BIOLOGY 1030 WINTER 2009 THINGS TO STUDY FOR THE LECTURE MIDTERM The following is a list of topics or concepts that you should know for the lecture portion of the midterm exam. These statements/questions are not meant to be answered in a few words, but rather they are meant to get you thinking about all of the aspects of the topic in question. You should know and be able to define and use all important terms in the attached list. This list may seem like a lot, but that is only because it IS a lot. Try to link common terms or themes; there is often considerable overlap between the groups. This is where the table should help or you can make your own. This guide is not intended to scare you. Many of the terms are easily defined and some concepts are simpler than others. If you can clearly and concisely discuss these points, you are sure to do well. Feel free to come by and see me for help if you need it! ANIMAL DIVERSITY 1. What are the animal-like protists? 2. What is the basic definition of an animal? 3. Which animals (taxa) have the following: a. True tissues? b. Diploblastic versus triploblastic? c. Protostome vs. deuterostome? i. Cleavage pattern? ii. Coelom formation? d. Continuous vs. step-wise growth? i. Special structures? e. Asymmetrical vs. radial vs. bilateral symmetry? f. Acoelomate vs. pseudocoelomate vs, eucoelomate? g. Segmentation? 4. What is the basic body plan for each of the major taxa discussed in class? a. Are there any specialized cells/structures for each taxa? 5. Using the molluscan body plan as an example, describe adaptive radiation. a. Try to apply the idea of adaptive radiation to modifications of a common body plan in other classes we ve discussed. 6. What are the basic characters for: a. The radiate vs. Bilateria? b. The protostomes vs. Deuterostomes? c. The Lophotrochozoa and the Edysozoa? 7. How do we organize the phylogeny of animals? 8. What are the proposed evolutionary patterns regarding the above traits? REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, FORM & FUNCTION 1. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. a. If an animal could choose between them, when would it choose each type? 2. What are the varieties of parthenogenesis? 3. What is a hermaphrodite? What types of hermaphrodites are there? 4. What are the stages of animal development?
5. Describe the process of gametogenesis. Where does this occur? a. What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? 6. What events occur during fertilization? a. Where can fertilization occur? 7. Compare and contrast oviparity, ovoviviparity and viviparity. a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? 8. What are the stages seen in embryo development? a. What major events occur at each stage? 9. How does yolk affect cleavage? 10. What are the three types of gastrulation? a. Why is there a difference? 11. What are the embryonic tissues and what organs develop from each? 12. Describe the relationship between form and function. 13. What are the types of adult tissues? a. What are the defining characteristics of each? 14. Discuss the organization of tissues, organs and organ systems. 15. Discuss the relationship between form and function of epithelia. a. Try to think about form versus function in the other tissues as well. MEETING TISSUE NEEDS 1. What do cells/tissues need? 2. What systems do animals use to meet the needs of their tissues? 3. Compare and contrast the three types of circulatory systems. a. What are the advantages of each? b. What are the circulatory fluids in each? Why the difference? 4. Describe the evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system from fishes to mammals. 5. What are the basic dietary requirements of all animals? a. What is an essential nutrient? 6. What feeding strategies do animals use to obtain food ()? a. Can you provide examples of each? b. What is a potential complication with blood feeding? 7. What is the advantage of ingesting food in pieces rather than whole? a. How is dentition (teeth) changed to reflect an animal s diet? b. How is the intestinal tract modified to reflect an animal s diet? 8. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal? 9. What enzymes do animals use to digest the food it ingests? 10. What are some methods animals use to help breakdown cellulose? 11. How is respiration different from cellular respiration? 12. How do gases move from place to place? How efficient is this movement? a. What are the requirements for gases to move across a surface? 13. What types of respiratory surfaces do animal s use? a. When are these strategies employed? 14. What are the complications of internal respiratory systems and how are they dealt with? 15. What is meant by a countercurrent exchange mechanism? 16. Compare the strategies employed by insects and other air breathing animals. 17. What types of blood vessels are used to move the circulatory fluid? a. How does their structure reflect their function? 18. Discuss how the gradients of O 2 and CO 2 promote exchange at the tissues. 19. In what forms do animals eliminate their nitrogenous wastes? Impact of habitat?
