Unit 4 Lesson 1 Geography and Early India

Unit 4 Lesson 1 Geography and Early India

Lesson 1 Geography and Early India Daily Warm-Up Directions read each question. Write both the question and in the answer in your notebook. 1. The Harappan civilization developed in the valley of which river? a. The Inga b. The Tigris c. The Indus d. The Nile 2. What are the seasonal wind patterns that cause India s wet and dry seasons? a. monsoons b. typhoons c. tornadoes d. hurricanes 3. Entering India from the north was difficult because of the presence of which mountains? a. the Himalayas b. the Andes c. the Appalachian d. the Urals 4. In what language were the sacred hymns and poems of the Aryans composed? a. Persian b. Hindi c. Aryan d. Sanskrit 5. What is the term for a large landmass that is smaller than a continent and often separated from the main landmass by physical barriers such as mountains? a. country b. subcontinent c. subdivision d. nation state 6. Abhilasha of Mahenjo-Daro spends about 8 minutes helping each customer at her tent in the market. How long does she spend with 7 customers?

Generalization: Cultures in similar conditions often develop in similar ways Big Ideas Indian civilization first developed on the Indus River

India - so big considered a subcontinent - Mountains separate India from Eurasia - Himalayas - highest mountains in the world - include Mt. Everest - Hindu Kush - Desert - Fertile Plains - Major Rivers - Indus River site of first civilization - Ganges River -describe what is the shape of the Indian subcontinent? Roughly triangular -contrast how is the geography of the northeastern part of the subcontinent different from the northwest? Northwest mountainous; northwestern desert

1. What mountains separate the northern and southern parts of India? 2. What rivers flow through India?

India s Climate - hot and humid climate - Heavily influenced by Monsoons - in summer, bring heavy rains - 100 to 200 inches of rain - can cause major flooding - warn dry winters caused by winds from the mountains 1. Identify What kind of climate does Karachi have? 2. Infer Based on the map, which city receives more rainfall Karachi or Colombo? -elaborate- why is India called a subcontinent? India is very large and separated from the main continent by mountains -recall- where did Harappan civilization develop? The Indus River Valley

1. Location Locate Kolkata on the summer monsoon map. Why do you think Kolkata receives so much rain in the summer? 2. Compare Find Kolkata on the winter monsoon map. Does the city receive more or less rainfall in the winter? Why is there a difference in rainfall from summer to winter? 3. Hunan- Environment Interaction What might life be like for the people in Kolkata in summer? In winter?

draw conclusion how do you think monsoons affected settlement in India? People probably settled where monsoon rains helped farming but tried to avoid places where flooding was common

-compare- recall what you have learned about Egypt. How does the Harappans control of the countryside east and west of the Indus River compare to the Egyptians control of the Nile Valley? The Harappan civilization was spread across more of the countryside. Egyptian control was limited to a very narrow band along the Nile

Harappan Civilization - India s first civilization located on the Indus River - River Valley Civilization - named after first city found Harappa - 2300 BC to 1700 BC - two major cities -- Harappa and Mohenjo Daro - well planned - paved roads brick - public wells Did you know the name Mohenjo Daro means the mound of the dead Place- note the settlements not on a river. What can we conclude about them? Farms that supported these settlements had sources of water besides rivers

Achievements - indoor plumbing - craftsmen (pottery, jewelry, ivory and cotton) - system of weights and measures - writing system (we still can t read) -analyze- what is one reason that scholars do not completely understand some important parts of Harappan society? Scholars have yet to learn how to read their language 1. Location In what modern country were Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro found? 2. Place What physical features may have helped isolate or protect the Indus Valley civilization?

Disappeared Why historians are not sure - destroyed by invaders - Indus River changed course and flooded farmland - disease swept through cities - destroyed by natural disasters - floods - earthquakes - fires - shift of resources - Survivors called Dravidians

Aryan Migration - originated in Central Asia (steppes) - nomadic herders but became farmers - arrived in the 2000s BC - Vedas source of our information - poems, hymns, myths and rituals - Language - originally no written language info originally memorized - spoken language called Sanskrit - later a written form developed - no longer spoken, but root of many other languages -explain- why did the Aryans memorize their poems and hymns? Because they didn t have a written language -evaluate- why are the Vedas so important to historians? Because so much of what we know about the Aryans comes from them

1. Name What river flows through the Indus Valley? 2. Direction From which direction did the Aryans come from? 3. Movement What physical barrier did the Aryans have to cross to migrate into India? 4. Inference Why might the Aryans path of migration have avoided the western region of India?

Making Inferences As you read about world history you will come across a lot of new information. Making inferences shows that you can apply your knowledge as your read. Government and Society As nomads, the Aryans took along their herds of animals as they moved. But over time, they settled in villages and began to farm. Unlike the Harappans, they did not build beg cities. The Aryan political system was also different from the Harappan system. The Aryans lived in small communities based mostly on family ties. No single ruling authority existed. Instead, each group had its own leader, often a skilled warrior. Aryan villages were governed by rajas. A raja was a leader who ruled a village and the land around it. Villagers farmed some of this land for the raja. They used other sections as pastures for their cows, horses, sheep and goats. Although many rajas were related, they didn t always get along. Sometimes rajas joined forces before fighting a common enemy. Other times, however, rajas went to war against each other. In fact, Aryan groups fought each other nearly as often as they fought outsiders. Question: Why did the Aryans not built big cities like the Harappans did? 1. Information inside the text 2. Information outside the text 3. Inference

Aryan Government and Social Structure - lived in small communities based on family - ruled by warlord called rajas - could fight together but also each other

Matching 1. monsoon a. A large landmass that is smaller than a continent, such as India. 2. Sanskrit b. A seasonal wind pattern that causes wet and dry seasons. 3. subcontinent c. The most important language of ancient India. - contrast- how was Aryan culture different from Harappan culture? Aryan-migrants from Central Asia, small settlements based on family ties, kept livestock and later farmed, each village ruled by a raja, no writing system. Harappan in the Indus River Valley, created fortified and well-planned cities, may have had a strong central government, created India s first writing system -elaborate- why is the Harappan culture considered a civilization? Hand well-planned cities with technical advances, writing system, division of labor as shown by wide range of objects created