Lehren der Bau^Bilanz 1934.
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- Stuart Cook
- 8 years ago
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1 D m tftttc B a u h ü t t e 5eitfd}rifi ter ileutfdjen Architekten f c f r a f t : Herausgeber: Curt R. Vincent}. Geschäftshaus: Hannover, Hm Schtffgrabeu 41. (Alle Rechte Vorbehalten.) Lehren der Bau^Bilanz * Jahrgang. Hannover* den 30. Januar Heft 3 D a s J a h r h a t t e d e r B a u w i r t s c h a f t i n a lle n i h r e n Z w e ig e n e i n e n g a n z e r h e b l i c h e n A u f s c h w u n g g e b r a c h t. W ie m a n n u n a u s d e n n e u e s t e n V e r ö f f e n tlic h u n g e n d e s,, I n s t i t u t s f ü r K o n j u n k t u r f o r s c h u n g s i e h t, w a r d e r W o h n u n g s b a u g e g e n ü b e r d e m V o r j a h r e u m d ie H ä l f t e g e s tie g e n, d. h w u r d e n N e u - u n d U m b a u W o h n u n g e n, d a g e g e n f e r t i g g e s t e l l t. I n f o l g e d e r r e i c h l i c h e n M i t t e l v o n M ill. R M., d ie d ie R e g ie r u n g f ü r U m b a u t e n z u r V e r f ü g u n g s te llte, e n tf ie le n v o n d e n i m v e r g a n g e n e n J a h r e f e r t i g g e s t e l l t e n W o h n u n g e n e tw a = z w e i F ü n f t e l a u f U m b a u w o h n u n g e n. A u ß e r d e m w a r e n u n t e r d e n N e u b a u w o h n u n g e n d ie E ig e n h e im e, v o r s t ä d ti s c h e n K l e i n s ie d lu n g e n, R e ic h s e ig e n h e im b a u t e n u n d E ig e n h e i m e v o n B a u s p a r e r n s t a r k v e r t r e t e n, d e r e n E r r i c h t u n g d u r c h d ie U e b e r n a h m e v o n R e ic h s b ü r g s c h a f t e n g le ic h f a lls g e f ö r d e r t w u r d e n. T r o t z d e m f ü r d e n W o h n u n g s b a u i n M i e ts t o c k w e r k e n n u r ü b r i g b l e i b e n, i s t d ie s e Z a h l g e g e n ü b e r d e n E r g e b n i s s e n v o n u n d n o c h u m N e u b a u w o h n u n g e n h ö h e r, d a i n d ie s e n J a h r e n n u r W o h n u n g e n d u r c h N e u b a u e r r i c h t e t w u r d e n. ^ X H e u t e d a g e g e n g e b e n d ie k le i n e n S t ä d t e u n d d a s fla c h e L a n d d e n A u s s c h la g i m W o h n u n g s n e u b a u. T r o t z d e r r e g e n U m b a u t ä t i g k e i t i s t im e ig e n tlic h e n W o h n u n g s n e u b a u i m J a h r e k e in e S to c k u n g e i n g e t r e t e n, im G e g e n te il, w ie s o e b e n e r w ä h n t, s in d g e g e n ü b e r d e n f r ü h e r e n J a h r e n n o c h W o h n u n g e n m e h r g e b a u t w o r d e n. I m J a h r e d ü r f t e m a n m i t e i n e r g r ö ß e r e n Z u n a h m e r e c h n e n k ö n n e n, d a d ie i n d i e s e m J a h r e d e m H o c h b a u g e w ä h r te n S t e u e r v e r g ü n s t i g u n g e n s o w ie d ie w e i t e r e n f in a n z ie lle n F ö r d e r u n g e n d e r ö f f e n tlic h e n K ö r p e r s c h a f t e n r e s tlo s d e m W o h n u n g s b a u z u g u t e k o m m e n. I n d ie s e m J a h r e r e c h n e t m a n w ie d e r m i t N e u b a u w o h n u n g e n. D a s e it d e r M a c h t ü b e r n a h m e d u r c h d i e N S D A P b e s o n d e r s i m B a u g e w e r b e m i t d e n h i e r o f t g e k e n n z e i c h n e t e n S c h i e b u n g e n g e h ö r ig a u f g e r ä u m t w u r d e, so k a n n es n i c h t m e h r V o r k o m m e n, d a ß n u r e in ig e w e n ig e b e v o r z u g te A r c h i t e k t e n T a u s e n d e v o n W o h n u n g e n b a u e n, d e n n w ir l e b e n i n e in e r V o lk s g e m e in s c h a f t. W ie s i e h t e s n u n m i t d e r F i n a n z i e r u n g d e s W o h n u n g s u n d S ie d lu n g s b a u e s aus? I m J a h r e b e t r u g e n d ie K a p i t a l a u f w e n d u n g e n i m W o h n u n g s b a u 1,2 M i l l i a r d e n R M. g e g e n ü b e r 0,8 M i l l i a r d e n R M. im J a h r e u n d 0,7 M i l l i a r d e n R M. im J a h r e D i e Z u n a h m e d e r I n v e s t i e r u n g e n u m M ill. R M. e r k l ä r t s ic h a u s d e r Z u n a h m e d e r ö f f e n tlic h e n M i t t e l ( R e i c h s m itte l f ü r d ie E r r i c h t u n g v o r s t ä d t i s c h e r K le i n s ie d lu n g e n, R e ic h s b a u d a r l e h e n u n d Z u s c h ü s s e f ü r U m b a u t e n ). M i t d ie s e n M i t t e l n u n d d e n R e ic h s b ü r g s c h a f t e n z u s a jm rn e n k o n n t e n K r e d i t e i n g r ö ß e r e m U m f a n g e a ls i m V o r j a h r f lü s s ig g e m a c h t w e r d e n. D a z u k o m m t, d a ß d ie S p a r k a s s e n d ie B e le ih u n g e n v o n N e u b a u t e n w ie d e r a u f n e h m e n k o n n t e n u n d d ie B a u s p a r k a s s e n d u r c h d e n i h n e n g e w ä h r t e n M i l l i o n e n - K r e d i t d e n E ig e n h e i m b a u w e s e n t l i c h f ö r d e r n k o n n t e n. D ie ö f f e n tlic h e H a n d h a t v o n d e n g e s a m t e n M i t t e l n e tw a M i l l i o n e n R M. b e r e i t g e s t e l l t. H i e r v o n w u r d e d e r g r ö ß te B e tr a g, n ä m l i c h M i l l i o n e n R M. a ls Z u s c h ü s s e f ü r U m b a u t e n g e g e b e n. D ie a u f d ie s e W e is e e r s t e l l t e n W o h n u n g e n w u r d e n f a s t r e s tlo s m i t d e n im z w e i t e n R e i n h a r d t - P r o g r a m m v o m H e r b s t b e r e i t g e s t e l l t e n Z u s c h ü s s e n g e b a u t. A u ß e r d e m w u r d e d ie N e u b a u t ä t i g k e i t n o c h d u r c h f o lg e n d e M a ß n a h m e n g e f ö r d e r t : D ie v o r s t ä d t i s c h e n K l e i n s ie d lu n g e n w u r d e n im J a h r e e r h e b lic h w e i t e r g e f ü h r t. A u s d e r r e i n e n E r w e r b s l o s e n s i e d lu n g w u r d e s p ä t e r a u f G r u n d d e r g e m a c h t e n E r f a h r u n g e n d ie K u r z - u n d S t a m m a r b e it e r s i e d l u n g. D e r g r ö ß t e T e i l d e r M i t t e l a u s d e m d r i t t e n u n d v i e r t e n B a u a b s c h n i t t ( M illio n e n R M.) w u r d e a u s g e s c h ü t t e t. N a c h A n g a b e n d e s I n s t i t u t s d ü r f t e n im J a h r e r u n d v o r s t ä d t i s c h e K l e i n s ie d lu n g e n g e b a u t s e in. F e r n e r e r m ö g l ic h te n d ie R e ic h s b a u d a r l e h e n im J a h r e d ie E r s t e l l u n g v o n B a u te n, d e r e n D u r c h f ü h r u n g b i s h e r m a n g e ls z w e its te llig e r H y p o t h e k e n n i c h t a u s g e f ü h r t w e r d e n k o n n t e n. G le ic h z e itig k o n n t e n d u r c h d ie R e ic h s b a u d a r l e h e n E ig e n k a p i ta l u n d P r i v a tk a p it a l i n e r h e b l i c h e m U m f a n g e d e m W o h n u n g s b a u z u g e f ü h r t w e r d e n. A n R e ic h s d a r l e h e n s t a n d e n i m v e r f lo s s e n e n J a h r e M i llio n e n R M. z u r V e r f ü g u n g, w o m it b is R e ic h s e i g e n h e i m b a u t e n e r r i c h t e t w e r d e n k o n n t e n. A u s M i t t e l n d e s e r s t e n R e in h a r d t - P r o g r a m m s ( J u n i ) w u r d e n a u ß e r d e m N o t -, B e h e lf s - u n d F l ü c h t l i n g s w o h n u n g e n im v o r ig e n J a h r e g e b a u t. D ie B a u s p a r k a s s e n k o n n t e n in f o lg e d e s M i ü i o n e n - K r e d i t s, v o n d e m 60 M i llio n e n R M. i m v e r g a n g e n e n J a h r e a u s g e z a h lt w u r d e n, e tw a B a u s p a r h e i m e v o lle n d e n. S c h lie ß lic h w u r d e n d u r c h R e ic h s b ü r g s c h a f t e n, e b e n s o w ie b e i d e n R e ic h s b a u d a r l e h e n, i n g r ö ß e r e m U m f a n g e E ig e n k a p i ta l u n d K r e d i t f ü r d e n W o h n u n g s b a u b e r e i t g e s t e l l t. D a d ie n a t i o n a l s o z ia lis tis c h e R e ic h s r e g ie r u n g s e it d e m F r ü h j a h r n a c h s te llig e H y p o t h e k e n a u f W o h n u n g s - u n d E ig e n h e i m b a u t e n b is z u 75 P r o z. d e s B a u - u n d B o d e n w e r te s v e r b ü r g t u n d g l e i c h z e itig d ie B e le ih u n g s g r e n z e f ü r e r s ts te llig e A u s le i h u n g e n d e r m e i s t e n K r e d i t i n s t i t u t e a u f 50 P r o z. h e r a u f g e s e t z t w u r d e, k o n n t e n i m J a h r e e tw a W o h n u n g e n u n d E ig e n h e i m e g e b a u t w e r d e n. I n s g e s a m t w u r d e n b is E n d e r u n d 35 M ill. R M. B ü r g s c h a f t e n ü b e r n o m m e n u n d d a m i t W o h n u n g e n u n d E ig e n h e i m e f e r tig g e s te llt. D e m n a c h h a t a ls o d ie R e ic h s r e g i e r u n g v o n d e n G e s a m t a u f w e n d u n g e n (1,2 M i l l i a r d e n R M.) P r o z. ( M illio n e n R M.) im J a h r e a u f g e b r a c h t u n d h i e r m i t d e n B a u v o n m i n d e s t e n s W o h n u n g e n ( n e u e u n d U m b a u w o h n u n g e n ), a ls o r u n d d r e i F ü n f t e l d e s g e s a m t e n B a u v o lu m e n s, e r m ö g lic h t. Z a h le n m ä ß ig e r g i b t d ie F i n a n z i e r u n g f o lg e n d e s B ild : i 1934 Annäherungswerte in Mill. RM. o/ JO G e s a m t i n v e s t i t i o n e n... f i n a n z i e r t d u r c h O e f f e n tlic h e M i t t e l... d a v o n : f ü r d ie R a n d s i e d l u n g R e ic h s b a u d a r l e h e n.. Z u s c h ü s s e f. U m b a u t. S o n s t, ö f fe n tl. M i t t e l. P r i v a te M itte ]... d a v o n : B o d e n k r e d i t - I n s t i t u t e S p a r k a s s e n... P r i v a tv e r s i c h e r u n g.. S o z ia lv e r s ic h e r u n g.. B a u s p a r k a s s e n... P r i v a tk r e d i t, E ig e n k a p ita l, Z w is c h e n k r e d i t e u s w } 20 [ l _ 1 J A u s d ie s e r A u f s te llu n g e r s e h e n w ir, d a ß d ie B o d e n k r e d i t - I n s t i t u t e in f o lg e d e r m a n g e l n d e n A u f n a h m e f ä h i g k e i t d e s P f a n d - b r i e f m a r k t e s n o c h k e in e M i t t e l z u r V e r f ü g u n g s te lle n k ö n n e n. D a g e g e n g e la n g e s d e n S p a r k a s s e n, M i l l i o n e n R M. f ü r N e u b a u k r e d i t e b e r e i t z u s t e l l e n, u n d z w a r i n f o lg e d e r L o c k e r u n g d e r L i q u i d i t ä t s - u n d A n l a g e v o r s c h r i f t e n u n d d e r e r h ö h t e n Z u n a h m e d e r S p a r e in la g e n. E r h ö h t h a b e n s ic h f e r n e r d ie A u s le i h u n g e n d e r P r i v a t- u n d S o z ia lv e r s ic h e r u n g. D e n g r ö ß t e n A n t e i l h a t h i e r d ie R e ic h s v e r s i c h e r u n g s a n s t a l t f ü r A n g e s te llte, d ie i h r e A u s le i h u n g e n f a s t a u s s c h l i e ß l i c h g e g e n R e i c h s b ü r g s c h a f t a n z w e ite r S te lle g a b. V e r d o p p e l t h a b e n s ic h e r f r e u l i c h e r w e is e d ie A u s le i h u n g e n d e r B a u s p a r k a s s e n, n ä m l i c h v o n 65 M ill. a u f M i l l i o n e n R M. B e m e r k e n s w e r t a b e r i s t d ie e r h e b l i c h e Z u n a h m e d e s E i g e n k a p ita ls u n d P r i v a tk r e d i t s v o n M illio n e n R M. i m J a h r e a u f M illio n e n R M. im J a h r e D ie s e M i t t e l, d ie z u m g r ö ß t e n T e i l d u r c h B e r e i t s te ll u n g v o n E ig e n k a p i ta l u n d P r i v a t k r e d i t, d u r c h V e r w a n d t s c h a f t s - u n d G e f ä l l i g k e i t s d a r l e h e n, K a u f g e l d s tu n d u n g e n, Z w i s c h e n k r e d i t e u s w. a u f g e b r a c h t w o r d e n s i n d, la s s e n e r k e n n e n, w ie d a s V e r t r a u e n u n s e r e r V o lk s g e n o s s e n z u r R e ic h s r e g i e r u n g r e s tlo s w i e d e r h e r g e s t e l l t w o r d e n i s t u n d d a s i n S t r ü m p f e n u n d T r u h e n a u f b e w a h r t e G e l d w i e d e r z u m V o r s c h e i n k o m m t u n d n u t z b r i n g e n d u n d z u m W o h le u n s e r e r g e s a m t e n V o l k s w ir t s c h a f t p r o d u k t i v a n g e le g t w i r d. W illy B rachvogel.
