This dissertation is available at Iowa Research Online:

University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1995 An annotated bibliography and performance commentary of the works for concert band and wind orchestra by composers awarded the Pulitzer Prize in music 1943-1992, and a list of their works for chamber wind ensemble Timothy Jon Mahr University of Iowa Copyright 1995 Timothy Jon Mahr. Posted with permission of the author. This dissertation is available at Iowa Research Online: http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5083 Recommended Citation Mahr, Timothy Jon. "An annotated bibliography and performance commentary of the works for concert band and wind orchestra by composers awarded the Pulitzer Prize in music 1943-1992, and a list of their works for chamber wind ensemble." DMA (Doctor of Musical Arts) thesis, University of Iowa, 1995. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5083. Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd Part of the Music Commons

A N A N N O T A T E D B IB L IO G R A P H Y A N D P E R F O R M A N C E C O M M E N T A R Y O F T H E W O R K S F O R C O N C E R T B A N D A N D W IN D O R C H E S T R A B Y C O M P O S E R S A W A R D E D T H E P U L IT Z E R P R IZ E IN M U S IC 1 9 4 3-1 9 9 2, A N D A L IS T O F T H E IR W O R K S F O R C H A M B E R W IN D E N S E M B L E V O L U M E I b y T im o th y Jo n M a h r A n e ssay su b m itte d in p a rtia l fu lfillm ent o f th e re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e D o c to r o f M u sic a l A rts d e g re e in th e G ra d u a te C o lle g e o f T h e U n iv e rsity o f Io w a D e c e m b e r 1995 E ssay su p e rv iso r: P ro fe sso r M y ro n D. W e lc h

C o p y rig h t by T IM O T H Y J O N M A H R 1995 A ll R ig h ts R eserv e d

G ra d u a te C o lle g e T h e U n iv e rs ity o f Io w a Io w a C ity, Io w a C E R T IF IC A T E O F A P P R O V A L D.M.A. E S S A Y T h is is to c e rtify th a t th e D.M.A. e ssay o f T im o th y J o n M a h r h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d b y th e E x a m in in g C o m m itte e fo r th e e ssa y re q u ire m e n t fo r th e D o c to r o f M u sic a l A rts d e g re e a t th e D e c e m b e r 1995 gra d u a tio n. E ssay c o m m itte e : E s s a y S u p e rv iso r M erriber M em b e r M em b e r M e m b e r

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S A g re a t d e al o f tim e a w ay fro m fa m ily an d frien d s w e n t in to th e re searc h in g a n d w ritin g o f th is essa y. F o r th e ir e n c o u ra g e m e n t, p a tie n c e and u n d e rsta n d in g, I am ete rn ally g ra te fu l. I g iv e m y p ro m ise to m y w ife Jill a n d d a u g h te r Jen n a th a t I'll try n o t to le t so m e th in g lik e th is h a p p e n again. It to o k a w h ile to a c c e p t th e c h a lle n g e o f sch o la rly w ritin g, as I w o u ld h a v e m u c h p re fe rre d to h a v e w ritte n m u sic in stead. In th e p ro c e ss o f c o m p le tin g th is p ro je c t, I le a rn ed q u ite a b it a b o u t m y e ssa y to p ic and ev en m o re a b o u t m y self. F o r th is e x p e rie n c e, as w ell as e x p e rt a d v ic e a n d frie n d ly su p p o rt, I am m o s t a p p re c ia tiv e o f m y a d v iso r D r. M y ro n W elch. I re c e iv e d w o n d e rfu l re searc h a ssista n c e fro m B eth C h riste n se n a n d th e s ta f f o f the H a lv o rso n M u sic L ib ra ry a t S t. O la f C o lle g e, D r. F ra n c is C ro c ia ta o f th e L e o S o w e rb y F o u n d a tio n, D r. A lfre d C o c h ra n o f th e K u b ik A rc h iv e s at K a n sa s S ta te U n iv e rsity, an d Jim C o c h ra n o f S h a ttin g e r M u sic. R e a d y access to th e b an d lib ra rie s at T h e U n iv e rsity o f Io w a, th e U n iv e rsity o f M in n e so ta, D u lu th and St. O la f C o lle g e e a se d th e b u rd e n o f sco re a cq u isitio n, as did th e lib ra ria n s o f th e U n ite d S tates M arin e B an d a n d th e U n ite d S tates A ir F o rc e B a n d, and th e g e n e ro u s c o o p e ra tio n o f th e m a n y p u b lish in g h o u ses h a n d lin g th e re n ta l w o rk s o f th e se P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs. F in a lly, I a p p re c ia te th e tim e affo rd ed m e b y P u litzer P riz e w in n in g c o m p o se rs L e slie B a ssett, Jo h n H a rb iso n, K arel H u sa, D o n a ld M a rtin o, G ia n C a rlo M e n o tti, W a y n e P e te rso n, S h u la m it R an, B e rn a rd R a n d s, N e d R o re m, J o se p h S c h w a n tn e r, R ic h a rd W e m ic k a n d E llen T a a ffe Z w ilich. ii

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S P a g e L IS T O F T A B L E S... vi V O L U M E I C H A P T E R I. IN T R O D U C T IO N, P U R P O S E O F T H E S T U D Y A N D P R O C E D U R E S... 1 In tro d u c tio n... 2 T h e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic... 6 N e e d fo r th e S tu d y... 12 P u rp o se o f th e S t u d y... 15 S co p e an d L im ita tio n s... 16 P r o c e d u r e... 19 II. T H E C H A M B E R W IN D E N S E M B L E, C O N C E R T B A N D A N D W IN D O R C H E S T R A W O R K S O F C O M P O S E R S A W A R D E D T H E P U L IT Z E R P R IZ E IN M U S IC 1 9 4 3-1 9 9 2.... 2 6 S tep h en A l b e r t... 27 D o m in ic k A r g e n to... 28 S am u el B a r b e r... 29 L eslie B a s s e tt... 3 0 W illiam B o lc o m... 3 2 E llio tt C a r te r... 33 M ich ael C o l g r a s s... 3 4 A a ro n C o p la n d... 36 G e o rg e C r u m b... 37 M ario D a v id o v s k y... 38 N o rm a n D e llo Jo io... 3 9 D av id D el T r e d i c i... 41 Jaco b D r u c k m a n... 4 2 H o w a rd H a n s o n... 4 4 J o h n H a rb is o n... 4 5 K a rel H u sa... 4 7 C h a rle s I v e s... 4 9 L e o n K irc h n e r... 5 2 G a il K u b ik... 5 3 Jo h n L a M o n ta in e... 5 5 D o n ald M artin o... 5 6 G ian C arlo M e n o tti... 57 D o u g la s M o o r e... 58 iii

