Inspection and Audit procedures applied in buildings in the region of Athens Dr. M.N. Assimakopoulos Lecturer National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Introduction The Aim To produce an initial, interim and final set of Inspection and Audit procedures for the rest of the action. To be used to underpin the Field Trials and Case Studies undertaken in the action, and will be refined in the light of the findings from the Field Trials and Case Studies (WP4). Final outcome: a set of trialled Inspection procedures for use by the actors in this field. WP Leader NKUA WP Participants NKUA WSA-CU POLITO ARMINES INEGI ULg UL A.E.A 2
Introduction Three Tasks : Task 1. Update A/C systems definitions Task 2. Development of a preliminary Inspection methodology Task 3. Production of a set of draft and final Inspection procedures for use by the action and as a deliverable at the end of the project 3
Task 1: Update A/C systems definitions System Type Centralized Non Centralized Local Systems Central Systems Packaged Air Conditioning Units Mounted Capacity Systems (VRF) Close Control Rooftop Heat Generators Primary System Cold Generators Air Based System Secondary System Water Based System Air and Water Based System Water Source Heat Pump (WSHP) Heat Pump Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) Single Packaged Unit Single Duct Unit Split-Packaged Unit Multi-Split Packaged Unit Water Loop Heat Pump According to CEN and ASHRAE 4
Task 2: Development of the preliminary Inspection Methodology Aim of pre-inspection: familiarisation with the building, the installed AC system from the documentation and the service/maintenance performed Pre-inspection methodology comprises the collection of important information before visiting the site of the system (as-built files, info from building manager, energy bills etc.) Evaluating energy use and AC system before inspection/audit helps identify potential savings and makes best use of time spent The preliminary methodology will be tested in pilot buildings and possible problems will be identified Outcome of task: a tested methodology on the collection of the relevant information from buildings 5
Task 2: Development of the preliminary Inspection Methodology Preliminary Data collection (pre-inspection) about the actual building, the installed HVAC system, its current and designed use, and building occupancy -> identification of possible areas of concern or just reassurance of normal operation) Physical Inspection Determination of the existence of faults or possible improvements (within the time periods determined from Field Trials) 0.5 to 2 days in total on-site, visual verifications, analysis of as built records, system manual, possible complaints and operating costs. short tests of functional performances but without, or with very limited, additional instrumentation 6
Task 2: Development of the preliminary Inspection Methodology 3. Inventory of the thermal equipment + information documented description of plants from building owners or facility managers or a detailed tour in the building 4. Different phases (of inspection) first phase: collection of the information and evaluation of the collected data second phase: site visit (walk-through) third phase: formal analysis and reporting of these 2 phases 7 7
Task 2: Development of the preliminary Inspection Methodology Analysis and Reporting (inspector). Inspector s own expertise and experience Tools proposed by HARMONAC CAT Tool Bill Analyser Benchmark SimAudit Identification of possible ECO-s through the evaluation of: cooling load building profile analysing energy data 8
Definition of the information to be collected for the building Inspection Item Short Description Time (mins) ECO s Savings Teaching Package PI2 List of documentati on 2 to 60 mins x to y% or energy/m 2 Hyperlink to teaching package area(s) related to this item 9 9
Definition of the information to be collected for the building # List of Documentation Availability Notes Building Energy performance certification Yes No If exists may provide info for the rest of the section As-built file, if as-built file does not exist, project for Yes No If exists may provide info for the rest of the execution section If exists may provide info for the rest of the Book of operation, service and maintenance Yes No section Complaints Yes No Report of the last regular inspection of the system Yes No PI2 Commissioning information Balancing Yes No Energy saving measures already applied Yes No Is there a BMS system installed? Ability to record system operation data (A/C energy consumption, temperature etc) Yes No Time interval of recording: Calibration and maintenance operations carried out on control systems and sensors, or BMS systems and sensors. Yes No 10 Monitoring station which is used to continually observe the performance of equipment (eg. submetering, dedicated loggers etc) Yes No Parameters monitored: Efficiency of equipment: 10