2 30 D as D eutsche H osp ital in R io de Janeiro. Von Architekt Ernst Kopp, Berlin. [ i t d e r E rö f fn u n g e in e s e ig e n e n K r a n k e n h a u s e s s c h lo ß d ie M 1d e u ts c h e K o lo n ie in R io e in e A r b e it a b, d ie in i h r e r V o r b e r e itu n g a u f d a s E n d e d e s v o r ig e n J a h r h u n d e r t s z u r u c k - g e h t. D e r d e u t s c h e H o s p ita lv e r e in v e r d a n k t tr o tz s c h w ie rig e r V a lu ta v e r h ä ltn is s e u n d m a n n ig f a c h e r R ü c k s c h lä g e d e r O p f e r w illig k e it d e r D e u ts c h e n B ra s ilie n s d ie s e s H a u s, d a s Z e u g n is d e u ts c h e n F le iß e s u n d d e u ts c h e n G e m e in n u tz e s a b le g t. D e r d e u ts c h e H o s p ita lv e r e in h a tte es s ic h z u r A u fg a b e g e s e tz t, e in m o d e r n e s, a b e r a u c h v o r a lle m w ir ts c h a f tlic h e s H a u s z u s c h a ffe n. E in e n a c h D e u ts c h la n d a b g e o r d n e te S t u d i e n k o m m is s io n fa n d im B e rlin e r M a r t i n - L u t h e r - K r a n k e n h a u s e in V o r b ild, w e n ig e r in d e r G r ö ß e u n d d e r G r u n d r i ß g e s t a l t u n g a ls v ie lm e h r in d e r A r t d e s te c h n is c h e n A u f b a u e s. I n e n g e r Z u s a m m e n a r b e it m it d e r S tu d ie n k o m m is s io n w u r d e n i n B e rlin a lle P lä n e a u f g e s te llt u n d alle E in z e lh e ite n b is in d a s k le in s te f e s tg e le g t. D ie A u s fü h r u n g f ü r d e n e ig e n tlic h e n B a u k ö r p e r, d ie in s ta lla tio n s te c h n is c h e A u s r ü s tu n g u n d d ie m e d iz in is c h e A u s s ta ttu n g w u r d e n v o r w ie g e n d d e u ts c h e n F ir m e n ü b e r g e b e n. D E U T S C H E B A U H Ü T T E S ü d e n z u is t d a s G e lä n d e f r e i u n d b i e t e t e i n e n u n g e w ö h n l i c h s c h ö n e n A u s b lic k a u f d ie b e w a ld e te n H ü g e l, v o n d e n e n a u c h i n d e r H a u p t s a c h e d ie a b k ü h l e n d e n W i n d e k o m m e n. D ie H a u p te i n g a n g s s e i t e z e ig t f ü r d e u t s c h e V e r h ä l t n i s s e e r s t a u n l i c h s c h m a le F e n s t e r m it tie f e n, s o n n e n g e s c h ü t z t e n N is c h e n, d ie a u ß e r d e m n o c h d u r c h v o r s t r e c k b a r e L ä d e n g e g e n s e n k r e c h te n S o n n e n a u f p r a ll g e s i c h e r t s in d. A u f d e r S ü d o s t s e i t e w e r d e n d ie K r a n k e n z i m m e r d u r c h u m l a u f e n d e V e r a n d e n v e r b u n d e n, d ie d e n P a t i e n t e n e in e n s c h a t t ig e n A u f e n t h a l t g e w ä h r e n. D ie G e s a m ta n la g e b e s i tz t d r e i Z u f a h r t e n. E i n r e p r ä s e n ta t i v e r E h r e n h o f m it g e d e c k te n E i n g ä n g e n n i m m t d ie M i t t e e in. D e r lin k e N e b e n h o f u m f a ß t d ie r e i n e n W i r t s c h a f t s b e t r i e b e, w ie K ü c h e, W ä s c h e r e i u s w., w ä h r e n d d e r r e c h t e N e b e n h o f d ie u n r e i n e n B e tr ie b e, n ä m l i c h d ie I n f e k t i o n s a b t e i l u n g, d ie P a th o lo g ie, L e ic h e n h a lle u s w. u m s c h lie ß t. D ie K r a n k e n h a b e n k e in e r le i E in b l i c k i n d ie s e N e b e n h ö f e, s o n d e r n b lic k e n n u r a u f d e n w u n d e r v o lle n P a r k u n d d ie h ü g e lig e L a n d s c h a f t. I m B a u p r o g r a m m w u r d e n f ü r d e n e r s t e n, j e t z t v o l l e n d e t e n Patientenfront m it Parkseite. E in T r o p e n k r a n k e n h a u s u n t e r h e g t v ö llig a n d e r e n B e d in g u n g e n als e in e u r o p ä is c h e s H a u s. E s is t b e k a n n t, d a ß m a n in d e n T r o p e n b is h e r d e n fla c h e n P a v illo n ty p b e v o r z u g te. M a n s ta n d a u f d e m S ta n d p u n k t, d a ß d e r le ic h te lu f tig e P a v illo n d ie b e s te F o r m se i, o h n e s ic h d a r ü b e r k la r g e w o r d e n z u s e in, d a ß g e r a d e in f e u c h t- h e iß e m K lim a d e r n ie d r ig e B a u d e n k b a r u n g ü n s tig e V e r h ä ltn is s e f ü r d e n m e is t f ie b rig e n P a tie n te n sc h a fft. D ie s ta r k e S o n n e n a u f s tr a h lu n g ü b e r T a g e n tw ic k e lt B o d e n d ü n s te v o n g r o ß e r D ic h tig k e it, d ie b is z u 6 m ü b e r d e m T e r r a i n la g e r n. R io d e J a n e ir o lie g t a u f e in e r a u f g e s c h w e m m te n N ie d e r u n g, d ie g e g e n d e n R ü c k e n z u a n le ic h te b e w a ld e te H ü g e l a n s c h lie ß t. D a s G r u n d w a s s e r a u f d e m G e lä n d e s te h t e tw a n u r 1 m u n t e r T e r r a i n o b e r k a n t e, so d a ß es v o n v o r n h e r e in f e s ts ta n d, d e n B a u als H o c h b a u z u e n tw ic k e ln u n d z u m m in d e s te n d a s E r d g e s c h o ß n ic h t f ü r K r a n k e in A n s p r u c h z u n e h m e n. R io d e J a n e ir o h e g t a u f d e r s ü d lic h e n H a lb k u g e l. D ie r e in e N o r d s o n n e is t u n e r tr ä g lic h, d ie b e s te L a g e f ü r K r a n k e n z im m e r is t S ü d o s te n. D a a u c h d ie O p e r a tio n s s ä le r e in e S ü d la g e e r h a lte n m u ß te n, e r g a b s ic h d ie N o tw e n d ig k e it, K r a n k e n z im m e r u n d B e h a n d lu n g s r ä u m e n a c h S ü d e n z u le g e n, u n d z w a r so, d a ß d ie O p e r a tio n s s a a lf e n s te r r e in s ü d lic h u n d d ie K r a n k e n z im m e r f e n s te r s ü d ö s tlic h h e g e n. D ie H im m e ls r ic h tu n g d e s B a u la n d e s k a m d ie s e n F o r d e r u n g e n e n tg e g e n. N ö r d lic h h e g t d ie Z u f a h r t s s t r a ß e, g e g e n B a u a b s c h n i t t 100 K r a n k e n b e t t e n v e r l a n g t. D u r c h A u f s t o c k u n g d e r i n d e r e r s te n E ta g e lie g e n g e b l i e b e n e n S e ite n f lü g e l k a n n d a s H a u s le ic h t e r w e ite r t w e r d e n, o h n e d a ß d e r B e tr i e b u n t e r b r o c h e n z u w e r d e n b r a u c h t. D e r s e c h s g e s c h o s s ig e B a u n i m m t i m E r d g e s c h o ß d ie A u f n a h m e, d ie B ü r o s, d ie V e r w a ltu n g, d a s S c h w e s t e r n k a s i n o, d ie B ä d e r s ta tio n u n d m i t b e s o n d e r e m E in g a n g v o n a u ß e n d ie I n f e k tio n s a b te ilu n g a u f. D ie n ä c h s t e n v ie r G e s c h o s s e d i e n e n d e n K r a n k e n u n d s in d w ie d e r u m d u r c h d a s z e n t r a l e H a u p t t r e p p e n h a u s in je z w e i S ta t i o n s g r u p p e n u n t e r t e i l t, so d a ß im g a n z e n 8 K r a n k e n s t a ti o n e n e n t s ta n d e n s in d. D a s o b e r s t e G e s c h o ß d i e n t d e r e i g e n t lic h e n B e h a n d lu n g. H i e r s in d d ie r p n d e n O p e r a t i o n s s ä l e, d ie R ö n tg e n s ta tio n u n d z a h lr e ic h e N e b e n r ä u m e u n t e r g e b r a c h t. D a s H a u s in R io is t a ls o ffe n e s K r a n k e n h a u s je d e m A r z t z u r V e r f ü g u n g g e s te llt, so d a ß d ie Z a h l d e r N e b e n r ä u m e u n d d e r B e h a n d lu n g s z im m e r v e r h ä l t n i s m ä ß i g g r o ß is t. U e b e r d e m o b e r s t e n G e s c h o ß lie g t a ls P u f f e r g e g e n d ie a u f s t r a h l e n d e S o n n e e i n n i e d r ig e s I n s ta lla tio n s g e s c h o ß. D ie d e u t s c h e n S c h w e s t e r n s in d im H a u p t h a u s v o r lä u f ig in d e n S e ite n f lü g e ln u n t e r g e b r a c h t. w e r d e n sie e in e ig e n e s S c h w e s t e r n h a u s e r h a l t e n. N a c h d e r e n A u f s t o c k u n g D a s m ä n n l i c h e u n d d a s w e ib lic h e U n t e r p e r s o n a l w o h n t ü b e r d e n b e i d e n W i r t s c h a f t s b a u t e n i n g e t r e n n t e n A b t e i l u n g e n.
3 V o r d e r a n s i c h t. E r d g esc h oß gru n d riß. W e g e n d e s h o h e n G r u n d w a s s e r s t a n d e s k o n n te e in H a u p t k e lle r n i c h t a n g e le g t w e r d e n. N u r u n t e r d e m M i t t e l t e i l s in d in e in e m a b g e d i c h t e t e n K e lle r g e s c h o ß d ie D a m p f k e s s e la n la g e, d ie I n s t a l l a t i o n s z e n t r a l e n, d ie K ä l t e m a s c h i n e n u n d e in g r o ß e r W a s s e r ta n k e i n g e b a u t, d e r n ö tig i s t, w e il i n R io d e J a n e i r o d ie W a s s e r v e r s o r g u n g d e n K r a n k e n h a u s b e d a r f n i c h t u n u n t e r b r o c h e n d e c k e n k a n n. D e r B a u k ö r p e r w u r d e a ls E is e n b e t o n s k e l e t t b a u k o n s t r u i e r t. U m d e n b e i d ie s e r A u s f ü h r u n g s c h w ie r ig e n S c h a lls c h u tz z u s i c h e r n, s in d d ie Z w is c h e n w ä n d e z u m T e i l s ta r k m i t K o r k i s o lie r t. E b e n s o e r h i e l t e n d ie F u ß b ö d e n K o r k e s t r i c h e, d a r ü b e r z u m T e i l L in o l e u m, z u m T e i l H a r t h o l z f u ß b ö d e n. A lle f e u c h t e n R ä u m e h a b e n P o r z e lla n f lie s e n a n d e n W ä n d e n u n d S te in z e u g f lie s e n a u f d e n F u ß b ö d e n e r h a l t e n. U m m ö g l i c h s t j e d e n L u f t h a u c h a u s z u n u t z e n, w u r d e d e r B a u f la c h g e g e n d ie h e r r s c h e n d e W i n d r i c h t u n g g e s te llt. U e b e r d ie s e n a t ü r l i c h e D u r c h l ü f t u n g h i n a u s i s t d a s d e u t s c h e H o s p it a l m it e i n e r v o llk o m m e n e n K lim a t i s i e r u n g s a n l a g e a u s g e s t a t t e t. D eutsches H o sp ital in Rio de Jan eiro. D u r c h e in e n m i t O e lf ilte r g e g e n S t a u b g e s i c h e r t e n A n s a u g s t u t z e n w i r d F r i s c h l u f t i n d e n K e lle r a n g e s a u g t. H i e r w ir d d ie f e u c h t h e iß e L u f t ü b e r K ä l t e g i t t e r g e le ite t, d u r c h K o n d e n s a t i o n e n t f e u c h t e t, ü b e r D a m p f g i t te r n w ie d e r z u d e r g e w ü n s c h te n T e m p e r a t u r a u f g e w ä r m t u n d n u n d u r c h g e s c h ü tz te K a n ä le a lle n R ä u m e n z u g e f ü h r t. W e s e n tlic h i s t d ie T r o c k n u n g d e r L u f t, w e n ig e r w ic h tig d ie K ü h l u n g. K r a n k e i n d e n T r o p e n le i d e n m e h r u n t e r d e r F e u c h t i g k e i t a ls u n t e r tr o c k n e r W ä r m e. D ie V e r d u n s t u n g a u f d e r H a u t a lle in e r w e c k t d e n E i n d r u c k d e r K ü h l u n g, o h n e d a ß E r k ä l t u n g e n z u f ü r c h t e n s in d. E s w ü r d e z u w e it f ü h r e n, a lle t e c h n i s c h e n E i n r i c h t u n g e n z u s c h i ld e r n. E s i s t s e l b s t v e r s t ä n d l i c h, d a ß je d e A r t e l e k t r i s c h e r I n s t a l l a t i o n, T e l e f o n, S ig n a la n la g e m i t L ä m p c h e n, a u s r e i c h e n d e r W a r m - u n d K a ltw a s s e r v e r s o r g u n g e i n g e b a u t s in d. D a s D e u t s c h e H o s p ita l i n R io d e J a n e i r o w i r d a u f J a h r e h i n a u s f ü r S ü d a m e r i k a e in V o r b i l d s e in U n d e r n e u t b e w e is e n, d a ß D e u t s c h l a n d a u f d e m G e b i e t e d e s K r a n k e n h a u s b a u e s f ü h r t. A rc h.: E rn st K opp, B e rlin -S ch ö n eb erg.
