SHOTS IN THE DARK Building Concepts guiding the development of Energy-efficient construction Kimmo Lylykangas architect SAFA 27 th September 2013 Nordic Symposium on Energy Efficiency in Buildings CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PASSIVE HOUSE APPROACH EXPERIENCES ON FINNISH PASSIVE HOUSES NET ZERO ENERGY HOUSE APPROACH NET PLUS ENERGY HOUSE LUUKKU OFF-GRID APPROACH THE FIVE TREE HOUSE STEPS TOWARDS MORE ADEQUATE TARGET SETTING 1
INTRODUCTION SOURCE: Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Greenhouse gases [e-publication]. ISSN=1797-6065. 2010, Appendix figure 4: Greenhouse gas emission in Finland in 1990 2011 in relation to the Kyoto target level. Data for 2011 are preliminary.. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [referred: 10.12.2012]. Access method: http://www.stat.fi/til/khki/2010/khki_2010_2012-04-26_kuv_004_en.html. 2
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS 1976 1978 1985 2003 2007 2010 2012 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 D3 WALL W/m²K 0,40 0,29 0,28 0,25 0,24 0,17 0,17 ROOF W/m²K 0,35 0,23 0,22 0,16 0,15 0,09 0,09 FLOOR W/m²K 0,40 0,40 0,36 0,25 0,24 0,16 0,16 WINDOW W/m²K 2,10 2,10 2,10 1,40 1,40 1,00 1,00 HEAT RECOVERY % 30 30 45 45 SOURCES: Jarek Kurnitski: Kustannusoptimaalisuuden kautta lähes nollaenergiarakentamiseen nzeb. Presentation 31.1.2012. http://www.fise.fi; images: Jussi Kalliokoski. 3
U-VALUE REQUIREMENT DEVELOPMENT 1,40 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 FLOOR W/m²K ROOF W/m²K WALL W/m²K 0,40 0,20 0,00 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 A-CLASS IN THE NEW ENERGY CERTIFICATE FOR BUILDINGS NEW CONSTRUCTION, ESPOO E = 70 RENOVATION, LUUMÄKI E 80 4
U = 2.30 2.80 1+1 window [no double glazed sealed units] U = 1.65 1.80 1+1+1 window [no double glazed sealed units] U = 1.4 The building code 2007 default value for the heat loss calculation U = 1.0 The building code 2012 default value for the heat loss calculation U = 0.59 Best available products 2013 2+2 type SOURCES: Holopainen et al: Suomalaisten rakennusten energiakorjausmenetelmät ja säästöpotentiaalit. VTT Research Notes 2377. Espoo 2007; www.skaala.fi; www.lammin.fi DIRECTIVES: EPBD 2010 [2002] RES 2009 EED 2012 NATIONAL COMMITMENTS FOR CO2 REDUCTIONS CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY [2008] 2013 2010 2013 2017 2020 BUILDING CODE C3 2010 BUILDING CODE D3 2012 ENERGY CERTIFICATE REGULATION FOR ENERGY- EFFICIENCY IN RENOVATION NEARLY ZERO-ENERGY NATIONAL DEFINITION NEARLY ZERO-ENERGY IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS NEARLY ZERO-ENERGY IN ALL NEW CONSTRUCTION 5
PASSIVE HOUSE APPROACH EXPERIENCES ON FINNISH PASSIVE HOUSES Passive House in Kranichstein - The First German Passive House Darmstadt, Germany Architect: Professor Bott, Ridder, Westermeyer Year of completion: 1991 SOURCE: http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/examples/residential_buildings/single_- _family_houses/central_europe/the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany 6