G e o rg e P e rle... 5 9 W ay n e P e te r s o n... 61 W a lte r P isto n... 6 2 Q u in c y P o r t e r... 63 M el P o w ell... 6 4 S h u la m it R a n... 66 B e rn a rd R a n d s... 67 R o g e r R e y n o ld s... 69 N e d R o r e m... 7 0 W illia m S c h u m a n... 7 2 J o se p h S c h w a n tn e r... 7 4 R o g e r S e s s io n s... 7 6 L e o S o w e r b y... 7 7 V irg il T h o m s o n... 7 9 E rn st T o c h... 8 0 R o b e rt W a r d... 82 R ic h ard W e m ic k... 83 C h arle s W u o rin e n... 85 E llen T a affe Z w ilic h... 88 III. A N N O T A T E D B IB L IO G R A P H Y A N D P E R F O R M A N C E C O M M E N T A R Y O F W O R K S F O R C O N C E R T B A N D A N D W IN D O R C H E S T R A B Y C O M P O S E R S A W A R D E D T H E P U L IT Z E R P R IZ E IN M U S IC 1 9 4 3-1 9 9 2... 9 0 S tep h en A lb e rt... 91 S am u el B a r b e r... 9 2 L e slie B assett... 9 6 W illiam B o lc o m... 106 E llio tt C arte r... 109 M ich a e l C o lg ra ss... 114 A aro n C o p la n d... 119 M ario D a v id o v sk y... 137 N o rm a n D e llo J o i o... 140 D av id D el T r e d i c i... 166 Jaco b D r u c k m a n... 169 H o w a rd H a n s o n... 176 Jo h n H a rb is o n... 192 K a rel H u s a... 197 C h a rle s I v e s... 2 2 9 L e o n K irc h n e r... 2 3 4 G a ilk u b ik... 2 3 6 Jo h n L a M o n ta in e... 2 4 0 D o n ald M artin o... 241 D o u g la s M o o r e... 2 4 5 G e o rg e P e r l e... 2 4 8 W a y n e P e te r s o n... 2 5 0 W a lte r P is to n... 2 5 3 Q u in cy P o rter... 2 5 8 M el P o w ell... 2 6 0 S h u la m it R a n... 261 B e rn a rd R a n d s... 2 6 4 R o g e r R e y n o ld s... 2 6 9 N e d R o r e m... 2 7 0 iv

W illiam S c h u m a n... 2 7 3 J o se p h S c h w a n tn e r... 2 9 5 R o g e r S e s sio n s... 3 0 0 L e o S o w e r b y... 3 0 2 V irg il T h o m s o n... 317 E rn st T o c h... 3 2 5 R o b e rt W a r d... 328 R ic h ard W e m ic k... 3 3 5 C h arle s W u o rin e n... 3 4 0 E llen T a a ffe Z w ilic h... 345 V O L U M E n C H A P T E R IV. C O N C L U S IO N S A N D S U G G E S T IO N S F O R F U R T H E R R E S E A R C H... 347 A P P E N D IX A. W O R K S F O R C O N C E R T B A N D A N D W IN D O R C H E S T R A O R G A N IZ E D B Y C O M P O S E R... 3 6 3 A P P E N D IX B. W O R K S F O R C O N C E R T B A N D A N D W IN D O R C H E S T R A O R G A N IZ E D B Y T I T L E... 367 A P P E N D IX C. W O R K S F O R C H A M B E R W IN D E N S E M B L E O R G A N IZ E D B Y C O M P O S E R... 371 A P P E N D IX D. W O R K S F O R C H A M B E R W IN D E N S E M B L E O R G A N IZ E D B Y T I T L E... 3 7 8 A P P E N D IX E. W O R K S F O R C H A M B E R W IN D E N S E M B L E O R G A N IZ E D B Y N U M B E R O F IN S T R U M E N T A L P E R F O R M E R S... 385 A P P E N D IX F. S E C O N D -P A R T Y T R A N S C R IP T IO N S, A R R A N G E M E N T S A N D R E C O N S T R U C T IO N S O F W O R K S F O R C O N C E R T B A N D, W IN D O R C H E S T R A A N D C H A M B E R W IN D E N S E M B L E O R G A N IZ E D B Y C O M P O S E R... 3 9 2 A P P E N D IX G. C H R O N O L O G IC A L L IS T IN G O F T H E P U L IT Z E R P R IZ E S IN M U S IC... 3 9 5 B IB L IO G R A P H Y... 397 v

L IS T O F T A B L E S T ab le P a g e 1. N u m b e r o f A n n o ta te d W o rk s W ritte n fo r C o n c e rt B an d and W in d O rc h estra ; N u m b e r o f W o rk s W ritte n fo r C h a m b e r W in d E n se m b le ; W ith d ra w n, L o st, In c o m p le te an d J a z z W o rk s; a n d th e T o ta l N u m b e r o f W in d W o r k s... 3 5 0 2. T o tal N u m b e r o f A n n o ta te d W o rk s fo r C o n c e rt B an d and W in d O rc h estra, L iste d in D e sc e n d in g O rd er, C o m p a re d w ith T o ta l N u m b e r o f W in d W o r k s... 3 5 2 3. T o ta l N u m b e r o f W o rk s fo r C h a m b e r W in d E n sem b le, L iste d in D e sc e n d in g O rd e r, C o m p a re d w ith T o tal N u m b e r o f W in d W o r k s... 353 4. T o tal N u m b e r o f W in d W o rk s L iste d in D e sc en d in g O r d e r... 3 5 4 5. W ith d ra w n W o rk s fo r C o n c e rt B a n d a n d W in d O r c h e s tr a... 3 5 6 6. S e le c tiv e L ist o f W o rk s fo r C o n c e rt B an d a n d W in d O rc h e stra b y C o m p o se rs A w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic 1 9 9 3-1 9 9 5... 361 vi

1 C H A P T E R I IN T R O D U C T IO N, P U R P O S E O F T H E S T U D Y A N D P R O C E D U R E S

2 Introduction T h e P u litz e r P riz e is a rg u a b ly o n e o f o u r n a tio n 's m o s t p re s tig io u s a n d c o v e te d h o n o rs a w a rd e d a n n u a lly in th e fie ld o f m u sic. T h e fo rty -tw o m u sic ia n s w h o h a v e re c e iv e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic d u rin g its first fifty y ears o f e x iste n c e (1 9 4 3-1 9 9 2 ) fo rm a c o lle c tiv e b o d y re p re se n tin g m a n y o f A m e ric a 's m o st h ig h ly re g a rd e d tw e n tie th c e n tu ry c o m p o se rs. A ll h a v e w ritte n w o rk s th a t w o u ld b e o f in te re s t to th o se in v o lv e d w ith th e s tu d y a n d p e rfo rm a n c e o f c o n c e rt b a n d an d w in d e n se m b le lite ra tu re. A n o n g o in g c o n c e rn in th e w in d b a n d fie ld is th e e sta b lish m e n t o f a b o d y o f q u ality lite ra tu re fo r w in d b a n d s a n d e n se m b le s. B a ttisti c o m m e n ts, "T h e id e n tific a tio n o f th e p ie c e s in th is b o d y o f lite ra tu re; a ssistin g b a n d d ire c to rs/c o n d u c to rs in b e c o m in g a cq u a in te d w ith it a n d th e n p e rfo rm in g it is o n e o f o u r m a in c o n c e rn s."1 T h e re p e rto ire fo r c o n c e rt b a n d a n d w in d e n se m b le h a s b e e n an d still is c o n sid e re d b y m a n y in p ro fe s sio n a l c irc le s to b e second rate. H o rw o o d, th e e d ito r o f th e B ritis h b a n d jo u rn a l W IN D S, s h e d s so m e lig h t on th is situ a tio n w ith th e statem e n t, "A h ig h ly re g a rd e d B ritish m ilita ry m u sic ia n re c en tly w ro te 'I h a v e alw a y s k n o w n th e "g reat" w o rk s fo r b a n d w e re b u t c ru m b s fro m ric h m e n 's ta b le s a n d n o t to b e s e rio u sly ra n k e d w ith g re a t w o rk s o f a rt.'"2 G u n th e r S c h u lle r, h im s e lf a P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic re c ip ie n t in 1994, e x p re ssed a related c o n c e rn a b o u t th e m e d iu m in h is a d d re ss a t th e 1981 C o lle g e B a n d D ire c to rs N a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n N a tio n a l C o n fe re n ce: It b o th e rs m e e n o rm o u sly th a t th e w in d e n se m b le an d b a n d m e d iu m is n o t y e t p e rc e iv e d b y o u r c u ltu re, b y o u r m u sic a l e sta b lish m e n t a n d b y o u r ta stem a k e rs and c u ltu ra l le a d ers a s an im p o rtan t, v iable, a n d in te g ra l p a rt o f th is c o u n try 's m u sic a l life. T h e re is fa r to o m u c h ig n o ra n c e a n d p re ju d ic e 1 F ra n k B a ttisti, "R e p e rto ire E v e ry o n e s C o n cern," W IN D S, IV /1 (sp rin g 1 9 8 9 ), 14. 2 W a lly H o rw o o d, "T h e B a ttisti In te rv ie w 3: W e N e e d C ritic s," W IN D S, V II/3 (a u tu m n, 1 9 9 2 ), 18.

