REVIEWS OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN VIETNAM Introduction of the Institute of Oceanography Highlights on oceanographic processes Highlights on marine ecosystems Vo Si Tuan Institute of Oceanography Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology
INTRODUCTION ON INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY (VNIO) Service des Pêches de l'indochine established in 1922, Followed by Institut Océanographique de l'indochine in 1930. The office at 1926 & 1930 Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology at the present
Fundamental studies and investigation : a strength of VNIO Many expeditions in the early history carrtying out in Tonkin Gulf, Central, South, Gulf of Thailand, Paracel & Spratly archipelagoes Tonkin Gulf Central Paracel Gulf of Thailand South Spratly
Followed by the large scale expeditions: Interdisplinary investigation in the South by R/V Biển Đông & NCB-03 (1979 1981) Interdispinary investigation whole coastal waters (National Pproject 48-06) by R/V A. Nesmeyanov, NCB-04 và NCB-03 (1981-1985) Investigation on biology & geology in Spratly by Navy vessels (1988-1993) Joint expeditions: Vietnam-China cooperation in the Tonkin Gulf, 1959-1963 Vietnam Soviet program in Tonkin Gulf, 1960-1962 NAGA program (US Viet Nam Thailand) in South Viet Nam and Gulf of Thailand, 1959 1960 CSK program (Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam, the Philippines, Soviet Union), Kuroshio current & neighbour areas, 1965-1977 Cooperation between Viet Nam and Soviet Union, 1980-1990, and Viet Nam & Russia in Viet Nam continental shelf, 2005-2010 SEAFDEC surveys (Viet Nam, Japan, Thailand & Malaysia) in Viet Nam EEZ, 1999-2009 JOMSRE I, II, III, IV (Viet Nam Philippines) in the South China Sea since 1996-2007
Major Recent Int. Collaboration Study on upwelling rules and its impacts on ecological and biogeochemical conditions in south-central area of Viet Nam (Vietnam-Germany), 2003-2007 Project Environmental sustainability of brackish water aquaculture in the Mekong delta Viet Nam (2000-2003). Partners: IFREMER, VNIO, IRD, CEDEM, CESBIO Sustaining success of Lobster Farming in Viet Nam funded by ACIAR (Australia), 2005-2008 Joint Vietnam Danish project on Harmful Algae Bloom, 2000-2010 UNEP/GEF Project for environment management of the South China Sea, 2002-2008 JSPS program for coastal science, 1996-2010 Climate change & coastal ecosystems, 2009 2011 funded by DANIDA Coral reef conservation for sustainable use (UNEP/GEF, 2010 2012) Influences of climate change to current regime during monsoon periods / Vladivostok Institute of Oceanography (2011 15)
SOME OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES: Geological history of the sea beds Shorter history in the Gulfs of Tonkin & Sunda shelf in southern haft Longer history for central waters of Vietnam Deep (nearly 5,000m) in the central South China Sea
SOME OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES: Circulation Currents driven by monsoon Circulation in Tonkin & Thailand gulfs Connectivity with the West Pacific through Basi Strait & exchange with Sulu & Indonesian Seas South forward current in coastal central waters of Vietnam Circulation in the middle SCS
SOME OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES: Temperature variation Long shoreline stretching across more than 20 latitudes High gradient temperature from north to south Large rank of water temperature between season, specially in the north Ecological influence SPECIES RICHNESS LATITUDINAL HABITAT CHARATERISATIONS BOUNDARY IN SPECIES DISTRIBUTION ECOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES LARVAE DISPERSION AND EXCHANGES
SOME OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES: Land-based run-off Driven functions of Chao Phraya, Mekong and Red rivers Short but slope rivers in central part of Vietnam Lots of lagoons in central Vietnam DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL COASTAL HABITATS (Coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds) SPECIES CHARACTERISATION LAND-BASED HUMAN THREATS (Differences between large & small rivers)
CORAL REEF RESILIENCE AGAIN INCREASED SEA TEMPERATURE SOME OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES : Upwelling in south waters (others?) Low temperature in Summer: June Sept., Avg. = 24 o 5 in July High intensity: Nha Trang Ca Na; Medium intensity: Binh Dinh Phan Thiet NUTRIENT CYCLE FISHING PRODUCTION
HIGHLIGHTS OF TROPICAL HABITATS CORAL REEFS Wide distribution (110,000ha) with large area in South Viet Nam Fringing (typical & nontypical) and patch platform reefs) in the continetal shelf Compositionally distinction of reef corals from one another in SCS, structured according to latitude but not longitude. Complex diversity gradient & ocenographic processes? Extraordinary diversity of reef corals in the South China Sea (Huang et al, in press)
Viet Nam: 156,600 ha SEAGRASS BEDS Total area of seagrass: 18,500ha Largest area located in the transboundary waters between Viet Nam and Cambodia (12,000 & 23,000ha respectively) MANGROVES Wide distribution (156,600ha), most extensive in Mekong delta Serious decline in area due to aquaculture and coastal development
SPECIES RICHNESS OF HABITAT BUILDING SPECIES Geographic region True mangroves Hermatypic corals Seagrasses Tonkin Gulf 14 186 (53) 9 Central Viet Nam 18 230 (61) 12 South Viet Nam 23 350 (71) 12 Mekong delta 33 - - South western Viet Nam (East Gulf of Thailand) 18 250 (61) 10
WARMLY WELCOME TO THE NINTH IOC/WESTPAC INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM A Healthy Ocean for Prosperity in the Western Pacific: scientific challenges and possible solutions 21-25 April, 2014, Nha Trang, Vietnam