Selection Verify Inch Coordinate Positions Verify Metric Coordinate Positions Machine Home (Rapid traverse) Tool Nose Radius Compensation CANCEL Tool Nose Radius Compensation LEFT of the programmed path G50 G52 G53 Tool Nose Radius Compensation RIGHT of the programmed path Max RPM Preset Local Coordinate system setting Machine Zero Positioning Coordinate Shift G54-59 Select Coordinate System #1 - #6 LESSON-2 INTRODUCTION TO CNC CODES Page 7
LESSON-2 INTRODUCTION TO CNC CODES LATHE TOOLS The CNC Lathe used in this text is set-up with following tools. All program examples and exercises in this workbook are typically using the same tools. Tool Description 1 O.D. Right Hand Roughing Tool 80 2 O.D. Right Hand Finishing Tool 55 3 O.D. Profiling Tool 35 4 Right Hand Parting Tool Width 0.118 5 O.D. Thread Tool 6 # 4 Centre Drill 7 1/4 Diameter Drill 8 Boring Tool Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n Turret # Page 8 Lathe Lesson 2-2
CODE G00 G01 G02 G03 G04 G18 G20 G21 G28 G40 G41 G42 G50 G52 G53 G54-G59 G70 G71 COMMONLY USED PREPARATORY G CODES FUNCTION Rapid traverse motion; Used for non-cutting rapid moves of the machine axis to a location to be machined, or rapid retract moves after cuts have been completed. Linear interpolation motion; Used for actual machining and metal removal. Governed by a programmed feedrate in inches (or mm) per minute. Circular Interpolation, Clockwise Circular Interpolation, Counterclockwise Dwell- Used with an X value for time of dwell in seconds ZX Plane Selection Verify Inch Coordinate Positions Verify Metric Coordinate Positions Machine Home (Rapid traverse) Tool Nose Radius Compensation CANCEL Tool Nose Radius Compensation LEFT of the programmed path Tool Nose Radius Compensation RIGHT of the programmed path Max RPM Preset Local Coordinate system setting Machine Zero Positioning Coordinate Shift Select Coordinate System #1 - #6 (Part zero offset location) Profile Finish Turning fixed cycle Profile Rough Turning fixed cycle Z axis direction G72 G73 G74 G75 G76 G80 G81 G96 G97 G98 G99 Profile Rough Turning fixed cycle X axis direction Pattern Repetition cycle Drilling Cycle Grooving cycle Threading cycle Cancel Canned Cycle Drill Canned Cycle Constant Surface Speed (CSS) Direct RPM Input Mode (cancels CSS mode) Feed Rate per Minute Feed Rate per Revolution Lathe Lesson 2-3 Page 9
PROGRAMMING NOTE As you may have noticed, there are no Incremental or Absolute modes included in the Preparatory Commands (G codes). On a CNC turning center or Lathe, the mode is always set to Absolute and diameter, if an Incremental movement is required the letters U or W are used for X or Z respectively. X OVERCUT Most lathe tools have a radius on the front or cutting edge; it is referred to as Tool Nose Radius. This radius must be compensated for in the calculation of the tool path much like the tool radius offset in milling operations, this offset is known as Tool Nose Radius Compensation. We will discuss this later on in this book but for now, know that when we program a facing operation we must account for the radius in our final X position of the facing move to create a flat surface. This extra value that we program is sometimes referred to as overcut. Page 10 Lathe Lesson 2-4
COMMONLY USED MISCELLANEOUS M CODES CODE FUNCTION M00 M01 M03 M04 M05 M08 M09 M10 M11 M12 M13 M17 M18 The M00 code is used for a Program Stop command on the machine. It stops the spindle, turns off coolant and stops look-a-head processing. Pressing CYCLE START again will continue the program on the next block of the program. The M01 code is used for an Optional Program Stop command. Pressing the OPT STOP key on the control panel signals the machine to perform a stop command when the control reads an M01 command. It will then perform like an M00. Optional stops are useful when machining the first part to allow for inspection of the part as it is machined. Starts the spindle CLOCKWISE for most machining. Must have a spindle speed defined. The M03 is used to turn the spindle on at the beginning of program or after a tool change. Starts the spindle COUNTERCLOCKWISE. Must have a spindle speed defined. STOPS the spindle. If the coolant is on, the M05 will turn it off. Coolant ON command. Coolant OFF command. Open Chuck Close Chuck Tailstock Quill IN Tailstock Quill OUT Turret Indexing Forward Turret Indexing Reverse M19 M21 M22 M23 M24 M30 M41 Spindle Orientation Tailstock Forward Tailstock Backward Thread Gradual pullout ON Thread Gradual pullout OFF Program End and Reset to the beginning of program. Low Gear selection M42 Medium Gear selection 1 M43 Medium Gear selection 2 M44 High Gear selection NOTE: On the Haas lathe only one "M" code can be used in each block. The "M" codes will be the last command executed in a line, regardless of where it's located in that block. Lathe Lesson 2-5 Page 11
RAPID G00 AND LINEAR G01 INTERPOLATION G00 RAPID TRAVERSE This code is used for rapid motion of the tool in air to traverse from one position to another as fast as possible. This code will work for both axis motions at once. This G00 code is modal and causes all the following blocks to be in rapid (up to 1000 in./min.) motion until another Group 01 code is specified, for example G01 linear interpolation. Generally, rapid motions "will not" be in a straight line. All the axes specified are moved at the maximum speed and will not necessarily complete each axis move at the same time. It activates each axis drive motor independently of each other and, as a result, the axis with the shortest move will reach its destination first. So you need to be careful of any obstructions to avoid with this type Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n of rapid move. G00 is used when you are positioning the tool in fresh air. Retracting from a hole you have drilled. Rapid traverse is not used when cutting the part. Used incorrectly, rapid traverse will break a tool very easily and possibly remove the part from the chuck. G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION This G code provides for straight line (linear) motion with programmed feedrate for all axis motions from point to point. Motion can occur with both axes at once. All axes specified will start at the same time and proceed to their destination and arrive simultaneously at the specified feedrate. To program a feedrate, the F command is used. The F command is modal and may be specified in a previous block. G01 is used for Page 12 Drilling a hole Turning a diameter Machining a profile I.D and O.D. Grooving I.D and O.D. Lathe Lesson 2-6
EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM START-UP BLOCKS N10 G18 G20 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 Many programs have a G code default line or Safety Block at the beginning of the program, this is to ensure the machine control is in a safe start condition before proceeding with the program. If the previous program had failed to cancel certain function this Safety Block would help ensure that the new program starts with the appropriate settings. For example the G codes below would perform the following at the start of the program: G18 - ZX Plane Selection G20 - Inch Programming G40 - Cancel Tool Nose Compensation G54 - Work Offset Command G80 - Cancels Canned Cycles G97 - Constant Non-Varying Spindle Speed G99 - Feed Per Revolution MACHINE DEFAULTS When the machine tool is powered on the control automatically recognizes a series of codes. On the Haas lathe the G codes listed below are set when the lathe is powered up: G00 Rapid Traverse G18 XZ Circular Plane Selection G40 Cutter Compensation Cancel G54 Work Coordinate Zero #1 G64 Exact Stop Cancel G80 Canned Cycle Cancel G97 Constant Surface Speed Cancel G99 Feed Per Revolution Lathe Lesson 2-7 Page 13
EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM START-UP BLOCKS % Programs must begin and end with % (depending on the type of control.) O00023 Letter O and up to a five digit program number. N10 G18 G20 G40 N20 G80 G97 G99 N30 T0100 M41 N40 G97 S500 M03 N50 G00 G54 G41 X2.0 Z0.3 T0101 M08 N60 G96 S450 Nnn - Sequence Number G18 - ZX Plane Selection G20 - Verify Inch G40 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Cancel G80 - Canned Cycle Cancel G97 - Constant Non-Varying Spindle Speed G99 - Feed Per Revolution T0100 - Tool number #1 to be loaded into the cutting position with no offset call. M41 Select low gear if required Safety Startup Block G97 - constant surface speed off / revolution per minute on spindle speed is set to 500 RPM M03 - Starts the spindle in a clockwise direction G00 Rapid feed engagement. G54 - Select Coordinate System #1 G41 Tool nose radius compensation to the left of the programmed tool path. X2.0 Tool will rapid to a position of 1.0 units from center line of part. Z0.3 Tool will rapid to a position 0.3 units from finished face of part (finished face of part is usually set to Z0). T0101 Confirms tool #1 and assigns offset #1 M08 Start coolant pump G96 - Constant surface speed on. Spindle will turn at S450 surface feet per minute. Surface speed is determined by adjusting the spindle speed based on the radius of cut. S450 - Cutting speed selection of 450 ft/min. Page 14 Lathe Lesson 2-8
EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM ENDING BLOCKS N200 G00 U0.05 W0.05 N210 M05 G00 - Rapid Traverse U0.05 Rapids tool 0.05 incrementally above last X position W0.05 Rapids tool 0.05 incrementally away from last Z position M05 Turn off spindle N220 G28 U0. N230 G28 W0. N240 M30 G28 - Machine Zero Return U0 - X axis in the up direction to machine zero G28 - Machine Zero Return W0 - Z axis to machine zero M30 End of Program and Reset Send to machine zero X-axis first to avoid any crash. Note: Depending on the setup of the lathe and to avoid any crashes while returning to machine zero it is usually best to move to machine zero in only one axis first. You need to be aware of where the tool is located and on its journey to machine zero, will it collide with anything? Lathe Lesson 2-9 Page 15
MOVING TO MACHINE ZERO G28 and G53 G28 - FANUC RETURN TO MACHINE ZERO THROUGH REFERENCE POINT The G28 code is used to return to the machine zero position on all axes. If you program G28 on its own the machine will move in the X and Z axis simultaneously to machine zero. To command only the turret to return to machine zero, and not the tailstock if one is being used, program in G28 U0 W0 to send only the X and Z axes home and the tailstock will remain in place. G00 G28 X3.00 Z2.00 The above command would position the tool from the current position to the absolute position of X3.00 and Z2.00, and then to the X and Y axis machine zero point. This is a movement through an absolute intermediate point. This can be used as a way to move to a clearance point and then return to machine zero. Haas has a G53 program code that works similar to G28. Example: G53 G00 X-2.0 Z-4.0 The machine will move negative 2.0 inches from the machine zero position in the X axis, and negative 4.0 inches from home position in the Z axis. G53 G00 X0 Z0 This block will send the turret to machine Zero. Page 16 Lathe Lesson 2-10