4 32 T irutschinapalli - Sirirangam - M adura. i n. T n d e m s ü d in d is c h e n L a n d t e i l i s t d a s R e is e n b e q u e m. D ie -* E n g lä n d e r h a b e n p r a c h tv o lle S tr a ß e n a n g e le g t, d ie H a u p t s tä d te w e r d e n d u r c h g u te E is e n b a h n e n v e r b u n d e n. Ein kurzer Ausschnitt einer indischen Reise. Von A lfred Sasse, Hannover. M a n h a t d ie W a h l d e s b e q u e m s te n W e g e s, w e n n m a n z u r n ä c h s te n h e ilig e n S tä tte f a h re n w ill. S p ä te r, als w ir tie f e r in s L a n f u h r e n, g a b es k e in e B e q u e m lic h k e it; ta g e la n g e s F a h r e n im O c h s e n w a g e n w a r a n d e r T a g e s o r d n u n g, u n d d a s u n g e w o h n te E s s e n m a c h te d e n m e n s c h lic h e n M a g e n z u e in e r A r t M ü llto n n e. D ie s m a l z o g d a s b e r ü h m te M a d u r a. V a ig a iflu ß. D ie S ta d t lie g t a m h e ilig e n D ie n e u e Z e it h a t d ie a lte n G e w e r b e d e s B e z irk s h o c h g e f ü h r t: d ie B r o k a tw e b e re i b e s o n d e rs, d ie s e r h o c h o r n a - D E U T S C H E B A U H Ü T T E!' 0 d e r P a lm e n u n d d e r s c h ö n s t e n B lu m e n. D e r g ro ß e T em p el a b e r i s t d a s k o s tb a r s te u n d p h a n t a s i e r e i c h s t e H e i l i g t u m. D i e s e r T e m p e l d e s S c h iw a ( h ie r h e i ß t e r S u n d a r e s c h w a r a ) e n t h ä l t i n s e in e n A b m e s s u n g e n X m, e in e h e ilig e i n d i s c h e P r o je k tio n s z a h l. N e u n g r o ß e T o r t ü r m e i n d e r b e k a n n t e n i n d i s c h e n S tu f e n f o lg e u m s c h lie ß e n d ie e i n z e l n e n K u l t - u n d W i r t s c h a f t s h ö f e, d ie b e s o n d e r e n P i l g e r s t ä t t e n, d ie P r i e s t e r w o h n u n g e n u n d d ie S c h a tz h ä u s e r. S c h o n v o n w e ite m b e m e r k t m a n d ie F e i n h e i t e n d e r S k u l p t u r, d ie w ie d e r d e n B lic k a u f d ie W e r k z e u g m a c h e r e i h in le n k e n. I n I n d i e n w a r s c h o n v o r m e h r a ls t a u s e n d J a h r e n e in e r ic h tig e S t a h l i n d u s t r i e. I m K e w a s ta a te lie g e n n o c h m e i l e n w e ite E is e n s c h la c k e n - H a ld e n. W e l t b e k a n n t i s t d ie m ä c h t i g e G ra b m a l des grö ß ten indischen S t ä d te - u n d T em p elb a u ers K ö n ig T ir u m a la ( f 1659) a u f der künstlichen Insel des heiligen Teiches Teppak ulam (M a d u ra ). m e n tie r te u n d s c h ö n s c h ille r n d e S to ff i s t in d is c h e n U r s p r u n g s. M a n h a t d o r t e ig e n e S c h u le n h ie r f ü r g e s c h a ffe n. D a s e ig e n tlic h e W u n d e r b a r e u n d R ä ts e lh a f te i n d e n K u n s t w e r k e n M a d u r a s lie g t in d e r h i e r i n v e r b o r g e n e n h o h e n G e is te s k o n z e n tr a tio n. D e r g r o ß e B a u s c h ö p f e r, d e r F ü r s t T ir u m a la, d e r v o n M a d u r a b is h i n a u f n a c h T a n d s c h u r s e in e T e m p e lb a u te n u n d s e in e I n g e n ie u r le is tu n g e n h in g e s te llt h a t, h a tte d a m it d ie h ö c h s te S tu fe e r k lo m m e n. E s i s t d ie U e b e r le g u n g i n d e r A n la g e, d ie b e w u n d e r n s w e r te S c h u lu n g d e r A r b e it, d e r u n s c h ä tz b a r e R e ic h tu m d e r K le in b ild w e r k e, w a s u n s h ie r e n t g e g e n tr itt. A lle s z e ig t d ie tie f s te b r a h m a n is c h e R e lig io s itä t. D e m M e is te r jd e r k ö n ig lic h e n K u n s t i s t a u c h h ie r a u f e in e r I n s e l im S e e d a s w ü rd ig e G r a b m a l e r r ic h te t. H e u te h a t d ie S ta d t M a d u r a u n g e f ä h r E in w o h n e r. D ie s e r P la tz w a r s c h o n i n d e r A n tik e b e k a n n t. K a is e r A u g u s tu s s c h ic k te G e s a n d ts c h a f te n h ie r h e r. M a n h a t a u c h b e d e u te n d e r ö m is c h e G o ld m ü n z e n f u n d e g e m a c h t, u n d d ie S c h m u c k s u c h t d e r r ö m is c h e n D a m e n w u r d e d u r c h M a d u r a - P e r l e n u n d d o r t g e w e b te n u n d m it G o ld d u r c h w ir k te n s c h le ie r z a r te n M u s s e lin e b e f rie d ig t. V o r a lle n D in g e n a b e r w a r M a d u r a e in P la tz d e r b r a h m a n is c h e n W e is h e it. V o n h ie r a u s h o lte n d ie F ü r s t e n d ie g e is tlic h e n G e s c h ic h ts le h r e r i h r e r S ö h n e ; e in J a h r t a u s e n d la n g b e z o g m a n v o n h ie r a u s d ie K u n s th a n d w e r k e r. E s i s t e in L a n d r o s tf r e ie K u t u b s ä u l e v o n D e li (1 8 m la n g, d a v o n c a. 4 m i n d e r E r d e ). S c h w e iß n a h t. E s i s t e in F e i n e i s e n - S c h m i e d e s t ü c k v o n k g o h n e K e in m e t a l l u r g i s c h e r F o r s c h e r u n s e r e r Z e i t h a t d a s G e h e im n is s e in e r H e r s t e l l u n g lö s e n k ö n n e n. W ie d e r S ta h lm e iß e l i n d e n B ild w e r k e n a b e r d e r V o r s t e llu n g s k r a f t d e r b r a h m a n i s c h e n K ü n s t l e r a u s i n n e r e m G e b o t e f o lg te, d a s i s t d ie a n d e r e S e ite d e s R ä ts e ls. M a n s i e h t n u r, d a ß s ie s ic h i n d e r s tä n d ig e n W i e d e r h o l u n g i h r e r r a u s c h h a f t e n G o t t e s f ig u r e n n i c h t g e n u g t u n k o n n t e n. I m m e r w ie d e r i s t d e r S c h iw a d a r g e s te llt m i t d e n z w ö lf A r m e n u n d d e r g o l d e n e n T i a r a, d e r d ie F r o n t e n d e r G o p u r e n b e d e c k t ; e s f o lg t d ie g e w o llte V e r e w ig u n g v o n H e ld e n g e s t a l t e n, v o n p h a n t a s t i s c h e n U n g e h e u e r n ; E r z ä h l u n g s b i l d e r h ö r e n n i c h t a u f, M ä d c h e n s c h ö n h e i t, M o s a i k o r n a m e n te u n d v ie le s a n d e r e e r s c h e in t, d a s a lle s i n e i n O r d n u n g s s y s te m g e b r a c h t is t, d e s s e n S i n n w ir n i c h t m e h r e n t r ä t s e l n k ö n n e n. D ie s e r K ö n ig T ir u m a l a w a r n i c h t n u r e in g r o ß e r B a u m e is t e r, s o n d e r n a u c h K u l t u r e r f ü l l e r u n d g r ö ß t e r E r z i e h e r v o n K u n s t h a n d w e r k e r n. D ie U m f a s s u n g s m a u e r n d e s M a d u r a - H e i l i g t u m s w e r d e n k u ltis c h v o n n e u n g ö t t l i c h e n T o r t ü r m e n ( G o p u r a m s ) d u r c h b r o c h e n, b e d e c k t m i t m y th o l o g i s c h e n F i g u r e n, g r e ll u n d b u n t b e m a lt, w ie d a s V o lk e s w ill. D i e M e n g e d i e s e r 1 m p e lh ö f e s p r i c h t v o m la n g e n W e r d e n d e r A n la g e. M a n g. t 2 u j e m
5 33 H a u p t t e m p e l * ), V im a n a, m i t d e m v e r g o ld e te n T o r u n d b e t r i t t d a n n d ie H a lle. U n t e r d e m g e w a ltig e n H a u p i b a u, a n d e m d ie I n b r u n s t g a n z e r K ü n s tl e r g e n e r a t i o n e n i m F ig u r e n w e r k e n t b r a n n t e, w o P h a n t a s i e u n d f e i n s t e r G e h o r s a m d e r H a n d d ie G e h e i m n i s s e d e r G ö t t e r b i l d h a f t b a n n t, i s t d ie Z e lla, d ie e in S c h a t z b e h ä l t e r h e ilig e r D i n g e a u s d e r v e r g a n g e n e n Z e i t i s t. I n d e r H a l l e s t e h e n d ie S t i f t e r b i l d e r d e r G o t t h e i t e n d e s R e ic h t u m s, sie t r a g e n d ie D e c k e. H ä n d l e r s in d u n s s t a u n e n d g e f o lg t, s ie h a t t e n s e i t d e m K r ie g e n o c h k e in e n D e u t s c h e n g e s e h e n. T e ilb ild d er T a u s e n d p fe ile r -H a lle, schon im J a h r e a ls erneu ertes D r a w id a -H e ilig t u m erbaut. M onolithische G ra n itp feiler, jed es S tü ck anders. S ta rk erregender B ilderreich tu m, im m er m ehr aus Stiftu n gen erw eitert. i n d i s c h e n M a n n e s w ir d in P la s tik e n le b e n d ig, w o d ie s e s c h ö n - h ü f t ig e n M ä d c h e n a u f g o l d g e z ä u m te n e itle n V ö g e ln ( m a s c u lin i g e n e r is ) z u m R e it e n a u f g e s tie g e n s i n d ; e in e a lte W a h r h e i t. U n e r f o r s c h l i c h s in d d ie W e g e d e r O r n a m e n t i e r u n g, d ie p h a n t a s t is c h e D e k o r a tio n, d e r g e s ä g te n u n d e in g e le g te n M a r m o r a r b e i t. D ie G e s t a l t e n s c h ö n h e i t i s t b e w u n d e r n s w e r t. G ö t t e r k in d e r, s c h l a n g e n b e s c h ir m t e H e l d e n, f e u r i g s t e L ie b e s b r ä n d e, s ü ß e H u l d i n n e n, Z w e rg e, w id e r lic h e U n g e h e u e r, d a b e i a lle s h ö c h s t le b e n s v o ll, k e in e R e z e p tw a r e, s o n d e r n r e ic h e B e w e g u n g. D i e G ö t t e r f i g u r e n s i n d b e m a lt, n a t ü r l i c h g r e l l ; n u r d a s m a c h t b e im V o lk e E in d r u c k d e r W ü r d e. D ie U m z u g s f ig u r e n, d ie i n e in e r b e s o n d e r e n H a lle s te h e n, s in d d a g e g e n i n r e c h t l ü d e r l ic h e n Z u s t a n d g e r a te n. D i e H a lb e d e ls te in e s i n d g e le g e n tlic h h e r a u s - g e k n a u p e l t ( v o n L e u t e n a u s d e r K a s te d e r D i e b e n a t ü r l ic h! ) u n d z u m T e i l d u r c h G la s s c h lif fe e r s e t z t. D i e M y s t i k i n d e r S e e le d e s i n d i s c h e n M e n s c h e n w ir d a n g e f a c h t d u r c h d a s D u n k e l d e s T e m p e l r a u m e s, a b e r d ie A ltä r e s in d b e l e u c h t e t * * ). H i n d u g e le h r te s i t z e n a m B o d e n, s c h r e i b e n ü b e r d ie B e d e u t u n g i h r e r a lte n T e x t e. S ie b e k ü m m e r t n i c h t d ie E in z ig a r t i g k e i t d e r S k u l p t u r e n s c h ö n h e i t d e r T a u s e n d p f e i l e r - H a l l e ; d e n n h o c h ü b e r a lle n K ü n s t l e r n d e r W e lt s t e h t d e r s a n s k r i t g e l e h r t e P r i e s t e r. I n e i n e r H a l l e w o llte i c h e in S tü c k p h o t o g r a p h i e r e n. D a k a m s e in E le f a n te n k o lo ß z u m i r h i n g e s c h r i t t e n u n d h o b d e n R ü s s e l. D a s R e c h t z u p h o t o g r a p h i e r e n m u ß t e h i e r a n d e n E le f a n t e n b e z a h l t w e r d e n. U e b e r d ie H o chzeitshalle i s t e in ig e s z u s a g e n. W a r u m i s t s ie so g r o ß? S ie b e s t e h t a u s P f e i le r n ( g e n a u ) u n d h a t H au p tein gan g zum T em pelbezirk. E r b a u t c a. 100 J a h r e n a ch T ir u m a la, sp ä te r d u rc h T e m p e l lä d e n um gebau t. M y t h o lo g. S k u lp t u r e n im P a la s t s t il g ea h m t. H in t e r dem E in g a n g H a lle d er 8 schön en G ö tte rfra u e n, d er T e m p e l-e le fa n t e n, d er h eilig e T e ic h m it d en B a d e t r e p p e n u n d den A r k a d e n, m it d en G e m ä ld e n d er L e g e n d e n u n d H a lle n m it den heiligen W agen. W e r i n d e r a l t e n T a u s e n d p f e i l e r - H a l l e i m g r o ß e n T e m p e l v o n M a d u r a w a r, w ir d n i c h t n u r d a s G e s a m t b i ld u n v e r g e ß l i c h i n s e i n e r S e e le e r h a lte n, s o n d e r n a u c h i n d e n g r a n d i o s e n P f e i le r r i e s e n d ie p h a n t a s i e r e i c h e G e i s t ig k e it e r k e n n e n, d ie a lle s m i t O r n a m e n t e n g e s c h m ü c k t h a t w ie m i t f e i n e n S p i t z e n, m i t b l e n d e n d r e i c h e n K a p i t a l e n, m i t a l l e r r e i c h s t e n K r o n e n, m i t L ö w e n d r a c h e n ; B o g e n s p a n n e r b ie g e n i h r e W a ffe, f e t t e S t e i n f ü r s t e n b e t e n g e b a n n t, d ie z a r t e L ie b lin g s f r a u d a n e b e n ; O r n a m e n t r o s e n, z a r tf lä c h ig, f a n g e n d e n L ic h tr e i z i n i h r e n R o s e t t e n. U e b e r a l l t r e t e n d ie v ie le n z a r t e n M ä d c h e n g e s ta lte n, h o c h g e s c h w e llt, v o ll- b r ü s t i g, w ie f a s t l e b e n d v o n d e n W ä n d e n. D e r e w ig e D u r s t d e s * ) D a s g r o ß e T e m p e l w u n d e r i s t e in m o n o l i t h is c h e r G r a n i t. L ö w e n u n d a u f r e c h t s t e h e n d e F a b e l t i e r e, m i t d e m S c h l a n g e n s ta b e i m R a c h e n, s e h e n d i c h a n. * * ) V o n d e n A u f n a h m e n e n t s ta m m e n v ie r d e r L i c h t b i l d k u n s t v o n D r. M a r t i n H ü r l i m a n n : I n d i e n ( W a s m u t h ). K le in e r A u ssc h n itt eines G o p u r a m -B ild s c h m u c k e s. D e n P ilg e r n soll d ie B eso n n th e it d er ew ig en W a n d lu n g sg ä n g e trösten d vo rg e h a lte n w erd e n, R e ic h e u n d H e rrsc h e rg e sc h le ch te r m ögen v e rtilg t w erd e n, d ie M illio n e n K ö r p e r z e r fa lle n, W ie d e rk e h r triu m p h ie rt.
