BESTTuna. Paul A.M. van Zwieten, Simon R. Bush

Transcription

1 BESTTuna Benefiting from Innovations in Sustainable and Equitable Management of Fisheries on Trans boundary Tuna s in the Coral Triangle and Western Pacific Paul A.M. van Zwieten, Simon R. Bush

2 WWFs broken tuna triangle with some help from Bailey and Sumaila Top Consumers: Japan, US, EU, China, Thailand Tuna spawning areas? $ Local Local Fishing Communities Fishing Fleets Fleets

3 Allocation issues sizes, species and fisheries Skipjack Purse seine FAD Purse seine Free school Indonesia Philippines coastal FAD Pole and line

4 Effort allocation fleets and nations Domestic vs. international fisheries 80% of catch in sovereign waters but 60% by foreign fleets Important food security issue especially in Indonesia Domestication and expansion policies throughout region Conserving juveniles in localities = benefits for region as a whole?

5 Complex set of problems Effort allocation fleets and nations (Over)exploitation by large scale international fleets ~275 vessels Increasing coastal fisheries Indonesia, Philippines Effort allocation sizes, species and fisheries Classical fishery optimisation problem Mixed fishery on FAD s Bycatch and selectivity Juveniles, adults Fast growing Skipjack vs. slow growing BE and YF Free school, FAD s Who pays for management and who earns from it? Who receives the resource rent from the fishery if well managed? Governance issue Perceived failure state based management Solutions more and more found in incentivizing fisheries Labelling, control of value chains, tuna credit?

6 Tuna Think Tank

7 Programme objective BESTTuna To understand the complex social ecological interactions in tuna fisheries the design of effective and equitable governance arrangements to achieve sustainable tuna management... and develop an effective global long term science governance network which generates, disseminates and uses knowledge on ecology, fisheries behavior, fisheries management and governance of tuna. Focus area Coral Triangle region and Western Pacific Supported by Project 1 (Postdoc)

8 BESTTuna program 6 projects Multi scale governance networks State arrange ments (PhD 4a,b) Management of complex adaptive systems(postdocs 1a,1b) New marketbased arrange ments (PhD 5a,b) Social ecological system Valuechain arrange ments (PhD 3a,b,c) 10 Phd 2 Postdoc 30 MSc... with multiple and diverse information needs (PhD 6) Transboundary Tuna fisheries (PhD 2a,b)

9 Project 2 Mixed fishery problem FAD s Skipjack vs. Yellowfin and Bigeye YFT and BET heavily/overexploited while SJT remains underexploited % juvenile catch in SJT fishery YFT But high effort from large and medium purse seiners SKJ BET ALB BFT BET SKJ SWO YFT

10 Project 2 Allocation fleets and fisheries All gears Purse seiners 50% catches are made around FAD s 60 70% of large purse seiners rapidly expanding coastal tuna purse seiners on anchored FAD s in Indonesia and Philippines Regulation FAD s? From: Dagorn, 2011 European Tuna conference

11 Project 2 Project 2 (2 PhDs): Juvenile tuna ecology and fisheries and FAD s Effort allocation on FAD s Observational research Tuna movement and habitat choice Agent based modeling study

12 Project 2 PhD 2a Effort allocation of mixed fisheries on tuna s and small pelagics with juvenile tuna by catch and their interaction with FADs Fishing tactics and strategies to set and use FAD s in different productive environments? tuna s use of space in a grid of FAD s in areas with different productivity levels. fishermen s decisions on allocating effort in relation to tuna aggregative behavior, local environmental factors (upwelling) and spatial distribution of FAD s

13 Project 2 PhD 2b Movement and habitat selection of juvenile tuna in relation to FADs and ocean productivity Juvenile oceanic tuna survival rates in relation to habitat quality (productivity) FAD density fishing tactics and strategies in utilizing FAD s. What is the effect of providing additional habitats? Increased survival enhancement strategy? Lowered survival distraction from suitable habitats? Agent based modeling analysis

14 Project 3 Who earns? Global trade Value chains Global value chains sashimi and canned 9% of world fish trade 75% of canning chain controlled by 5 companies ISSF members Western Pacific countries only 2 8% of total value of US$3 billion between 0.1% and 37% of GDP Tariffs and trade agreements See Barclay 2007; Parris 2010

15 Project 3 Project 3 (3PhDs): Global market based retail, brand strategies and third party certification Fishers response to retail and brand strategies Economic value chain analysis Dynamics canning industry in relation to R&B strategies Business economic analysis Europeanization of tuna governance through R&B strategies Policy research

16 Project 4 Who pays? State based governance RFMO ineffective? Balance healthy SJT fishery with overexploited YFT and BET Open ocean purse seiners (long liners) vs. domestic purse seiners Sovereign control over EEZs and RFMO control over open ocean Distant water fleets want equal regulation in and out of EEZs See Langley et al 2009; Parris 2010; Barclay 2010