G40, G41, & G42 TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION When a program is created it is done so using the insert s command or reference point (see figure below). Tool Nose Compensation is used to offset the tool by a distance that will bring the cutting edge of the insert to the proper position in relation to the specific radius of the insert being used. The radius of the tool must be input into the controller and it will calculate the proper offset known as Tool Nose Compensation. G40 TOOL COMPENSATION CANCEL G40 will cancel the G41 or G42 tool compensation commands that are in effect at the time. G41 TOOL COMPENSATION LEFT (BORING) G41 will select tool compensation to the LEFT of the contouring direction; generally G41 is used for boring. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation (tool radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up. G42 TOOL COMPENSATION RIGHT (TURNING) G42 will select tool compensation to the RIGHT of the contouring direction; generally G42 is used for turning. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation (tool radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up. Lathe Lesson 2-11 Page 17
Page 18 Lathe Lesson 2-12
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-3 DRILLING Page 19
LESSON-3 CENTER DRILL & DRILLING CENTER DRILLING Before most drilling operations take place a starting drill must be programmed to make a small hole for the larger drill that will follow. The tool used to make the starting hole is known as a center drill, sizes of center drills vary and the use of the different sizes is governed by the size of the drill that will be used after. The following is a chart that will assist in choosing the proper size of the center drill and programming the correct Z depth. DRILL POINT LENGTH On most engineering drawings the finished depth of the hole will be given from the front edge of the part to the end of the parallel part of the hole (not including the drill point). This poses a programming problem because we program from the point of the drill so any Z depth we specify has to include the length of the drill point. To do this we have a calculation to perform based on the diameter of the drill and the angle of the drill point (usually 118 ). Quite simply the calculation is as follows: Drill Point Length = Diameter x Constant Where DIA. refers to the drill diameter and the constant is stated in the following chart DRILL ANGLE CONSTANTS 60 = 0.866 110 = 0.350 75 = 0.652 118 = 0.300 80 = 0.596 120 = 0.289 82 = 0.575 135 = 0.207 90 = 0.500 150 = 0.134 100 = 0.420 180 = 0.000 Page 20 Lathe Lesson 3-2
DRILLING ON CENTRELINE EXAMPLE Tool #6 (#4 CENTRE DRILL) FACE MUST BE CENTRE DRILLED BEFORE DRILLING Tool #7 (Ø 0.25 DRILL) DRILL HOLE 0.75 DEEP Material: Al. 6061 CS= 700 ft/min Z ZERO RIGHT FACE OF PART Spindle Speed RPM = 4xCS/D= Feed = in/min % O00084 (PROGRAM NAME, CENTRE DRILL AND DRILLING EXERCISE) N3G18 G20 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (SAFETY BLOCK) N5T0600 M41 (C/DRILL TOOL CALL NO OFFSETS AND GEAR RANGE) N9S2500 M03 (START SPINDLE, CLOCKWISE ROTATION) N11G00 X0 Z1.0 T0606 M08 (X CENTRE OF PART, Z SAFE DISTANCE FROM FRONT FACE OF PART) N13Z0.05 (RAPID TO 0.05 FROM FRONT FACE OF THE PART, NON-CUTTING MOVE) N15G98 (FEEDRATE PER MINUTE) N17G01 Z- 0.269 F7.0 (FEED TOOL TO C'DRILL DEPTH, FEEDRATE=7.0" / MIN.) N19G00 Z.1 (RAPID RETRACT) N21G00 X0 Z1.0 (T0800 RAPID TO ORIGINAL START POSITION) N23G28 U0 M09 (SEND TOOL TO HOME POSITION IN X AXIS) N25G28 W0 (SEND TOOL TO HOME POSITION IN Z AXIS) N27M01 (OPTIONAL STOP) N29T0700 M41 (0.25 DRILL TOOL CALL NO OFFSETS AND GEAR RANGE) N33S2000 M03 (START SPINDLE,CLOCKWISE ROTATION) N35G00 X0 Z1.0 T0707 M08 (X CENTRE OF PART, Z SAFE DISTANCE FROM FRONT FACE) N37Z0.05 (RAPID TO 0.05 FROM FRONT FACE OF THE PART, NON-CUTTING MOVE) N39G01 Z-0.375 F10.0 (1st PECK FEED TOOL TO DRILL DEPTH, FEEDRATE=15.0" / MIN. ) N41G00 Z.05 (RAPID RETRACT TO CLEAR CHIPS) N43Z-.35 (RAPID BACK INTO HOLE) N45G01 Z-0.825 (2nd PECK FEED TOOL TO DRILL DEPTH) N47G00 Z.05 (RAPID RETRACT OUT OF HOLE) N49 G00 X0 Z1.0 T0707 (RAPID TO ORIGINAL START POSITION) N51G28 U0. (SEND TOOL TO HOME POSITION IN X AXIS) N53G28 W0. (SEND TOOL TO HOME POSITION IN Z AXIS) N55M30 (PROGRAM END) % Lathe Lesson 3-3 Page 21
LESSON-3 DRILL CANNED CYCLE G81 G80 CANCEL CANNED CYCLE A canned cycle permits multiple function programming on one block. A canned cycle is canceled with G80. G81 CANNED CYCLE DRILL Format: G81 X0 Z-0.625 R0.1 F10. Rapid X location (Optional) Z-depth (Optional - Feed to Z-depth starting from R Plane) R-Plane (Rapid point to start feeding) Feed rate Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n X Z R F This G code permits the inclusion of multiple axis motions on one block of program. It is used to reduce the length of program. All Z axis motions are in ABSOLUTE with any other axis motions unaffected. In a canned cycle drill, the cutter moves at rapid to the X and Z axis specified, then to a Z value in front of the hole at rapid rate to the R Plane, which is a point clear of the work piece. From the R Plane the drill feeds to the Z-depth at the specified feedrate. When the cutter reaches the Z depth, it retracts at rapid rate to the R Plane. Example of G81: % O00187 (G81 Drilling) N1 G28 (Return to Machine Zero) N2 T0606 (1/4 DIA. DRILL - Tool 6 Offset 6) N3 G97 S1500 M03 N4 G54 G00 X0. Z1. M08 (Rapid to Initial Start Point) N5 G81 Z-0.625 R0.1 F0.005 (G81 Drilling Cycle) N6 G80 G00 Z1. M09 N7 G28 N8 M30 % Page 22 Lathe Lesson 3-4
DEEP HOLE PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE G83 G83 DEEP HOLE PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE Format : G83 Z-2.5 Q0.5 R0.1 F10. X* Rapid X-axis location Z Z-depth (feed to Z-depth starting from R plane) W* Incremental Z-depth (feeding to Z-depth starting from R-plane) Q* Pecking equal incremental depth amount (if I, J and K are not used) I* Size of first peck depth (if Q is not used) J* Amount reducing each peck after first peck depth (if Q is not used) K* Minimum peck depth (if Q is not used) P Dwell time at Z-depth R R-plane (rapid point to start feeding) F Feed rate in inches (mm) per minute * Indicates optional This G code is similar to G81 but is used for drilling when the tool must be withdrawn periodically to allow chips to be removed from the hole. This cycle allows the tool to rapid to the R Plane, feeds towards the Z depth in increments (traversing to the R Plane and back to the point where drilling was interrupted after each increment) until the tool reaches the final Z depth. Lathe Lesson 3-5 Page 23
DEEP HOLE PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE G83 Example of G83 using Q to define peck amount: In the example below Q is set to 0.2. When using G83 to peck drill a hole every pass will cut in by the Q amount 0.2, then rapid out to the R plane to clear chips and then rapid into the hole for the next Q peck amount until Z depth is reached. Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n % O00121 (G83 Peck Drilling) N1 G28 N2 T0707 (1/4 DIA. DRILL - Tool 7 Offset 7) N3 G97 S1900 M03 N4 G54 G00 X0. Z1. M08 (Rapid to Initial Start Point) N5 G83 Z-1.0 Q0.2 R0.1 F0.005 (G83 Peck Drilling Cycle with Q) N6 G80 G00 Z1. M09 N7 G28 N8 M30 % Page 24 Lathe Lesson 3-6
DRILLING ON CENTRELINE - LESSON-3 - EXERCISE #1 CREATE A DRILLING PROGRAM USING G83 Peck amount: 0.125 Tool #6 (#4 CENTRE DRILL) FACE MUST BE CENTRE DRILLED BEFORE DRILLING Tool #7 (Ø 0.25 DRILL) DRILL HOLE TO APPROPRIATE DEPTH Z ZERO RIGHT FACE OF PART Spindle Speed RPM = 4xCS/D= Feed = in/min Depth of Hole = 1.42 Z Depth for Drilling Including Tip Length? Peck = 0.125 % Material: Al. 6061 CS= ft/min Lathe Lesson 3-7 Page 25
DRILLING ON CENTRELINE - LESSON-3 - EXERCISE #1 CONT. Page 26 Lathe Lesson 3-8
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-4 LINEAR INTERPOLATION Page 27
RAPID G00 AND LINEAR G01 INTERPOLATION G00 RAPID TRAVERSE This code is used for rapid motion of the tool in air to traverse from one position to another as fast as possible. This code will work for both axis motions at once. This G00 code is modal and causes all the following blocks to be in rapid (up to 1000 in./min.) motion until another Group 01 code is specified, for example G01 linear interpolation. Generally, rapid motions "will not" be in a straight line. All the axes specified are moved at the maximum speed and will not necessarily complete each axis move at the same time. It activates each axis drive motor independently of each other and, as a result, the axis with the shortest move will reach its destination first. So you need to be careful of any obstructions to avoid with this type Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n of rapid move. G00 is used when you are positioning the tool in fresh air. Retracting from a hole you have drilled. Rapid traverse is not used when cutting the part. Used incorrectly, rapid traverse will break a tool very easily and possibly remove the part from the chuck. G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION This G code provides for straight line (linear) motion with programmed feedrate for all axis motions from point to point. Motion can occur with both axes at once. All axes specified will start at the same time and proceed to their destination and arrive simultaneously at the specified feedrate. To program a feedrate, the F command is used. The F command is modal and may be specified in a previous block. G01 is used for Page 28 Drilling a hole Turning a diameter Machining a profile I.D and O.D. Grooving I.D and O.D. Lathe Lesson 4-2
FACING FACING After a work piece has been loaded into a lathe the first operation should be to face the end of the part to make it flat. This will allow the later turning and boring operations to start the cut without having a sometimes large interrupted cut due to an uneven face. There are fixed or canned cycles that can be programmed to do this but for now we will talk about manually programming this operation. A safe starting position away from the Outside Diameter (OD) of the rough material should be determined, as well as from the uneven front face of the raw material (X and Z). Depth of the face cut should be made from the safe position to the Z position required, then program the X cut along the face as linear interpolation. If the material has a rough bore the X coordinate for facing should be programmed a sufficient amount smaller than the Inside Diameter (ID) of the bore, as there is no need to go to X0 this will eliminate fresh air cutting. Don t forget the overcut! The usual amount of the overcut is not much more than the radius of the facing insert, if too much overcut is programmed damage to the insert itself may occur due to rubbing of the cutting edge on the material. PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE FACING STOCK DIAMETER 1.375 % O43 (Program number) N1 G20 (Verify inch units) N2 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (Safety block) N3 T0100 M41 (Tool call T01 with gear selection) N4 G50 S1200 (Specify maximum RPM to 1200) N5 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N6 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to X1.7 Z0.25 safe position) N7 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) N8 G01 Z0 F0.012 (Feed to Z0 finish front face of part) N9 X-0.05 (Program tool to X-0.05 overcut by 0.05) N10 U0.05 W0.05 (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) N11 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 (Rapid back to safe position) N12 G28 U0 (Return to X machine home position) N13 G28 W0 M05 (Return to Z machine home position) N14 M01 (Optional stop) N15 T0100 (Tool offset compensation canceled) N16 M30 (Program End) % Lathe Lesson 4-3 Page 29