6 34 e in e g e h e im n is v o lle F rü h g e s c h ic h te. E s f ä llt a u f d ie te c h n is c h v o lle n d e te K r a g k u n s t, d ie e in s t e in e e r r e g e n d e E m p f in d u n g s te ig e r te! D a e r s c h e in e n d ie m ä c h tig e n M e n s c h e n - u n d T i e r fig u re n u n d v o r g e z o g e n e n S o c k e l, d ie f r o m m e r s ta r r te n H e ld e n m it d e n b e te n d e n H ä n d e n. H i e r s in d d ie lu s tv o lle n w e ib lic h e n F ig u r e n in ih r e r f e in e r e n F o r m k u n s t in A n d a c h t d a r g e s te llt. U e b e r e in a n d e r g e le g te R ie s e n q u a d e r r u h e n a u f M ö r te lla g e r fu g e n. D u r c h ih r e S c h w e r e, t r o tz w e ite r A u s k ra g u n g u n v e r r ü c k b a r f e s tlie g e n d, s in d sie s ta n d s ic h e r im G le ic h g e w ic h t, d a d ie G e g e n s e ite im G le ic h g e w ic h t a u s g e k ra g t is t. Z u w e ile n is t d ie e in e o d e r a n d e r e S ä u le b e s c h ä d ig t w o r d e n. D a n n w u r d e sie d u r c h Z u c k e r p a lm e n - S tu c k m ö r te l v e r b e s s e r t u n d n a c h g e s c h n itte n. D e r A b s c h lu ß d e r K a p ita le d u r c h m a s s ig e W id d e r f ig u re n a ls A u f la g e r d e r D a c h tr a g b a lk e n z e ig t d a s g u te s ta tis c h e G e f ü h l. D e r W id d e r k o p f e n th ä lt e in e s in n lic h e A n s p ie lu n g. I n d e n h e ilig e n J a h r e s z e ite n S c h iw a s k a m e n h ie r a u s a lle n T e ile n d e s L a n d e s s e h n s u c h te r f ü llte F r a u e n, d u r c h ih r e M a s s e a lle e in e n g e n d e n V o r s c h r if te n z e r b r e c h e n d, u m e in L ie b e s - M y s te r iu m z u f e ie rn. V o r h e r lie f e rte n sie r e ic h e O p f e r a b B r a h - m a n e n h a tte n D ie n s t. I n je d e r N a c h t k a m e n n e u e S c h a r e n a n, e r fü llt v o n d e m W u n s c h e, v o n S c h iw a m it d e r G e b u r t e in e s S o h n e s a u s g e z e ic h n e t z u w e r d e n. D ie H o c h z e its h a lle n w o g te n in d ie s e n N ä c h te n v o n d e n f lü s te r n d e n L ie b e s g e b e te n d e r ju n g e n B r a h m a n e n, d ie ih r e h e ilig e n W o r te in d e n M u n d d e r r u h e n d e n P ilg e r in n e n s p r a c h e n. ( E in e R ü c k e r in n e r u n g a n a lte s M u t t e r r e c h t, w o d ie F r a u h in a u s z o g d e n M a n n a u s z u w ä h le n? ) A ls d ie s e D E U T S C H E B A U H Ü T T E 1935 T e i c h e ü b e r n a c h t e n h i e r d ie F r a u e n u n d i h n e n w i r d d a n n H e i l. D o r t s t e h t a u c h d e r h e ilig e B a n y a n e n b a u m, d e r 6 0 W ip f e l h a t, u n t e n a b e r e in e w a h r h a f t e U e b e r z a h l v o n L u f t w u r z e l n, d ie d ie S tä m m e v e r b e r g e n. U n s w i d e r s t r e b e n d is t d a g e g e n d e r A n b lic k d e r S e r i e n v o n z e h n - u n d z w a n z ig a r m ig e n G ö t t e r b i l d e r n d e s t a n z e n d e n S c h iw a s, d e s b l u t d ü r s t i g e n Z e r s t ö r e r s, d e r d e n n d o c h w ie d e r G o t t h e i t - H o h e s e in s c h lie ß t, so d a ß d ie L e g i o n e n d e r F r a u e n, d ie i h n a n b e t e n u n d B u t t e r o p f e r n, n i c h t a u f h ö r e n z u k o m m e n! O G a n e s h a, e l e f a n t e n k ö p f ig e r, r u h e n d e r G o t t d e r K l u g h e i t u n d G e l e h r s a jn k e it m it d e in e n P r a n k e n - D o p p e l h ä n d e n! D e i n k l u g e r R ie s e n k o p f w i r d D a s In n e re einer H o c h z e itsh a lle m it B lic k a u f d en z w e ite n In n e n h o f. P fe ile r aus v o lle n B lö c k e n ohne F u g e n g e m e iß e lt. A n S t e lle d er K a p it a le K ra g ste in e. F ig u r e n u n d P la s t ik in e in fa ch e r D a rste llu n g. S t e in p la t t e n -F u ß b ö d e n. D e r g u t erh alten e Z u s ta n d bew eist d ie H ä r t e des M a t e r ia ls u n d den k o n stru k tiv vo llen deten A u fb a u. H aupteingang z u r H ochzeitshalle. D u rch üppige überlebensgroße F ig u re n, T ierfig u ren und vorgezogen e Fig u ren so ck el besonders gekenn zeich net. T e ch nisch vollendete K ra g k u n st. D ie gro ß en F ig u re n sin d religiös erstarrt. D ie w eiblichen F ig u re n, eben falls in A n d a c h t dargestellt, zeigen ausgeprägtere und fe in e r e Fo rm k u n st. D iese un d die gesam te P la stik f ä l lt in das Z e ita lte r höchster B lüte handwerklichen Könnens. S c h a r e n a b e r im m e r g r ö ß e r u n d g r ö ß e r w u r d e n, w u r d e d ie se v ie le O p f e rg e ld e r e in b r in g e n d e T e m p e l s i t t e d u r c h e in e n A u -, s ta n d d e r M ä n n e r u n s i c h tb a r g e m a c h t ; d e r W u n s c h n a c h h ö h e r e r a r is c h e r ( b r a h m a n is c h e r ) M is c h u n g b le ib t. N ic h t w e it b e fin d e t s ic h h e u t e d e r h e ilig e T e i c h u n d d e r k le in e M a r k a m e n - T e m p e l m it v ie le n T o n p u p p e n a u f d e m D a c h e ; d ie s s in d je tz t F r a u e n - D a n k s p e n d e n. S o g e w a ltig d ie in d is c h e F r u c h t b a r k e i t is t, so s in d d o c h ü b e r a ll g r o ß e M e n g e n v o n F r a u e n, d ie v o ll tie f e r S e h n s u c h t u m K in d e r b itte n. N a c h d e m B a d e im a lle T o r h e i t e n I n d i e n s n ie b e z w in g e n k ö n n e n, s a g te u n s S e. H e ilig k e it S r e m a t M e h a n a m O r a te B r a h m a c h a r i, u n d e in b r a h m a n is c h e r P r i e s t e r f ü r s t w ir d w o h l r e c h t h a b e n. A ls w ir z u m z w e ite n M a le g e k o m m e n w a r e n u n d u n s d e r a lte O b e r p r i e s t e r b e t r a c h t e t e, w in k te u n s d e r w e is e M a n n, z u ih m z u t r e t e n. W ir s o llte n i h m s a g e n, w a s u n s b e s o n d e r s b e w e g t h a tte, u n d d a le g te e r ü b e r u n s e r b e i d e r H a u p t d ie g r o ß e n G i r la n d e n m i t d e n b e t ä u b e n d s ü ß u n d g e w ü r z h a f t d u f t e n d e n G ö t t e r b lu m e n. U n s e r B ild d e r P a g o d e m i t d e n r e g e l m ä ß i g e n S c h m u c k r e ih e n z e ig t e in e n B a u, w o d a s O b e r g e s c h o ß z u r ü c k g e s e t z t is t. D a s d r i tt e G e s c h o ß i s t a ls o ffe n e H a lle p y r a m i d a l a u f g e b a u t. D ie K u p p e l h a t A n k lä n g e a n b u d d h i s t i s c h e B a u w e r k s g e s ta lt, d ie p la s tis c h e n F r i e s e z e ig e n a u s s c h l i e ß l i c h r e lig iö s e H a n d lu n g e n, ü b e r d ie g e s a m te n G e s c h o ß f lä c h e n d u r c h s t a r k a u s la d e n d e G e s im s e m i t z a h l r e i c h e n G l i e d e r n g e g e n N i e d e r s c h lä g e g e s c h ü tz t. D ie f ü r u n s ü b e r l a d e n w i r k e n d e O r n a m e n t i k is t a u s d e m H a r t s t e i n d e r g e w a ltig e n S t e i n b l ö c k e h e r a u s g e m e iß e lt. I n d ie s e r P la s tik is t e tw a s, d a s z u d e n s c h w e r a u s s p r e c h b a r e n G e d a n k e n d e r U r k u n s t f ü h r t. E s i s t ja n i c h t n u r d ie e r s ta u n lic h e S ic h e r h e i t d e r H a n d d e s B i l d h a u e r s, d ie z u u n s s p r i c h t. I n d e n u n g e h e u e r l i c h e n M e n g e n d e r R e ih e n s p r i c h t d ie I n s p i r a t i o n a u s d e m G e h e i m n i s d e s L e b e n s w i r b e l s s e l b s t! D a s e in z e ln e L e b e n i n s c h ö n e R e a l itä t ü b e r s e t z e n, d a s w o llte n e in m a l d ie G r i e c h e n, s ie w o llte n d ie m e n s c h l ic h e K ö r p e r l i c h k e i t g ö ttlic h l e u c h t e n d m a c h e n u n d g le ic h z e itig h e r o i s i e r e n. N i c h t s
7 v o n d ie s e m s e e lis c h e n Z u g e i s t i n d e r i n d i s c h e n P la s tik. I h r M a ß u n d Z ie l i s t v i e l m e h r U n e n d l i c h k e i t. w ir d h e iß g e s e h e n u n d w o llü s tig g e f o r m t. D ie K ö r p e r r e a l i t ä t D a s A n tlitz i s t v ie l w e n ig e r w ic h tig a ls H ü f t e, B r u s t u n d B e in s c h w u n g. D a s B e s e e lte d e r B e w e g u n g b l e i b t h i e r s in n l i c h d e r b. E s i s t k e in D ü r s t e n n a c h e w ig e n W e r t e n, s o n d e r n H u n g e r n a c h F le is c h, v o n A u g e n f e u e r a u f g e r ü h r t. N e b e n d ie s e r S t e i n - P h a n t a s t i k h a t e s n ie m a n d f ü r n ö tig g e h a lte n, ü b e r d ie K o n s t r u k t i o n e tw a d e s r o m a n i s c h e n R u n d b o g e n s n a c h z u d e n k e n o d e r d e s S e i t e n d r u c k s b e i d e r B o g e n f ü h r u n g. D ie s e i n d i s c h e n M e i s t e r s c h i c h t e t e n n u r h o r iz o n ta l, e b e n w e il d e r S i n n e n h u n g e r g r o ß u n d S c h m u c k t r ie b d a s e ig e n t l ic h e t r o p is c h e L e b e n s p r i n z i p is t, a u s d e r d e r h e iß e L e b e n s a b l a u f u n d i r g e n d e i n p h a n t a s t i s c h e r T r a u m z u s t a n d w ä c h s t, v e r t e i l t. A b e r a m A b e n d g e s c h a h e s, d a ß a lle D i e n e r d e s g ö t t l ic h e n B a u w e r k s f r o h w u r d e n d u r c h d ie F r e u d e n d e r M u s i k u n d d e r T e m p e l tä n z e r in n e n. S o b a u t e T i r u m a l a d ie W u n d e r d e r T e m p e l s e in L e b e n la n g. A ls e r a lle E r k e n n t n i s s e d e s E r k e n n b a r e n w u ß te, s a h e r, d a ß d ie, d ie e r e i n s t e r h ö h t h a t t e, s p ä t e r v o n s e in e n F e i n d e n G e ld a n n a h m e n, u m d ie B a u e r n u n g e h o r s a m z u m a c h e n. D a w u r d e e r i n n e, d a ß d a s V o lk s e in e W o h l t a t e n v e r g a ß u n d d ie Z e i t d e s H a d e r s w ie d e r e r w a c h t w a r. D a lie ß e r s ic h, i n s e in e m H e r z e n m a t t g e w o r d e n, a b e r s e in h o h e r G e i s t n i c h t e r lo s c h e n, i n d e n T e m p e l b r i n g e n u n d h i n t e r e i n e r W a n d l e b e n d ig e in m a u e r n, a u f d a ß s e in A te m u n d s e in e le t z t e n G e d a n k e n d o r t b lie b e n. E r s t n e u n J a h r e s p ä t e r w u r d e s e in G r a b m a l a u f d e r I n s e l e r b a u t. E in e B r a h m a n e n - L e h r e v o ll W e l t b e k e n n t n i s d e r T r a g i k d e s G r o ß e n u n d d e s W a h n s d e r K a s te n. I n d i e n s t e h t n o c h g a n z in d e r a lte n W e lt s e in e r K a s te n. A lle d ie s e K a s te n b le ib e n i n W ir k lic h k e it e i n a n d e r g e n a u so f r e m d w ie e in e a n d e r e f r e m d e N a t i o n, ja sie m e id e n e i n a n d e r w ie e in e a n s te c k e n d e K r a n k h e i t * ). E r s t v o n h i e r a u s b e g r e ife n w ir d ie F o lg e n u n d a u c h w a r u m e in e s o lc h e S t r u k t u r s ic h g a r n i c h t ä n d e r n k a n n. I n je d e r K a s te l e b t e i n B l u t - R e i n h e i t s w a h n, d e r i n r e lig iö s e n R i t e n f e s tg e h a lte n w ir d. E r m a c h t d ie K a s t e n u n ü b e r s p r i n g b a r. D e n n w ü r d e e in e r k m w e it v o n d e r S tä tte s e in e s E le n d s e n t f e r n t s ic h a ls A n g e h ö r ig e r e i n e r a n d e r e n K a s te a u s g e b e n, so w ü r d e e r ja in n e r h a l b f ü n f M i n u t e n a n R i t e n e r k a n n t. I n I n d i e n w u r d e n