COORDINATED MOTION 1. What tissues are required for coordinated motion? 2. What is the anatomy of a neuron? a. What are the types of neurons in the body? 3. Discuss the organization of the nervous system in radially symmetrical organisms versus those with bilateral symmetry. 4. What is cephalization? What advantages does it have? a. Why are ganglia and brain advantageous? 5. Compare and contrast the three muscle types. 6. What produces a cell s resting membrane potential? 7. How do neurons generate action potentials? What is meant by threshold voltage? a. What channels/pumps are involved? b. What happens at each stage of the action potential? c. How do action potentials propagate along the axon? i. How is conduction velocity increased? ii. What is saltatory conduction? 8. What happens at the chemical synapse? a. How does the target cell membrane potential respond to EPSPs or IPSPs? 9. How are muscle cells excited? 10. Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. a. What is the role of calcium? 11. What are the requirements for locomotion? 12. What types of skeletons are found among animals? a. What types of joints are there? b. How do muscles move these joints? 13. Describe the withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes. 14. What are the basic mechanisms of different modes of locomotion seen in the Animal Kingdom? LABORATORY COMPONENT
LIST OF IMPORTANT TERMS ANIMAL DIVERSITY Heterotrophic Autotrophic Protists Diplontic life cycle Invertebrates Vertebrates True tissues Parazoa Eumetazoa Pinacoderm Mesohyl Choanoderm Totipotent Pincaocytes Choanocytes Spongocytes Diploblastic Triploblastic Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Gastrovascular cavity 1-way gut vs. 2-way gut Mesoglea Polyp Medusa Autozooid Gastrozooid Dactylozooid Gonozooid Nematocyst/Cnidocyte Protostome Deuterostome Cleavage pattern Determinant development Indeterminant development Water vascular system Secondary body symmetry Lophotrochozoa Continuous growth Trochophore Ecdysozoa Ecdysis Step-wise growth Cuticle Segmentation Homonomous Heteronomous Chelicera Tagmatization Head Trunk Cephalothorax Abdomen Pedicle Lophophore Palps Setae/Chaetae Parapodia Adaptive radiation Muscular foot Visceral mass Mantle Radula Cephalization Oral vs. Aboral Anterior vs. Posterior Dorsal vs. Ventral Coelom Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate Molecular Phylogenies REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, FORM & FUNCTION Sexual vs. Asexual Budding Gemmules Fission Parthenogenesis Dioecious Monoecious Hermaphrodite Protandry Protogyny Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Isolecithal Mesolecithal Telolecithal Fertilization Spermatophore Intromittent Organ Acrosome Polyspermy Fertilization envelop Oviparity Ovoviviparity Viviparity Cleavage Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Gastrulation Invagination Involution Immigration Neurulation Organogenesis Anatomy Physiology Epithelium Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Simple Stratified Muscle tissue Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Nervous tissue Connective tissue Extracellular matrix
MEETING TISSUE NEEDS Cellular respiration Diffusion Gastrovascular Cavities Open Circulatory System Sinuses Ostia Hemolymph Closed Circulatory System Blood Lymph/Interstitial fluid Arteries Capillaries Veins Portal Viens Double Circulation Pulmocutaneous Circuit Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Essential Nutrient Vitamins Minerals Electrolytes Osteophagia Filter feeding Substrate feeding Fluid feeding Bulk feeding Ingestion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Absorption Elimination Teeth Amylase Maltase Sucrase Lactase Endopeptidase Exopeptidase Lipase Cellulase Coprophagy Respirtatory surface Cutaneous respiration Ventilation Countercurrent exchange Tracheal system COORDINATED MOTION Neuron vs. Nerve Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Soma Dendrites Axon Ganglion/Brain Nerve net Cephalization Muscle Types Pumps vs. Channels Gated-Channels Resting membrane potential Threshold Action potential Rapid depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization Refractory AP Propagation Schwann cells Myelin Saltatory conduction Chemical synapse Neurotransmitter EPSP IPSP T-Tubule Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Troponin Tropomyosin Actin Myosin Sliding filament Sarcomere Endoskeleton Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton Antagonistic Muscle Pair Flexor Extensor Monaxial Joint Biaxial Joint Triaxial Joint Pivot Joint Jet propulsion Undulatory motion Crawling Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Direct flight Indirect flight
TAXA AND COMMON NAMES YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR * PHYLUM CLASS OR SUBPHYLUM COMMON NAMES Porifera Sponges Cnidaria Corals, anemones, jellyfish Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Free-living flatworms Cestoda Parasitic tapeworms Trematoda Parasitic flukes Brachiopoda Articulata Lamp shells Inarticulata Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitons Gastropoda Slugs and snails Bivalvia Clams, scallops, mussels Cephalopoda Squid & octopi Annelida Polychaeta Tube worms Hirudinea Leeches Oligocaeta Earthworms Ecdysozoa Nematoda Round worms Arthropoda Myriapoda Centipedes & millipedes Cheliceriformes Spiders, scorpions, Hexapoda ** Flies, bees, beetles, Crustacea Shrimp, crabs, lobsters Echinodermata Asteroidea Sea stars Echinoidea Sea urchins Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers Chordata Cephalochordata Lancelets Urochordata Tunicates Vertebrata Fish, amphibians, reptiles, * The level of details you will be expected to know will reflect those discussed in class. This list includes only those names covered in the lectures and may not include all names required from the laboratory component of the course. ** You do not need to know the orders of the insects.