ENERGY 2: BIOSPHERE Ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
O R G A N I Z A T I O N 1. Biosphere- zone on Earth where all organisms are found 2. Ecosystem- areas where living & nonliving things interact Biotic factor- living parts of ecosystem (plants, animals, microbes, wastes & remains) Abiotic factor- non-living parts of ecosystem ( light, temperature, water, weather, soil) - help determine which organisms can live in an ecosystem
3. Habitat- parts of ecosystems; place where organism lives Supplies all biotic & abiotic factors organism needs: air, water, warmth, food Different organisms need different habitats EXAMPLES: canopy of forest, rotting log, intertidal pool
4. Niche- how an organism acts within its ecosystem to survive (its role) EXAMPLES: *Some plants grow on sunny rock *Some plants grow in shade *Worms and bacteria break down dead organisms for energy & recycle nutrients into ecosystem
L E V E L S : LEVEL 1: Species- group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring EXAMPLES: Taraxacum officinale Terrapene carolina Carolina (Common dandelion) (Eastern Box Turtle)
LEVEL 2: Population- all organisms of a species that live in same place at the same time Members compete for resources EXAMPLE: White-tailed deer living in a wooded area; eat twigs, leaves, grasses; -when vegetation is low, population may gets smaller; -when vegetation is high, population may grow
LEVEL 3: Community- made up of all populations that live in an area at the same time EXAMPLE: wetland community in NC may include white-tailed deer, raccoons, muskrat, black bears, turtles, snakes, fish, insects, grasses, shrubs, trees
LEVEL 4: Ecosystem- made up of one or more communities and their nonliving environment; biotic factors, abiotic factors Terrestrial- on land (forests, deserts, grasslands Freshwater- river, streams, lakes, wetlands Marine- oceans, salt-water
N C s E C O S Y S T E M S Temperate deciduous forest Rivers Coast Temperate: hot/cold seasons Deciduous: leaves shed in the Autumn
C Y C L I N G O F E N E R G Y Food chain- flow of energy from one organism to another as they are eaten Food web- diagram showing the possible flow of energy in an ecosystem; multiple possibilities of flow
http://mcdowellscienceexam.weebly.com/ecology.html
T R O P H I C L E V E L S : Primary producerplant or bacteria Primary consumerherbivore Secondary consumercarnivore Tertiary consumer- Quaternary consumer
A U T O T R O P H S MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: Most autotrophic production and grazing is controlled by microscopic organisms rather than the larger predators in the food web TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: Most autotrophic production is done by plants and grazing done by large herbivores on land
~ Energy is used by the organism below it on the pyramid. ~ 10% of Energy is passed to the next organism Decomposers return molecules to soil and atomosphere
MOST PRODUCTIVITY IS WHERE? MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: -estuaries & ecosystems closest to shore: most productive -open ocean: less productivity except at upwellings -bottom ocean: dependent upon surface detritus TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: -ecosystems with warm climates and adequate resources including water: Rainforest
R E L A T I O N S H I P S Coexistence- organisms that live in the same habitat but rely on different resources and so do not compete dolphins and porpoises all get along and share their ocean home http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/dolphins _and_porpoises/index.html
Competition- occurs when organisms in an ecosystem try to get the same resources Intraspecific- between members of same species Male lions compete for females and pride dominance http://teacherprobs.com/do-you-know-basic-biology/
Interspecific- between members of different species Grizzly bears & wolves fight for resources at Yellowstone http://article.wn.com/view/2014/10/16/federal_officials_investi gate_grizzly_bear_death/
Cooperation- a helpful interaction among organisms living in a limited area; work together Intraspecific- between members of same species Ants work together in colonies
Interspecific- between members of different species Mutualism: cleaner fish consume parasites on client fish https://whalesandmarinefauna.wordpress.com/2010/09/24/whale-sharks-killed-displaced-by-gulf-oil-usa/
Predation- relationship in which one animal hunts, kills, and eats another Orca feeds on seals; seals feed on octopus
Symbiosis- a close relationship between two different species of organisms living together Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit (cooperation) some fish are cleaned by another organism living on its body. AND the parasites on the fish are food for the organism cleaning the fish
MUTUALISM: Terrestrial Non-toxic acacia trees & ants most acacia trees have toxic thorns. Some that do not, have ant defenders! The ants are nourished by sugar-water produced by the tree just for the ant & the ant viciously attacks anything trying to feed from its host plant! Acacia tree Benefits: no herbivores ants Benefits: free food BACK
Symbiosis- a close relationship between two different species of organisms living together Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits without hurting or helping the other organism Clownfish live in the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. They are coated in mucous, which protects them from the anemone's sting
COMMENSALISM: Terrestrial Hyena/vulture & lion: lion kills his meal, this leaves food for scavengers Hyena/vulture Benefits: gets food lion Not affected BACK
Symbiosis- a close relationship between two different species of organisms living together Parasitism- a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed Fish has parasites
PARASITISM: Terrestrial Cowbird & other grassland birds brown-headed cowbird is a notorious brood parasite. It will lay its eggs in another bird s nest so that the other bird will hatch & raise its chicks. cowbird Benefits: its eggs get hatched & raised Other bird Hurts: its eggs get ruined & young out-compete BACK
Mimicry- one species mimics another for its own protection Banded snake eel the harmless banded snake eel may imitate a more dangerous banded sea snake Banded sea snake
camouflage- having color or shape that blends into the surroundings -The Mimic octopus changes shape to resemble a Lionfish, sea snake or a stingray.
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: B A L A N C E S TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: -detritus supports microbes & bacteria -macrophytes (large algae) support first order consumers -grazers eat algal blooms -predators keep fish population in check Most autotrophic production is done by plants and grazing done by large herbivores on land -predators keep herbivores in check
C Y C L E S Carbon cycle- cycling of the element C throughout the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere using the following processes: Photosynthesis- autotrophs use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose Cellular respiration- all cells use this process of converting glucose into usable energy ATP Decomposition- breaking down of organic matter back into smaller elements/molecules Combustion- burning of organic matter, creating a chemical reaction producing heat
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, combustion
C Y C L E S Nitrogen Cycle- cycling of the element N throughout the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere using the following processes: Nitrogen fixation- process by which bacteria convert atmospheric N into a usable form for plants to uptake; lightning strikes can also do it Denitrification- process by which bacteria convert N into atmospheric N2
Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation Ammonification, Denitrification
C Y C L E S Phosphorus Cycle- cycling of the element P throughout the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere through assimilation of it by plants from the soil, throughout the energy web, and decomposition into the lithosphere again
plant assimilation energy web transfer decomposition