R a s s e n u n v o r s t e l l b a r g e m is c h t, g a n z e V ö lk e r a u s g e r o tte t, M i l lio n e n s tä d te v e r b r a n n t ; e s g i b t P a g o d e in M a d u r a. D a s oberste G esch o ß als offen e H a lle p y r a m id a l au fgeb aut. K u p p e l eine N a c h b ild u n g des T o p a s b u d dh istisch e B a u w eise. P la stisc h e F r ie s e über d ie gesam ten G esch o ß flä ch en, d u rch sta rk au sla d e n d e G esim se m it z a h lre ic h e n G lie d e rn gegen N ie d e rsch lä g e g e sc h ü tz t. A u s fü h r u n g in g e w a ltig e n H a r t s t e in -B lö c k e n. A u sg e b e sse rt u n d d ie F lä c h e n teilw eise mit indischem Stu ckm ö rtel C h unam bekleidet. s t ü r m e n d e E r r e g b a r k e i t u n d s t u m m e r G e h o r s a m s w ille, L ie b e s - w a h n u n d d a n n w ie d e r a s k e tis c h e V e r a c h t u n g a lle r S ü ß e. G a z e lle n u n d K o b r a s c h l a n g e n im g le ic h e n W a ld e. T a u s e n d e v o n F i g u r e n t r e t e n u n s im S te in w i d e r s p r e c h e n d e n tg e g e n. E in m a l i s t e in e S t u n d e d e r R a s t. D r a u ß e n i s t u n e r t r ä g l i c h e S o n n e n g l u t. A u c h d a s B e tr a c h t e n V o n t a u s e n d S t e i n b i l d e r n v e r u r s a c h t z u l e t z t B r e n n e n im G e h i r n. E i n a l t e r B r a h m a n e e r k e n n t m e in e n F a h r t g e n o s s e n u n d m ic h a ls N i c h t - E n g l ä n d e r. W ir s p r a c h e n m i t i h m ü b e r d a s T e m p e l w u n d e r, ü b e r d ie T a u s e n d d e r g e s c h u lte n A r b e i t e r u n d ü b e r d ie B a u k o s te n. D e r a lte P r i e s t e r g e l e h r t e, e in G r e is im w e iß e n B a r te, lie ß s ic h u n s e r e F r a g e z w e im a l in s T a m u li d o l m e t s c h e n u n d s a g t e : T i r u m a l a w a r e i n A r i a h i n d u - M a h a r a d j a, e i n W e is e r. S t e h t i n e u r e n S c h r i f t e n, d a ß e r 9 S tä d te, v ie le D ö r f e r, 70 T e m p e l u n d G o p u r e n b a u t e? E r b r a u c h t e d a z u k e in G e ld, e s f r i ß t d e n M e n s c h e n, u n d k a u f t a lle s! S e in G e l d w a r d ie W e is h e it S c h iw a s. T i r u m a l a lie ß i n s e in e m L a n d e W a s s e r f lie ß e n, w e n n d ie D ü r r e k a m, u n d s p e ic h e r te R e i s f r u c h t d e r A b g a b e n a u f, u n d b e f a h l i n d e r Z e i t, a ls d e r L a n d b a u r u h t e, a u s a lle n O r t e n a lle h u n g e r n d e n M ä n n e r v o r s ic h z u b r i n g e n, z u s e in e n B a u s t ä tt e n. S e in e A u f s e h e r, B r a h m a n e n u n d K r i e g e r, l e i t e t e n d ie A r b e i t, d e n n e r g a b i h n e n W o h n u n g u n d K l e i d u n g. D a s V o lk r o llte d ie g e w a l t i g e n S t e i n e v o n d e n G e b i r g e n i n d ie T ä l e r ; S p e is e n z u m S a t t m a c h e n f ü r a lle w u r d e n z u d e n M a h l z e i t e n Tem pelstraße der jüngeren P eriode. E in fa c h e r e r A u fb a u in g le ich m ä ß ig g ro ß e n S a n d ste in q u a d e rn in M örtelbettung. P la stik und fig ü rlich er Schm uck in f r e i h ä n d ig e r H a n d w e rk s m a n ie r R ü c k g a n g d er B ild h a u e r kunst, der untere T e il m it indischem Stu ckm örtel ausgebessert. Im m er w ied e rk e h ren d e M o t iv e u n d D a r s te llu n g d er G ottheiten logenartig übereinander. D ie großen E in g a n g s pilaster an den sichtbaren Straß enseiten in Stu ck verk leid u n g. v e r s c h o lle n e S i e d l u n g e n, d ie 30 k m la n g s in d. D ie K a s t e n a b e r b lie b e n. E s g i b t a u s d e r V o r z e it M e g a l i th g r ä b e r, G r o ß u r n e n b e z ir k e m i t u r a l t e n M a u e r r e s t e n, S t e i n g a n g g r ä b e r, d ie v o n d e r U r w e l t e r z ä h le n. F ü r s t e n g r ä b e r s i n d a u f g e d e c k t, w o d ie H u n d e r t e S k e le tte v o n g e k ö p f te n D i e n e r n la g e n. D i e w e iß e n I n d o g e r m a n e n k a m e n, d ie S c h ö n n a s ig e n g e n a n n t, u n d h a b e n ü b e r d ie s e b r a u n e n D r a w i d a s u n d S c h w a r z e n g e h e r r s c h t. S p u r e n h i n t e r la s s e n. S ie h a b e n i h r e d e u t l i c h e n A b e r d ie K a s t e n w u c h s e n, n i c h t a n d e r s * ) N u r i n d e n g r o ß e n I n d u s t r i e s t ä d t e n m i t d e m R i e s e n v e r k e h r g l e i c h t s ic h d a s z u m T e i l a u s,
8 D E U T S C H E B A U H Ü T T E 1935 a ls u n te r d e n v e r tr ie b e n e n R ä u b e r v ö lk e r n. G o t t I n d r a h a t sie alle w ie d e r g e b o re n. D ie A r ie r h in te r lie ß e n ih r e w e is e n G e s e tz e u n d G e d ic h te v o n s c h w u n g v o lle n S tr o p h e n. B o d e n, R e ic h tu m u n d E x p o r t b e f r u c h te te n d ie H a n d w e r k s k ü n s te. W o a b e r e in W e ib h ö h e r e r O r d n u n g e in e n n ie d e r e n M a n n n a h m, w a r i h r d e r T o d g e w iß, n ic h t u m g e k e h r t. K e in V o lk d e r E r d e h a t e in e s o lc h e K r a f t im E r tr a g e n v o n L e id e n w ie d ie H i n d u s, u n d d a s i s t a u c h w ie d e r i h r U n g lü c k. D a h e r is t es a u ß e r d e r g a n z g e r in g e n Z a h l d e r I n te lle k tu e lle n, d ie d ie F r e i h e i t s tu m m im H e r z e n tr a g e n, d e n H u n d e r t e n v o n M illio n e n v ö llig g le ic h g ü ltig, w e r sie b e h e r r s c h t, w e n n m a n sie n u r n ic h t in ih r e n re lig iö s e n K a s te n g e b r ä u c h e n a n ta s te t. R a m ra m M a h a d e o, w e r v e rm a g d e n S c h la c h tr u f in s B lu t z u b r in g e n b e i d e n e n, d ie d e n K r ie g h a s s e n? E in m a l k a m d e r S a g e n a c h a u c h B u d d h a in d ie s e s L a n d. S e in e J ü n g e r b a u te n K lö s te r c h e n, w a r e n f r o m m, h e ilte n K r a n k e, v e r b o te n d a s s ü n d ig e B e g e h re n u n d w o llte n d ie K a s te n a u f- lö s e n. V o n all d ie s e n K lö s te r n is t in d ie s e m L a n d e z w is c h e n M a d ra s u n d M a d u r a n ic h ts g e b lie b e n. E r h i t z t e s B lu t le n k t d ie G e d a n k e n g e h o r s a m e r als E n th a lts a m k e its - L e h r e n. M illio n e n M ä d c h e n u n d F r a u e n h a b e n ih r e h e ilig e b r e n n e n d e Z e it in a lle r s c h ö n s te r J u g e n d. S ie o p f e r n s ic h v e r z e h r e n d u n d r e ib e n d e n f e u r ;g s te n T e il S c h iw a s m illio n e n m a l m it B u t t e r e in. E r s t s p ä te r im A lte r, n a c h d e r E r s c h ö p f u n g, k o m m t d ie B r a h m a - E r k e n n tn is : d a ß n ic h ts w ic h tig i s t, u n d es n a h t d ie T o d e s - W a n d l u n g f ü r a lle s L e b e n d e. D e r h e ilig e g r o ß e W a s s e r s tr o m tr ä g t se in e g e w a ltig e n F l u t e n a n u n s v o r ü b e r. A lle s T o t e u n d d ie L e ic h e n b r ä n d e w a n d e r n in d e n S t r o m ; d o c h A b e r ta u s e n d e k o m m e n, u m in d e m V e r w e s u n g s w a s s e r z u b a d e n. N e in, d ie s e r A n b lic k i s t f ü r u n s z u e r s t n ic h t z u e r tra g e n. I c h f r a g te m e in e n N a c h b a r, d e n g e le h r te n S a n s k r itm a n n G u p ta P a n d s c h a la d h u r a : W e r d e n n ic h t v ie le d ie s e r B a d e n d e n e in m a l k r a n k? D ie s w a r se in e A n tw o r t d e r S c h r i f t : V e r e h r u n g d e m w u n d e r b a r e n m ä c h tig e n s c h ö n g lä n z e n d e n S c h iw a, d u r c h d e s s e n K lu g h e it d a s M e n s c h e n g e s c h le c h t v o n d e r G e b u r t b is z u m T o d e g e le ite t w ir d. E r i s t in d e r J u g e n d d e r F e ls im L u s t h o f a lle r lie b r e iz e n d e n S c h e rz e u n d e r a lle in le n k t s p ä te r a u c h d e n T o d, n ic h t a b e r d a s h e ilig e W a s s e r! Z e h n ta u s e n d J a h re s in d d ie P ilg e r a n d ie s e m h e ilig e n S tr o m e z u m B a d e n g e k o m m e n, w u r d e n g e r e in ig t u n d k e h r te n g e s u n d h e im. N ie m a n d v o n ih n e n h a t A n g s t. S o b a ld d ie S o n n e s te h t, u m so m e h r s tr a h lt d a s W a s s e r d a s g ö ttlic h e H e il a u s. 36 I n d e r T a t, u m d ie F r ü h z e i t h a t m a n d a s s c h ö n s te b u n t e s t e B i l d ; d ie F r a u e n u n d M ä d c h e n i n i h r e n b u n t e n, z a r t e n u n d l e u c h t e n d e n G e w ä n d e r n s te ig e n i n d ie s e s T o d e s w a s s e r u n d s i n d g lü c k lic h. W a s b lie b m i r ü b r i g, a ls d u r c h m e i n e n k lu g e n D i e n e r z u s a g e n : S a h i b G u p t a, V e r e h r u n g d e m S c h iw a, d e m o b e r s t e n F ü r s t e n d e s e r g l ü h e n d e n L e b e n s u n d d e m w e is e n D a h i n r a f f e r, d e r d e n S c h e id e n d e n d e n W e g z u r R u b i n s t a t i o n d e s H e i l s b e r e i t e t! U n d m e in G o t t e s g e l e h r t e r m i t d e r B r ille u n d m i t o f fe n e r B r u s t b e g le ite te m ic h e in S tü c k z u d e n G ä r t e n, e in e d e r h e ilig e n S c h r i f t e n i n d e r H a n d. N e b e n d e m s p r i c h w ö r t l i c h e n R e i c h t u m d e r F ü r s t e n m i t v e r w ö h n te s te n T ä n z e r i n n e n, m i t d e n a u s a l t e r T y r a n n e i g e f ü llte n, a b e r w e is e v e r w a lte te n G o l d k e l l e r n u n d i h r e n g r o ß e n J u w e l e n - P a n z e r t r e s o r e n i n d e r E r d e s t e h t A r m u t d a, w ie w ir sie n i c h t k e n n e n. D e r H i n d u e r t r ä g t a lle s. A d an s i e h t A d a sse n le b e n d e r m e n s c h lic h e r G e r i p p e u m h e r l a u f e n u n d d a b e i T a u s e n d e h e ilig e r K ü h e, d ie d ie H u n g e r n d e n n i c h t a n t a s t e n. D a ß d ie M o h a m m e d a n e r K u h l e i c h e n f r e s s e n, i s t e i n e r d e r a l l e r ä r g s t e n G r e u e l. E s g ib t T ie r s p i ta le i n j e d e r S t a d t, i n d e r d a s a b s t e r b e n d e k r a n k e V ie h z e u g to tg e p f le g t w ir d. E i n m e p h i t i s c h e r P e s t g e r u c h g e h t v o n d ie s e n S t ä t t e n a u s. D ie R a t t e n v e r m e h r e n s i c h u n d d ie P e s t. A b e r w a s b e d e u t e t s c h o n i n d e n A u g e n d e s e c h t e n H i n d u s, a u f w e lc h e A r t e r a u s d e m L e b e n a u f d ie S e e l e n w a n d e r u n g g e s c h ic k t w ir d? D a s V o lk s t i r b t n ic h t. E s k ö n n te n o c h g a n z a n d e r e, n o c h v ie l s c h w e r e r e L e i d e n e r tr a g e n. W a s a b e r s t i r b t, d a s i s t s e in e K u n s t. S ie h t m a n h e u t e i n d e n B e tr i e b e n d e r H a n d w e r k e r d ie b e d a c h ts a m e i n d is c h e F e i n a r b e i t, d ie a u f a lle n M ä r k t e n v o n A s ie n, i n A f rik a, v o n K a ir o b is K a p s t a d t d u r c h I n d e r v e r b r e i t e t w ir d, so b e s t e h t d o c h k e in Z w e ife l, d a ß d ie F o r m k u n s t z u r ü c k g e h t. D i e i n d is c h e K u n s t s t i r b t a n d e r G i f t s p r i t z e : G e l d w i r t s c h a f t! D a i s t d ie A u s la u g u n g d e s E in k o m m e n s. I n d ie s e n Z e i te n k o m m t z u o f t d ie m o n a te la n g e D ü r r e u n d d e r a lle p a a r J a h r e e i n t r e t