FACING EXAMPLE % Example program to only face rough material (shown as a dashed line 1.625 diameter) This example takes 2 face passes The first rough face pass 0.005 away from the finish face. For the second finish pass face at Z0. Z0 = finished face of part. Tool T01 is being used. O43 (Program number) N1 G20 N3 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 N5 T0100 M41 (Verify inch units) (Safety block) (Tool call T01 with gear selection) N7 G50 S1200 (Specify maximum RPM to 1200) N9 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on) N13 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) N15 G99 G01 Z0.005 F0.012 (G99=Feed per revolution) N17 X-0.05 (Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05) N19 U0.05 W0.05 N21 G00 X 1.5 N23 Z0 (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) (Rapid out for second finish facing cut) (Move to Z Zero for final facing cut) N25 G01 X-0.05 (Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05) N27 U0.05 W0.05 N29 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 M09 N31 G28 U0 N33 G28 W0 M05 N34 T0100 N35 M30 % (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) (Rapid back to safe position, coolant off) (Return to X machine home position) (Return to Z machine home position) (Tool offset compensation canceled) (Program End) Page 30 Lathe Lesson 4-4
LINEAR ROUGH TURNING EXAMPLE LINEAR ROUGH TURNING EXAMPLE - ROUGHING TOOLPATH This Example program faces the front of the part, one rough cut, one finish cut. After facing the front of the bar stock the diameters are rough turned, leaving a small amount of material for a finish pass. For this example a maximum cut of 0.25 off the diameter is being taken, leaving 0.03 on the diameter and 0.005 on all Z faces. A finishing pass will be programmed in the next exercise. The bar stock is 1.5 diameter X0 is centerline of the part, Z0 is the front face (far right) of the part All X positions are diameter, all Z positions past the front face are Z- After facing the tool is retracted in X&Z (U&W) a small amount (0.05 ) then rapids to the X diameter of the first Z feed across the rough OD of the part. The tool is once again retracted in X&Z (U&W) then rapids back to a safe position in Z, and then brought to the next position in X diameter for the next feed across and so on. The 0.0625 x 45 chamfers will be added later in the finishing tool path In this example the rough turning passes will machine past the left end of the part by 0.2. The reason for this is to remove material prior to the parting off operation; this will leave less material for the parting tool to remove. Lathe Lesson 4-5 Page 31
LINEAR ROUGH TURNING EXAMPLE % O00081 (PROGRAM NAME, ROUGH TURNING EXERCISE) N1 G20 (Verify inch units) N3 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (Safety block) N5 T0100 M41 (Tool call T01 with gear selection) N7 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, tool nose compensation (TNC), coolant on) N13 G96 S600 (Specify constant surface speed 600 SFM) N15 G99 G01 Z0.005 F0.010 (Feed to Z0.01 0.01 from finish front face of part G99=Feed per revolution) N17 X-0.05 (Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05) N19 U0.05 W0.05 (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) N21 G00 X1.7 (Rapid out for second finish facing cut) N23 Z0 (Move to Z Zero for final facing cut) N25 G01 X-0.05 (Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05) N27 U0.05 W0.05 (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) N29 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 (Rapid back to safe position for start of rough turning) N31 G96 S700 (Constant surface speed engaged at 700 SFM) N33 G42 X1.405 (Move to the first X diameter cutting position, TNC right) N35 G01 Z-2.2 (Feed to full length of part plus another 0.2 to allow for the parting tool) N37 U0.05 W0.05 (Retract off part in feed mode) N39 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N41 X1.250 (Move to the second X diameter cutting position) N43 G01 Z-1.495 (Feed to length of 0.5" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish) N45 U0.05 W0.05 (Retract off part in feed mode) N47 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N49 X1.0 (Move to the third X diameter cutting position) N51 G01 Z-1.495 (Feed to length of 0.5" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish on z) N53 U0.05 W0.05 (Retract off part in feed mode) N55 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N57 X0.905 (Move to the fourth X diameter cutting position, plus 0.030" on 0.875" diameter) N59 G01 Z-1.495 (Feed to length of 0.5" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish) N61 U0.05 W0.05 (Retract off part in feed mode) N63 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N65 X0.655 (Move to the fifth X diameter cutting position, plus 0.030" on 0.625" diameter) N67 G01 Z-0.370 (Feed to length of 0.375" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish on Z) N69 U0.05 W0.05 (Retract off part in feed mode) N71 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N73 G40 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 (Cancel TNC offset, rapid to original start position) N75 G28 U0 (Rapid to X machine home position) N77 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to Z machine home position) N79 M30 (Program end) % Page 32 Lathe Lesson 4-6
CONTOUR THE FINISH PROFILE LINEAR FINISH TURNING EXAMPLE In the previous Example the part was rough turned, now we will add the finishing tool path to the rouging program. The continuation of this program is show below The first part of the program rough turns the part and then a tool change takes place to load up the finish tool The tool used to finish the contour will be a carbide insert with a 0.032 tool nose radius - Tool # 2 (End of roughing tool path on previous page - continue finish cut here) N73 G40 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 (Cancel tool nose radius offset, rapid to original start position) N75 G28 U0 (Rapid to x machine home position) N77 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to z machine home position) N79 T0202 (O.D. Right Hand Finishing Tool 55 ) N81 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N83 G97 S800 M03 (Start spindle 800 RPM CW) N85 G00 G42 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on) N87 G96 S700 N89 G99 G01 X 0.5125 Z0.05 F0.006 N91 X0.625 Z-0.0625 N93 Z-0.375 N95 X0.875 N97 Z-1.5 N99 X1.3125 N101 X1.375 Z-1.5625 N103 Z-2.2 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) (Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face of part & 0.05 below chamfer) (Cut chamfer at front of part) (Cut chamfer at left of part) Lathe Lesson 4-7 Page 33
LINEAR FINISH TURNING EXAMPLE - CONTINUED N105 X1.625 N107 G00 Z0.25 N109 G40 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 N111 G28 U0 N113 G28 W0 M05 N115 M30 % (Rapid to safe position in front of part) (Cancel tool nose radius offset, rapid to original start position) (Rapid to X machine home position) (Rapid to Z machine home position) (Program end) Page 34 Lathe Lesson 4-8
LINEAR INTERPOLATION - LESSON-4 - EXERCISE #1 PROFILE TURNING and DRILLING EXERCISE Use the previous sample programs as a guide to complete the part shown below Z Zero is at the right face of the part Make from 1.5 diameter bar stock. Material: Alum T6061 % O49 (LINEAR INTERPOLATION EXERCISE #9) Lathe Lesson 4-9 Page 35
Page 36 Lathe Lesson 4-10
Lathe Lesson 4-11 Page 37
LINEAR INTERPOLATION - LESSON-4 - EXERCISE #1 EXAMPLE OF CUT-OFF The program below shows how the Lesson-4 Exercise #1 part would be cut-off using a parting tool. Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n (CUT OFF) N137 T404 (Cut-Off Tool 0.118 wide) N139 G97 S191 M03 (Start spindle 191 RPM CW) N141 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 M8 (Rapid to safe position in front of part, Coolant on) N143 G50 S3000 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N145 G96 S200 (Specify constant surface speed 200 SFM) N147 Z-2.0 (Rapid move to Z-2.0, end of part) N149 X1.6 (Rapid move to X1.6, clearance away from part) N150 G99 (Feed Rate Per Revolution) N151 G01 X-0.02 F0.002 (Feed to X-0.02 past center of part) N153 G00 X1.7 (Rapid move to X1.7, clearance away from part) N155 G28 U0 (Rapid to X machine home position) N157 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to Z machine home position) N169 M30 (Program end) % Page 38 Lathe Lesson 4-12
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-5 TURNING CANNED CYCLES Page 39
LESSON 5 - TURNING CANNED CYCLES G71, G72 and G70 G71-G72 ROUGH TURNING CYCLE A canned cycle, which permits multiple function programming in one code, is very helpful to the programmer for ease of programming and more compact programs. The G71 cycle allows for rough turning in the Z- direction (towards the chuck) The G72 cycle allows for rough facing in the X- direction (towards the centerline of the part) G71 CANNED CYCLE TWO LINE FORMAT Format: G71 U R G71 P Q U W F S Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n First G71 block U Depth of roughing cut R Amount of retract after each cut Second G71 block P First block number of finish contour Q Last block number of finish contour U Amount of stock left for finish operation (diameter) X axis W Amount of stock left on all faces for finish operation Z axis F Feed rate in inches or mm /rev. S Spindle speed in ft or m /min. G72 CANNED CYCLE TWO LINE FORMAT Format: G72 W R G72 P Q U W F S First G71 block U Depth of roughing cut R Amount of retract after each cut Second G71 block P First block number of finish contour Q Last block number of finish contour U Amount of stock left for finish operation (diameter) X axis W Amount of stock left on all faces for finish operation Z axis F Feed rate in inches or mm /rev. S Spindle speed in ft or m /min. Page 40 Lathe Lesson 5-2
LESSON 5 - TURNING CANNED CYCLES G71 G71 CANNED CYCLE HAAS ONE LINE FORMAT G71 O.D./I.D. STOCK REMOVAL CYCLE The type described below is a TYPE I geometry path and is when the X-axis of the programmed path does not change direction. This type of path is called monotonic. Format: G71 P Q U W F S P First block number of finish contour Q Last block number of finish contour U* Finish stock remaining with direction (+or -), X-axis diameter value W* Finish stock remaining with direction (+or -), Z-axis value I* Last pass amount with direction (+or -), X-axis radius value K* Last pass amount with direction (+or -), Z-axis value D* Depth of cut stock removal each pass, positive radius value (Setting 72) F Roughing passes feed rate throughout this cycle R1* YASNAC type II roughing (only if setting 33 is on Yasnac) S** Spindle speed in this cycle T** Tool and offset in this cycle * Indicates optional ** Rarely defined in a G71 line Lathe Lesson 5-3 Page 41
