14.1. Every organism has a habitat and a niche. A habitat differs from a niche. Interactions in Ecosystems CHAPTER 14.
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1 SECTION 14.1 HABITAT AND NICHE Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. VOCABULARY habitat ecological niche competitive exclusion ecological equivalent A habitat differs from a niche. 1. What is the difference between an organism s habitat and its ecological niche? 2. food hunting behavior other lions trees watering hole wildebeest zebra sand temperature grass savanna Determine which ecological factors are a part of a lion s niche and which are a part of a lion s habitat by placing the above items in the correct column. Habitat Niche Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company Resource availability gives structure to a community. 3. What is competitive exclusion? Study Guide 145
2 Section14.1STUDYGUIDECONTINUED 4. What are the three possible outcomes of competitive exclusion? 5. What are ecological equivalents? 6. Explain why ecological equivalents do not share the same niche. Vocabulary Check 7. The term habitat comes from a Latin word which means to dwell. Explain how this word origin relates to the definition of a habitat. 8. In competitive exclusion, who is competing and who gets excluded? 9. What does equivalent mean in math? How does that meaning relate to ecological equivalents? Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company 146 Study Guide
3 SECTION 14.2 COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and in populations. VOCABULARY competition symbiosis commensalism predation mutualism parasitism Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. Next to each situation described below, write whether it is an example of interspecific competition or intraspecific competition. 1. Two squirrels race up a tree to reach a hidden pile of nuts. 2. A hyena chases off a vulture to feast on an antelope carcass. 3. Different species of shrubs and grasses on the forest floor compete for sunlight. 4. Brown bears hunting for fish on a river s edge fight over space. 5. Male big horn sheep butt heads violently in competition for mates. 6. Draw and label a sketch that represents an example of a predator-prey interaction. Study Guide 147
4 Section14.2STUDYGUIDECONTINUED Symbiosis is aclose relationship between species. 7. For each type of symbiotic relationship, complete the chart with details about how each organism is impacted using the terms Benefits, Harmed, or No impact. For each situation, assume that Organism A initiates the relationship. Symbiotic Relationship Organism A Organism B mutualism commensalism parasitism 8. How is parasitism similar to and different from predation? 9. What is the difference between endoparasites and ectoparasites? Vocabulary Check 10. The term symbiosis comes from a Greek term which means living together. How does this word origin help to explain the definition of symbiosis? 11. Use your knowledge of the word mutual to write a definition for mutualism. 12. The word commensalism comes from the Latin m ensa, meaning table, and com-, meaning with. If I come to your table to eat your food, I benefit but you don t. Draw a sketch to show this meaning to help you remember it. 148 Study Guide
5 SECTION 14.3 POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Each population has a density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy. VOCABULARY population density population dispersion survivorship curve Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. 1. What is the formula for calculating population density? 2. What might cause the population density of a population of deer to increase? Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a population are spaced. 3. In the boxes below, draw and label the three types of population dispersion patterns. 4. List two reasons why a population might live in a clumped dispersion and two reasons why a population might live in a uniform dispersion. Study Guide 149
6 Section14.3STUDYGUIDECONTINUED a species. Survivorship curves help to describe the reproductive strategy of 5. What is meant by the term reproductive strategy? What accounts for differences in reproductive strategies? 120 Number of survivors Type I Type II Type III Percentage of maximum life span Takealookateachofthesurvivorshipcurvesshownabove.Nexttoeachtypeoforganism listed below, write in the space provided whether it is an example of Type I, Type II, or Type III survivorship. 6. lion 7. bird 8. reptile 9. small mammal 10. invertebrate 11. fish Vocabulary Check 14. What is the difference between population density and population dispersion? 12. giraffe 13. human 150 Study Guide
7 SECTION 14.4 POPULATION GROWTH PATTERNS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. VOCABULARY immigration logistic growth density-dependent limiting factor emigration carrying capacity density-independent limiting factor exponential growth population crash Changes in a population s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. Choose a word from the box below that best completes each sentence. births emigration deaths immigration 1. When resources are abundant in a particular area, individuals may move into the population of this area. This movement of individuals into a population from a different population is called. Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company 2. Averycoldwinterhas left many deer in a population hungry and sick. By the end of the winter, this population will likely decrease because of. 3. A deer population experiences growth when the rate of reproduction increases. This change in population size is due to. 4. As humans move into their territory, many members of a deer population move away and join other herds. This movement of individuals out of a population into a new population is called. 5. How does the availability of resources affect population growth? Study Guide 151
8 Section14.4STUDYGUIDECONTINUED Populationgrowthis based on available resources. 6. In the space below, draw and label the two different types of population growth curves. Write a brief description next to each graph. 7. What type of population growth curve shows a carrying capacity? 8. What type of population growth is at risk for a population crash? Explain why. Ecological factors limit population growth. 8. List three examples of density-dependent limiting factors. 9. List three examples of density-independent limiting factors. Vocabulary Check Explain why each pair of words below are opposites. 10. emigrate/immigrate 11. density-dependent limiting factor/density-independent limiting factor 12. exponential growth/logistic growth 152 Study Guide
9 SECTION 14.5 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Ecological succession is aprocess of change in the species that make up a community. VOCABULARY succession primary succession pioneer species secondary succession Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem. 1. What is ecological succession? 2. Fill in the chart below with a description and simple sketch of the four main steps of primary succession. Include the amount of time it takes for each stage of this process. Study Guide 153
10 Section14.5STUDYGUIDECONTINUED 3. Fill in the chart below with a description and simple sketch of the four main steps of secondary succession. Include the amount of time it takes for each stage of this process. Vocabulary Check 4. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? 5. Use your knowledge of the word pioneer to write a definition for the term pioneer species. 154 Study Guide
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