e n d e M a s s e n - H u n g e r t o d. W a s s o ll d a t e u r e P l a s t i k u n d S c h n itz e r e i? D a z u k o m m e n d ie d r e i P l a g e n M a l a r i a, C h o le r a u n d P e s t. D e n E u r o p ä e r f ic h t e s w e n ig a n ; d ie H i n d u s s te r b e n. J e d e r w ir d w ie d e r k e h r e n. D e r D ä m o n e n g l a u b e l e n k t d ie H i r n e. N ie m a ls w ir d d a s L a n d, a u c h i n H u n d e r t e n v o n J a h r e n, d e n a lte n R e ic h tu m a u f b r i n g e n, d e r e i n s t d ie Z e h n t a u s e n d e j e t z t v e r f a lle n d e r T e m p e l e r r i c h t e t e, a lle d ie P i l g e r h ä u s e r, d ie h e r r l i c h e n P a lä s te u n d F ü r s t e n g ä r t e n. Zum Transport der Steinplatte für Theoderichs Grabmal. ^ J e b e r d ie r ä ts e lh a f te n T r a n s p o r t l e i s t u n g e n g e w a ltig e r S te in b lö c k e, d ie w ir r o n d e n B e is p ie le n d e r A e g y p te r, d e r I n k a u n d M a y a u n d I n d e r k e n n e n le r n te n, is t o f t n a c h g e s o n n e n. V o n d e n A e g y p te r n b e r ic h te n u n s d ie R e lie f b ild e r v o n K u ju n d s c h ik, w ie d ie a u f K u f e n g e s te llte L a s t v o n H u n d e r t e n v o n A r b e ite r n a n la n g e n T a u e n g e z o g e n w u r d e u n d w e lc h e V o r r ic h tu n g e n m a n e r f u n d e n h a tte, u m d u r c h e in e n d a g e g e n g e s te m m te n K lo tz d a s A b g le ite n z u v e r h in d e r n. M a n v e r s ta n d e s, d ie g le ite n d e B e w e g u n g d u r c h v o rg e le g te R o lle n i n e in e r o lle n d e z u v e r w a n d e ln. A m E n d e d e r L a s t h a tte m a n la n g e H e b e b ä u m e, d ie v o n v ie le n P e r s o n e n a n T a u e n b e w e g t w e r d e n k o n n te n. D a m a ls a r b e ite te n d ie s c h r e ite n d e n K o lo n n e n in V ie r e r r e ih e n a n d e r B e w ä ltig u n g e in e r g r o ß e n S te in m a s s e. W ie d e r h o lt is t e r ö r t e r t, w ie es e ig e n tlic h m ö g lic h w a r, b e i d e m G r a b m a l T h e o d e r ic h s i n R a v e n n a d ie g e w a ltig e S c h a le b z w. d e n r ie s e n h a f te n K a lk s te in b lo c k, d e r d a s G r a b m a l n a c h o b e n a b s c h lie ß t, o h n e u n s e r e H ilf s m itte l so z u h e b e n. I n A e g y p te n h a tte m a n s c h o n T r a n s p o r t l e i s t u n g e n v o n S te in e n m it ü b e r 900 t G e w ic h t f e s tg e s te llt. D a s G r a b m a l T h e o d e r ic h s, d a s 515 n. C h r. e r r ic h te t w u r d e, e r h ie lt e in e D e c k e ls c h a le, d ie s o rg fä ltig a u f d e n tu r m a r tig e n B a u k ö r p e r a u f g e s e tz t is t. D ie s e r K a lk s te in b lo c k h a tte v o r det F e r tig u n g e in G e w ic h t v o n e tw a 4 00 t ; d e r b e h a u e n e D e c k e n s te in h a tte e in G e w ic h t v o n t. U m n u n d ie M e th o d e d e r H e b u n g z u e r k lä re n, m u ß m a n s ic h b e i d ie s e m r a b m a l a n d ie a n s c h e in e n d n u r d e k o r a tiv e n 12 s te in e r n e n B ü g e l e r i n n e r n, d ie a u s d e m g r o ß e n S te in h e r a u s g e h a u e n w u r d e n. D ie s e B ü g e l, d ie m a n so la n g e f ü r m o n u m e n t a l e V e r z i e r u n g e n h ie lt, s in d s e lb s t g e w a ltig e, im g a n z e n a b e r d o c h u n a u f f ä llig g e h a lte n e O e s e n, d u r c h d e r e n L ö c h e r e in m ä c h t i g e s T a u w e r k g e le g t w o r d e n s e in m u ß. J e d e O e s e m u ß t e e i n e n Z u g v o n 2 3 t a u s h a lte n. M a n b e d ie n te s ic h d a b e i d e r E in s ä u l e n k r ä n e, d ie o b e n d u r c h s c h w e re F la s c h e n z ü g e g e h a l t e n w u r d e n u n d u n t e n e in e T r e t t r o m m e l z u m H e b e n u n d S e n k e n d e r L a s t b e s a ß e n. M a n sc h a ffte a ls o d e n S te in in R a v e n n a b is d i c h t a n d a s G r a b m a l h e r a n. D a n n h o b m a n i h n m i t 12 H e b e z e u g e n, d e r e n S e ile z u je e in e r d e r S te in ö s e n g in g e n, u n t e r V e r w e n d u n g v o n F l a s c h e n z ü g e n u n d W in d e n, u n t e r B e ih ilf e v o n M e n s c h e n u n d h o b i h n so e in S tü c k e m p o r. N u n w u r d e n d ie b e r e i t g e l e g t e n B a lk e n u n t e r d e n S te in g e s c h o b e n, a ls d a n n e r f o lg te d ie H e b u n g u m e in w e ite r e s S tü c k b is a u f e in e z w e ite B a lk e n la g e, d ie q u e r z u r e r s te n g e le g t w a r. A u f d ie s e W e is e w u r d e d e r S t e i n b is z u r H ö h e d e s B a u w e rk e s h in a u f g e w u n d e n. D ie le t z t e S c h i c h t d e r B a lk e n w u r d e in d e r R i c h t u n g z u m G r a b m a l h i n g e l e g t u n d d i e n t e a ls G e le is f ü r g le ic h m ä ß ig h e r g e s te llte R o llh ö l z e r, a u f d e n e n d a n n d e r S te in s c h lie ß lic h a u f d a s B a u w e r k g e z o g e n w u r d e. D ie A r b e ite r w a r e n v o r h e r s o r g f ä ltig a u f k o m m a n d i e r te A r b e i t g e s c h u lt. D u r c h V e r s e tz u n g e i n i g e r g r o ß e r H e b e z e u g e k o n n t e m a n d e n a u f d e n H ö l z e r n ü b e r d e m T h e o d e r i c h - G r a b m a l lie g e n d e n D e c k s te in n u n v o n v e r s c h i e d e n e n S e i t e n a n h e b e n, u m d ie R o lle n h ö lz e r u n t e r i h m w e g z u z ie h e n.
9 37 H aus am Steinbergweg in D arm stadt. A rc h.: S ixtus G ro ß m an n, D a rm s ta d t. U eb er dem S o c k e l erh eb t sich d ie sorgsam a u sg e fü h rte P u t z w a n d m it H o r iz o n t a lg it t e r -E c k fe n s t e r. Im G ie b e l w u rd e, n o ch w ä h r e n d d er A u s fü h r u n g, ein k le in e r B a lk o n f ü r d as G ro ß e lt e rn z im m e r gew ü n sch t. D ie G e s a m tfo rm ist v o n n a tü r licher Leb en digk eit erfü llt. T e is e, a b e r m e r k b a r, ä n d e r n s i c h d ie F o r d e r u n g e n d e r ö k o n o m i s c h e i n g e e n g t e n S c h i c h t e n a n d ie G r u n d r i ß lin ie n f ü r d a s k le in e f r e i s t e h e n d e W o h n h a u s. D a s, w a s m a n e i n s t v e r n ü n f t i g e B a u p r i n z i p i e n n a n n t e, h a t e in e n a n d e r e n S i n n b e k o m m e n. E i n H a u s s o ll h e u t e, i n d e n Z e ite n s c h w a n k e n d e n E in k o m m e n s, l e i c h t w i e d e r v r k ä u f l i c h u n d ä n d e r b a r s e in. F r ü h e r m u ß t e e i n s o lc h e s H a u s h a r t a n d e r S t r a ß e l i e g e n ; j e t z t i s t e s w ic h t i g e r, e s so z u r ü c k g e le g t z u p l a c i e r e n, d a ß e s a b g e r ü c k t v o n d e r S t r a ß e e in e r u h i g e r e L a g e u n d g u t e B e s o n n u n g e r h ä l t. D i e W i r t s c h a f t s r ä u m e s o l l e n g ü n s t i g a n g e o r d n e t s e in. D e r A r c h i t e k t b e k o m m t r a u m t e c h n i s c h e r n s t z u r e c h n e n, w e n n v o n i h m v e r la n g t w ir d, d a ß i n d e m k le in e n H a u s e E l t e r n u n d G r o ß e l t e r n S tö ru n g ' lo s ( m a n d e n k e a n d a s S c h ic k sa l v ie le r A l t e n t e i l e r ) u n t e r e in e m D a c h e w o h n e n s o lle n. D ie s e A u f g a b e i s t v o n d e m A r c h i t e k t e n m i t f e in e m T a k t u n d v ie l S i c h e r h e i t g e lö s t, ja m e h r a ls d a s, e r h a t e in e b e m e r k e n s w e r te A r c h i t e k t u r f a s s u n g f ü r d a s G a n z e g e f u n d e n : D e u t s c h e r H e i m a t c h a r a k t e r, g u t k o m p o n i e r t u n d d a s K l e i n e g r o ß g e s e h e n. Erdgeschoß. V o m D a c h h eru n ter bis z u m S o c k e l ist d er C h a r a k t e r schön er W e rk lic h k e it v o rh a n d e n. D ie E ß d ie le un term G ie b e l h a t d u rch ih re V o ll-b e lic h t u n g eine selb stä n d ig e R a u m w ir k u n g erh a lten. D ie b illig e H o lz e in fa s s u n g d er Terrasse in ap a rter Tönun g entsp rich t d e r neu en T e n d e n z, a n S te lle der überlieferten G itte r fo rm en ein ländliches, behelfsm ä ß ig e s M o t i v z u v e rw e n d e n.
10 38 K O N S T R U K T I O D E U T S C H E B A U H Ü T T E 1935 N U N D B A U W K I S E g e l t e n, ü b e r a u s s e lte n w ir d d e m A r c h i t e k t e n i n d i e s e r Z e i t d ie A u f g a b e g e s te llt, e in e n E n t w u r f f ü r e in e B ä c k e r e i a n z u le g e n, d ie g le ic h z e itig e in e w e itr ä u m ig e K a f f e e - W ir t s c h a f t h a b e n so ll. E s s in d z w e i v ö llig v e r s c h i e d e n e A u f g a b e n. F ü r d ie B ä c k e re i s e lb s t i s t d ie b e t r i e b s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e G r u n d l a g e g e g e b e n i n d e r A n la g e d e s O f e n s m i t O b e r f e u e r u n g u n d d e r v e r s c h ie d e n e n G a s - B a c k a p p a r a te f ü r e in e m ö g l i c h s t a u s g ie b ig e E r z e u g u n g d e r v e r s c h ie d e n e n B r o t s o r t e n, K u c h e n, K o n d i t o r w a r e n. A u sfü h ru n g in 30 cm Ziegelisolierm auerzverk, Z w isch en w ä n d e 12 cm u n d 6 cm stark. F a ssa d e, w eiß, in T e r r a n o v a -E d e lp u tz g e sp ritzt. Fundam ente und Terrassen in Beton. D ie Terrassen, Laden und K affee M a rm o r plattenbelag. Im K a ffe e und L a d e n sin d dieselben fu ß w a rm u n d in z w e i in sich abgestim m ten F a rb en. D ie bebaute F l ä c h e qm U m b au ter R a u m cbm, u n d z w a r : H a u p tg e b ä u d e ,, V o rba u : L a d e n u n d K a f f e e...495,, T errasse im E r d g e s c h o ß I n d ie s e m F a lle k o m m t d a z u, u m d ie g ü n s t i g e L a g e f ü r S p a z ie r g ä n g e a n d e n b e n a c h b a r t e n k le in e n S e e a u s z u n u t z e n, d ie K a f f e e - W ir t s c h a f t. V ie le M a le m u ß d ie E in r i c h t u n g d e r B a c k s tu b e u n d d e r R o h s to f f r a u m m i t d e m M e h l la g e r u n d s o n s tig e m Z u b e h ö r ü b e r l e g t w e r d e n, d e n n h i e r d a r f k e in G e l d u m s o n s t a u s g e g e b e n w e r d e n. D ie h ü b s c h e n A u s f l ü g l e r r ä u m e h a b e n m ö g lic h s t v ie le A u s s i c h t s f e n s t e r, w ä h r e n d b e i g ü n s t i g e m W e t t e r d ie s c h ö n e, b r e ite T e r r a s s e m i t V o r lie b e b e n u t z t w e r d e n w ir d. B e i d e r B e w i r t s c h a f t u n g e i n e r s o lc h e n A n la g e i s t d ie U n t e r b r i n g u n g d e s P e r s o n a ls G e g e n s t a n d i m m e r n e u e r U e b e r l e - g u n g e n. A lle s, w a s ir g e n d w i e z u b a u lic h e n E r s p a r n i s s e n b e i t r a g e n k a n n, u m d e n E r t r a g z u s i c h e r n, u n d m u ß im m e r w ie d e r g e p r ü f t, u m g e w o r f e n u n d v e r g lic h e n w e r d e n. D ie s e A n la g e i s t d e r b e s o n d e r e n L a g e w e g e n i n k e in e r W e is e t y p i s c h ; s ie is t e tw a s E in m a lig e s. zusam m en cbm 20 R M. = R M. B a u k o s te n, d a z u kom m en 4000 R M. f ü r O fe n = R M. U e b e r d ie i n n e r e E i n r i c h t u n g e in e r B ä c k e re i v g l. d e n B e itr a g i n H e f t 9 / d e r D e u t s c h e n B a u h ü t t e, S e ite Abort, 2 Keller. J Waschhaus. 4 M-Abort 5 T e r m f. I o r j l. a r ;,sk~ ~ u. E ntw urf fü r eine Bäckerei m it Kaffee. A rc h.: Ed. F ra n z B ode, G otha.
