Enclosed Football Stadium Design History and Lessons Learned

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1 Enclosed Football Stadium Design History and Lessons Learned Robert L. Towell, P.E., LEED AP, QCxP CxE Group LLC St. Louis, Missouri With thanks to the St. Louis Convention & Visitor's Commission and the St. Louis Regional Convention & Sports Complex Authority

Louis, Missouri 314-436-6543 With thanks to the St.

2 2 Edward Jones Dome at America s Center Funded by combination of State, County and City Rams agreed to move to St. Louis in April of 1995 Opened in Nov. of 1995, 6 months ahead of schedule Includes 1.7 million ft.² floor area covering 4 city blocks 67, 000 spectators + 8,000 more for a floor event Added 146,000 ft.² of exhibit floor to America s Center Interior of Dome volume is roughly 60,000,000 ft.³ Conventional roof with top 200 ft. above the floor Limited construction phase commissioning effort 1998 ASHRAE 1 st Place Public Assembly/New

² floor area covering 4 city blocks 67, 000 spectators + 8,000 more for a floor event Added 146,000 ft.

3 3 Building Overview

4 HVAC System Design Data 4 68 AHU s with 49,000 CFM maximum size Spectator area system airflow totals 2,078,000 CFM Ground Floor & Equipment Rooms total 274,000 CFM Total exhaust during events totals 374,000 CFM (15%) Ventilation based on 15 CFM outside air per person CO2 reset of outside air intake, 15% to 52% 1,000,000 CFM return/smoke exhaust from concourses 1,000,000 CFM relief/smoke exhaust at top of roof 100% outside air economizer cycle

Ventilation based on 15 CFM outside air per person CO2 reset of outside air intake, 15% to 52% 1,000,000 CFM

5 HVAC System Breakdown 5 Upper Level & Club Seating 20 units 914,800 CFM Lower Level Seating & Conv. Floor 12 units 572,000 CFM Suite & Club Level Lounges 4 units 136,750 CFM East & West Exposures 4 units 171,100 CFM Corner Entries & South Ramps 6 units 217,810 CFM Press & Broadcast Levels 2 units 20,400 CFM Ground Floor Offices, Meeting 10 units 208,800 CFM Rooms, Support Areas Equipment Rooms & Plant Spaces 10 units 64,900 CFM Totals 68 units 2,351,660 CFM

Corner Entries & South Ramps 6 units 217,810 CFM Press & Broadcast Levels 2 units 20,400 CFM Ground Floor Offices,

6 6 Mechanical Mezzanine

7 7 Building Section

8 8 Lower Bowl Air Nozzle

9 9 Club Level Air Distribution

10 AHU Recommissioning 10 Approx. 50% of EP devices were unreliable or had failed (heating & cooling valves, OA dampers) Moved building static pressure control downward Inconsistent control adjustments between units Recalibrated CO 2 reset controls & control loops 15% of smoke control dampers had problems Revised equipment room unit settings Incorporated enthalpy or dew point economizer Corrected priority settings for smoke control Corrected optimal start routines

pressure control downward Inconsistent control adjustments between units Recalibrated CO 2 reset controls & control

11 VAV Unit Recommissioning 11 Verified all valves, dampers and other controls Replaced inlet vanes with variable speed drives Implemented static pressure reset control Resolved numerous air terminal unit issues Revised operational scheduling from the unit level to the space level Established event and non-event operating schemes Helped resolve numerous operator issues that simplified system control Replaced status DP switches with current sensors

operational scheduling from the unit level to the space level Established event and non-event operating schemes

12 Cooling Plant Data 12 8,000 tons total capacity Six 1250 ton and one 500 ton chiller Primary only pumping system with pressure regulating discharge valves on pumps Eight 1000 ton cooling towers Piping flow velocities up to 15 FPS Reverse return chilled water piping system 42 /58 F. chilled water, 12,000 GPM 85 /100 F. condenser water, 16,000 GPM

1000 ton cooling towers Piping flow velocities up to 15 FPS Reverse return chilled

13 13 Cooling Plant

14 Design Load Profiles 14 Operating Conditions Load Hours Stadium event w/flr. seating 8,883 tons Seldom Stadium type event 8,002 tons 140 hrs Convention + meeting rms. 2,875 tons 1,600 hrs Convention setup period 953 tons 2,100 hrs Base load plus meeting rms. 749 tons 500 hrs Base load, offices, etc. 343 tons 500 hrs Unoccupied, equip.rms only 100 tons 3,900 hrs

2,875 tons 1,600 hrs Convention setup period 953 tons 2,100 hrs Base load plus meeting rms.