17 Project 4 Tuna governance Increasing domestic control and improving access agreements may increase wealth, but in terms of sustainability No guarantee that wealth from tuna will be reinvested in sustainable management 2. No consideration of how states can utilize existing raft of market based approaches to incentivize a shift to sustainable fishing practices Jürgen Freund / WWF Canon

18 Project 4 Project 4 (2PhDs): Effectiveness and distributional consequences of multi level state based tuna governance arrangements Environmental certification and international cooperation in tuna management (WCPFC) Economic and policy research Game theoretical approach Decentralisation of tuna management in Indonesia Policy research, information management

19 Project 5 Innovative governance arrangements Brand strategies Fish4Ever, Sustunable, ISSF Dolphin Safe Retail strategies Latent sustainable purchasing for home brands (~30% of market) Pole and line

20 Project 5 Innovative governance arrangements Third party certification PPP PNA countries and Pacifical bv MSC assessment avoid FAD s Waters hold 50% of skipjack stocks ~15% of world tuna State market interplay

21 Project 5 Project 5 (2 PhD): Innovative market based approaches for incentivizing sustainable tuna fishing practices Exploring innovative market mechanisms Policy and business economics Bioeconomic modelling of financial incentives Bioeconomic model of fisheries Indonesian EEZ and perhaps WCPO

22 Project 6 Project 6 (1 PhD): Information based tools, systems and strategies for sustainable tuna governance Data and information policies and management in relation to Certification, retail and brand strategies Classical fisheries management information needs

23 Project 1 Incentive based approaches? Different ideas on the drawing board... Fund to reward crews or vessels with least juvenile catch Vessel days scheme in the PNA Tax on juvenile catches A Tuna Credit system? Range of scales, from fishing association, to countries and the region as a whole.

24 Project 1 Postdoc: a tuna credit system? Distinguishing characteristics: 1.Re distribution mechanism pricing mechanism for Ecological Services 2.Goal orientation not catch allocation 3.Incentive payoff for predetermined behaviour Some cases to explore: 1.Japanese tuna association 2.West Coast US quota purchases 3.Scottish cod real time closures 4.Californian wetland compensation

25 BESTTuna program 6 projects Multi scale governance networks State arrange ments (PhD 4a,b) Management of complex adaptive systems(postdocs 1a,1b) New marketbased arrange ments (PhD 5a,b) Social ecological system Valuechain arrange ments (PhD 3a,b,c) 10 Phd 2 Postdoc 30 MSc... with multiple and diverse information needs (PhD 6) Transboundary Tuna fisheries (PhD 2a,b)

26 Partners BESTTuna program BESTTuna Consortium ISSF Wageningen University ENP, AFI, ENR, BEC Anova Seafoods bv WWF Coral Triangle Programme University of the Philippines. (Visayas and Mindanao) Pacifical bv Kinki, Kagoshima Uni. University of the South Pacific UC Santa Barbara Indo. Tuna Committee PNA IRD SPC Bogor University Murdoch Uni. CSIRO ANCORS World Bank Research consortium Extended research network Industry and policy partners International advisory board

27 Expected results Long term output Continued research advocacy practice network working for the sustainability of trans boundary tunas in Western Pacific Short to medium term Research programme ~40 academic peer reviewed articles and 10 PhDs Education development 30 MSc students and course materials for both WUR and consortium partners

28 End beginning Thank you for listening Wageningen UR, ENP, AFI

29 Integration model PhD Supervision Role Supervision: Integration and development of theory Output Review and position papers PhD Postdoc Postdoc: Integration and development of theory Theoretical discussion papers PhD Supervision PhD WWF led prototyping (building on existing industry and governmental networks) Year 1 Year 5 PhD Integration of methods and concepts Industry/WWF: Facilitate science policy interaction with industry and states Empirical/model case studies Prototype development and advocacy

30 PhD Title 1a 1b 2a. POSTDOC: Integrating innovative tuna governance as a complex social ecological system POSTDOC: Incentivizing Sustainable Tuna Management through a Credit System Effort allocation of mixed fisheries on tuna s and small pelagics with juvenile tuna by catch and their interaction with FADs 2b. Movement and habitat selection of juvenile tuna in relation to FADs and ocean productivity 3a. Fisher level decision making in response to retail and brand strategies for sustainable tuna 3b. Sustainability and its impact on competition, concentration and market dynamics in the tuna canning industry. 3c. Europeanization of tuna governance through brand and retail strategies 4a. Understanding the influence of environmental certification on international cooperation for tuna management in the WCPFC 4b Decentralization of tuna fisheries management in Indonesia 5a. Exploring innovative market mechanisms for incentivized tuna management 5b. Bio economic modeling of financial incentives for tuna fisheries management 6. Information systems and needs for state, value chain and market based tuna governance