11 39 B A U T E C H N IK UND ARBEITSVERFAHREN So ck el- und G ru n d sch w e lle n -A u sb ildung fü r H olzhäuser. D e r f ü r d e n B e s t a n d d e s g a n z e n B a u w e r k s w i c h t i g s t e u n d z u g l e i c h a m m e i s t e n g e f ä h r d e t e B a u te il e in e s H o lz h a u s e s i s t d ie G r u n d s c h w e ll e. U n t e r b a u u n d A u ß e n - w ä n d e la s s e n s ic h l e i c h t e r a ls s ie g e g e n z e r s t ö r e n d e E in f lü s s e s c h ü tz e n. G r u n d b a u u n d S o c k e l k ö n n e n a u s n a t ü r l ic h e n u n d k ü n s t l i c h e n S t e i n e n o d e r a u s M a g e r b e to n b e s t e h e n, d e r B a u s to f f m u ß n u r g e n ü g e n d h a r t u n d w e t t e r f e s t s e in. F ü r S i e d l u n g s b a u t e n w ir d o f t K ie s o d e r S t e i n s c h l a g b e to n i n M is c h u n g e tw a 1:10 b z w. 1:3:6 a n g e b r a c h t s e in, d e r d ie M i t a r b e i t d e s g e l e r n t e n M a u r e r s e n t b e h r lic h m a c h t. U e b e r G e l ä n d e w ir d a m e in f a c h s te n m i t f e r t i g e n B e to n f o r m s te in e n g e a r b e i t e t, d a m i t n i c h t e r s t g e s c h a lt z u w e r d e n b r a u c h t. K u r z e, a n g e t e e r t e, a u f h ö l z e r n e n G r u n d p l a t t e n s t e h e n d e H o l z p f o s te n, w ie in R u ß l a n d g e b r a u c h t, g e w ä h r l e i s t e n o h n e w i r k s a m s t e n H o l z s c h u t z k e in e a u s r e i c h e n d e L e b e n s d a u e r, s in d a u c h n i c h t s t u r m s i c h e r. F ü r H o l z h ä u s e r, d ie a ls D a u e r w o h n u n g d i e n e n s o lle n, s i n d s ie b e i u n s d a h e r n i c h t z u g e la s s e n. D ie W ä n d e k ö n n e n d u r c h e in e w i d e r s ta n d s f ä h ig e A u ß e n h a u t w e t t e r f e s t g e m a c h t w e r d e n. D a z u k ö n n e n V e r k le i d u n g e n a u s n a t ü r l i c h e n S c h i e f e r n o d e r a u s E t e r n i t p l a t t e n d ie n e n, h ö lz e r n e S c h i n d e l s c h ir m e, V e r s c h a l u n g e n a u s s e n k r e c h t o d e r w a a g e r e c h t a n g e b r a c h t e n g e n u t e t e n B r e t t e r n, v e r p u t z t e B a u p la tte n o d e r a u c h e i n n u r a n d e r A u s f a c h u n g b e f e s t i g t e r A u ß e n p u t z. A lle H ö l z e r d e s T r a g w e r k s u n d d e r A u ß e n h a u t s o llte n g e n ü g e n d, m ö g l i c h s t a u f e i n e n r e s t l i c h e n W a s s e r g e h a lt v o n 13 b is h ö c h s t e n s 15 % h e r a b g e t r o c k n e t s e in. B e i w a s s e r d i c h t e r V e r - k l e id u n g b z w. g u t u n t e r h a l t e n e m S c h u t z a n s t r i c h w i r d d a n n k e in e G e f a h r f ü r d a s T r a g w e r k b e s t e h e n ; b e i w e n ig e r g e t r o c k n e t e m H o lz i s t e in e S c h u t z b e h a n d l u n g d r i n g e n d a n z u r a t e n. S e h r v e r r i n g e r t w e r d e n d ie d u r c h S c h la g r e g e n u n d h e r a b r ie s e l n d e s R e g e n w a s s e r b e d i n g t e n G e f a h r e n s c h o n d u r c h e i n e n a u s r e i c h e n d e n D a c h v o r s p r u n g. E r s o llte a n d e n T r a u f - k a n t e n o h n e d ie v o r g e h ä n g t e R i n n e m ö g l i c h s t m i n d e s t e n s 0,3 m, a n d e r W e t t e r s e ite n o c h m e h r, a n G i e b e l w ä n d e n n i c h t u n t e r 0,2 5 m b e t r a g e n. I s t d e r S o c k e l a u ß e r d e m g e n ü g e n d h o c h, ^ 0,5 0 m ü b e r G e lä n d e u n d w a s s e r a b w e is e n d g e m a c h t o d e r d a u e r h a f t v e r p u t z t, w ir d s e lb s t b e i e tw a f e h l e n d e r D a c h r i n n e a n S o c k e l u n d W a n d d u r c h S p r i t z w a s s e r k e in S c h a d e n e n t s te h e n k ö n n e n. D ie G r u n d s c h w e ll e w i r d g le ic h z e itig v o n u n t e n d u r c h im S o c k e l k ö r p e r a u f s te ig e n d e F e u c h t i g k e i t, v o n a u ß e n d u r c h T a g e w a s s e r u n d L u f t f e u c h t i g k e i t, v o n i n n e n m ö g lic h e r w e is e d u r c h S c h w a m m ü b e r t r a g u n g v o n d e n F u ß b o d e n h ö l z e r n h e r b e d r o h t. G e g e n d e n S o c k e l h i n i s t s ie d u r c h e in e d a u e r n d w ir k s a m e w a s s e r d i c h t e S p e r r s c h i c h t, a m b e s t e n a u s z w e i L a g e n s c h w e r e r, f e u c h t i g k e i t s - u n d w e t t e r b e s t ä n d i g e r B i t u m e n - N o r m e n p a p p e z u s c h ü t z e n, i n d e r e n H ö h e n a c h d e n G ü t e v o r s c h r i f t e n f ü r H o l z h ä u s e r (D IN ) R e g e n w a s s e r n i c h t s t e h e n b l e i b e n d a r f. D ie s c h ü t z e n d e A u ß e n h a u t d e s H o l z tr a g w e r k s m u ß b is u n t e r d ie S p e r r f u g e r e i c h e n u n d b e i U e b e r s t a n d ü b e r S o c k e l a u ß e n f lä c h e d a s W a s s e r d u r c h u n t e r e A b s c h r ä g u n g s e i tl i c h v o m S o c k e l n i e d e r fa lle n la s s e n. A u f d e m w a a g e r e c h t a b g e g lic h e n e n o d e r a u c h d u r c h e in e Z ie g e l r o l l s c h i c h t a b g e s c h lo s s e n e n S o c k e lk ö r p e r lie g t d ie G r u n d s c h w e ll e a u f g a n z e L ä n g e v o ll a u f. S ie w i r d d a h e r n u r a u f D r u c k, n i c h t a u f B ie g u n g b e a n s p r u c h t u n d i s t m i t d e m f ü r d ie W a n d p f o s t e n g e w ä h lte n K a n t h o l z q u e r s c h n i t t r e ic h lic h b e m e s s e n. W o d ü n n e H ö l z e r v o n r u n d 5 10 c m Q u e r s c h n i t t f ü r d ie a m e r ik a n is c h e m V o r b ild e n tle h n t e d e u ts c h e S k e le ttb a u w e is e a ls P f o s te n d ie n e n, w e r d e n z w e i s o lc h e r H ö l z e r a ls S c h w e lle ü b e r e in a n d e r g e le g t u n d v e r n a g e lt. D a s b e s te H o lz f ü r sie i s t g e s u n d e s, m ö g lic h s t s p lin tf r e ie s E ic h e n h o lz, w ie es z.b. b e im W ie d e r a u f b a u v o n O e s c h e lb r o n n j e t z t f a s t a u s s c h lie ß lic h f ü r a lle A u ß e n w ä n d e v e r w e n d e t w u r d e. B e i g r ö ß e r e m S p l i n t g e h a l t m u ß a u c h d ie E ic h e n s c h w e lle e b e n s o w ie je d e S c h w e lle a u s d e m ü b l ic h e n N a d e lh o lz m i t e in e m z u v e r lä s s ig e n S c h w a m m s c h u t z m it t e l g e s tr ic h e n, b e s s e r n o c h g e t r ä n k t w e r d e n. A m s ic h e r s te n i s t B o h r lo c h im p f u n g, d ie a u c h d ie in n e r e n H o lz te ile e r f a ß t. A ls M in d e s t s c h u tz s o llte e i n w ie d e r h o l t e r A n s tr ic h m i t e in e r b illig e n u n d d o c h s e h r w ir k s a m e n F l u o r n a t r i u m lö s u n g o d e r ä h n lic h e m g e lte n. D i e w i d e r s t a n d s f ä h i g e r e K e r n s e ite s o llte n a c h u n t e n g e le g t w e r d e n. W o A n k e r d ie B itu m e n - p a p p s c h i c h t d u r c h b r e c h e n, m u ß d u r c h f lü s s ig e n A s p h a l t d ie S p e r r s c h i c h t w ie d e r g e s c h lo s s e n w e r d e n. E tw a ig e Z a p f e n l ö c h e r im S c h w e lle n h o lz m ü s s e n d u r c h d ie g a n z e H o lz s tä r k e r e ic h e n, d a m it e tw a e i n d r i n g e n d e s W a s s e r n i c h t s te h e n b le ib e n u n d z u F ä u l n i s f ü h r e n k a n n. D ie G ü t e v o r s c h r i f t e n v e r la n g e n l u f ttr o c k n e s, a n d e n s i c h tb a r e n S te lle n s c h a r f k a n tig e s K r e u z o d e r H a lb h o lz f ü r d ie S c h w e lle. W ir d sie, w ie a lle d e r D u r c h f e u c h t u n g a u s g e s e tz te n H o lz te ile, d ie u n te r e in e r lu f ta b s c h lie ß e n d e n B e d e c k u n g n i c h t a u s tr o c k n e n k ö n n e n, m i t g e e ig n e te m S c h u tz m itte l b e h a n d e l t, i s t a u c h b e im E in b a u n i c h t a u s r e i c h e n d A u s f a c b u n j S c h w e l l e Abb. i. Fehlerhafte Form. Sockel, Schwelle und Tragwerk ungeschützt. S o ck e l Abb. 2. Richtige Lösung. ß a u p l 2 a : bei Außen- Verkleidung mit Holzschalung über Dichtungspappe ; 2b : bei Außenverkleidung mit verputzten Bauplatten. tr o c k n e n H o lz e s, w ie e s f ü r S i e d l u n g s b a u t e n o f t g e n u g v e r w e n d e t w ir d b z w. w e r d e n m u ß, v o r z e itig e Z e r s t ö r u n g o d e r e r h ö h t e U n t e r h a l t u n g s l a s t n i c h t z u b e f ü r c h t e n. A b b. 1 z e ig t v e r e i n i g t z a h l r e i c h e g r u n d s ä t z l ic h e M ä n g e l e in e s S o c k e lk n o te n p u n k t e s, d ie z u f r ü h e m V e r f a ll d e s S c h w e lle n h o lz e s u n d d a m i t d e s g a n z e n H o lz tr a g w e r k s f ü h r e n k ö n n e n u n d m i t v e r a n t w o r tu n g s b e w u ß t e r B a u a u s f ü h r u n g n i c h t v e r e i n b a r s in d. D e r S o c k e l i s t z u n ie d r i g u n d g e g e n N ä s s e v o n a u ß e n n i c h t g e s c h ü t z t ; a u f d e m w a a g e r e c h te n S o c k e l v o r s p r u n g b l e i b t d a s W a s s e r s t e h e n ; s c h ü t z e n d e W a n d v e r k le id u n g u n d S p e r r s c h i c h t g e g e n F e u c h t i g k e i t v o n u n t e n f e h le n. E in e A b s c h r ä g u n g u w ü r d e z w a r d e n A b f lu ß b e s c h le u n ig e n, e in e e tw a v o r h a n d e n e S p e r r s c h i c h t a b e r n i c h t d e c k e n. E in e a n g e f ü g te Z e m e n ts c h r ä g e n a c h v l ä ß t z w is c h e n Z e m e n t u n d H o lz, d ie s ic h n i c h t v e r b i n d e n, e in e b e s o n d e r s s c h ä d lic h e s e n k r e c h te F u g e w o ffe n. A b b. 2 a g i b t e in e g r u n d s ä t z l i c h e, n o r d i s c h e n F a c h w e r k b a u t e n e n t l e h n t e L ö s u n g w ie d e r, b e i d e r d ie i n A b b. 1 h e r v o r g e h o b e n e n t e c h n is c h e n M ä n g e l b e s e i t ig t s in d. D ie A b s c h r ä g u n g d e s u n t e r s t e n S c h a l b r e t t e s l ä ß t d a s W a s s e r f r e i a b t r o p f e n. B e i A u ß e n v e r k le id u n g m it B a u p la tt e n w ir d d e r A u ß e n p u t z n a c h A b b. 2 b e n t s p r e c h e n d a b g e s c h r ä g t. E tw a n o c h f e h l e n d e r W ä r m e s c h u tz k a n n n a c h B e d a r f d u r c h g e e ig n e te in n e r e V e r k le id u n g b z w. d u r c h E i n s c h a lte n e in e r d ü n n e n, r u h e n d e n L u f t s c h ic h t e r z ie lt w e r d e n. I n d e n A b b. 3 b is 7 s in d e in ig e S o c k e l u n d S c h w e l l e n a u s f ü h r u n g e n a u s d e u t s c h e n S i e d l u n g s b a u t e n d e r l e t z t e n J a h r e d a r g e s te llt, b e i d e n e n u n t e r V e r w e n d u n g v e r s c h ie d e n e r B a u s to f fe f ü r S o c k e l, A u s f a c h u n g, A u ß e n - u n d I n n e n v e r k le id u n g d ie G r u n d f o r d e r u n g e n d e s K ä l t e -, N ä s s e -, W in d - u n d F ä u l n i s s c h u t z e s e r f ü l l t s in d. tm m EttrnitfU Xbmtn Schalung Abb. 3. Aus der Stadt- randsiedlung in Breslau- Goldschmieden. beton- Ausfachung 1- is cm P utz 4~J)/eien.-C-SctnU Di-Pappe B e t o n L 13 D e r S k e le ttb a u n a c h A b b. 3 m i t G a s b e t o n a u s fa c h u n g u n d s ilb e r g r a u e r E te r n i t p l a t t e n - A u ß e n h a u t ü b e r H o l z s c h a l u n g i s t i n d e r S t a d t r a n d s i e d l u n g d e r C h r i n a s k i n B r e s l a u - G o l d s c h m i e d e n a u s g e f ü h r t. N o c h b e s s e r g e s c h ü t z t i s t d ie S p e r r f u g e b e i d e m z u g le ic h s e h r w ä r m e s c h ü tz e n d e n u n d d a u e r h a f t e n, d e r L a n d s c h a f t u n d d e m K lim a g u t a n g e p a ß t e n H a u s e d e r S ie d lu n g G r a a s e i n O b e r s c h le s ie n, d ie m ö g lic h s t s c h n e ll u n d b illig i n G e m e i n s c h a f ts a r b e i t d e r S ie d le r e r r i c h t e t w u r d e ( A b b. 4). S e i l a tu r.q Dichtung?- 7 peeppi Abb. 4. Aus der Siedlung Graase in Oberschlesien. V/i: F '-U -i x M U Strohlehm -Ausf. c/ehob^ c/estäite Schalung V Hobeldtelen j- L a gerh ölzer W. Unterhcton D i e A b b. 5 b is 7 z e ig e n S o c k e l- u n d S c h w e lle n f o r m e n d e r i m S o m m e r h e r g e s te llte n 25 H o lz h ä u s e r d e r K o c h e n h o f -
