EPBD implementation in Finland

Transcription

1 EPBD implementation in Finland Professor, Fellow REHVA

2 EPBD recast 2010 is much more demanding than 2002 directive Primary energy kwh/m 2 required as energy performance indicator Target of nearly zero energy buildings (nzeb): - By 31 Dec 2020, for all new buildings - After 31 Dec 2018, for new buildings public authorities occupy and own Cost optimal energy performance requirements to be set 2013 (=primary energy leading to minimum life cycle cost) Strengthening of energy performance certificates Energy performance requirements for major renovations Requirements for technical systems Reference to EN standards to promote the use of standards and harmonize national codes From boiler inspection to heating system inspections Inspection of air conditioning systems DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU

3 Implementation schedule The laws and regulations shall be adopted and published in Member States by 9 July 2012 and most of requirements shall apply from 9 January 2013 Extra time for cost optimal reporting by 21 March 2013 (EC delegated regulation published 21 March 2012) Intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015, with a view to preparing the implementation of nzeb targets

4 EPBD implementation situation in 2008 EP requirements Primary en. or CO 2 em. Energy frame For components Denmark Italy Belgium Greece Germany Hungary Netherlands Portugal Austria Czech Latvia Slovenia Finland Lithuania Finland 2012 France Poland UK Spain Estonia Sweden Norway Source: Kurnitski J. Contrasting the principles of EP requirements and calculation methods in EU member states. REHVA journal, December 2008, Monthly Hourly simplified Dynamic simulation Calculation methods Situation in the member states after EPBD implementation in June 2008 regarding EP requirements for new buildings and calculation methods In the figure, the most developed available calculation method is shown; in many countries simplified methods may be used in parallel or for some building types

5 Finland 2008: Discussion about primary energy based energy frame was launched with the target to implement in the code in 2012 (Vapaavuori, Asuntoforum 2008) Jarek

6 Energiatodistus: virallisesti laskettu ja todellinen energiatehokkuus NEW ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATE (draft for comments ) WILL FIX THE MISMATCH OF ENERGY USE AND CERTIFICATE CLASS 2-kerroksinen kompakti pientalo 145 m 2 D5:n ja energiatodistuksen asetuksen mukaisesti laskettuna Laskentatapaus U-arvo, ulkoseinät LTO hyötysuhde ET-luku, Ostoenergia, kwh/br.m 2,a ET-luokka - kwh/br.m 2,a CO 2 -päästöt, kgco 2 /br.m 2,a Perustapaus suoralla sähkölämmityksellä C Perustapaus maalämpöpumpulla C Sähkölämm., parannettu n 50, LTO ja U-arvot A Maalämpö, parannettu n 50, LTO ja U-arvot B Nykyinen virallinen energiatehokkuustarkastelu johtaa päästöjen kasvuun kun lämmitystapaa ja primäärienergian käyttöä ei oteta huomioon (TKK, LVI-tekniikka 2008)

7 Development of energy codes in Finland C C C C C C D3 2012? External wall, W/(m 2 K) 0,40 0,29 0,28 0,25 0,24 0,17 0,17 Roof, W/(m 2 K) 0,35 0,23 0,22 0,16 0,15 0,09 0,09 Slab on ground, W/(m 2 K) 0,40 0,40 0,36 0,25 0,24 0,16 0,16 Window, W/(m 2 K) 2,1 2,1 2,1 1,4 1,4 1,0 1,0 Heat loss compensation limit, % vapaa Building leakage rate at 50 Pa n 50 = 4,0 n 50 = 4,0 n 50 = 4,0 q 50 = 4,0 Heat recovery annual efficiency, % Specific fan power, kw/(m 3 /s) 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 E-value for 150 m 2 house, kwh/(m 2 a) 162 nzeb codes were highly advanced for that time 25 years stagnant period before rapid changes after 2003 In 2012 systemic change from component based requirements to primary energy frame no more restrictions all solutions in direct competition Next changes: expected in one or two steps to nzeb requirements