3 a g a in st th is fie ld, th e b an d, a m isp e rc e p tio n th a t I b e lie v e c a n b e c o m b a tte d m o re e ffe c tiv e ly th a n h a s b e e n d o n e th u s fa r.3 In an a rtic le su m m a riz in g th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e w in d b a n d re p e rto ire in th e U n ite d S ta te s d u rin g th e p a st c e n tu ry, H u n sb e rg e r e m p h a siz e d th e im p o rta n t ro le o f th is e m e rg in g re p e rto ire w ith th e fo llo w in g c o n clu sio n s: W h a t w e m a y d ra w fro m th is sk etc h in a p o sitiv e m a n n e r lie s in th e fa c t th a t e v e ry p e rio d o f h isto ry m a y b e m e a su re d b y th e q u a lity o f its a rt a n d its lite ra tu re. W e a re n o w in th e w in d b a n d 's m o s t c re a tiv e p e rio d ev er, a fa c t th a t m a y b e a ttrib u te d in p a rt to a c h a n g e in p h ilo so p h y a c h a n g e in e m p h a sis in w h ic h th e b a n d its e lf h a s c e a sed to b e th e c e n te r o f a ttra c tio n th e m e ssa g e, so to s p e a k w ith th e b o rro w e d tra n scrib e d re p e rto ire a n d o c c a sio n a l p ie c e s se rv in g as th e m e d iu m fo r th e m e ssa g e. N o w th e m u sic is th e m e ssa g e a n d th e p e rfo rm in g e n se m b le serv e s as th e m e d iu m to p ro c la im th e m e s s a g e.4 R e c e n t e ffo rts to e x p a n d an d u p g ra d e c o n c e rt b a n d a n d w in d e n se m b le re p e rto ire te n d e ith e r to lo o k b a c k to p re v io u s e ra s fo r so u rc es o f "new " m u sic o r tu rn to c o m m issio n in g p ro je c ts. S ir D a v id W h itw e ll's e x te n siv e sch o la rly w o rk in u n c o v e rin g e a rly w in d w o rk s a n d c o n se q u e n tly c re a tin g m o d e m e d itio n s p ro v id e s a stro n g illu stra tio n o f th e fo rm er. T h e la tte r is a m p ly re p re se n te d b y th e c o m m issio n in g p ro je c ts o f th e A m e ric a n W in d S y m p h o n y, th e v a rio u s U n ite d S ta te s serv ic e b a n d s, o rg a n iz a tio n s s u c h as th e A m e ric an B a n d m a ste rs A sso c ia tio n and th e C o lle g e B an d D ire c to rs N a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n, a n d n u m e ro u s u n iv e rsitie s a n d h ig h sch o o ls. In th e c o lu m n "B an d S tan d : A F o ru m fo r P e rso n a l B e liefs," F o s te r e n th u sia stic a lly p o in te d out:... I th in k th a t as b a n d d ire c to rs it is e x c itin g to r e a liz e... if w e c an c o n tin u e to d e v elo p a g re a te r b an d re p e rto ire b y e n co u rag in g o u r g re a te st c o m p o se rs to w rite fo r b a n d s a n d th e n e n c o u ra g in g p e o p le to p la y th is b e tte r lite ra tu re, w e h a v e th e o p p o rtu n ity to d ro p o u r se c o n d -c la ss sta tu s, a n d to ^ G u n th e r S c h u lle r, "G u n th e r S c h u lle r A d d re ss A t T h e C B D N A N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e, F e b ru a ry, 13, 1 9 8 1, A n n A rb o r, M ic h ig a n," C B D N A J o u r n a l, V (w in te r, 1 9 8 8 ), 3 2-3 4. [h is ita lic s] ^ D o n a ld H u n sb e rg e r, "K eep th e P e n d u lu m S w in g in g," W IN D S, V /2 (su m m e r, 1 9 9 0 ), 5.

4 e sta b lish th e b a n d as th e p re m ie r p e rfo rm in g e n se m b le n o t o n ly in o u r sc h o o ls and in th is c o u n try, b u t th ro u g h o u t th e w o rld.5 A p ro je c t in v o lv e d w ith d e fin in g th is b o d y o f lite ra tu re an d p ro v id in g a n e ffe c tiv e so u rc e o f in fo rm a tio n a b o u t it seem s to b e a n a p p ro p ria te re sp o n se to th is p e rc e iv e d c a ll fo r actio n. In a c o m m e n c e m e n t a d d re ss a t B ro o k ly n C o lle g e in 1 9 7 5, A a ro n C o p la n d s p o k e o f th e re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n so cie ty and th e a rtist, a n d o f th e v ital ro le th e c re a tiv e a rtist p la y s as a sp o k e sp e rso n fo r so ciety : H is im p o rta n c e to so c ie ty, in th e d e e p e s t sen se, is th a t th e w o rk h e d o es g iv e s su b sta n c e a n d m e a n in g to life as w e liv e it... O b v io u sly, w e d e p e n d o n th e g re a t w o rk s o f th e p a st fo r m a n y o f o u r m o st p ro fo u n d a rtistic e x p e rie n c e s, b u t n o t e v e n th e g re a te st s y m p h o n y o f B e e th o v e n o r th e g re a te st c a n ta ta o f B a c h c a n say w h a t w e c a n say ab o u t o u r tim e a n d o u r o w n life... It's n o t a q u e stio n o f s im p ly d e p e n d in g o n th e g re a t w o rk s o f th e p a st th e y a re w o n d e rfu l a n d c h e rish a b le, b u t th a t's n o t e n o u g h. W e as a n a tio n m u st b e ab le to p u t d o w n in te rm s o f art w h a t it feels to b e aliv e n o w, in o u r o w n tim e, in o u r o w n c o u n try..,6 T h o s e c o n cern e d w ith th e fu tu re o f b a n d s sh o u ld also e n su re th a t th e lite ra tu re p re sen tly a v ailab le fro m so m e o f th e m o st h ig h ly re sp ecte d A m e ric an co m p o se rs o f o u r tim e is also w e ll k n o w n. T h is stu d y w ill m a k e a p p a re n t th e la rg e b o d y o f e x ta n t lite ra tu re fo r c o n c e rt b a n d an d w in d e n se m b le s w ritte n b y th e c o m p o se rs a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic. T h e stu d y w ill aid in d isse m in a tin g in fo rm a tio n to in te re sted p a rtie s a n d serv e to su p p o rt th e w o rk o f th e se c o m p o se rs " o f o u r tim e " b y w a y o f en c o u ra g in g in -d e p th s tu d y a n d p e rfo rm a n c e. In re c e n t y e ars, m a n y P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs e.g. K a re l H u sa, M ic h a e l C o lg ra s s, Jo se p h S c h w a n tn e r, N o rm a n D e llo Jo io, E lle n T a a ffe Z w ilic h, Jo h n H a rb iso n, W a y n e P e te rso n, B e rn a rd R a n d s a n d C h a rle s W u o rin e n h a v e w ritte n m a jo r 5 R o b e rt E. F o ste r, "T h e E n s e m b le o f th e F u tu re," B D G u id e, II/4 (M a rc h /A p ril, 1 9 8 8 ), 3 4-3 5. 6 A a ro n C o p la n d, c ite d in H. W ile y H itc h c o c k, "A a ro n C o p la n d," P e rsp e c tiv e s o f N e w M u sic, X IX (1 9 8 0-1 9 8 1 ), 3 1-3 3. [h is ita lic s]