LESSON 5 - FINISHING CANNED CYCLE G70 G70 FINISH TURNING/BORING CANNED CYCLE Format : G70 P Q F S P= First block number of the finish contour Q= Last block number of the finish contour F= Cutting feedrate for the finishing (overrides the feed in roughing contour) S= spindle speed (overrides speed in roughing contour) This canned cycle is used after the roughing canned cycle is finished. It does not have to be run directly after the roughing cycle but can be run in the same main program. The start and finish blocks of the original definition of the profile that was used in the rough cycle are used to define the contour of the finish cycle. It is recommended that the same start point is used for both rough and finish cycles to ensure safe tool paths of both operations. TYPICAL O.D. FINISH CANNED CYCLE N37 T0500 M42 N38 G96 S500 M03 N39 G42 X Z T0505 M08 N40 G70 P11 Q19 F12.0 N41 G00 G40 X Z T0100 N42 M01 TYPICAL I.D. FINISH CANNED CYCLE (OD FINISH TOOL & GEAR SEL.) (CSS. SPEED) (TOOL COMPENSATION & START POS.) (CALL LINES FOR FINISH COORDS) N43 T0700 M42 (ID FIN TOOL & GEAR SEL.) N44 G96 S475 M03 (CSS. SPD) N45 G00 G41 X Z T0707 M08 (TOOL COMPENSATION & START POS.) N46 G70 P27 Q34 F12.0 (CALL LINES FOR FIN. COORDS) N47 G00 G40 X Z T0700 N48 M01 Page 42 Lathe Lesson 5-4
LESSON 5 EXAMPLE - ROUGH AND FINISH TURNING CANNED CYCLES In the previous lesson the part shown below was programmed as an exercise, the program in the previous lesson did not use canned cycles to rough the diameters. In this example program the part will be programmed using canned cycle G71 to rough the diameters of the part and G70 to Finish machine the contour Z Zero is at the right face of the part The part is being made from 1.5 diameter bar stock This Example program faces the front of the part, then a series of rough cuts and one finish cut. After facing the front of the bar stock the diameters are rough turned, leaving a small amount of material for a finish pass. For this example a maximum cut of 0.1 off the diameter is being taken, leaving 0.03 on the diameter and 0.005 on all Z faces. In this example the rough turning passes will machine past the left end of the part by 0.2. The reason for this is to remove material prior to the parting off operation; this will leave less material for the parting tool to remove Material: Alum T6061 Lathe Lesson 5-5 Page 43
LESSON 5 EXAMPLE - ROUGH AND FINISH TURNING CANNED CYCLES % O49 (Roughing Cycle Example - Lesson-5) (Face Front of Part one cut) N1 G20 (Verify inch units) N3 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (Safety block) N5 T0100 (Tool call T01) N7 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on) N13 G96 S700 N15 G99 G01 Z0 F0.010 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) (Feed to Z0.01 0.01 from finish front face of part G99=Feed per revolution) N17 X-0.05 (Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05) N19 U0.05 W0.05 (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) N21 G00 G40 X1.7 Z0.25 (Rough Turn O.D.) (Rapid back to safe position for start of rough turning) N23 G71 P25 Q47 U0.03 W0.005 D0.1 F0.010 (G71 Rough Turning Cycle) N25 G00 G42 X0.4187 (P and G42 With the start of Geometry) N27 G99 G01 X 0.4187 Z0.05 F0.006 (Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face of part & 0.05 below chamfer) N29 X0.5 Z-0.0312 N31 Z-0.375 N33 X0.875 N35 Z-0.875 N37 X1.0 Z-1.5 N39 Z-1.75 N41 X1.45 N43 Z-2.2 N45 X1.6 N47 G40 G00 X 1.7 N49 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 N51 G28 U0 N53 G28 W0 M05 (Cut chamfer at front of part) (Q End of Geometry. Machine off of part and cancel compensation) (Rapid back to safe position) (Rapid to X machine home position) (Rapid to Z machine home position) Page 44 Lathe Lesson 5-6
LESSON 5 EXAMPLE - ROUGH AND FINISH TURNING CANNED CYCLES (Finish Cut) N55 T0202 (O.D. Right Hand Finishing Tool 55 ) N57 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N59 G97 S800 M03 (Start spindle 800 RPM CW) N61 G00 G42 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on) N63 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) N65 G70 P25 Q47 ( G70 Finishing OD) N67 G28 U0 (Rapid to X machine home position) N69 G28 W0 M05 (Centre Drill - G81 Canned Cycle Drill) N71 T0600 (Tool call T08) (Rapid to Z machine home position) N73 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N75 G97 S2500 M03 (Start spindle 2500 RPM CW) N77 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0606 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on) N79 G00 X0 Z0.25 N81 G98 G81 Z-0.269 R0.1 F7.0 N83 G80 (G81 Drilling Cycle) N85 G28 (Drill 1/4" - G83 Canned Cycle Peck Drill) N87 T0707 (1/4 DIA. DRILL - Tool 07) N89 G97 S2500 M03 N91 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0707 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on) N93 G00 X0 Z0.25 N95 G98 G83 Z-0.825 Q0.125 R0.1 F10.0 N97 G80 N99 G28 N101 M30 % (Program end) Lathe Lesson 5-7 Page 45
LESSON 5 - EXAMPLE - ROUGH AND FINISH BORING CANNED CYCLES Material: Aluminium CS=700ft/min 1. 1/2 diameter drill has already been used to drill though the part, front face has been faced 2. Example shows below the Rough and Finish Boring Tool path using the above drawing 3. Use G71 (Roughing Towards The Chuck In Z Axis) G70 for finish cut 4. Leave 0.010 on diameters, Leave 0.003 on faces for finish cut 1. Spindle Speed RPM = 4xCS/D= 1. Feed =0.003 in per rev 1. Depth of Cut=0.030 % O67 N1 G20 N3 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 N5 T0800 (Roughing and Finishing Cycles - Boring) (Verify inch units) (Safety block) (Tool call T08 - Rough Boring Tool) N7 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 T0808 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on) N13 G96 S700 N15 X0.490 Z0.1 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) Page 46 Lathe Lesson 5-8
LESSON 5 - EXAMPLE - ROUGH AND FINISH BORING CANNED CYCLES (Rough Bore) N17 G71 P19 Q31 U-0.01 W0.005 D0.03 F0.005 (G71 Rough Turning Cycle) N19 G00 G41 X0.875 Z0.1 (P and G41 With the start of Geometry) N21 G01 Z-0.25 N23 X0.625 N25 Z-0.5 N27 X0.52 N29 Z-0.65 (Bore past end of part) N31 G40 X0.49 (Q End of Geometry) (Finish Cut Same Boring Tool) N33 G96 S800 (Specify constant surface speed 800 SFM) N35 G70 P19 Q31 F0.004 (G70 Finishing OD) N37 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N39 G28 U0 N41 G28 W0 M05 N43 M30 % (Rapid to X machine home position) (Rapid to Z machine home position) (Program end) Lathe Lesson 5-9 Page 47
LESSON 5 - TOOL TIP ORIENTATION Toolpaths are programmed using the coordinates of the true profile, much like a mill but because there are many possible positions of the tool point called the command point or Tool Tip Orientation. You have to enter the position from 1-9 in the tool (T) column on the offset page during part set-up. These are the eight possible tool positions, the ninth position is a neutral one, sometimes used when no tool offset is needed. Once the tool position has been determined, the position is entered as the appropriate number in the chart below in the T column. This chart is only a graphic representation of a lathe offset page. TOOL # X Y R T 1 2 3 4 5 Page 48 Lathe Lesson 5-10
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-6 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION Page 49
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G02 & G03 G03 (CCW) U.125 W-.125 I0 K-.125 F15.0 Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n G02 (CW) U.25 W-.25 I.25 K0 F15.0 XZ PLANE G02 U.25 W-.25 I 0.25 K0 F15. Clockwise Arc End Point (optional incremental) Incremental Distance from the tool start point to the center of arc Feed rate 15 in/min G03 U.125 W-.125 I 0. J-.125 F15. Counter Clockwise Arc End Point (optional incremental) Incremental Distance from the tool start point to the center of arc Feed rate 15 in/min When the machine is required to move in a straight line under a controlled federate, linear interpolation is used (G01). When it is necessary to travel in the circular motion in any plane (XY, YZ, XZ), circular interpolation is used (G02, G03). The velocity at which the tool is moving is controlled by the feed rate (F) command. All circular interpolation moves are defined and machined by programming three pieces of information into the control. 1. DIRECTION OF TRAVEL: CLOCKWISE G02, COUNTER CLOCKWISE G03 2. ARC END POINT: X AXIS, Z AXIS 3. ARC CENTER: INCREMENTAL DISTANCE FROM START POINT TO ARC CENTER (I AND K) Page 50 Lathe Lesson 6-2
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #1 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION-OD WORK OUT ALL THE VALUES When programming lathe coordinates only the top half of the part needs to be profiled, because the part is turning around, the full round part is machined. Don t forget to program in diameters and double the radii to calculate diameter positions The front finished face is Z0. Note that when programming fillets and radii for turning, most of the time it is easier to do so incrementally (U and W). POSITION X U Z W I K 1 0-0 - - - 2 3 0.375 0.0625-0.0625-0.0625 0-0.0625 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lathe Lesson 6-3 Page 51
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #1 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION-OD (CONT.) Contour the profile as shown on the previous page. Start from machine home and rapid to a safe zone. Face the front of the part, don t forget the overcut! Program the contour using the above coordinates as a guide. Material: Aluminum 6061 & Use appropriate Spindle Speed and Feedrate. % O63 N1 G20 N2 G18 G40 G80 G99 N3 G0 T0202 N4 G50 S3500 N5 G97 S M03 (PROGRAM NUMBER) (VERIFY INCH MODE) (SAFETY LINE WITH FEED AS INCH\REV.) (TOOL CALL) (SET MAX. SPEED AT 3500 RPM) (START SPINDLE RPM CLOCKWISE ROTATION) N6 G00 G54 G41 X Z T0202 M08 (TOOL NOSE RADIUS OFFSET, SAFE POSITION, COOLANT ON) N7 G96 S N8 G1 X-.05 F.008 N9 G0 Z.1 N10 G01 G42 X0.2 (CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED ENGAGED) (FEED TO X0 + OVERCUT) (PULL OFF FROM PART) (FEED TO X0.2 ACTIVATE TOOL NOSE RADIUS OFFSET) N11 G01 Z0 F (FEED INTO FRONT FACE TO Z0) N12 X N13 G03 X Z K N14 G01 Z N15 G02 X Z I N16 G03 X Z K N17 G01 Z N18 G02 X Z I N19 G03 X Z K N20 G01 Z N21 U0.1 N22 G00 G40 X Z T0202 M09 N23 G28 U0. N24 G28 W0. M05. N25 M30 % (FEED UP FRONT FACE TO START OF FIRST RADIUS) (CUT FIRST RADIUS) (FEED ALONG 0.375 DIA.) (CUT FIRST FILLET) (CUT SECOND RADIUS) (FEED ALONG 0.625 DIA.) (CUT SECOND FILLET) (CUT THIRD RADIUS) (FEED ALONG FINAL DIA. 0.2 PAST END OF PART) (PART PULL OFF INCREMENTAL) (RAPID TO SAFE ZONE) (RAPID TO Z MACHINE HOME POSITION) (RAPID TO X MACHINE HOME POSITION) (PROGRAM END) Page 52 Lathe Lesson 6-4
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES, CREATE A PROGRAM TO: 1. FACE. 2. TURN OUTSIDE DIAMETER ONE CUT. 3. DRILL 0.5 DIAMETER. 4. ROUGH AND FINISH THE BORE USING CANNED CYCLES AS USED IN LESSON 5. 5. CUT-OFF. 6. Z ZERO IS THE FRONT FACE OF THE PART 7. USE THE LESSON 6 VIDEOS TO GUIDE YOU THROUGH THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS. Lathe Lesson 6-5 Page 53
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - DRAWING Page 54 Lathe Lesson 6-6
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USE THE CHART BELOW TO WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF THE TOOL AS IT MOVES AROUND THE BORE. I = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE X-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT) K = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE Z-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT) POSITION X U Z W I K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lathe Lesson 6-7 Page 55