St. Franziskus Church Kraftwerk Gottes God s Power Plant Wels, Austria Architect: Luger & Maul Year of completion: 2005 photovoltaic system 165 m² solar thermal collectors 32 m² pellet burner EXPERIENCES ON FINNISH PASSIVE HOUSES Passiivitalo Lupaus, Valkeakoski 2009 Soininen Passive Houses, Naantali 2013 TA-Oravarinne Passive Houses, Espoo 2013 7
PASSIVE HOUSE LUPAUS VALKEAKOSKI 2009 VASO/Soininen, passiivitalot. VALOKUVA: Kimmo Lylykangas 8
VALOKUVA: Jari Kiuru 9
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE PASSIVE HOUSE DEFINITION ONE FIXED CRITERIA FOR SMALL AND LARGE BUILDINGS VARIOUS TYPES OF BUILDINGS ALL GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS VENTILATION HEATING IS USUALLY NOT A COST-OPTIMAL SOLUTION THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS VIABLE ONLY WITH THE PRIMARY ENERGY FACTORS USED BY THE PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUT GHG EMISSIONS OF ENERGY USE IN FOUR RESIDENTIAL AREAS (kgco 2 /brm²) PORVOO HELSINKI LOVIISA MÄNTYHARJU SOURCE: Tuukka Vainio, Aalto University, Energiakaavoituksen mallit project, 2011. 10
NET-ZERO-ENERGY APPROACH NET PLUS-ENERGY HOUSE LUUKKU IMAGES: Jyri Nieminen, VTT. www.nollaenergia.fi; Aalto-yliopisto, Arkkitehtuurin laitos, Puurakentaminen. 11
Net Plus-Energy House Luukku Madrid / Mäntyharju Architect: Aalto University student team Year of completion: 2010 photovoltaic system 60 m² solar thermal collectors 5 m² air-to-air heat-pump VUOTUINEN ENERGIATASE 16000 14000 12000 10000 kwh 8000 6000 NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION NET ENERGY GENERATION 4000 2000 0 MADRID ESPOO MÄNTYHARJU 12
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ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION ~ 60 m² photovoltaic panels ~ 5 m² solar thermal collectors PLOT BOUNDARY SOLAR COLLECTORS 1000 kwh/a EXPORTED RENEWABLE ENERGY 6900 kwh/a TO GRID PURCHASED ENERGY 5000 kwh/a FROM GRID SOURCE: Wood Construction / Aalto University, Department of Architecture 2010. 14
Luukku House and carbon footprint from the total 14 778 kg Parquet 1 % Windows 6 % Gypsum board 3 % LVL 6 % Plywood 4 % Fibreboard 6 % Insulation 3 % Timber 8 % HVAC 62 % Timber Insulation Fibreboard Plywood LVL Gypsum board Cardboard Parquet Windows Doors HVAC Luukku House and carbon storage from the total -26 245 kg Plywood 6 % LVL 7 % Parquet 2 % Timber 85 % Timber Insulation Fibreboard Plywood LVL Gypsum board Cardboard Parquet Windows Doors HVAC SOURCE: Wood Construction / Aalto University, Department of Architecture 2010. 15
CONSTRUCTION USE & MAINTENANCE DEMOLITION ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY CARBON STORAGE USER BEHAVIOUR 26 tn CO2-eqv 1940 2011 2080 15 tn CO2-eqv SOURCE: Wood Construction / Aalto University, Department of Architecture 2010. NET-ZERO-ENERGY IS NOT FREE OF EMISSIONS ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION CAUSES GHG-EMISSIONS GENERATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ADDS TO THE GRID ELECTRICITY MIX MOSTLY DURING THE SUMMER SEASON 16000 14000 12000 kwh 10000 8000 6000 NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION NET ENERGY GENERATION 4000 2000 0 MADRID ESPOO MÄNTYHARJU THE BALANCE SHEET THINKING DOES NOT WORK NET-ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS ARE NOT ENOUGH TO MEET THE CLIMATIC TARGETS 16