5 c o m p o sitio n s fo r th e m e d iu m. O stlin g fo u n d th a t c o m p o se rs aw a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e w e re w ritin g w o rk s o f se rio u s a rtistic m e rit fo r w in d s.7 In G ilb e rt's re p lic a tio n a n d u p d a te o f th e O stlin g stu d y, th irty -tw o o f th e 191 w o rk s (1 6.7 % ) e v a lu a te d as h a v in g serio u s a rtistic m e rit w e re c o m p o se d b y P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs.8 T h re e c h a m b e r w o rk s fe a tu rin g w in d s a lo n e o r in c o m b in a tio n w ith so lo strin g in stru m e n ts, p ia n o a n d /o r p e rc u ssio n h a v e b e e n a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic : D o n a ld M a rtin o 's N o ttu m o w as a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in 1 9 7 4, B e rn a rd R a n d 's C a n ti d e l S o le in 1984, a n d G e o rg e P e rle 's W in d Q u in te t N o. 4 in 1986. In re sp o n se to g re a t in te re s t fro m th e b a n d fie ld, M ic h a e l C o lg ra ss tra n scrib e d h is 1978 P u litz e r P riz e w in n in g w o rk D e ja V u (a p iece o rig in a lly c o m p o se d fo r fo u r so lo p e rc u ssio n ists a n d o rc h e stra) fo r w in d e n se m b le, w h ile re ta in in g th e sam e so lo ist re q u ire m e n ts.9 T h e w o rk p re sen tly re c e iv e s ro u g h ly a n e q u a l n u m b e r o f p e rfo rm a n c e s b y w in d e n se m b le s a n d o rc h e stra s.10 I t c a n b e se e n th a t th e se c o m p o se rs h ave a b ly tu rn e d to th e c o n c e rt b a n d /w in d e n se m b le m e d iu m to artistic a lly e x p re ss th e m selv e s a n d th e se e ffo rts h a v e b e en re c o g n iz e d b y a w a rd ju rie s a n d m u sic s c h o la rs alik e as re p re se n tin g so m e o f th e c o m p o se rs ' fin e s t e ffo rts. C re a tiv e w o rk o f th e h ig h e s t o rd e r is ra re ly a s e m in e n tly a ccla im e d in th e U n ite d S tates, p u b lic ly o r p ro fe ssio n a lly, as th e a c k n o w le d g e m e n t in h e re n t in th e re c eiv in g o f a P u litz e r P rize. ^ A c to n E. O stlin g, Jr., "A n E v a lu a tio n o f W in d B an d L ite ra tu re A c c o rd in g to S p e c ific C rite ria o f S e rio u s A rtistic M erit" (u n p u b lish e d P h D d isse rta tio n, T h e U n iv e rsity o f Io w a, 1 9 7 8 ), 1 5 5-1 6 0, 1 6 4-1 6 5, 167, 172.. ^ Jay W. G ilb e rt, "A n E v a lu a tio n o f C o m p o sitio n s fo r W in d B a n d A c c o rd in g to S p e c ific C rite ria o f S erio u s A rtistic M erit: A R e p lic a tio n and U p d a te" (u n p u b lish ed D M d is s e rta tio n, N o rth w e ste rn U n iv e rs ity, 1993), 1 5 1-1 6 1. ^ T h e w in d e n se m b le v e rsio n o f D e ja V u w a s c o m m issio n e d b y th e M id A m e ric a n C o n fe re n c e B an d D ire c to r's A sso c ia tio n in 1986 and p re m ie re d in 1987. lo W ritte n c o rre sp o n d e n c e w ith A rth u r C o h n, C a rl F isc h e r, In c. R e n ta l L ib ra ry, A u g u s t 2 9, 1995.

6 The Pulitzer Prize in Music T h e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic is w id e ly re c o g n ized as o n e o f th e p re m ie r c o m p e titiv e a w a rd s in th e arts. T h e g e n e ra l p u b lic 's p e rc e p tio n o f th e P u litz e r P riz e s is p e rh a p s b e st illu stra te d in a stan d a rd e n c y c lo p a e d ic d efin itio n. T h e e n try o n th e P u litz e r P riz e in th e 1981 A c a d e m ic A m e r ic a n E n c y c lo p e d ia o p e n s w ith th e sta te m e n t "A w a rd e d e a c h sp rin g in th e U n ite d S ta te s fo r e x c e lle n c e in jo u rn a lis m, le tte rs a n d m u sic, th e P u litz e r P rizes are p re s tig io u s a n d h ig h ly c o v e te d sy m b o ls o f su c c e ss in th e d e sig n a te d fie ld s." 11 In sig h t as to h o w a w in n in g c o m p o s e r p e rc e iv e s th e p riz e c an b e fo u n d in a re c e n t te le v isio n d o c u m e n ta ry a b o u t Jo h n H a rb iso n, th e 1987 re c ip ie n t fo r h is c a n ta ta, F lig h t in to E g y p t. T h e 3 0 m in u te p ro d u c tio n c o n ta in e d a se g m e n t w h e re H a rb is o n a n d h is w ife R o se m a ry d iscu ssed w h a t it w a s lik e in th e first fe w d a y s fo llo w in g th e a n n o u n c e m e n t th a t h e w a s a w a rd e d th e p riz e. T h e te le g ra m fro m C o lu m b ia U n iv e rsity P re s id e n t M ic h a e l I. S o v e m is sh o w n, sim p ly sta tin g "Y o u w e re a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r M u sic P riz e to d a y, c o n g ra tu la tio n s." 12 O v e r a m o n ta g e o f im a g e s, in c lu d in g c o n g ra tu la to ry te le g ra m s a n d le tte rs fro m c o lle a g u e s a cro ss th e p ro fe ssio n a l m u sic scene, h is T im e m a g a z in e fe a tu re artic le, an d a p h o to o f th e c o m p o se r rid in g in a c o n v ertib le as th e g ra n d m a rsh a ll o f an u n id e n tifie d p a ra d e, J o h n H a rb iso n o ffe re d th e fo llo w in g c o m m e n t a b o u t th e p rize: "It m e a n s a lo t o f g o o d lu c k an d it m e a n s a lo t o f c a re e r h e lp, b u t it c e rta in ly is n o t so m e so rt o f g lo rio u s o b je c tiv e sta n d a rd," to w h ic h R o se m a ry re p lie d "It's ju s t a lo t o f fu n and p e o p le tre a t y o u s o m e w h a t d iffe re n tly. I d id lo v e fo u r d a y s o f n o n -sto p e u p h o ria. I w o u ld n 't m in d th a t a g ain, th a n k y o u v e ry m u c h. T h a t w a s g r e a t!"13 ^ ^ D o n a ld H. Jo h n sto n, " P u litz e r P rize," A c a d e m ic A m e r ic a n E n c y c lo p e d ia, Vol. X V (P rin c e to n, N e w Jerse y : A re te P u b lic a tio n s C o m p a n y, 1 9 8 1 ), 6 1 8. l^ L in d a C a rte r, p ro d u c e r, "Jo h n H a rb iso n : A C o m p o se r's V o ic e," (M a d iso n : W isc o n s in E d u c a tio n a l C o m m u n ic a tio n s B o a rd a n d th e B o a rd o f R e g e n ts, U n iv e rsity o f W is c o n s in S y ste m, 1994). 13 Ibid.