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION PROGRAMMING NOTE BEFORE MACHINING A BORE IN A SOLID PIECE OF STOCK A HOLE WILL HAVE TO BE DRILLED TO ALLOW THE BORING BAR TO DO IT S JOB. COORDINATES TO DRILL POSITION X U Z W 1 0 2 3 Page 56 Lathe Lesson 6-8
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION % O193 (Lesson-6-Ex-2) N1 G20 N3 G18 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 Lathe Lesson 6-9 Page 57
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION Page 58 Lathe Lesson 6-10
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #2 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION Lathe Lesson 6-11 Page 59
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #3 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES, CREATE A PROGRAM TO: 1. FACE. 2. ROUGH TURN OUTSIDE DIAMETER ONE CUT USING CANNED CYCLES. 3. FINISH TURN OUTSIDE DIAMETER ONE CUT USING CANNED CYCLES. 4. DRILL 0.5 DIAMETER. 5. ROUGH AND FINISH THE BORE USING CANNED CYCLES AS USED IN LESSON 5. 6. CUT-OFF. 7. Z ZERO IS THE FRONT FACE OF THE PART 8. USE THE LESSON 6 VIDEOS TO GUIDE YOU THROUGH THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS. Page 60 Lathe Lesson 6-12
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #3 G02/G03 - DRAWING Lathe Lesson 6-13 Page 61
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #3 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USE THE CHART BELOW TO WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF THE TOOL AS IT MOVES AROUND THE BORE. I = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE X-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT) K = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE Z-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT) POSITION X U Z W I K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Page 62 Lathe Lesson 6-14
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #3 G02/G03 PROGRAMMING NOTE BEFORE MACHINING A BORE (ID) IN A SOLID PIECE OF STOCK A HOLE WILL HAVE TO BE DRILLED TO ALLOW THE BORING BAR TO DO IT S JOB. COORDINATES TO DRILL POSITION X U Z W 1 0 2 3 Lathe Lesson 6-15 Page 63
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #3 G02/G03 (CONT.) % Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n O187 (Lesson-6-Ex-3) Page 64 Lathe Lesson 6-16
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #3 G02/G03 (CONT.) Lathe Lesson 6-17 Page 65
Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n LESSON 6 EXERCISE #3 G02/G03 (CONT.) Page 66 Lathe Lesson 6-18
LESSON-6 EXERCISE #4 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES, CREATE A PROGRAM TO: 1. FACE. 2. ROUGH TURN OUTSIDE DIAMETER ONE CUT USING CANNED CYCLES. 3. FINISH TURN OUTSIDE DIAMETER ONE CUT USING CANNED CYCLES. 4. DRILL 0.5 DIAMETER. 5. ROUGH AND FINISH THE BORE USING CANNED CYCLES AS USED IN LESSON 5. 6. CUT-OFF. 7. Z ZERO IS THE FRONT FACE OF THE PART 8. USE THE LESSON 6 VIDEOS TO GUIDE YOU THROUGH THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS. Lathe Lesson 6-19 Page 67
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #4 G02/G03 TURNING AND BORING - DRAWING Page 68 Lathe Lesson 6-20
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #4 G02/G03 TURNING AND BORING PROGRAMMING NOTE BEFORE MACHINING A BORE (ID) IN A SOLID PIECE OF STOCK A HOLE WILL HAVE TO BE DRILLED TO ALLOW THE BORING BAR TO DO IT S JOB. COORDINATES TO DRILL POSITION X U Z W 1 0 2 3 Lathe Lesson 6-21 Page 69
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #4 G02/G03 TURNING AND BORING % Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n O1345 ( Lesson-6-Ex-4) Page 70 Lathe Lesson 6-22
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #4 G02/G03 (CONT) Lathe Lesson 6-23 Page 71
LESSON 6 EXERCISE #4 G02/G03 (CONT) Page 72 Lathe Lesson 6-24
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-7 TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION Page 73
G40, G41, & G42 TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION When a program is created it is done so using the insert s command or reference point (see figure below). Tool Nose Compensation is used to offset the tool by a distance that will bring the cutting edge of the insert to the proper position in relation to the specific radius of the insert being used. The radius of the tool must be input into the controller and it will calculate the proper offset known as Tool Nose Compensation. G40 TOOL COMPENSATION CANCEL G40 will cancel the G41 or G42 tool compensation commands that are in effect at the time. G41 TOOL COMPENSATION LEFT (BORING) G41 will select tool compensation to the LEFT of the contouring direction; generally G41 is used for boring. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation (tool radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up. G42 TOOL COMPENSATION RIGHT (TURNING) G42 will select tool compensation to the RIGHT of the contouring direction; generally G42 is used for turning. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation (tool radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up. Page 74 Lathe Lesson 7-2
G40, G41, & G42 TOOL NOSE COMPENSATION Tool Nose Compensation is used to offset the tool by a distance that will bring the cutting edge of the insert to the proper position in relation to the specific radius of the insert being used. The radius of the tool must be input into the CNC controller and it will calculate the proper offset known as Tool Nose Radius Compensation. G40 is Tool Nose Radius Compensation CANCEL G41 is Tool Nose Radius Compensation LEFT of the programmed path G42 is Tool Nose Radius Compensation RIGHT of the programmed path The shift direction is based on the direction of the tool movement relative to the tool, and which side of the part it is on. When thinking about which direction the compensated shift will occur in tool nose compensation, imagine looking down the tool tip and steering the tool. Tool nose compensation works by shifting the Programmed Tool Path to the right or to the left. The programmer will usually program the tool path to the finished size. When tool nose compensation is used, the CNC control will compensate for the radius of the insert based on instructions written into the program. At the CNC machine Tool Nose Compensation accomplishes its job by reading ahead one or two blocks to determine how it must modify the current programmed block of code. This is done, so that the control can calculate in advance, how to position around radiuses and angles with a specified tool nose radius. This is referred to as Block Look-A-head Or Look-Ahead Processing. Tool nose compensation does not need to be used when the programmed cuts are solely along the X axis (diameters) or Z axis (faces). Cutter compensation comes into effect on angled cuts and radius cuts. Lathe Lesson 7-3 Page 75
EXAMPLE PROGRAM USING G42 % EXAMPLE OF PROGRAMMING WITH TOOL NOSE RADIUS OFFSET O73 (PROGRAM NAME, FINISH TURNING EXERCISE) N1 G20 N3 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (Verify inch units) (Safety block) N5 T0200 (O.D. Right Hand Finishing Tool 55 ) N7 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N9 G97 S800 M03 (Start spindle 800 RPM CW) N11 G00 G42 G54 X1.5 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on) N13 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) N15 G99 G01 X 0.5125 Z0.05 F0.006 (Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face of part & 0.05 below chamfer) N17 X0.625 Z-0.0625 (Cut chamfer at front of part) N19 Z-0.375 N21 X0.875 N23 Z-1.5 N25 X1.3125 N27 X1.375 Z-1.5625 N29 Z-2.2 N31 X1.625 N33 G00 Z0.25 N35 G40 G00 X1.5 Z0.25 N37 G28 U0 N39 G28 W0 M05 N41 M30 % (Cut chamfer at left of part) (Rapid to safe position in front of part) (Cancel tool nose radius offset, rapid to original start position) (Rapid to X machine home position) (Rapid to Z machine home position) (Program end) Page 76 Lathe Lesson 7-4
EXAMPLE PROGRAM USING G41 - BORING % EXAMPLE OF PROGRAMMING WITH TOOL NOSE RADIUS OFFSET - BORING O1345 (G41 - Finishing - Boring - Pre Drilled Hole 0.5") N1 G20 (Verify inch units) N3 G18 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (Safety block) N5 T0800 (Tool call T08 - Boring Tool 0.008" TIP RADIUS) N7 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N11 G99 N13 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 T0808 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on) N15 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) N17 X0.490 Z0.1 N19 G00 G41 X0.935 Z0.1 N21 G01 Z0 N23 G02 X0.875 Z-0.03 I0 K-0.03 N25 G01 Z -0.075 N27 G03 X0.775 Z-0.125 I-0.05 K0 N29 G01 X0.740 N31 G02 X0.700 Z-0.145 I0 K-0.020 Lathe Lesson 7-5 Page 77
EXAMPLE PROGRAM USING G41 - BORING - CONTINUED N33 G01 Z-0.200 N35 G03 X0.600 Z-0.250 I-0.05 K0 N37 G01 X0.580 N39 G02 X0.540 Z-0.270 R0.02 N41 G01 Z-0.80 (Bore past end of part) N43 G40 X0.49 N45 G00 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position in front of part) N47 G28 U0 (Rapid to X machine home position) N49 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to Z machine home position) N51 M30 % (Program end) Page 78 Lathe Lesson 7-6
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-8 GROOVING/PART-OFF Page 79
GROOVING GROOVING When a circular slot or groove is needed in a part a special shaped tool may be needed. A grooving tool is the tool that is most commonly used. It comes in many shapes and sizes but usually has one thing in common, which is that it feeds straight in along the X axis and plunges into the part. A grooving tool is typically used to plunge into the part and make a groove around the part, but some grooving inserts are designed to cut in the X and Z axis direction. EXAMPLE OF PROGRAMMING A GROOVING OPERATION O0001400(TYPICAL GROOVING EXAMPLE) N1 G20... N90 T0900 M42 (TOOL CALL & GEAR SELECTION) N91 G97 S650 M03 N92 G00 X1.0 Z0.25 T0909 M08 N93 Z-0.375 N94 G01 X0.675 F0.004 N95 G04 P0.5 N96 X1.0 F0.05 N97 G00 W-0.375 N98 G01 X0.675 F0.004 N99 G04 P0.5 N100 X1.0 F0.05 N101 G00 X1.0 Z0.25 T0900 M09 N102 M01 (SET SPEED AND TURN CLOCKWISE) (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION & PICK-UP OFFSETS) (RAPID TO GROOVE POSITION) (FEED TO GROOVE DEPTH) (DWELL 0.5 SECOND) (FAST FEED OUT) (INCREMENTAL RAPID TO NEXT LOCATION) (FEED TO GROOVE DEPTH) (DWELL 0.5 SECOND) (FAST FEED OUT) (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION CANCEL OFFSETS) (OPTIONAL STOP) Page 80 Lathe Lesson 8-2
PARTING-OFF PARTING-OFF Parting-off is very similar to grooving but instead of stopping at a required depth of groove, the part-off tool is able to go right to the center of the part to allow the finished part to fall away from the chuck of the lathe. The design of the tool may be similar but the intent is very different. EXAMPLE OF PROGRAMMING A PART-OFF OPERATION O0001400(TYPICAL PART-OFF EXAMPLE) N1 G20... N90 T0900 M42 (TOOL CALL & GEAR SELECTION) N91 G99 G97 S500 M03 ( FEED PER REV., SET SPEED(RPM) AND TURN CLOCKWISE) N92 G00 X2.25 Z-2.0 T0909 M08 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION & ACTIVATE OFFSET) N93 G96 S200 (SET C.S.S. 200 SF\M) N94 G01 X-0.05 F0.004 N95 X2.25 F0.05 N96 G00 Z0.25 T0900 M09 (FEED TO FINISH PART-OFF DEPTH) (FAST FEED OUT) (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION CANCEL OFFSETS) N97 G28 W0 (RAPID TO MACHINE HOME Z) N98 G28 U0 (RAPID TO MACHINE HOME X) N102 M01 (OPTIONAL STOP) Lathe Lesson 8-3 Page 81