8 How to compare energy performance requirements? Energy performance requirements have been improved in many countries with 2-3 years interval EPBD requires the use of primary energy as energy performance indicator, that is not yet implemented in all countries - some national energy performance frameworks use still the delivered energy (i.e. energy purchased to building without primary energy factors) - in some countries heat sources (heat pumps etc.) are not taken into account - lighting is typically considered, but appliances (plug loads) are not taken into account in all countries Quantitative comparison needs recalculation from primary energy to delivered energy, which can be compared in all countries A degree day correction of space heating is needed when comparing countries with central European and Nordic climate

9 Minimum energy performance requirements in some countries comparison for detached houses The figure shows maximum allowed delivered energy without household electricity and lighting (i.e. delivered energy to heating, hot water and ventilation systems) 150 m 2 house energy use for hot water heating 25 kwh/(m 2 a) in all countries electricity use of 5 kwh/(m 2 a) for fans of ventilation and 3 kwh/(m 2 a) for circulation pumps of water based heating assumed the rest of space and ventilation heating energy is degree-day corrected (base 17 C) to Copenhagen Max delivered energy, kwh/(m 2 a) Oil or gas boiler Electrical heating Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Germany Finland Source: Kurnitski J. Do national energy performance requirements promote or compromise good indoor climate? Healthy Buildings 2012.

10 Apartment and office buildings with district heating Apartment building Office building Max delivered energy, kwh/(m 2 a) Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Germany Finland Maximum allowed delivered energy in apartment and office buildings with district heating: Degree-day corrected to Copenhagen Delivered energy includes heating, hot water, ventilation and cooling in apartment buildings, and additionally lighting in office buildings Appliances and in apartment buildings lighting are not included

11 Cost optimal as a first step towards nzeb MS have to provide cost optimal calculations to evaluate the cost optimality of current minimum requirements (Articles 4&5): - The methodology called COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 published supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU - A comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements - Net present value calculation according to EN Global cost (=life cycle cost) sums construction cost and discounted energy and maintenance etc. costs for years period - MS have 12 months since publication (21 March 2012 in OJ) to report the cost optimal calculations - Cost optimal levels by 2013 can be seen as a first step towards nzeb

12 EPBD recast Nearly zero energy buildings nzeb In the directive nearly zero-energy building means a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. nzeb = very high energy performance + on-site renewables Definition of a very high energy performance and significant extent of renewables let for Member States Not possible without the utilisation of generated electricity, i.e. feed-in tariffs of net metering needed

13 Towards nzeb: Many countries have prepared long term roadmaps with detailed targets towards nearly zero energy buildings to improve energy performance of new buildings Helps industry to prepare/commit to the targets In Finland, the preparation of the roadmap is one measure in ERA17 national strategy 200 Estonia Primary energy, kwh/m 2 a Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

14 nzeb on site production needed E = ( E del, i f del, i ) ( Eexp, i f exp, i ) i A net i Delivered energy Total energy use of the building Exported energy System boundary of building technical systems Building site = system boundary of delivered and exported energy Delivered exported energy = energy use on site renewable Primary energy E is calculated from delivered E del,i and exported energy E exp,i accounted separately for each energy carrier i. A net is useful floor area. Primary energy factors f i may or may not be equal for delivered and exported energy carriers. Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

15 Denmark: nzeb performance requirements Residential buildings /A in kwh/m²a /A in kwh/m²a 20 kwh/m²a Primary energy Nonresidential buildings /A in kwh/m²a /A in kwh/m²a 25 kwh/m²a Primary energy factors Electricity District heat

16 Estonia: nzeb performance requirements 2013 Low-energy nzeb Residential buildings 160 in kwh/m²a 120 in kwh/m²a 50 kwh/m²a Primary energy (9 building types in total) Office buildings 160 in kwh/m²a 130 in kwh/m²a 100 kwh/m²a Primary energy factors Electricity 2.0 District heat 0.9 appliances and lighting in residential also included like in Finland (not in Denmark) 2013 reqs based on cost optimal calculations (2011) and more strict than in Finland