7 E sta b lish e d in 1917 as a re s u lt o f a b e q u e s t to C o lu m b ia U n iv e rsity b y th e n o te d H u n g a ria n -A m e ric a n n e w sp a p e r p u b lis h e r a n d e d ito r Jo se p h P u litz e r (1 8 4 7-1 9 1 1 ), th e p riz e s w e re first a w ard e d in th a t sam e year. T h e p riz e s are b e sto w e d b y th e tru ste e s o f th e u n iv e rsity u p o n th e re c o m m e n d a tio n s o f an A d v is o ry B o ard. Ju rie s a p p o in te d b y th e u n iv e rsity p re s e n t th e ir fin d in g s to th e b o a rd fo r a ctio n in e a c h o f th e d e sig n a te d c ateg o ries o f e n d e a v o r. In h is w ill, P u litz e r le ft $ 2,0 0 0,0 0 0 to th e u n iv e rsity a s seed m o n e y to e sta b lish a S c h o o l o f Jo u rn a lism. H e s tip u la te d th a t th e in c o m e o f $ 5 0 0,0 0 0 o f th e to ta l sh o u ld be u sed to m a in ta in a n n u al p riz e s and sch o la rsh ip s fo r th e a d v a n c e m e n t o f jo u rn a lis m, p u b lic serv ic e a n d m o ra ls, e d u c a tio n an d le tte rs, a n d h a d in d ic a te d fo u r jo u rn a lis m aw a rd s and fo u r fo r letters. S in c e th e n, th e A d v iso ry B o a rd h a s a d d e d n e w c a te g o rie s and re v ised s o m e o f th e w o rd in g ; fo r e x a m p le, a w a rd s a re n o w g iv e n fo r " d istin g u ish e d," ra th e r th a n th e "best" w o rk in a p a rtic u la r c a te g o ry.14 A t first, th e fie ld o f m u sic w a s su p p o rte d b y a n a n n u al "tra v e lin g sch o la rsh ip " o f $ 1,5 0 0, g iv e n to a stu d e n t o f m u sic in th e U n ite d S ta te s to fu n d fu rth e r stu d y in E u ro p e. T h e u n iv e rsity ap p ro v e d th e A d v iso ry B o a rd 's p ro p o sa l to a d d a P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic in 1943 a n d W illia m S c h u m a n w a s its first re c ip ie n t. S in c e 1970, th e re h a s b e e n a n ad d itio n a l jo u rn a lis m a w ard in th e fie ld o f critic ism, fo r w h ic h m u sic c ritic s, a m o n g o th e r w rite rs o n th e a rts, a re e lig ib le. Jo h n H o h e n b e rg, c o n sid e re d an au th o rity o n Jo se p h P u litz e r, th e h is to ry o f th e P u litz e r P rize, its re c ip ie n ts a n d th e c re a tiv e w o rk s h o n o re d, h a s w ritte n th e tw o m o s t c o m p re h e n s iv e te x ts w h ic h fo c u s o n th e p riz e. H is m o re re c en t w o rk, T h e P u litz e r P rizes: A H is to r y o f the A w a r d s in B o o ks, D ra m a, M u sic, a n d J o u rn a lism, B a s e d o n th e P riv a te 14J o h n s to n, op. c it., 6 1 9.

8 F ile s o v e r S ix D e c a d e s g a v e b a c k g ro u n d in fo rm a tio n on th e a w ard s m a d e in a ll categ o ries fro m 1943 to 1974. A lso d e sc rib e d a t le n g th w e re th e c o m p o se rs, th e ir w in n in g w o rk s, a n d th e p e rfo rm e rs an d n o m in a tin g p a rtie s in v o lv e d, as w e ll a s (in m a n y in sta n c e s) th e ju ry m e m b e rs w h o m a d e th e d e te rm in a tio n s. L ig h t is sh e d u p o n th e y e a rs w h e n n o aw a rd s w e re m a d e in m u s ic (1 9 5 3,1 9 6 4 a n d 1965; n o a w a rd w a s m a d e in 1 9 8 1, sev e n y e a rs after th is b o o k w a s w ritte n ).15 H o h e n b e rg 's e a rlie r w o rk, T he P u litze r P r iz e S to ry, c o n ta in e d a d e ta ile d a c c o u n t o f th e in itia l b e q u e st fro m P u litz e r a n d th e e sta b lish m e n t o f th e m e c h a n ism s n e c e ssa ry to fairly a n d p ro p e rly d e te rm in e re c ip ie n ts and adm in istra te th e e n tire a w a rd p ro c e ss.16 Its th ird a p p e n d ix p re sen te d th e "P lan fo r th e A w a rd o f th e P u litz e r P rizes," w h ic h c o n ta in e d sp ecific in fo rm a tio n c o n cern in g th e p riz e in m u sic ; "T h e fo llo w in g a w a rd w ill b e m a d e a n n u a lly as a P riz e in M u sic; F o r d istin g u ish e d m u s ic a l c o m p o sitio n in th e la rg e r fo rm s o f c h a m b e r, o rc h e stral, o r c h o ra l m u sic, o r fo r a n o p e ra tic w o rk (in c lu d in g b a lle t), p e rfo rm e d o r p u b lish e d d u rin g th e y e a r b y a c o m p o se r o f e sta b lish e d re sid e n c e in th e U n ite d S ta te s." 17 In 1977 th e re sid e n c y c la u se w a s c h a n g e d to read "b y a n A m e ric a n." H a rlo w p re sen te d an in te re stin g o v e rv ie w o f th e p rizes in h is 1968 a rtic le "T w en ty - F iv e Y e a rs o f th e P u litz e rs fo r M u sic " in w h ic h h e a tte m p te d to a sse ss th e m e rit o f th e p riz e in te rm s o f th e "la stin g p o w e r" o f th e w in n in g w o rk s. F o r e a c h w o rk h e d o c u m e n te d th e c o m m e rc ia l re c o rd in g s issu e d a n d th o se w h ic h w e re still av ailab le fo r p u rc h a se, in ad d itio n to th e n u m b e r o f p e rfo rm a n c e s th e w o rk re c e iv e d d u rin g th e 1 9 6 6-1 9 6 7 c o n c e rt seaso n, as 15John H o h e n b e rg, T he P u litz e r P rizes: A H is to r y o f th e A w a r d s in B o o ks, D ra m a, M u sic, a n d J o u rn a lism, B a s e d o n the P riv a te F iles o v e r S ix D e c a d e s (N e w Y o rk : C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity P re ss, 1974). l^ J o h n H o h e n b e rg, T he P u litz e r P rize S to ry (N e w Y o rk : C o lu m b ia U n iv e rsity P re s s, 1 9 5 9 ). W lb id., 3 3 5.