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - DRAWING Page 82 Lathe Lesson 8-4
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - MACHINING PROCESS Machining Process 1. Face. 2. Turn outside diameter one cut. 3. Groove two slots 4. Dwell at bottom of each grooving cut. This ensures a clean cut at the bottom of the groove. 5. Cut-off. 6. Z zero is the front face of the part 7. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide 8. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool 9. Machine to finish depth with every plunge 10. Material is ø1.125 aluminum Lathe Lesson 8-5 Page 83
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n Face and Turn OD % O186 (GROOVING & PART-OFF LESSON-8-EXAMPLE) (FACE FRONT OF PART - TURN OD ONE CUT) N1 G20 (VERIFY INCH MODE) N3 G18 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (SAFETY BLOCK) N5 T0100 (TOOL CALL T01) N7 G50 S3500 (SPECIFY MAXIMUM RPM TO 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (START SPINDLE 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.5 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION, TNC, ACTIVATE OFFSET, COOLANT ON) N13 G96 S700 (SPECIFY CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED 700 SFM) N15 G99 G01 Z0 F0.010 (FEED TO Z0. G99=FEED PER REVOLUTION) N17 X-0.05 (MOVE TOOL TO X-0.05, OVERCUT BY 0.05) N19 U0.05 W0.05 (INCREMENTAL PULL OFF FROM PART FACE X0.05 Z0.05) N21 G00 G40 X1.25 Z0.25 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION, CANCEL TNC) N23 G01 G42 X1.100 Z0.1 F0.005 (ACTIVATE TNC, FEED TO FINISH DIAMETER) N25 G01 Z-1.375 (FEED TO LENGTH + 0.125) N27 X1.15 ( PULL OFF FROM PART AT FEED RATE) N29 G40 G00 X 1.5 (CANCEL TNC) N31 G28 U0 (RAPID TO X MACHINE HOME POSITION) N33 G28 W0 (RAPID TO Z MACHINE HOME POSITION) Page 84 Lathe Lesson 8-6
Cut First Groove LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM (CUT FIRST GROOVE - FIRST CUT) (INSERT WIDTH = 0.118") (PROGRAM RIGHT HAND SIDE OF GROOVING\PART-OFF TOOL) N35 G00 T404 (TOOL CALL T04, ACTIVATE OFFSET) N37 G97 S191 M03 (START SPINDLE 191 RPM CW) N39 G00 X1.5 Z0.25 M8 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION, COOLANT ON) N41 G50 S3000 (SPECIFY MAXIMUM RPM TO 3000) N43 G96 S200 (SPECIFY CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED 200 SFM) N45 Z-0.250 (RAPID TO FIRST GROOVE POSITION) N47 X1.2 (RAPID TO X1.2 CLEAR OF PART BY 0.05 ) N49 G01 X0.750 F0.002 N51 G04 P2.0 (FEED TO GROOVE DEPTH) (DWELL 2.0 SECONDS) N53 X1.2 (FEED TO X1.2 CLEAR OF PART BY 0.05 ) (CUT FIRST GROOVE - SECOND CUT) N55 G00 Z-0.332 (SECOND CUT 0.45-0.118 INSERT WIDTH = 0.118") N57 G01 X0.750 N59 G04 P2.0 (FEED TO GROOVE DEPTH) (DWELL 2.0 SECONDS) N61 X1.2 (FEED TO X1.2 CLEAR OF PART BY 0.05 ) Lathe Lesson 8-7 Page 85
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n Cut Second Groove (CUT SECOND GROOVE - FIRST CUT) (INSERT WIDTH = 0.118") (PROGRAM RIGHT HAND SIDE OF GROOVING\PART-OFF TOOL) N63 G00 Z-0.875 (RAPID TO SECOND GROOVE POSITION) N65 G01 X0.875 (FEED TO GROOVE DEPTH) N67 G04 P2.0 (DWELL 2.0 SECONDS) N69 X1.2 (FEED TO X1.2 CLEAR OF PART BY 0.05 ) (CUT SECOND GROOVE - SECOND CUT) N71 G00 Z-0.957 (SECOND CUT 0.875+0.20-0.118 INSERT WIDTH = 0.118") N73 G01 X0.875 (FEED TO GROOVE DEPTH) N75 G04 P2.0 (DWELL 2.0 SECONDS) N77 X1.2 (FEED TO X1.2 CLEAR OF PART BY 0.05 ) Page 86 Lathe Lesson 8-8
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Cut-Off (CUT OFF) N79 G00 Z-1.25 (RAPID TO CUT-OFF POSITION) N81 G01 X-0.05 F0.002 N83 G00 X1.250 N85 G28 N87 M30 % (FEED TO FINISH PART-OFF DEPTH) (RAPID TO X1.25 CLEAR OF PART) (RAPID TO MACHINE HOME POSITION) (PROGRAM END) Lathe Lesson 8-9 Page 87
HAAS G75 GROOVING CYCLE MULTIPLE PASS N49 G75 X0.750 Z-0.332 I0.1 K0.03 F0.002 X X-axis absolute pecking depth, diameter value Z* Z-axis absolute location to the furthest peck U* X-axis incremental pecking depth, diameter value W* Z-axis incremental distance and direction (+or -) to the furthest peck I * X-axis pecking depth increment, radius value K* Z-axis shift increment between pecking cycles D* Tool shift amount when returning to clearance plane (Caution see NOTE) F Feed rate * Indicates optional The G75 canned cycle can be used for grooving an outside diameter with the added bonus of a chip break. A small retract move while cutting the groove allows the chip to break. The G75 cycle is non-modal. With G75 either a single pecking cycle can be performed, as for a single groove, or a series of pecking moves can be performed for multiple grooves. G75 can also be used to cut-off the part by using the single pass options. When a Z or W code is added to a G75 block and Z is not the current position, then a minimum of two pecking cycles will occur, one at the current location and another at the Z location. The K code is the incremental distance between Z axis pecking cycles. Adding a K will perform multiple evenly spaced, pecking cycles between the starting position and Z. When I is added to a G75 block, then pecking will be performed at each interval specified by I, the peck is a rapid move opposite the direction of feed and the peck distance is obtained from Setting 22 on the Haas control. Page 88 Lathe Lesson 8-10
HAAS G75 GROOVING CYCLE SINGLE PASS - FOR CUT-OFF N61 G75 X-0.030 I0.1 F0.002 At block 61 the grooving canned cycle G75 is being used to cut-off the part at the end of the machining operations. The X-0.030 is the destination that the tool will arrive at along the X axis. This move is at a feed rate of 0.002 per revolution. In this block the I value is set to 0.1, this is the X-axis pecking depth increment, a radius value. As the tool moves to the X position it will cut for 0.1 and then retract to break the chip. This retract move is a small amount and on the Hass lathe is governed by Setting 22. The Hass lathe used in the machining videos has Setting 22 set to 0.01 When the G75 cycle is complete it will return to the starting X position at rapid. Lathe Lesson 8-11 Page 89
G75 GROOVING CYCLE LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - DRAWING Page 90 Lathe Lesson 8-12
G75 GROOVING CYCLE LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - MACHINING PROCESS Machining Process 1. Face. 2. Turn outside diameter one cut. 3. Groove two slots using G75 Grooving Cycle 4. Cut-off using G75 Grooving Cycle. 5. Z zero is the front face of the part 6. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide 7. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool 8. Machine to finish depth with every plunge 9. Material is ø1.125 aluminum Lathe Lesson 8-13 Page 91
G75 GROOVING CYCLE LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n Face and Turn OD % O186 (GROOVING & PART-OFF LESSON-8-EXAMPLE) (FACE FRONT OF PART - TURN OD ONE CUT) N1 G20 (VERIFY INCH MODE) N3 G18 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (SAFETY BLOCK) N5 T0100 (TOOL CALL T01) N7 G50 S3500 (SPECIFY MAXIMUM RPM TO 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (START SPINDLE 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.5 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION, TNC, ACTIVATE OFFSET, COOLANT ON) N13 G96 S700 (SPECIFY CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED 700 SFM) N15 G99 G01 Z0 F0.010 (FEED TO Z0. G99=FEED PER REVOLUTION) N17 X-0.05 (MOVE TOOL TO X-0.05, OVERCUT BY 0.05) N19 U0.05 W0.05 (INCREMENTAL PULL OFF FROM PART FACE X0.05 Z0.05) N21 G00 G40 X1.25 Z0.25 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION, CANCEL TNC) N23 G01 G42 X1.100 Z0.1 F0.005 (ACTIVATE TNC, FEED TO FINISH DIAMETER) N25 G01 Z-1.375 (FEED TO LENGTH + 0.125) N27 X1.15 ( PULL OFF FROM PART AT FEED RATE) N29 G40 G00 X 1.5 (CANCEL TNC) N31 G28 U0 (RAPID TO X MACHINE HOME POSITION) N33 G28 W0 (RAPID TO Z MACHINE HOME POSITION) Page 92 Lathe Lesson 8-14
G75 GROOVING CYCLE LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Cut First and Second Groove (CUT FIRST GROOVE - G75 - GROOVING CYCLE) (INSERT WIDTH = 0.118") (PROGRAM RIGHT HAND SIDE OF GROOVING\PART-OFF TOOL) N35 G00 T404 (TOOL CALL T04, ACTIVATE OFFSET) N37 G97 S191 M03 (START SPINDLE 191 RPM CW) N39 G00 X1.5 Z0.25 M8 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION, COOLANT ON) N41 G50 S3000 (SPECIFY MAXIMUM RPM TO 3000) N43 G96 S200 N45 Z-0.250 N47 X1.15 (SPECIFY CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED 200 SFM) (RAPID TO FIRST GROOVE POSITION) (RAPID TO X1.15 CLEAR OF PART) N49 G75 X0.750 Z-0.332 I0.1 K0.03 F0.002 (G75 - GROOVING CYCLE) N51 X1.15 (CUT SECOND GROOVE - G75 - GROOVING CYCLE) N53 G00 Z-0.875 (RAPID TO X1.15 CLEAR OF PART) (RAPID TO SECOND GROOVE POSITION) N55 G75 X0.875 Z-0.957 I0.1 K0.03 F0.002 (G75 - GROOVING CYCLE) N57 X1.15 (RAPID TO X1.15 CLEAR OF PART) Lathe Lesson 8-15 Page 93
G75 GROOVING CYCLE LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n Cut-Off (CUT OFF - SINGLE PASS GROOVING CYCLE) N59 G00 Z-1.25 (RAPID TO CUT-OFF POSITION) N61 G75 X-0.030 I0.1 F0.002 (CUT OFF - G75 - SINGLE PASS GROOVING CYCLE) N63 G00 X1.250 (RAPID TO X1.25 CLEAR OF PART) N65 G28 (RAPID TO MACHINE HOME POSITION) N67 M30 (PROGRAM END) % Page 94 Lathe Lesson 8-16
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE #1 Lathe Lesson 8-17 Page 95
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE #1 Create a program for Exercise #1 to: 1. Face. 2. Finish turn outside diameter one cut. 3. Groove three places. 4. Cut-off. 5. Z zero is the front face of the part 6. Use the Lesson 8 videos to guide you through the programming process. Page 96 Lathe Lesson 8-18
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE #1 Lathe Lesson 8-19 Page 97
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE #1 Page 98 Lathe Lesson 8-20
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE #1 Lathe Lesson 8-21 Page 99
LESSON 8 GROOVING & PART OFF EXERCISE #1 Page 100 Lathe Lesson 8-22
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LESSON-9 THREADING Page 101
HAAS - G76 O.D./I.D. THREAD CUTTING CYCLE, MULTIPLE PASS N93 G76 X0.5135 Z-0.8 K0.0558 D0.0176 F0.0909 G76 O.D./I.D. THREAD CUTTING CYCLE, MULTIPLE PASS X* X-axis absolute thread finish point, a diameter value Z* Z-axis absolute distance, thread end point location U* X-axis incremental total distance to finish point, diameter W* Z-axis incremental thread length finish point K Thread height, radius value I * Thread taper amount, radius value D First pass cutting depth P Thread Cutting Method P1-P4 A* Tool nose angle, no decimal with A command (0 to 120 degrees, If not used then 0 degrees is assumed) F Feed rate (Threading feed rate, is the thread distance per revolution) * Indicates optional The G76 canned cycle can be used for threading both straight and tapered threads. G76 can be used to create multiple cutting passes along the length of a thread. The height of the thread is specified in K, this height is defined as the distance from the crest of the thread to the root. The calculated depth of the thread will be K less the finish allowance. On the Hass lathe Setting 86 (THREAD FINISH ALLOWANCE) is this stock allowance for a finish pass allowance, if required. The depth of the first cut of the thread is specified in D. This also determines the number of passes over the thread based on the value of K and the cutting method used. The depth of the last cut on the thread can be controlled with Setting 99 on the Hass lathe (THREAD MINIMUM CUT). The last cut will never be less than this value. The default value is.001 inches/.01 mm. The feed rate is the Lead of thread. The F feed rate in a G76 threading cycle is 1.0 divided by the number of threads per inch = F. (1.0 divided by 11 TPI = F.0909091) Page 102 Lathe Lesson 9-2