Definition of the information to be collected for the building Inspection Item PI4 Short Description General zone data (conditioned area & volume, occupancy, installed power) Time (mins) 10 to 60 mins ECO s E4.1 Savings ECO s x to y% or energy/m 2 Teaching Package Hyperlink to teaching package area(s) related to this item 11 11
Definition of the information to be collected for the building # General zone data Notes Zone ID Area conditioned [m 2 ]:. PI4 Volume conditioned [m 3 ]:. Maximum number of occupants:. Number of storeys:. Installed lighting and appliances power [W/m 2 ] (estimated or known) : Main use of zone: 12 12
Definition of the Information to be collected for every A/C system and component Inspection Item Short Description Time (mins) ECO s Savings Teaching Package PI13 Heating equipment (power, age etc) 1 to 30 mins P2.6 x to y% or energy/m 2 Hyperlink to teaching package area(s) related to this item 13 13
Definition of the Information to be collected for every A/C system and component # Heating Equipment (+) Age (years) Power [kw] Notes PI13 14 Oil boiler n.... Oil condensing boiler n.... Gas boiler n.... Gas condensing boiler n.... District heating transfer station n.... CHP (combined heat and power system) n.... Biomass boiler Type of n.... biomass:.. Coal-fired boiler n.... Electrical storage heating n.... Heat pump n.... Other: n.... 14
Task 3: Development of the final Inspection Methodology General requirements Recording of data and notes Photographic records Commentary Inspection Methodology I: Packaged A/C Systems Unitary packaged unit Split packaged unit Multi-split packaged unit Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems Inspection Methodology II: Centralised A/C Systems Centralised air systems Centralised cooled water systems Water loop/reversible heat pump systems Possibility of system packaged and centralised 15
Task 3: Development of the final Inspection Methodology Factors affecting air conditioning system efficiency the inherent efficiency of the system the refrigeration equipment that removes heat, the refrigerant fluid chosen, and its charge in the system, heat rejection to atmosphere, the delivery of cooled air or water to, or other means of absorbing heat from, the treated spaces, any associated ventilation air supply and/or extract system. its state of maintenance its effective control Sampling Good practice inspection and maintenance Time needed for inspection 16
Time needed MOST TIME CONSUMING PROCEDURES Building Description Average time required (s/m2) General zone data 0,49 HVAC system description and operating setpoints per zone 0,40 Construction details 0,40 Images of zone/buildings 0,31 Annual energy consumption of the building 0,24 Centralised System Inspection Average time required (s/m2) Locate relevant plant and compare details 2,40 Floor plans and schematics of air conditioning systems 1,75 Details of installed refrigeration plant 0,75 An estimate of the design cooling load for each system 0,75 Description of system control zones, with schematic drawings 0,61 17
Average time consumed 18
Case Studies Field Trials FT1: Architectural office FT2: Health Club FT3: Super Market FT4: Conference Centre FT5: Library FT6: Cultural centre FT7: Educational Building FT8: Law Firm FT9: Nursery FT10: Office Building FT11: Primary School FT12: Real Estate Company FT13: Shipping Company FT14: Town Hall FT15: University Conference Centre FT16: High School FT17: Hotel Some of them will be used as case studies(monitored for a longer period) 19
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club Overview of building and system Area Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Space Usage Floor Area (m²) Height (m) SPORTS: Health club/weight room 194,4 3,7 21 SPORTS: Health club/weight room 32,1 3,7 4 SPORTS: Health club/weight room 94 3,7 10 Occupancy (persons) SPORTS: Health club/weight room 41,7 3,7 5 20 20
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club HVAC s System a. Heating and Cooling The gym area is heated, cooled and ventilated. This is heated and cooled to the design conditions by means of an Air to Water Heat Pump generating chilled and/or heating water operating in conjunction with an Air Handling Unit. b. Ventilating- Air Distribution c. HVAC control 21 21