9 re p o rte d in th e B M I O rc h e stra l P r o g r a m S u rvey. H e fo u n d th a t so m e w o rk s w e re " im m e d ia te ly re c o g n iz a b le as 'su re w in n e rs,' as 'sta n d a rd ' as th e A m e ric a n re p e rto ry c o n ta in s. O th e rs are b a re ly re c o lle c ta b le fo r a n e x p e rt." 18 T h e a rtic le a lso re v ie w s th e p ro c e d u re s in v o lv e d in n o m in a tin g and a d ju d ic a tin g w o rk s fo r th e p riz e, a n d o ffers s u g g e stio n s fo r im p ro v in g th e e n tire p ro c e ss. W o rk s are g e n e ra lly n o m in a te d fo r c o n sid e ra tio n b y p e rfo rm in g g ro u p s, c o n d u c to rs a n d p u b lish e rs, a n d a re u su a lly n o t self-n o m in a te d. Q u a lifie d w o rk s a re th o se w h ic h re c e iv e th e ir A m e ric a n p re m ie re d u rin g th e y e a r fro m th e p rev io u s A p ril 1 to M a rc h 31 o f th e y e a r o f th e a w ard, a p e rio d o f tim e w h ic h c o m p rise s th e a c c e p te d o p e n in g a n d c lo sin g d a te s fo r th e th e a te r a n d m u sic seaso n s in th e U n ite d S tates. T h e n o m in a tio n is m a d e b y su b m ittin g a c o m p le te d n o m in a tio n fo rm, in fo rm a tio n co n cern in g p la c e a n d d a te o f p e rfo rm a n c e, a c o p y o f th e sco re a n d a re c o rd in g o f th e p ie c e w h e n re q u ire d, a n d an a g re e m e n t fro m th e p e rfo rm in g g ro u p to allo w th e A d v iso ry B o a rd, a t its d iscre tio n, to p u rc h a se tic k e ts fo r re v ie w in g a liv e p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e n o m in a te d w o rk.19 A c o m p o se r m a y re c e iv e th e p riz e m o re th a n o n c e a n d th e u n iv e rsity tru stees re serv e th e rig h t to n o t g ra n t an aw ard. T h e a n tic ip a tio n in m u sic a l c irc le s m o u n ts a n n u a lly as th e first M o n d a y o f M a y is a p p ro a c h e d, fo r th is is th e d a y w h e n th e w in n in g w o rk a n d its c o m p o s e r a re a n n o u n c e d. O n ly fo rty -tw o c o m p o se rs re c e iv e d th e P u litz e r P rize in M u sic d u rin g its first fifty y e a rs o f ex isten c e. F o u r c o m p o se rs re c e iv e d th e p riz e tw ic e d u rin g th is p e rio d : S a m u e l B a rb e r, E llio tt C a rte r, G ia n C a rlo M en o tti, and W a lte r P isto n. F o u r tim e s a d e c isio n w as re a c h e d to m a k e no aw ard. L e w is A. H a rlo w, " T w e n ty -F iv e Y e a rs o f th e P u litz e rs fo r M u sic," S a tu rd a y R e v ie w, (A p ril 2 7, 1 9 6 8 ), 6 8. ^ C h r is to p h e r P a v la k is, T h e A m e r ic a n M u s ic H a n d b o o k. (N e w Y o rk : T h e F re e P re s s, 1 9 7 4 ), 4 4 6.

10 A h ig h ly c o n tro v e rsia l d e cisio n w ith in th e h isto ry o f th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic o c c u re d in 1992, w h e n th e P u litz e r b o a rd a w a rd e d th e p riz e to W a y n e P e te rs o n fo r h is o rc h e stra l w o rk, T h e F a c e o f th e N ig h t, th e H e a r t o f th e D a rk, o v e r th e m u s ic ju ry 's u n a n im o u s d e cisio n to a w a rd it to R a lp h S h a p e y fo r h is C o n certo F a n ta stiq u e. In a n article in T h e N e w Y o rk T im e s re c o u n tin g th e c o n tro v e rs y, R o th ste in e x a m in e d th e a w a rd p ro c e ss in g e n e ra l a n d th e 1992 d e c isio n in p a rtic u la r. H e p re sen te d th e re a so n in g b e h in d b o th th e A d v is o ry B o a rd 's and th e ju ry 's actio n s, a n d in c lu d e d tw o p a ra g ra p h s w h ic h s p e a k stro n g ly a n d d ire c tly to th e statu s o f th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic a m o n g to d a y 's m u sic a l c o m m u n ity. T h e issu e is in tricate. B u t th e P u litz e r P riz e in m u sic is n o t b a se d o n p o p u la rity. It is a p ro fe ssio n a l a w ard c ertify in g a h ig h le v e l o f a ch iev e m e n t. Its tra c k re c o rd is a sto n ish in g ; it h a s m isse d fe w e r n o ta b le a n d h o n o re d fe w e r c lin k e rs th a n th e N o b e l P riz e in lite r a tu r e.... T h e m u sic p riz e m a rk s a c o m p o se r's e n try in to a p a rtic u la r trad itio n. T h a t tra d itio n is p a rtly in su re d b y u sin g ju ro rs w h o h a v e p re v io u sly b e e n w in n e rs. S in c e 1982, su c h ju ro r s h a v e in c lu d e d : C h a rle s W u o rin e n, D o m in ic k A rg e n to, R ic h a rd W e m ic k, L e o n K irc h n e r, R o b e rt W a rd, Jaco b D ru c k m a n, M ilto n B a b b itt [re c ip ie n t o f a sp e c ia l citatio n ], Jo se p h S c h w a n tn e r, W illia m S c h u m a n, E lle n T a a ffe Z w ilich, D o n a ld M a rtin o, [R o g er] R e y n o ld s a n d [G e o rg e ] P e rle. F o r all th e sty listic v a rie ty su g g e ste d b y th e se n a m e s, th e y d e m a rc a te a m o d e m tra d itio n o f serio u s c o m p o sitio n, w ith in w h ic h th e P u litz e r P riz e re m a in s th e h ig h e st p ro fe ssio n a l h o n o r; it c o n fe rs th e h ig h e st p u b lic h o n o r as w e ll.20 B ein g n a m e d a re c ip ie n t o f th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic ty p ic a lly b rin g s in c re ase d o p p o rtu n ity as a c o m p o se r in ad d itio n to th e m u c h d e se rv e d c ritic a l acc la im. In a fe a tu re a rticle o n th e fin an cially d iffic u lt c a re e r o f p riz e re c ip ie n t Jo h n L a M o n ta in e, W ein tra u b in d ic a te d " O f co u rse, h a v in g w o n th e 1959 P u litiz e r P riz e fo r c o m p o sitio n h a sn 't h u rt. A t th e tim e he [L am o n tain e] th o u g h t th e p rize d id n 't m a k e a d ifferen ce, b u t sin c e th e n h e h as n e v e r b een w ith o u t a c o m m is sio n."21 * T h e y o u n g e st m u sic ian to h a v e re c e iv e d th e p riz e ^ E d w a r d R o th ste in, "In T h e F ra c a s O v e r a P riz e, N o O n e W o n," T h e N e w Y o rk T im es, (A p ril 19, 1 9 9 2 ), S e c tio n T w o, p 2 5. ' 21 E ric a B eth W e in tra u b, "L ife o n th e E d g e," M u s ic E d u c a to rs J o u rn a l, L X IX /7 (M a rc h, 1 9 8 3 ), 4 1.

11 w a s C h a rle s W u o rin e n, w h o a t th e a g e o f 3 2 h a d a lre a d y e sta b lish e d h im s e lf as a p ro m in e n t, y o u n g A m e ric a n c o m p o se r. In h is b io -b ib lio g ra p h y o n W u o rin e n, B u rb a n k p o in te d o u t "In p a rtic lu a r, th e P u litz e r P riz e h a d g iv e n h im th e re c o g n itio n it ty p ic a lly b rin g s its w in n ers: n a tio n a l e x p o su re, in v ita tio n s to jo in te a c h in g fa c u ltie s o f p ro m in e n t u n iv e rsitie s a n d c o lle g e s, and, m o s t im p o rta n tly, co m m issio n s to c o m p o se m u s ic a l w o rk s fo r m a jo r s y m p h o n y o rc h e stra s a n d e n s e m b le s."22 L o o k in g b a c k u p o n th e P u litz e r P riz e s in M u sic to w a rd th e e n d o f 1972, A a ro n C o p la n d w ro te : "A s I lo o k d o w n th e list, I s e e n o n a m e o f a c o m p o se r w h o is n o t w e ll k n o w n, a n d c e rta in ly su ffic ie n tly p la y e d. In o th e r w o rd s, th e re a re n o b ra n d n e w d isco v e rie s h ith e rto u n h e a rd o f b e fo re b e in g c ro w n e d w ith a P u litz e r. T h is w o u ld seem to in d ic a te th a t a c o m p o se r's g e n eral re p u ta tio n m a y p u t h im in a fa v o ra b le lig h t w h e n b e in g c o n sid e re d b y his p e e rs."23 T h e m u sic ia n s w h o h a v e b e en a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic d o in d e e d m a k e u p a c o lle c tiv e b o d y re p re se n tin g m a n y o f o u r n a tio n 's m o s t d istin g u ish e d c o m p o se rs. O n e sh o u ld n o t c o n s id e r th is c o lle c tio n to b e a d e fin itiv e, allin c lu siv e listin g o f th e fin e st A m e ric a n c o m p o se rs o f th e tw e n tie th c e n tu ry, h o w e v e r. G iv e n th e fa c t th a t o n ly o n e a w ard is to b e p re sen te d e a c h y e a r fo r a w o rk p re m ie re d th a t p re c e d in g seaso n, as w ell as th e p o litical n a tu re o f th e n o m in a tin g a n d re v ie w p ro c e ss, it is in e v ita b le th a t so m e c o m p o se rs h a v e b e e n o v e rlo o k e d. N o ta b le c o m p o se rs su c h as Ig o r S tra v in sk y, P a u l H in d e m ith, A rn o ld S c h o e n b e rg a n d L e o n a rd B e rn ste in p a sse d a w a y w ith o u t re c e iv in g th e h o n o r. N o tw ith sta n d in g th e se fe w n o ta b le e x c lu sio n s, th o se c o m p o se rs w h o h a v e b e en a w ard e d th e p riz e n e v e rth e le ss m a k e u p a v e rita b le "W h o 's 2 2 R ic h a rd. D. B u rb a n k, C h a rle s W u o rin e n : A B io -B ib lio g ra p h y (W e stp o rt, C o n n e c tic u t: G re e n w o o d P re ss, 1994), 3. 2 3 Jo h n H o h e n b e rg, T h e P u litz e r P rizes: A H is to ry o f th e A w a r d s in B o o k s, D ra m a, M u sic, a n d J o u rn a lism, B a s e d o n the P riv a te F iles o v e r S ix D e c a d e s (N ew Y ork: C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity P re ss, 1 9 7 4 ), 2 8 3.