MONTHLY ENERGY BALANCE AND THE POWER GENERATION IN THE GRID SOURCES: Wood Construction / Aalto University, Department of Architecture 2010; Energiateollisuus 2012. LUUKKU HOUSE: MONTHLY ENERGY BALANCE IN MADRID 2000 1500 kwh 1000 500 0 SOLAR COLLECTORS / PRODUCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS / PRODUCTION FANS, PUMPS ETC. LIGHTING EQUIPMENT DOMESTIC HOT WATER SPACE COOLING SPACE HEATING -500-1000 17
LUUKKU HOUSE: MONTHLY ENERGY BALANCE IN ESPOO 2000 1500 kwh 1000 500 0 SOLAR COLLECTORS / PRODUCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS / PRODUCTION FANS, PUMPS ETC. LIGHTING EQUIPMENT DOMESTIC HOT WATER SPACE COOLING SPACE HEATING -500-1000 SOURCE: Wood Construction / Aalto University, Department of Architecture 2012. 18
16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000 1500 1000 500 0-500 -1000 MADRID ESPOO MÄNTYHARJU NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION NET ENERGY GENERATION SOLAR COLLECTORS / PRODUCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS / PRODUCTION FANS, PUMPS ETC. LIGHTING EQUIPMENT DOMESTIC HOT WATER SPACE COOLING SPACE HEATING 26.9.2013 ENERGY BALANCE VS. LOAD MATCHING kwh NET PLUS ENERGY HOUSE LUUKKU kwh ANNUAL EXAMINATION 100 % MONTHLY EXAMINATION 67 % 10-MINUTE-STEP EXAMINATION CONCLUSIONS CASE STUDY: FREIBURG, GERMANY ONE-YEAR TIME STEP IS AN UNSUCCESSFUL SIMPLIFICATION USE OF THE BUILDING IS OVER-SIMPLIFIED IN THE CALCULATION AS WELL RESEARCH ON VARIOUS USE PROFILES WOULD BE NECESSARY NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS ARE NOT ZERO EMISSION WE MUST LOOK BEYOND THE NET ZERO ENERGY TARGETS 28 % Voss, Karsten et al: Load Matching and Grid Interaction of Net Zero Energy Buidings. RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATED ON SITE AND THE CO 2 AS IN EN 15978 % OF PURCHASED ENERGY 100 90 80 70 60 INVESTMENT LASKENNALLINEN THEORETICAL OUTPUT TUOTTO OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 50 40 30 20 CO2e-PÄÄSTÖJÄ WIND TURBINES: VÄHENTÄVÄ OSUUS: THE SHARE TUULITURBIINI REDUCING CO2- EMISSIONS OF ENERGY USE CO2e-PÄÄSTÖJÄ PV + BATTERY + DSM: VÄHENTÄVÄ OSUUS: THE SHARE REDUCING CO2- AURINKOPANEELIT+AKKU+DSM EMISSIONS OF ENERGY USE CO2e-PÄÄSTÖJÄ PV: VÄHENTÄVÄ OSUUS: THE SHARE AURINKOPANEELIT REDUCING CO2- ILMAN EMISSIONS AKKUA OF ENERGY USE 10 BENEFIT IN CO 2 0 THEORETICAL ANNUAL OUTPUT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM kwh/a 19
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE NET ZERO DEFINITION ANNUAL ENERGY BALANCE GIVES NEITHER INDICATION OF CO2-EMISSION LEVEL NOR LOAD MATCH THE ENERGY CALCULATION AS BY EPBD DOES NOT INCLUDE THE USER ELECTRICITY (PLUG IN ELECTRICITY) WHICH IN PRACTISE IS PART OF THE ENERGY USE IN THE BUILDING THE INVESTMENT COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IS ADDED IN THE PRICES OF CONSTRUCTION AND DWELLINGS THE QUALITY AND THE MAINTENANCE OF THE ON-SITE SYSTEMS CANNOT BE CONTROLLED THE EN STANDARD ON CARBON FOOTPRINT GIVES NO CREDIT FOR THE ENERGY FED TO THE GRID, WHICH IS THE SOLUTION WITH THE LOWEST INVESTMENT COST THE LOAD MATCH WITH THE SOLAR ENERGY IS POOR IN THE NORTH AND EXCELLENT IN THE SOUTH OFF-GRID APPROACH THE FIVE TREE HOUSE 20