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club System Zone Description Heating/Cooling Production Normalised/m 2 GIA Notes Conditioned net Area 362,2 [m 2 ] Zone 1 Heat pump (cooling mode) nominal 53,0 [kw] cooling capacity 0,146 Heat pump nominal electrical demand 20,38 [kw] 0,056 Heat pump chilled water circulation pumps nominal electric demand 1,4[kW] COP 2.6 - Operation Hours 05.00-22.00 -. Conditioned net Area 362,2 [m 2 ] - Zone 1 Heat pump (heating mode) nominal 87,0 [kw] heating capacity 0,24 Heat pump hot water circulation 1,4[kW] pumps nominal electrical demand Nominal Efficiency 2.71 - Operation Hours 05.00-22.00 -. 22 22
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club System Zone Description Other HVAC system components Fan section Supply Fan Motor Power Input (Nominal) 4 KW 2,2 KW Return Fan Motor Max Airflow 13,148 L/s 12,884 L/s External Static Pressure 350 Pa 150 Pa Final Filter Type EU4 Efficiency >90% Press Drop 60 Pa Indoor Environment Parameters per zone Ventilation Rate [ach] Indoor Relative Humidity [%] Indoor air Temperature [ºC] Winter/Summer (state whether air temperature or operative temperature) Measure/observe - Winter/Summer (average) N/A N/A 20 CDB /26 CDB Outdoor Environment Parameters Outdoor air temperature [ºC] Winter/Summer Outdoor Relative Humidity [%] Winter/Summer Design +3 CDB/ 35 CDB N/A Measure/observe - Winter/Summer (average) N/A N/A 23 23
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club Heat Generator and Pumps Boiler Identification Manufacture/Model Year 2008 CARRIER/ 30RH090 Equipment Type Fuel Type HEAT PUMP ELECTRICITY Performance Data Nominal Heating Capacity [kw] 87 Installed Heating Capacity /m 2 GIA 87/362.2=0,24 Nominal Efficiency [%] 2,71 Water outlet temperature [ºC] 35 Water inlet temperature [ºC] 30 Electrical data Power supply [V/Ph/Hz] 400/3/50 Start-up amps [A] 199,8 Auxiliary Equipment Fan Electrical Demand [kw] 1 Pumps Electric Demand [kw] 1,4 Other 24 24
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club Annual Energy consumption by System s Component 25 25
Example of a case study FT2: Health Club Annual Energy consumption by System s Component 26 26
Example of a case study FT5: Library General building data Country/City Greece/ Athens Latitude/Longitude[º] 37,58/23,43 Elevation [m] 22 Cooling Degree Days Building Sector/Main Activity Library- reading rooms Total net floor area [m 2 ] 4.630 Ceiling height [m 2 ] Number of floors 4 Building Description Building Sector /Main Activity Libraries and reading rooms Gross net Area[m 2 ] 4.630 Max number Occupants Nº Zones 4 Zone Description Zone ID Activity Type Gross net Area Nº Occupants Zone 1 library 604,38 Zone 2 Library 1.342 Zone 3 Reading room 1.342 Zone 4 Reading room 1.342 27
Example of a case study FT5: Library Internal gains and schedules 1000.00 CO2 concentration (ppm) Higher concentration 1000 ppm for an 8 hour exposure 900.00 Equipment electric loads/schedules Office equipment [W/m 2 ] 3.6 Working schedule 8 am-4 pm (7am 8pm) Cleaning staff schedule Lighting [W/m 2 ] 0.84 Lighting control BMS Lighting schedule Environment parameters Indoor Environment Parameters Ventilation Rate [ach] CO2 threshold / CO2 measured [ppm] 650 Indoor Relative Humidity [%] Indoor air Temperature [ºC] 21.8 Lighting [lux] Mean Radiant Temperature [ºC] Sound pressure [dba] Acoustic 800.00 700.00 600.00 500.00 measurement1 measurement 2 measurement 3 measurement 4 measurement 5 Measured levels of CO 2 concentration in the office areas of the GSIS building Zones Temperature ( o C) K1 20.4 K2 22.2 K3 22.5 K4 21.3 T OUT 16.6 28 period: 20/3/08 to 16/4/08
Example of a case study FT5: Library Boiler Identification LPCA- Manufacture/Model 125- HMB Year 2007 Heat Equipment Type pump Electri Fuel Type city Performance Data Nominal Heating Capacity [kw] 508.1 Installed Heating Capacity /m 2 GIA 0.22 Nominal Efficiency [%] 3.17 Water outlet temperature [ºC] 45 Water inlet temperature[ºc] 40 Electrical data Power supply [V/Ph/Hz] Start-up amps [A] 400/3/ 50 29
Measurements on site 34.0 C 34 AR01 32 30 28 26 24 22 21.8 C 30
31 Energy consumption
Outputs A series of reports describing the rationale for the buildings and services data collection requirements in the Inspection and Audit procedures to be produced. A series of draft tested Inspection and Audit procedures for various types of buildings and A/C systems ready to be used during the project. A series of final tested Inspection and Audit procedures for various types of buildings and A/C systems ready to be used by the external actors as needed. An overview report of the final Inspection procedures produced, detailing their benefits and shortcomings. 32
33 Thank you for your attention!