17 Finnish nzeb definition almost available Given in new energy performance certificate as class A (not published, draft version , in residential buildings primary energy E=60 kwh/(m 2 a)) E-values of class A are strict and require on site electricity/feed in to grid

18 Can nzeb buildings be constructed in Finland? RakMK D system boundary: Ostoenergian (järjestelmien) energiankulutuksen taseraja Auringon säteily ikkunoiden läpi Lämpökuorma ihmisistä Uusiutuva omavaraisenergia TILOJEN ENERGIANTARVE Lämmitys Jäähdytys Ilmanvaihto Käyttövesi Valaistus Kuluttajalaitteet NETTOTARPEET lämmitysenergia jäähdytysenergia sähkö TEKNISET JÄRJESTELMÄT Järjestelmähäviöt ja -muunnokset OSTOENERGIA sähkö kaukolämpö kaukojäähdytys polttoaineet uusituvat ja uusiutumattomat Lämpöhäviöt New energy code RakMK D is one of the most advanced in EU including simulation etc., but exported energy was left out from the system boundary in the last minute, because of ongoing process of preparation of feed-in rules To construct nzeb building one needs to assume feeding in to grid (and has to negotiate the contract with energy supplier)

19 System boundary in the draft of RakMK D3 System boundary of net delivered energy System boundary of delivered energy Solar gains/loads On site renewable energy w/o fuels ENERGY NEED Heating Cooling Ventilation DHW Lighting Appliances Heat gains from occupants Heat exchange NET ENERGY NEED heating energy cooling energy electricity BUILDING TECHNICAL SYSTEMS Energy use and production System losses and conversions DELIVERED ENERGY electricity district heat district cooling fuels (renewable and non-renewable) EXPORTED ENERGY electricity heating energy cooling energy Net delivered energy (electricity, district heat, district cooling, fuels)

20 Meaning of exported electricity: Lantti nzeb house/ Housing Fair 2012 Tampere Grid connected and feeds to grid about 4000 kwh/a Zero energy building according to EPBD definition, E=-1 kwh/(m 2 a) E = 50 kwh/(m 2 a) calculated with RakMK D system boundary

21 Lantti zero energy house from Housing Fair Tampere 2012

22 nzeb pilot apartment buildings in Kuopio and Järvenpää

23 Ympäristötalo, Viikki, 2011 First nzeb office building in Finland, E=85

24 Energy performance certificate In use all over EU not typical in the rest of world Classification defined on national bases Typically based on calculated energy use allows to compare buildings without the effects of operation times/user behaviour on energy use In some countries measured energy use included in parallel positive feedback from UK If based only on measured energy use, the certificate may lead to wrong energy savings (compromising indoor climate etc.) Indoor climate class very seldom included in the certificate, however energy use has no meaning if indoor climate not known

25 Proposed requirements in Finland for houses (draft ) Classification scale is based on calculated primary energy (the same E-value in the building code RakMK D3 2012) E-value is calcuated with standard use of building and calculation rules of building code Measured energy use may be included on voluntary bases Recommendations for energy performance improvement measures included Class A provides tentative definition for nzeb performance level

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27 Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems included in EPBD Article 14 Inspection of heating systems - Not limited to boilers but deals with all parts of heating system Article 15 Inspection of air-conditioning systems - Not limited to chillers but deals with all accessible parts of airconditioning systems For both inspections an alternative measures to advice users in replacements and modifications of systems may be developed This alternative approach shall be with equivalent overall impact = Finnish choice

28 Conclusions Finland was a pioneer in energy efficiency in 1970s and 1980s, and a new wave with rapid changes started about 5 years ago too short period to achieve forerunner position nzeb pilot buildings, one of the most advanced new building code, knowledge and skills to construct nzeb buildings exist in Finland administrative capacity in the preparation of EPBD-compliant legislation is likely the limiting factor: - Exported energy left out from the official system boundary - Energy performance certificate not yet published (two calculations, with old and new system, needed to apply the building permit) - Cost optimal calculations ongoing First building code in Finnish history for renovation under preparation (draft June 4, 2012) another example of EPBD initiated progress