12 W h o " o f A m e ric a n c o m p o se rs o f th e la s t 100 y e a rs a n d p ro v id e th is stu d y w ith a su b sta n tia l c a ta lo g o f w in d w o rk s to e x p lo re. Need for the Study M an y p ro fe ssio n a l m u sic asso c iatio n s h a v e d e m o n stra ted tim e a n d tim e a g ain th e n e e d fo r e x p a n d in g th e c o n c e rt b a n d /w in d e n se m b le re p e rto ire a n d re p o rtin g in fo rm a tio n c o n c e rn in g re p e rto ire to in te re sted p arties. F itz g e ra ld, in a p a p e r p re sen te d n e arly fifty y e a rs a g o b e fo re th e 1949 N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o f th e C B D N A, s ta te d "...th e tim e h as c o m e w h e n w e m u s t sto p le a n in g u p o n th e o rc h e stra so h e a v ily, a n d sta rt d e v e lo p in g a re p e rto ry o f b a n d m u s ic b y c o n te m p o ra ry c o m p o s e rs."24 H e g o e s o n to say: T h e u ltim ate g o al is to c ap ita liz e u p o n th e b e st re p e rto ry o f b o th o ld a n d n e w m u sic, c e rta in ly n o t to a b a n d o n th e o ld fo r th e n ew. T h e p ro c e ss is b o u n d to b e a la b o rio u s o n e in v o lv in g m u c h s iftin g o f m u sic m a te ria ls, b u t it is ab so lu tely n e c e ssa ry if th e c o n c e rt b a n d is to b e re g a rd e d a s a re sp ecte d m ed iu m o f m u sic a l e x p re ssio n ra th e r th a n as a m isc e lla n e o u s g ro u p o f w in d in stru m e n ta lists w h o a tte m p t to p e rfo rm o rc h e stra l m u s ic.25 T h e ty p e o f stu d y p ro p o sed h ere, c a lle d fo r b y th e 1 9 7 0 A m e ric a n B a n d m a ste rs A sso c ia tio n R e se a rc h C o m m itte e as a su g g e ste d re searc h to p ic, w ill serv e th is n e ed by p ro v id in g a re so u rc e to in te re ste d p a rtie s w h ic h w ill b rin g to lig h t w o rk s o f w h ic h th e y w e re p e rh a p s u n a w a re.26 It w ill aid in th e "siftin g " p ro c e ss c a lle d fo r b y F itzg e ra ld. W ritin g in 1965, W h itw e ll d e sc rib e d th re e c risis p e rio d s in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f tw e n tie th -c e n tu ry w in d b a n d lite ra tu re. W ith in e a c h p erio d, c o m p o se rs w e re a ctiv e in w ritin g sig n ific a n t w in d lite ra tu re, o n ly to b e m e t w ith an a p p a re n t d isin te re st o n th e p a rt o f ^ B e r n a r d F itz g e ra ld, "T h e M u sic o f th e C o n c e rt B an d," a p a p e r p re sen te d to th e 1 9 4 9 N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o f th e C o lle g e B an d D ire c to rs N a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n, c ite d in The C o lle g e a n d U n iv ersity B and,. D a v id W h itw e ll and A c to n O stlin g, Jr., e d ito rs (R e sto n, V irg in ia : M u sic E d u c a to rs N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e, 1977), 14. 25 Ib id., 16. 2 6 A rth u r L. W illia m s, "B an d R e s e a rc h T o p ic s S u g g e ste d fo r G ra d u a te S tu d y," J o u r n a l o f B a n d R e s e a r c h, V I E 1 (F all, 1970), 3 9-4 0.

13 m o s t w in d b a n d c o n d u c to rs to w a rd th is n e w m u s ic.27 O n e c an a ssu m e th a t s o m e o f th is a p p a re n t d isin te re st w a s (a n d still is) d u e to u n a w a re n e ss. It is a d iffic u lt, tim e -c o n su m in g c h a lle n g e fo r a c o n d u c to r to stay a b re a st o f th e n e w m u sic b e in g w ritte n, le t a lo n e b e co m e fa m ilia r w ith w o rk s w h ic h, h a v in g b e e n p re m ie re d, re c eiv e fe w n o ta b le a d d itio n a l p e rfo rm a n c e s. F lo y d illu stra te s th is d ile m n a in h is re m a rk s c o n c e rn in g th e m a n y c o m m issio n e d w o rk s o f th e A m e ric a n W in d S y m p h o n y : U n fo rtu n a te ly, m a n y o f th e se w o rk s a re p re m ie re d, re c e iv e a sm a tte rin g o f o th e r p e rfo rm a n c e s, a n d fa ll in to o b scu rity. O ften, th is fa te is ju s tly d e se rv e d b e c a u se o f th e q u e stio n a b le m e rit o f th e m u sic ; h o w e v e r, fa r to o freq u e n tly, th e lim ited p e rfo rm a n c e life o f a w o rk is d e te rm in e d b y th e fa c t th a t th ro u g h o u t th e ra n k s o f w in d e n se m b le a n d b an d c o n d u c to rs th e re is a g e n e ra l la c k o f a w a re n e ss c o n c e rn in g th e c o m p o sitio n.28 In a p a p e r p re sen te d to th e 1967 N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o f th e C B D N A, S c h a e fe r also m e n tio n e d th e n e ed to p erfo rm stu d ie s su c h as th e p re sen t one: "W e m u s t c o n tin u e to a ssist c o m p o se rs and p e rfo rm e rs b y c o m p ilin g lists, b y e n c o u ra g in g p u b lis h e rs to p u b lish m o re d iffic u lt w o rk s, b y p e rfo rm in g w o rk s th a t a re in c o n v e n ie n t to o b ta in p e rh a p s e v e n g o in g in to th e re n ta l o r p u b lish in g b u s in e s s o u rs e lv e s."29 G ilb e rt o ffe rs s u g g e stio n s fo r fu rth e r s tu d y h is C o n c lu sio n s/r e c o m m e n d a tio n s sectio n, w h ic h a p p ly d ire c tly to th e fu n c tio n o f th e p re sen t stu d y : A n e x te n siv e an n o ta ted b ib lio g ra p h y co u ld be d e v elo p ed fro m th e an n o tated b ib lio g rap h y in c lu d e d in th is d o c u m e n t. It c o u ld in clu d e m o re sp ecific in fo rm a tio n a b o u t in stru m e n ta tio n, in c ip its o f th e m e s fro m th e p ie c e s, and a b ib lio g ra p h y o f lite ra tu re a b o u t e a c h w o rk. T h is b ib lio g ra p h y w o u ld b e v e ry u sefu l in w in d lite ra tu re c o u rses a t th e c o lle g e le v e l...t h e id e n tificatio n 2? D a v id W h itw e ll, "T h re e C rises in B a n d R ep e rto ire," T h e In s tr u m e n ta list, X X /8 (M a rc h, 1 9 6 5 ), 3 6-3 7. 2 8 R ic h a rd L. F lo y d, "T h e A m e ric a n W in d S y m p h o n y E d itio n s," C B D N A Journ a l, I (s p rin g, 1 9 8 4 ) 35. 2 9 w illia m A. S c h a efer, "T h e E m e rg in g B an d R ep erto ire," a p a p e r p re sen te d to th e 1967 N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o f th e C o lle g e B an d D ire c to rs N a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n, cited in The C o lle g e a n d U n iv ersity B a n d, D a v id W h itw e ll and A c to n O stlin g, Jr., e d ito rs (R e sto n, V irg in ia : M u sic E d u c a to rs N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e, 1977), 65.