15 Cooling Plant Recommissioning 15 Added loop pressure control & bypass valve Rebuilt all discharge regulating valves Abandoned flow sensor control sequence Chillers sequenced from end of line DP sensor and bypass valve position Slow ramp up and quick ramp down Increased flow thru base load chiller Added Chiller Service point for operator Added lead chiller selection point Added humidity & mass temperature sensors

and bypass valve position Slow ramp up and quick ramp down Increased flow thru base load chiller Added

16 16 Pump Discharge Valves

17 AHU-31 AHU-30 AHU-29 AHU-42 AHU-12 AHU-11 AHU-32 AHU-44 AHU-41 AHU-9 AHU-10 AHU-43 20" CWR 6" CWR 20" CWS AHU-69 AHU-66 AHU-37 AHU-38 AHU-39 AHU-40 S AHU-72 AHU-1 AHU-2 AHU-3 AHU-4 AHU-35 AHU-36 dp R 20" AHU-5 AHU-6 AHU-34 AHU-7 AHU-33 Club & Suite Lounges AHU-8 Concourses, East/West Exterior Upper Bowl S 12" R 20" Lower Bowl R 12" S 20" Corner Entry Rotunda AHU-28 AHU-27 Equipment Room Units Edward Jones Dome Mechanical Mezzanine Piping Layout AHU-14 AHU-13 AHU-26 R 18" AHU-15 AHU-25 AHU AHU-24 AHU-23 AHU-22 AHU-68 AHU-21 S 18" AHU-20 AHU-71 AHU-19 AHU-18 AHU-17

Exterior Upper Bowl S 12" R 20" Lower Bowl R 12" S 20" Corner Entry Rotunda AHU-28 AHU-27 Equipment Room Units Edward Jones Dome Mechanical

18 Cooling Tower Revisions/ReCx 18 Added catwalk system for hot water basins Installed SS hot water basins with hinged covers Coated cold water basins and replaced fill Installed weir dams and optimized nozzles Grouped towers as four pairs rather than eight individual 1000 ton towers Relocated fill valves indoors Resolved 2 speed fan short cycling issue Added cold water basin cleaning system sized for one pair of towers

Grouped towers as four pairs rather than eight individual 1000 ton towers Relocated fill valves indoors

19 19 Cooling Tower Access

20 20 Hot Water Basin Shipping Problem

21 21 Cooling Tower Weir Dam

22 Heating Plant Data 22 District steam system supplies 150 PSI steam, reduced immediately to 15 PSI 109,300 MBH total capacity, split 40/40/20 Reverse return piping on two levels 5,900 GPM from 135 to 175 F. 15 FPS distribution system sizing Pressure regulating pump discharge valves Condensate sub-cooling heat exchanger By-pass valve & pressure sensor in Plant Supply water temperature reset from OA temp.

23 23 Heating Plant

24 24 Heating Unit Schematic

25 Heating Plant Recommissioning 25 Added variable speed drive for base load HX Changed discharge valve to check valve Added end of loop differential pressure sensors Revised supply water temperature reset down to 110 F at 50 F outside air temp. Added heating exchanger service point Automated system sequence with verification during winter event Projected savings with 1 to 2 year payback

26 Steam Heat Exchanger Issues 26 Superheated steam increases entrance velocity Condensate piping too high Insufficient drop between HX and trap Air vents & vacuum breakers are critical Condensate outlet must allow HX to drain Installed unit had undersized HX bundle More information for the operator is helpful You never want to hear or see the results of steam water hammer

27 27 HX Revisions & Vacuum Gage

28 28 Failed Domestic HW HX Bundle

29 29 Domestic Water Heater Issues

30 30 Domestic Water Heater Revision

31 Summary 31 Minimum load operation is major issue from a design and operating cost standpoint Periodic control software adjustments without proper oversight can introduce problems, liability & costs Separating equipment purchases from installation contracts improves the selection process Allow time for material inspection and correction Periodic or continuous commissioning offers significant energy and operating savings Operator benefits are priceless

32 Domed Stadium Design & Operation 32 Questions? Bob Towell, P.E.

Case Study: Innovative Energy Efficiency Approaches in NOAA s Environmental Security Computing Center in Fairmont, West Virginia

Case Study: Innovative Energy Efficiency Approaches in NOAA s Environmental Security Computing Center in Fairmont, West Virginia Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy s Federal Energy Management Program