15.1 Darwin s Observations" Topics on Evolution & Classification" (Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18)" Describe the patterns of diversity Darwin observed on his journeys. 15.2 Ideas that shaped Darwin s thinking Lamarck s vs Darwin s theory of evolution 15.3 Darwin s Theory of Evolution" Natural selection -Natural variation & artificial selection Evidence for evolution - Describe and know the four lines supporting Darwin s theory 16.1 Evolution of Populations: Genes & Variation" What is a gene pool? How do gene pools change? Sources of genetic variation 16.2 Types of natural selection" What are the differences between directional vs stabilizing vs disruptive 16.3 Speciation" Describe and differentiate between the three types of reproductive isolation Describe the three methods of speciation. - What is genetic drift? How does it differ from gene flow?
17.4 Patterns of Evolution Effects of mass extinction on populations Describe and know the differences between the four patterns of evolution 18.1 Scientific Names What does binomial nomenclature mean? How are scientific names different from common names? Why are scientific names important when classifying organisms Describe and know the differences between the four patterns of evolution. Know the levels of Linnaeus s classification system. 18.3 Kingdoms & Domains Understand the three-domain system. What are the six kingdoms? What are features of each?
Review for Test on Evolution & Classification 1. Which ideas proposed by Lamarck were found to be incorrect? - Acquired characteristics can be inherited. - Natural variation 2. Differences among individuals of a species are referred to as what? 3. An inherited characteristic that increases an organism s ability to survive and reproduce is called what? - Adaptation 4. What are three fundamental differences between the evolutionary theories proposed by Lamarck and Darwin? 1. Lamarck i. Animals strive to improve ii. Used body parts get bigger, unused get smaller iii. Major change is passed down from one generation to the next iv. Change occurs in individuals 2. Darwin i. advantages are random variations ii. some varieties are more suited than others these are more successful iii. Change is gradual over a long time iv. change occurs in populations of species - Lamarck was among the first to recognize that living things changed over time and that organisms were adapted to their environments. Lamarck s explanation for the process of evolution, however, was incorrect. 5. Fitness is a result of this? - Fitness occurs through ongoing adaptation. 6. How does natural variation affect populations? - Natural variation provides the raw materials for natural selection, which leads to evolution. 7. What does fossil evidence show about evolution? - Fossils provide evidence of the way species changed over time.
8. What is a vestigial organ? Give an example. - An organ that has no longer has a function. An example is a hip bone in whales. 9. Summarize the main ideas of Darwin s theory of evolution. Contrast these ideas with Lamarck s. - See above (#4) 10.The combined genetic information of all members of a population forms this? - Gene pool 11. What is the measure of the success of an organism in surviving and reproducing? - Fitness 12.In what type of selection do individuals of average size have greater fitness than small or large individuals? - Stabilizing selection 13.Which type of selection has individuals with the highest fitness at one end of the curve? - Directional selection 14.A random change in a small population s allele frequency is known as what? - Genetic drift 15.What is the evolution of Darwin s finches an example of? - Speciation 16.How do stabilizing and disruptive selection differ? - In stabilizing selection, individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end. In disruptive selection, individuals at both ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the center. 17.What is genetic drift? In what kinds of populations does genetic drift occur? - Random change in allele frequencies in a population. It occurs in small populations. 18.What is the process that produces a similar appearance among unrelated organisms? - Convergent evolution
19.Explain the process of adaptive radiation. Provide an example. - Species evolve into several different forms that live in different ways; an example includes the evolution of mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs. 20.Explain the pattern known as punctuated equilibrium. - Pattern of evolution in which long periods of little or no evolutionary change are interrupted by brief periods of change. 21.Use an example to explain the concept of coevolution. - Two species evolving in response to changes in each other over time. An example is the hawk moth and orchid flower. 22.List the levels of classification from the broadest (most number of members) to the most specific. - Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Figure 16 1 23.What has occurred in each graph (A, B, & C) in figure 16-1? - Graph A: The average beak size of the birds represented in graph A has increased through directional selection. There are now no birds with very small beaks, and some birds with very large beaks have evolved. - Graph B: Stabilizing selection has occurred. There are more birds with a body mass of average size. - Graph C: Disruptive selection has occurred. There are more birds with smaller or larger beak sizes, and no birds having the average beak size. 24.Which of the three graphs in Figure 16-1 might show a population of birds that specialize in different types of food? Explain. - Graph C in Figure 16-1 shows a population with two very different beak sizes, which indicates that the birds could be eating different foods. 25.What factor or condition might have led to the change shown in Graph A of Figure 16-1 - A change in the birds environment, such as the introduction of a larger kind of food, could have caused the directional selection in favor of larger beaks.