14 o f q u a lity literatu re fo r p e rfo rm a n c e a n d stu d y is im p o rta n t a t a ll le v e ls o f m u sic a l d e v e lo p m e n t.30 T h e re is a n e e d fo r re fe re n c e listin g s o f th e c o m p le te w o rk s fo r c o n c e rt b a n d a n d w in d e n se m b le b y m a jo r A m e ric a n c o m p o se rs. T h is stu d y w ill fo c u s o n th o se c o m p o se rs id e n tifie d as b e in g "m o st h ig h ly re g a rd e d " c o m p o se rs b y w a y o f re c e iv in g th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic. A re v ie w o f th e lite ra tu re re v e a ls th a t a n a n n o ta ted b ib lio g ra p h y o f th e w o rk s fo r c o n c e rt b a n d and w in d o rc h e stra b y c o m p o se rs a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic d o e s n o t e x ist, n o r d o e s a c o m p le te listin g o f th e ir c h a m b e r w in d e n se m b le w o rk s. M a n y re p e rto ire lists a n d b o o k s a re a v a ila b le, y e t n o n e c o m e c lo se to c o v e rin g all o f th e se P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs n o r d o th e y p ro v id e an in c lu siv e listin g o f a ll th e ir w o rk s fo r c o n c e rt b a n d a n d w in d e n se m b le s. W h e n w ritin g ab o u t th e c o m p o se rs aw ard e d th e P u litz e r P riz e in M u sic, th e au th o rs o f m a n y b o o k s, en c y c lo p e d ia s, b io g ra p h ie s a n d artic le s e ith e r c ite a fe w o f th e ir b an d w o rk s o r d o n o t m e n tio n th e m a t all. T h e m y o p ia o f th e se sch o la rs to w a rd th e c o n c e rt b a n d /w in d e n se m b le w o rk s by th e se c o m p o se rs is d ish e a rte n in g (a n d fru stra tin g!) to th is w rite r an d se rv e d as an in itial im p e tu s to w a rd sele c tin g th is e ssa y to p ic. E v e n as re c e n t and th o ro u g h a w o rk as R e h rig 's tw o v o lu m e T h e H e rita g e E n c y c lo p e d ia o f B a n d M u s ic c o m e s u p sh o rt in c o v e rin g P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs and all o f th eir w o rk s fo r c o n c e rt b a n d and w in d e n s e m b le.31 C o m m issio n in g p ro je c ts h a v e b e en a n d still a re e n co u rag e d b y m a n y m u sic o rg a n iz a tio n s. T h is stu d y w ill p ro v id e in fo rm a tio n u sefu l in sele c tin g c o m p o se rs to a p p ro a c h w ith o ffers. S p e c ific a lly, it w ill id e n tify th o se liv in g P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs ^ G i l b e r t, op. c it., 183, 185. 31 W illia m H. R e h rig, T he H e rita g e E n c y c lo p e d ia o f B a n d M u s ic : C o m p o se rs a n d T h e ir M u sic, 2 v o ls. (W e ste rv ille, O h io : In te g rity P ress, 1 9 9 1 ). [8,5 9 3 c o m p o se rs; 3,6 8 5 b io g ra p h ic s k e tc h e s; 5 4,8 5 6 title s in in d e x ; 1,087 pages]

15 a lre ad y a ctiv e ly in v o lv e d in w ritin g fo r th e m e d iu m (and th e re fo re p e rh a p s th e m o s t "open" to an o th e r c o m m issio n ), as w e ll as th o se w h o h a v e n o t b een o v e rly in v o lv e d a n d w h o sh o u ld b e e n c o u ra g e d to d o so w ith a n a ttra c tiv e c o m m issio n. A t tim e s, all it m ig h t ta k e is th e e ffo rt at m a k in g th e c o m m issio n o ffer. In an in te rv ie w w ith th is a u th o r, G ia n C a rlo M e n o tti w a s a sk e d, "W h y h a v e y o u n o t w ritte n fo r b and?" to w h ic h h e re p lie d, "N o b o d y a s k e d."32 T h e re is a n e e d to assess th e a tte n tio n g iv e n to th e w in d b a n d m e d iu m b y m a n y o f th e m o st h ig h ly re g a rd e d tw e n tie th -c e n tu ry A m e ric a n co m p o se rs. T h e s tu d y w ill in d icate w h ic h P u litz e r P riz e c o m p o se rs h a v e tu rn e d to th e c o n c e rt b a n d and w in d e n se m b le s m o st o fte n as an e x p re ssiv e m e d iu m. T h e g ro u p o f P u litz e r P rize c o m p o se rs in c lu d e s m a n y n o t th o u g h t o f as h a v in g c o n trib u te d g re a tly to th e c o n c e rt b an d a n d w in d e n se m b le rep erto ire w h e n in fa c t th e y h av e. O n e n e e d s to o n ly p e ru se th e w o rk listin g s fo r J a c o b D ru c k m a n, Jo h n H a rb iso n, G e o rg e P e rle, R o b e rt W a rd, a n d C h a rle s W u o rin e n to re a liz e th e h ig h lev el o f in te re st th ey h a v e h a d fo r c re atin g m u sic u tiliz in g th is m ediu m. Purpose o f the Study T h e p u rp o se o f th e s tu d y w ill b e to d e te rm in e th e w o rk s fo r c o n c e rt b a n d, w in d o rc h e stra a n d c h a m b e r w in d e n se m b le w ritten b y c o m p o se rs a w a rd e d th e P u litz e r P rize in M u sic, 1 9 4 3-1 9 9 2. F ro m th is lis t an a n n o ta te d b ib lio g ra p h y, in c lu d in g p e rfo rm a n c e c o m m e n ta ry, w ill be c o n stru c te d o f th e w o rk s fo r c o n c e rt b a n d and w in d o rc h e stra, w h ic h w ill serv e as a re fe re n c e fo r c o n d u c to rs, e d u c a to rs and sch o la rs to 139 c o m p o sitio n s. T h is a n n o ta ted b ib lio g ra p h y w ill in c lu d e a sele c tiv e b ib lio g rap h y o f re la te d p u b lish e d m aterials a n d a d isco g ra p h y o f sele c te d av a ila b le re c o rd in g s w h ic h w o u ld aid a c o n d u c to r in p re p a rin g and u n d e rsta n d in g th e se sco res. A p p e n d ic e s w ill in c lu d e listin g s o f th e se w o rk s 3 2 G ia n C a rlo M en o tti, in te rv ie w w ith a u th o r, F e b ru a ry 15, 1984.