HAAS G92 THREAD CUTTING CYCLE N95 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 G92 THREAD CUTTING CYCLE X* Absolute X-axis target location Z* Absolute Z-axis target location U* Incremental X-axis target distance, diameter W* Incremental Z-axis target distance I * Distance and direction of X axis taper, a radius value F Feed rate (Threading feed rate, is the thread distance per revolution) * Indicates optional The G92 is a modal canned cycle. It can be used for simple threading. Since it is modal, you can do multiple passes for threading by just specifying a new X location for successive passes. For example: N16 G92 X.523 Z-0.8 F0.0909 M24 N17 X.520 (Additional Pass) N18 X.515 (Additional Pass) N19 X.5135 (Additional Pass) (First Pass of a G92 O.D. Thread Cycle) Straight threads can be made by just specifying X, Z and F. By adding I a pipe or taper thread can be cut. Lathe Lesson 9-3 Page 103
HAAS M24 - THREAD CHAMFER OFF N91 X0.650 M24 At the end of the thread an optional chamfer can be performed. The size and angle of the chamfer is controlled with Setting 95 (THREAD CHAMFER SIZE) and Setting 96 (THREAD CHAMFER ANGLE). The chamfer size is designated in number of threads, so that if 1.000 is recorded in Setting 95 and the feed rate is.05, then the chamfer will be.05. If relief is provided for at the end of the thread, then the chamfer can be eliminated by specifying 0.000 for the chamfer size in Setting 95. The default value for Setting 95 is 1.000 and the default angle for the thread (Setting 96) is 45 degrees. A chamfer can improve the appearance and functionality of threads that must be machined up to a shoulder. As the Lesson-9 Example part has a 0.125 wide undercut M24 will be programed as no chamfer is required. M23 commands chamfer on. M24 commands chamfer off. M23 is the default value. Page 104 Lathe Lesson 9-4
THREADING THREADING The portion of the example CNC program below cuts the.625-11 UNC thread on the Lesson-9 Example part, the drawing is shown below. At block N93 the G76 threading cycle is used to cut the thread in multiple passes. The G92 threading cycle is used at block N95 and N97 to perform spring passes. These spring passes are sometimes referred to as ghost passes. The threading tool is not moved any deeper but cuts along the path previously cut to clean up and get a good finish on the threads. (THREAD.625-11 UNC) N85 T0505 N87 G97 S800 M03 EXAMPLE OF THREADING OPERATION (O.D. THREADING TOOL) (START SPINDLE 800 RPM CW) N89 G00 G54 X1.25 Z0.25 T0505 M08 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION & PICK-UP OFFSETS) N91 X0.650 M24 (CHAMFER AT END OF THREAD IS OFF) N93 G76 X0.5135 Z-0.8 K0.0558 D0.0176 F0.0909 ( G76 OD THREADING CYCLE MULTIPLE PASSES) N95 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 N97 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 N99 G28 U0 N101 G28 W0 M05 (SPRING CUT) (SPRING CUT) Lathe Lesson 9-5 Page 105
THREADING - G76 THREADING CYCLE THREADING - G76 THREADING CYCLE N93 G76 X0.5135 Z-0.8 K0.0558 D0.0176 F0.0909 At block N93 the G76 threading cycle is used to cut the thread in multiple passes. X0.5135 is the root diameter of the.625-11 UNC thread. The root diameter was identified in the Machinery s Handbook. Z-0.8 is the absolute Z-axis target location. This is 0.050 past the end of the thread. K0.0558 is the thread height, a radius value. This is 0.625-0.5135 / 2 = 0.05575 D0.0176 is the first pass cutting depth. This determines how many cuts will be taken to reach the final depth. F0.0909 is the feed rate. The threading feed rate is the thread distance per revolution. The calculation for this thread having 11 threads per inch is 1 divided by 11 which is equals to 0.090909. Page 106 Lathe Lesson 9-6
THREADING G92 THREADING CYCLE THREADING G92 THREADING CYCLE N95 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 N97 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 At block N95 and N97 the G92 threading cycle is used after the G76 cycle to cut the thread in two single passes both at the same depth. G92 is being used in the Example program to perform two spring passes The G92 is a modal canned cycle. It can be used for simple threading. Once the first G92 block is input with all the relevant values, additional threading cuts can be made by just the input of the desired X value. X0.5135 is the root diameter of the.625-11 UNC thread. The root diameter was identified in the Machinery s Handbook. Z-0.8 is the absolute Z-axis target location. This is 0.050 past the end of the thread. F0.0909 is the feed rate. The threading feed rate is the thread distance per revolution. The calculation for this thread having 11 threads per inch is 1 divided by 11 which is equals to 0.090909. Lathe Lesson 9-7 Page 107
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - DRAWING Page 108 Lathe Lesson 9-8
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - MACHINING PROCESS Machining Process 1. Face. 2. Rough Turn OD 3. Finish Turn OD 4. Groove undercut for thread 0.125 wide 5. Thread.625-11 UNC. 6. Cut-off. 7. Z zero is the front face of the part 8. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide 9. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool 10. Material is ø1.125 aluminum Lathe Lesson 9-9 Page 109
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Face Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n % O1294 (Lesson-9-Example) (FACE FRONT OF PART) N1 G20 (Verify inch mode) N3 G18 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99 (Safety Block) N5 T0100 (Tool call T01) N7 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum rpm to 3500) N9 G97 S500 M03 (Start spindle 500 RPM CW) N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.5 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to safe position, TNC, activate offset) N13 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 sfm) N15 G99 G01 Z0 F0.010 (Feed to Z0. G99=feed per revolution) N17 X-0.05 (Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05) N19 U0.05 W0.05 (Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05) N21 G00 G40 X1.25 Z0.25 (Rapid to safe position, cancel TNC) Page 110 Lathe Lesson 9-10
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Rough Turn OD (ROUGH TURN O.D.) N23 G71 P25 Q41 U0.03 W0.005 D0.1 F0.010 N25 G00 G42 X0.398 N27 G99 G01 X 0.398 Z0.05 F0.006 N29 X0.623 Z-0.0625 N31 Z-0.875 N33 X0.925 N35 X1.050 Z-0.9375 (G71 Rough Turning Cycle) (P and G42 with the start of geometry) (Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face, 0.05 below chamfer) (Turned undersize - cut chamfer at front of part) (Cut second chamfer) N37 Z-1.5 (Cut past end of part) N39 X1.25 (Pull away from part) N41 G40 G00 X 1.5 (Q end of geometry, machine off of part and cancel compensation) N43 G00 X1.25 Z0.25 (Rapid back to safe position) N45 G28 U0 N47 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to x machine home position) (Rapid to z machine home position) Lathe Lesson 9-11 Page 111
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Finish Turn OD Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n (FINISH CUT) N49 T0202 (O.D. right hand finishing tool 55 ) N51 G50 S3500 (Specify maximum RPM to 3500) N53 G97 S800 M03 (Start spindle 800 RPM CW) N55 G00 G42 G54 X1.25 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to safe position, TNC, coolant on) N57 G96 S700 (Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM) N59 G70 P25 Q41 (G70 finishing OD) N61 G28 U0 (Rapid to X machine home position) N63 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to Z machine home position) Page 112 Lathe Lesson 9-12
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Cut Groove (CUT.125 WIDE GROOVE ) (CUT GROOVE - G75 - GROOVING CYCLE) (INSERT WIDTH = 0.118") (PROGRAM RIGHT HAND SIDE OF GROOVING\PART-OFF TOOL) N65 G00 T404 N67 G97 S191 M03 N69 G00 X1.25 Z0.25 M8 (Tool call T04, activate offset) (Start spindle 191 RPM CW) (Rapid to safe position, coolant on) N71 G50 S3000 (Specify maximum rpm to 3000) N73 G96 S200 (Specify constant surface speed 200 SFM) N75 Z-0.750 (Rapid to groove position) N77 X1.15 (Rapid to X1.15 clear of part) N79 G75 X0.50 Z-0.757 I0.5 F0.002 (G75 Grooving Cycle) N81 X1.15 N83 G28 (Rapid to machine home position) Lathe Lesson 9-13 Page 113
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Thread Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n (THREAD.625-11 UNC) N85 T0505 (Tool call T05, activate offset, O.D. threading tool) N87 G97 S800 M03 (Start spindle 800 rpm CW) N89 G00 G54 X1.25 Z0.25 T0505 M08 (Rapid to safe position, TNC, coolant on) N91 X0.650 M24 (Chamfer at end of thread is off) N93 G76 X0.5135 Z-0.8 K0.0558 D0.0176 F0.0909 ( G76 OD threading cycle) N95 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 (Spring cut) N97 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909 (Spring cut) N99 G28 U0 (Rapid to X machine home position) N101 G28 W0 M05 (Rapid to Z machine home position) Page 114 Lathe Lesson 9-14
LESSON 9 - THREADING - EXAMPLE - PROGRAM Cut-Off (CUT OFF) N103 G00 T404 N105 G97 S191 M03 N107 G00 X1.25 Z0.25 M8 N109 G50 S3000 N111 G96 S200 N113 Z-1.520 N115 X1.15 N117 G75 X0.3 I0.1 F0.002 (Tool call T04, activate offset) (Rapid to cut-off position + 0.020 for rough cut) (Grooving Cycle Rough cut to 0.3 diameter) N119 Z-1.485 (Position for chamfer on end of part) N121 G01 X1.05 N123 U-0.015 W-0.015 (Cut 0.015 chamfer on end of part remove sharp edge) N125 X1.15 N127 Z-1.5 N129 G75 X-0.03 I0.1 F0.002 N131 G00 X1.250 N133 G28 N135 M30 % (Retract from groove) (Position for cut-off) (Grooving Cycle - Cut-Off to length) (Rapid to machine home position) (Program end) Lathe Lesson 9-15 Page 115
LESSON 9 - THREADING EXERCISE Page 116 Lathe Lesson 9-16
LESSON 9 - THREADING EXERCISE Create a program for the Lesson-9 Exercise to: 1. Face. 2. Rough Turn OD 3. Finish Turn OD 4. Groove undercut for thread 0.125 wide 5. Thread.500-13 UNC. 6. Cut-off. 7. Z zero is the front face of the part 8. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide 9. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool 10. Material is ø1.125 aluminum Lathe Lesson 9-17 Page 117
LESSON 9 - THREADING EXERCISE Page 118 Lathe Lesson 9-18
LESSON 9 - THREADING EXERCISE Lathe Lesson 9-19 Page 119
LESSON 9 - THREADING EXERCISE Page 120 Lathe Lesson 9-20
CNC PROGRAMMING WORKBOOK LATHE APPENDIX Page 121
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Page 122 Lathe Appendix - 2
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Lathe Appendix - 3 Page 123
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Page 124 Lathe Appendix - 4
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Lathe Appendix - 5 Page 125
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Page 126 Lathe Appendix - 6
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Lathe Appendix - 7 Page 127
Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises Material: Aluminum 6061 CS= ft/min XZ PLANE 1. Tool #1 (OD Roughing Tool) Create A Toolpath To Rough The Above Profile Feed = Spindle Speed RPM = 4xCS/D= in/min Depth of Cut =0.1/side Use a G71 Canned Cycle 2. Tool #2 (OD Finishing Tool) Finish The OD Using The Profile Created In The First Operation Feed = Spindle Speed RPM = 4xCS/D= in/min Depth of Cut =0.02/side Use a G70 Canned Cycle 3. Tool #9 (0.125 Right Hand Groove Tool) Machine Both Grooves By Plunging In The Middle Of The Groove, Then Retract And Move Over To The Left And Right To Finish Feed = Spindle Speed RPM = 4xCS/D= in/min Start in the middle of grooves Page 128 Lathe Appendix - 8
% O00014; CNC PROGRAMMING EXERCISE (CONTINUED) Lathe Appendix - 9 Page 129
CNC PROGRAMMING EXERCISE (CONTINUED) Page 130 Lathe Appendix - 10
Appendix Preparatory Functions G-Codes G00 RAPID POSITIONING MOTION G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION MOTION G02 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION MOTION - CLOCKWISE G03 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION MOTION - COUNTECLOCKWISE G04 DWELL G09 EXACT STOP G10 PROGRAMMABLE OFFSET SETTING G12 CW CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING G13 CCW CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING G17 CIRCULAR MOTION XY PLANE SELECTION (G02 or G03) G18 CIRCULAR MOTION ZX PLANE SELECTION (G02 or G03) G19 CIRCULAR MOTION YZ PLANE SELECTION (G02 or G03) G20 VERIFY INCH COORDINATE POSITIONING G21 VERIFY METRIC COORDINATE POSITIONING G28 MACHINE ZERIO RETURN THRU REF. POINT G29 MOVE TO LOCATION THROUGH G28 REF. POINT G31 FEED UNTIL SKIP FUNCTION G35 AUTOMATIC TOOL DIAMETER MEASUREMENT G36 AUTOMATIC WORK OFFSET MEASUREMENT G37 AUTOMATIC TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT G40 CUTTER COMPENSATION CANCEL G41/G42/G141 G41 2D CUTTER COMPENSATION, LEFT (X, Y, D) G42 2D CUTTER COMPENSATION, RIGHT (X, Y, D) G43 TOOL LENGTH COMPESATION POSITIVE (H, Z) G44 TOOL LENGTH COMPENATION NEGATIVE (H, Z) Lathe Appendix - 11 Page 131
Appendix Preparatory Functions G-Codes G47 TEXT ENGRAVING (X, Y, Z, R, I, J, P, E, F) G49 TOOL LENGTH COMPENSATION CANCEL G43/G44/G143) G50 SCALING G51 CANCEL G51 SCALING (X, Y, Z, P) G52 WORK OFFSET COORDINATE POSITING G52 GLOBAL WORK COORDINATE OFFSET SHIFT G52 GLOBAL WORK COORDINATE OFFSET SHIFT G53 MACHINE COORDAINTE POSITIONING, NON-MODAL (X, Y, Z, A, B) G54 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #1 G55 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #2 G56 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #3 G57 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #4 G58 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #5 G59 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #6 G60 UNI-DIRECTIONAL POSITIONING (X, Y, Z, A, B) G61 EXACT STOP, MODAL (X, Y, Z, A, B) G64 EXACT STOP G61 MODE CANCEL G65 MACRO SUB-ROUTINE CALL G68 ROATION (G17, G18, G19, X, Y, Z, R) G69 ROTATION G68 CANCEL G70 BOLT HOLE CIRCLE with a CANNED CYCLE (I, J, L) Page 132 Lathe Appendix - 12
Appendix Preparatory Functions G-Codes G71 BOLTHOLEARC with a CANNED CYCLE (I, J, K, L) G72 BOLT HOLES ALONG AN ANGLE with a CANNED CYCLE (I, J, L) G73 HIGH SPEED PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, K, Q, P, R, L, F) G74 REVERSE TAPPING CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, J, R, L, F) G76 FINE BORING CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, P, Q, R, L, F) G77 BACK BORE CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, Q, R, L, F) G80 CANCEL CANNED CYCLE G81 DRILL CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F) G82 SPOT DRILL/COUNTERBORE CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, P, R, L, F) G83 PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, K, Q, P, R, L, F) G84 TAPPING CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, J, R, L, F) G85 BORE IN, BORE OUT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F) G86 BORE IN, STOP, RAPID OUT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F) G87 BORE IN AND MANUAL RETRACT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F) G88 BORE IN, DWELL, MANUAL RETRACT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, P, R, L, F) G89 BORE IN, DWELL, BORE OUT (X, Y, A, B, Z, P, R, L, F) G90 ABSOLUTE POSITIONING G91 INCREMENTAL POSITIONING G92 GLOBAL WORK COORDINATE SYSTEM SHIFT (FANUC) (HAAS) G92 SET WORK COORDINATE VALUE (YA SNAC) G93 INVERSE TIME FEED MODE ON G94 INVERSE TIME FEED MODE OFF/FEED PER MINUTE ON G98 CANNED CYCLE INITIAL POINT RETURN G99 CANNED CYCLE R PLANE RETURN Lathe Appendix - 13 Page 133
Appendix Miscellaneous Functions M-Codes M00 PROGRAM STOP M01 OPTIONAL PROGRAM STOP M02 PROGRAM END M03 SPINDLE ON CLOCKWISE M04 SPINDLE ON COUTERCLOCKWISE M05 SPINDLE STOP M06 TOOL CHANGE M08 COOLANT ON M09 COOLANT OFF M19 ORIENT SPINDLE (P, R) M21-M28 OPTIONAL USER M CODE INTERFACE WITH M-FIN SIGNAL M30 PROGRAM END AN RESET M31 CHIP AUGER FORWARD M32 CHIP AUGER REVERSE M33 CHIP AUGER STOP M34 COOLANT SPIGOT POSITION DOWN, INCREMENT M35 COOLANT SPIGOT POSITION UP, DECREMENT M36 PALET PART READY M39 ROTATE TOOL TURRET M41 SPINDLE LOW GEAR OVERRIDE M42 SPINDLE HIGH GEAR OVERRIDE M50 EXECUTE PALLET CHANGE Page 134 Lathe Appendix - 14
Appendix Miscellaneous Functions M-Codes M51-M58 OPTIONAL USER M CODE SET M59 OUTPUT RELAY SET (N) M61-M68 OPTIONAL USER M CODE CLEAR M69 OUTPUT RELAY CLEAR (N) M75 SET G35 OR G136 REFERENCE POINT M76 CONTROL DISPLAY INACTIVE M77 CONTROL DISPLAY ACTIVE M78 ALARM IF SKIP SIGNAL FOUND M79 ALARM IF SKIP SIGNAL NOT FOUND M80 AUTOMATIC DOOR OPEN M81 AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSE M82 TOOL UNCLAMP M83 AUTO AIR JET ON M84 AUTO AIR JET OFF M86 TOOL CLAMP M88 COOLANT THROUGH SPINDLE ON M89 COOLANT THROUGH SPINDLE OFF M93 AXIS POS CAPTURE START (P, Q) M94 AXIS POS CAPTURE STOP M95 SLEEP MODE M96 JUMP IF NO SIGNAL (P, Q) M97 LOCAL SUB-PROGRAM CALL (P, L) M98 SUB-PROGRAM CALL (P, L) M99 SUB-PROGRAM/ROUTINE RETURN OR LOOP M109 INTERACTIVE USER INPUT (P) Lathe Appendix - 15 Page 135
Standard Drill Sizes - Inches Drill. Decimal Drill.. Decimal Drill.. Decimal Drill.. Decimal Size Equiv. Size Equiv. Size Equiv. Size Equiv. 80 =.0135 43 =.089 8 =.199 25/64 =.3906 79 =.0145 42 =.0935 7 =.201 X =.397 1/64 =.0156 3/32 =.0938 13/64 =.2031 Y =.404 78 =.016 41 =.096 6 =.204 13/32 =.4063 77 =.018 40 =.098 5 =.2055 Z =.413 76 =.020 39 =.0995 4 =.209 27/64 =.4219 75 =.021 38 =.1015 3 =.213 7/16 =.4375 74 =.0225 37 =.104 7/32 =.2188 29/64 =.4531 73 =.024 36 =.1065 2 =.221 15/32 =.4688 72 =.025 7/64 =.1094 1 =.228 31/64 =.4844 71 =.026 35 =.110 A =.234 1/2 =.500 70 =.028 34 =.111 15/64 =.2344 33/64 =.5156 69 =.0292 33 =.113 B =.238 17/32 =.5313 68 =.031 32 =.116 C =.242 35/64 =.5469 1/32 =.0313 31 =.120 D =.246 9/16 =.5625 67 =.032 1/8 =.1250 1/4 (E) =.250 37/64 =.5781 66 =.033 30 =.1285 F =.257 19/32 =.5938 65 =.035 29 =.136 G =.261 39/64 =.6094 64 =.036 28 =.1405 17/64 =.2656 5/8 =.625 63 =.037 9/64 =.1406 H =.266 41/64 =.6406 62 =.038 27 =.144 I =.272 21/32 =.6563 61 =.039 26 =.147 J =.277 43/64 =.6719 60 =.040 25 =.1495 K =.281 11/16 =.6875 59 =.041 24 =.152 9/32 =.2813 45/64 =.7031 58 =.042 23 =.154 L =.290 23/32 =.7188 57 =.043 5/32 =.1563 M =.295 47/64 =.7344 56 =.0465 22 =.157 19/64 =.2969 3/4 =.750 3/64 =.0469 21 =.159 N =.302 49/64 =.7656 55 =.052 20 =.161 5/16 =.3125 25/32 =.7813 54 =.055 19 =.166 O =.316 51/64 =.7969 53 =.0595 18 =.1695 P =.323 13/16 =.8125 1/16 =.0625 11/64 =.1719 21/64 =.3281 53/64 =.8281 52 =.0635 17 =.173 Q =.332 27/32 =.8438 51 =.067 16 =.177 R =.339 55/64 =.8594 50 =.070 15 =.180 11/32 =.3438 7/8 =.875 49 =.073 14 =.182 S =.348 57/64 =.8906 48 =.076 13 =.185 T =.358 29/32 =.9063 5/64 =.0781 3/16 =.1875 23/64 =.3594 59/64 =.9219 47 =.0785 12 =.189 U =.368 15/16 =.9375 46 =.081 11 =.191 3/8 =.375 61/64 =.9531 45 =.082 10 =.1935 V =.377 31/32 =.9688 44 =.086 9 =.196 W =.386 63/64 =.9844 Page 136 Lathe Appendix - 16
Inch Tap Drill Sizes INCH SIZES - NATIONAL COARSE UNC ---------------------------- TAP DRILL SIZE SIZE ---------------------------- #1-64 #53 #2-56 #51 #3-48 5/64" #4-40 #43 #5-40 #39 #6-32 #36 #8-32 #29 #10-24 #25 #12-24 #17 1/4-20 #7 5/16-18 F 3/8-16 5/16 7/16-14 U 1/2-13 27/64 9/16-12 31/64 5/8-11 17/32 3/4-10 21/32 7/8-9 49/64 1"-8 7/8 1-1/8-7 63/64 1-1/4-7 1-7/64 1-1/2-6 1-11/32 1-3/4-5 1-35/64 2"-4-1/2 1-25/32 INCH SIZES - NATIONAL FINE UNF ---------------------------- TAP DRILL SIZE SIZE ---------------------------- #0-80 3/64" #1-72 #53 #2-64 #50 #3-56 #46 #4-48 #42 #5-44 #37 #6-40 #33 #8-36 #29 #10-32 #21 #12-28 #15 1/4-28 #3 5/16-24 I 3/8-24 Q 7/16-20 W 1/2-20 29/64 9/16-18 33/64 5/8-18 37/64 3/4-16 11/16 7/8-14 13/16 1"-14 15/16 1-1/8-12 1-3/64 1-1/4-12 1-11/64 1-1/2-12 1-27/64 1-3/4-12 1-43/64 2"-12 1-59/64 Lathe Appendix - 17 Page 137
Metric Tap Drill Sizes Page 138 METRIC COARSE SIZES ---------------------------- TAP DRILL SIZE SIZE ---------------------------- 1mm x.25.75mm 1.1 x.25.85 1.2 x.25.95 1.4 x.3 1.1 1.6 x.35 1.25 1.7 x.35 1.3 1.8 x.35 1.45 2 x.4 1.6 2.2 x.45 1.75 2.5 x.45 2.05 3 x.5 2.5 3.5 x.6 2.9 4 x.7 3.3 4.5 x.75 3.7 5 x.8 4.2 6 x 1 5 7 x 1 6 8 x 1.25 6.8 9 x 1.25 7.8 10 x 1.5 8.5 11 x 1.5 9.5 12 x 1.75 10.2 14 x 2 12 16 x 2 14 18 x 2.5 15.5 20 x 2.5 17.5 22 x 2.5 19.5 24 x 3 21 27 x 3 24 30 x 3.5 26.5 Tap Drill Sizes Lathe Appendix - 18 METRIC FINE SIZES ---------------------------- TAP DRILL SIZE SIZE ---------------------------- 4 mm x.35 3.6mm 4 x.5 3.5 5 x.5 4.5 6 x.5 5.5 6 x.75 5.25 7 x.75 6.25 8 x.5 7.5 8 x.75 7.25 8 x 1 7 9 x 1 8 10 x.75 9.25 10 x 1 9 10 x 1.25 8.8 11 x 1 10 12 x.75 11.25 12 x 1 11 12 x 1.5 10.5 14 x 1 13 14 x 1.25 12.8 14 x 1.5 12.5 16 x 1 15 16 x 1.5 14.5 18 x 1 17 18 x 2 16 20 x 1 19 20 x 1.5 18.5 20 x 2 18 22 x 1 21 22 x 1.5 20.5 22 x 2 20 24 x 1.5 22.5 24 x 2 22 26 x 1.5 24.5 27 x 1.5 25.5 27 x 2 25 28 x 1.5 26.5 30 x 1.5 28.5 30 x 2 28
Discriminator Installation Instructions Installation Instructions for Workbook users: 1. Locate the DVD/CD that came with the workbook (fixed to the back cover). 2. Insert the disc into the DVD/CD ROM tray of your computer. 3. When the AutoPlay window is displayed select Open folder to view files as shown below: 4. Double click or open the Discriminator folder as shown below: Lathe Appendix - 19 Page 139
Discriminator Installation Instructions Continued Sa no m p D t f le is o tr r ib ut io n 5. Double-click the Discriminator21017.exe file as shown below. This will start the installation process. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation. Installation Instructions for Online Course users: 1. Go to the Course Intro page of the Online Course as shown below: 2. Locate the What you need to complete this course section on this page and click on the Discriminator link to download the Discriminator installation file. Make sure you save the file to a place on the hard drive that you can be easily located. 3. Once the file has downloaded locate it and double-click the Discriminator.zip file to extract the installation files onto your hard drive. Make sure you extract the files into a new folder on your hard drive and remember where the folder is located. 4. Open the folder the files were extracted to and double click on Discriminator21017.exe. 5. Follow the instructions on the screen. Page 140 Lathe Appendix - 20
Lathe Appendix - 21 Page 141
Page 142 Lathe Appendix - 22