SOURCE: Competition entry: Next Generation Sustainable House in Taiki-Cho. 2012. 21
70 % HEAT 21 % ELECTRICITY 22
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OFF-GRID BLOCK IN KEMPELE [2010] SOURCE: Fortel Components Oy STEPS TOWARDS MORE ADEQUATE TARGET SETTING 24
RakMK D3 2012 and NEARLY ZERO-ENERGY SOURCES: RakMK D3 2012; www.rehva.eu SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT - A DIRECTION OR A TARGET? BACK CASTING VISION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BUILT ENVIRONMENT TODAY 25
UP-GRADABLE BUILDING HOW TO MAKE USE OF EPBD AND nzebs? We need to clarify what we want to achieve by construction nzebs. Are the on-site systems primarily for the use of the buildings? Define the nearly Zero-energy so that the energy generated can be fully used in the buildings, even the peak season in energy generation Define the nearly Zero-energy so that the vital functions of the buildings are secured in the case of a grid failure OR: Are we trying to improve the energy mix in the grid? Define the target capacity for the on-site systems to replace certain existing high-emission capacity in the grid Define the nearly Zero-energy so that the target capacity gets constructed Secure the compensative capacity in the grid Arrange a viable financial compensation for the owners of the on-site systems and secure the maintenance of the systems Change the EN standard on carbon footprint calculation so that a building gets full benefit for feeding the grid 26
10 9 ONE TONNE LIFE 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 BEST WEEK DURING THE ONE TONNE LIFE EXPERIMENT: 1.5 t CO2-eqv / person, a IPCC: sustainable level 1.0 t CO2-eqv / person, a PRODUCTION OF COMPONENTS: backpack of 0.9 t CO2-eqv / person, a SOURCE: http://onetonnelife.com; photo: Kimmo Lylykangas SOURCE: www.onetonnelife.com 27
KUVA: Kimmo Lylykangas http://onetonnelife.com; photo: Kimmo Lylykangas HOW MUCH IS LEFT FOR ONE TONNE LIFE? 1 t CO 2 eqv/person,a MATERIALS LUUKKU HOUSE 2 persons 50 years life 0.15 t CO 2 eqv / person,a MATERIALS LUUKKU HOUSE 2 persons 100 years life 0.075 t CO 2 eqv / person,a 28
HOW MUCH IS LEFT FOR ONE TONNE LIFE? 1 t CO 2 eqv/person,a MATERIALS FIVE TREES HOUSE 4 persons 50 years life 0.075 t CO 2 eqv / person,a MATERIALS FIVE TREES HOUSE 4 persons 100 years life 0.038 t CO 2 eqv / person,a FEATURES OF MORE ADEQUATE CONCEPTS FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION RESPONDS TO THE CONTEXT: OUTSIDE-IN INSTEAD OF INSIDE OUT RECOGNIZES THE VARIATION IN BUILDING TYPES GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION BUILDING CULTURE USES AND USERS OF BUILDINGS RESPONDS TO THE PROBLEM IT IS SUPPOSED TO SOLVE OPERATES WITH ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE METRIX MOTIVATES THE OWNERS, THE USERS AND THE BUILDERS WITH ARGUMENTS WHICH ARE TRUE AND VERIFIABLE APPLIES A SINGLE STEP IN A CAREFULLY CONSIDERED BUT FLEXIBLE LONG-TERM STRATEGY BASED ON THE BACK CASTING METHOD AND THE HOLISTIC SUSTAINBILITY TARGETS 29
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 30