12 D E U T S C H E B A U H Ü T T E 1935 S ie d lu n g in S tu ttg a r t. N u r e in e in z ig e s H a u s w e is t h ie r v o r s p r in g e n d e n S o c k e l a u f ; b e i ih m s in d a b e r S c h w e lle u n d S p e r rfu g e d u r c h e in sc h rä g e s T r a u f b r e t t, d a s d ie A u ß e n s c h a lu n g n a c h u n t e n a b sc h lie ß t, u n d d u r c h e in u n t e n a b g e s c h rä g te s S t ir n b r e tt g e s c h ü tz t. F ü n f w e i te re H ä u s e r z e ig e n g la tte n S o c k e l n a c h d e r S k iz z e in A b b. 5 : D ie A u ß e n k a n te n v o n 40 Abb. S- Glatter Sockel, durchgehender Außenputz. F ü r S ta llu n g e n u n d s o n s tig e l a n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e B a u te n w e r d e n S o c k e l u n d G r u n d s c h w e lle g r u n d s ä t z l i c h n a c h d e n g le ic h e n G e s ic h ts p u n k te n a u s g e b ild e t, w e n n a u c h d ie je n a c h d e m G e b r a u c h s z w e c k d e s G e b ä u d e s v e r s c h ie d e n e n A n f o r d e r u n g e n b e z ü g lic h L e b e n s d a u e r u n d W ä r m e s c h u tz d ie B a u w e is e d e s W a n d k ö r p e r s u n d d e r D ä m m - u n d S c h u t z s c h ic h te n b e s tim m e n. R e g.- B m s tr. a. D. L eiter. D as Z e rs tö ru n g s in s titu t im M a te ria lp rü f u n g s a m t B e rlin. D ie in d e r g e s a m te n d e u ts c h e n W ir ts c h a f t v e rw e n d e te n M a te ria lie n u n d S to ffe d e r P a p ie r-, E is e n -, G u m m i-, T e x til-, B a u b r a n c h e n u sw., in s b e s o n d e r e d ie d a u e r n d n e u a u fta u c h e n d e n F a b r ik a te, m ü s s e n v o r ih r e r V e rw e n d u n g i n i h r e n E ig e n s c h a fte n u n te r s u c h t u n d g e p r ü f t w e rd e n, o b sie sic h f ü r d e n b e a b s ic h tig te n Z w e c k e ig n e n. D a s R e ic h h a t d e s h a lb e in P r ü f u n g s a m t z u r U n te r s tü tz u n g d e r W irts c h a ft, d e s H a n d e ls u n d d e r S o n d e r p r ü f u n g. E s is t a b e r a u c h a u s v o r s te h e n d e n Z e ile n u n d a u s d e r A b b ild u n g e r k e n n b a r, d a ß v o n d e m I n s t i t u t u n e n d lic h m ü h e v o lle u n d z u m T e i l z e itr a u b e n d e A r b e ite n k ö r p e r lic h e r u n d s c h r if tlic h e r A r t g e le is te t w e r d e n m ü s s e n. U m f a n g r e ic h e E in r ic h tu n g e n, M a s c h in e n, A p p a r a te u n d L a b o r a to r ie n u s w., d ie d e n I n te r e s s e n te n n ic h t z u r V e r fü g u n g s te h e n, s in d n o tw e n d ig, u m d ie P r ü f u n g e n d u r c h f ü h r e n z u k ö n n e n. W is s e n s c h a ftlic h e u n d i n a lle n E in z e lh e ite n p r a k tis c h v o r g e b ild e te P e r s o n e n je d e r F a c h r ic h tu n g m it d e m e n ts p r e c h e n d e n H ilf s p e r s o n a l s in d i n d ie s e m I n s t i t u t tä tig, w o b e i d ie P r ü f u n g s r e s u lta te s ta tis tis c h i n ü b e r s i c h t lic h g e o r d n e te n B ü c h e r n d u r c h b e s o n d e re s P e rs o n a l e in g e tr a g e n w e r d e n. K u p f e r d a c h - P a t i n i e r u n g. E s w ir d g e f r a g t, w a s d e r A r c h i t e k t i n s o lc h e m F a lle z u t u n h a t, w o b e i K u p f e r d ä c h e r n, d ie n o c h e in g e r i n g e s A l t e r h a b e n, e in e s c h ö n e, g le ic h m ä ß ig e P a t i n i e r u n g g e s c h a ffe n w e r d e n s o ll, n a m e n t l i c h a u c h d a, w o s ic h d ie s e r U e b e r z u g b i s h e r n u r fle c k e n w e is e u n d m a n g e l h a f t g e z e ig t h a t. B e i e in e m K u p f e r d a c h m u ß v o r h e r g e p r ü f t w e r d e n, o b e s e i n g u t e s, r e in e s K u p f e r i s t, w e lc h e A r t L e g i e r u n g, d e n n d ie P a t i n a w ä c h s t g a n z v e r s c h i e d e n. H a n d e lt e s s ic h u m K u p f e r - Z i n n - L e g i e r u n g e n, e v e n tu e ll m i t g e r i n g e m Z in k z u s a t z, so b r i n g t d ie s e o f t s c h ö n e t r a n s p a r e n t e P a t i n a - d e c k e n h e r v o r. M i t e i n e m R e z e p t k a n n m a n a u c h n i c h t o h n e w e ite r e s h a n t i e r e n, d e n n e s k o m m t a u c h a u f d ie A r t d e r L u f t o x y d a t i o n a n. I n I t a l i e n s i e h t m a n o f t P a t i n i e r u n g e n v o n s c h ö n e r b r a u n e r F a r b e. A n e i n e m J a h r e a l t e n G e f ä ß s a h ic h e in e e n t z ü c k e n d e b l a u e P a t i n i e r u n g. E s g i b t v e r s c h ie d e n e M i t t e l, d ie d u r c h c h e m is c h e E in w ir k u n g e n d i e s e n E f f e k t h e r v o r r u f e n. M a n c h e r P a t i n a - F r e u n d w ü n s c h t n i c h t e i n f a c h n u r e i n s a u b e r e s, d ic h te s G r a u g r ü n m i t e i n e r b l a u e n L a s u r d a r ü b e r, s o n d e r n r ö t li c h e u n d g o ld ig e T ö n e. B e i d e r A u s f ü h r u n g d e r K u p f e r b e d a c h u n g, d ie d e r E i n w i r k u n g v o n R u ß u n d s c h w e f lig e r S ä u r e a ls L u f t b e s t a n d t e i l a u s g e s e tz t w a r, w u r d e, u m d ie P a t i n a s c h n e lle r h e r v o r z u b r i n g e n, d a s b e k a n n t e W ä s s e r c h e n g e n o m m e n, d a s z u w e ile n W u n d e r t u t. I n e in e m a n d e r e n F a l l w a r es H e r in g s la k e, d ie m a n m i t d e r g r o b e n B ü r s te a u f s t r e i c h e n m u ß. Z u w e i l e n t u t es a u c h e in U e b e r w i s c h e n m i t O e l u n d n a c h h e r ig e s A b w a s c h e n m i t S e if e, o h n e a b z u t r o c k n e n! O d e r B e s t r e i c h e n m i t v e r d ü n n t e r K a lila u g e u n d A b r e i b u n g m i t O e l. D a s i s t e i n V e r f a h r e n, d a s v o r 50 J a h r e n e in B e r l i n e r B i l d h a u e r F r i t z e e r f u n d e n h a t. D a n n w ie d e r g i b t e s g r ü n e T ö n e m i t H ilf e v o n B e iz e n, d ie te ils a u s S ä u r e n u n d S a lz lö s u n g e n, t e ils a u s P f la n z e n s ä f te n b e s te h e n. D i e V e r u n r e i n i g u n g e n d e r K u p f e r f l ä c h e n m i t S c h w e f e lw a s s e r s to f f, s c h w e f lig e r S ä u r e u n d R u ß s i n d d ie g e f ä h r lic h s t e n F e i n d e d e r P a t i n a ; sie s c h w ä r z e n K u p f e r p l a t t e n, u n d d e s w e g e n m u ß m a n h ä u f ig z u r k ü n s t l i c h e n P a t i n i e r u n g ü b e r g e h e n. S o n s t g i b t e s n o c h e i n V e r f a h r e n, d a s s ic h, g e m e s s e n a n d e r L u f t z u s a m m e n s e t z u n g, a ls s e h r g u t e r w ie s e n h a t, n ä m l i c h d a s E r z e u g e n e in e s U e b e r z u g e s v o n b a s i s c h e m K u p f e r k a r b o n a t d u r c h h ä u f ig e s B e h a n d e l n d e r O b e r f lä c h e m i t E s s i g s ä u r e. Z u w e i l e n n i m m t m a n a b e r a u c h d ie d i r e k t e G r ü n f ä r b u n g v o r, n ä m l i c h d u r c h A u f t r ä g e n v o n K u p f e r s a lz lö s u n g e n, C h l o r i d e n u n d N i t r a t e n. Herausgeber und verantwortlicher Hauptschriftleiter: CURT R. VINCENTZ. Geschäftsstelle: Hannover Am Schiffgraben 41 S o c k e lb e to n u n d S c h w e m m s te in a u s fa c h u n g fa lle n in d ie g le ic h e S e n k r e c h te, so d a ß d e r A u ß e n p u tz v o r d e n 2 c m z u r ü c k s te h e n d e n S c h w e lle n - u n d P f o s te n h ö lz e r n g la tt d u r c h g e h t. D ie ü b r ig e n 19 H ä u s e r w e is e n d ie b e s te L ö s u n g m it z u r ü c k s p r in g e n d e m S o c k e l a u f. B e i v e r p u tz te r A u ß e n w a n d n a c h A b b. 6 s in d Putz r! : P t -P a ppe 3 Z/etpels ch Abb. 6. Zurückspringender Sockel, Außenwand verputzt. z w is c h e n B e to n s o c k e l u n d S c h w e lle d re i Z ie g e lfla c h s c h ic h te n e in g e s c h a lte t, d e r e n o b e r s te 2 c m v o r s p r in g t. D ie r e s tlic h e n n e u n H ä u s e r h a b e n ü b e r s te h e n d e v e r sc h a lte o d e r s c h in d e lv e rk le id e te A u ß e n w ä n d e m it S c h w e m m s te in a u s f a c h u n g u n d m it d ü n n e r H o lz w o lle p la tte u n d G ip s p u tz in n e n (A b b. 7). I m e in z e ln e n w e is e n Abb. 7. Zurückspringender Sockel, Außenwand verputzt, mit Dichtungspappe und Holzschalung verkleidet. d ie v o n 23 A r c h ite k te n a u s g e f ü h r te n H ä u s e r d ie s e r w e g w e is e n d e n S ie d lu n g k le in e A b w e ic h u n g e n a u f. D ie o b e n b e s p r o c h e n e n B a u g ru n d s ä tz e g e m ä ß S k iz z e 2 s in d a b e r ü b e r a ll f o lg e ric h tig d u r c h g e f ü h r t. V erw itteru n g sh o f der B a u ste in e. N a tü rlic h e s und künstliches M a t e r ia l w ir d ja h r z e h n te la n g gelagert zu r Feststellung des W itterungseinflusses. B a u tä tig k e it in B e rlin - D a h le m e in g e ric h te t, d a s b e re its se it la n g e n J a h r e n e rfo lg re ic h g e w irk t h a t. D a s P rü fu n g s a m t h a t z u d ie s e m Z w e c k ih r e r E in r ic h tu n g e in Z e r s tö r u n g s in s titu t a n g e g lie d e rt, u m d ie S to ffe i n a lle n E in z e l h e ite n in g a n z e n W e rk s tü c k e n u n d im z e r k le in e rte n Z u s ta n d a u f v o r s te h e n d e E ig e n s c h a fte n h in u n te r s u c h e n z u k ö n n e n. A u s d e r A b b ild u n g is t d ie V ie ls e itig k e it d e r M e th o d e n u n d A r b e ite n d ie ses I n s titu te s e rsic h tlic h. E s w e rd e n n e b e n a lle n N a t u r s te in e n u n d -m a te ria lie n, w ie G r a n it, M a rm o r, S a n d ste in, K a lk s te in, B a sa lt, P o rp h y r, S c h ie fe r u sw., a u c h alle k ü n s tlic h e n B a u sto ffe u n d F a b rik a te, d ie b e s o n d e rs in d e r N a c h k rie g s z e it z a h lre ic h in d e n H a n d e l g e b r a c h t s in d, g e p r ü ft. A lles, w as M e n s c h e n h ä n d e in d e r F a b rik a tio n g e sch a ffe n u n d a n g e f e r tig t h a b e n, w ird h ie r z e rris se n, z e r b r o c h e n, r u in ie r t, z e rs c h n itte n, z e rsä g t, z e r m a lm t, e r d r ü c k t u n d in B ra n d g e ste c k t, u m d ie E ig e n s c h a f te n d e r S to ffe fe sts te lle n z u k ö n n e n. W o d ie Z e r s tö ru n g s a rb e it d es M e n s c h e n a u f h ö r t, f ü h r t d ie N a tu r in ja h re la n g e n Z e itr ä u m e n d a s Z e rs tö ru n g s w e rk fo rt, w o b e i d e r F o r ts c h r itt d e r Z e rs tö ru n g in s o r g f ä ltig e r W e is e in d e n e in z e ln e n S ta d ie n fe s tg e s te llt u n d n o tie r t w ird, so d a ß d e n In te re s s e n te n a u f A n fra g e je d e r z e it A u s k u n ft ü b e r d ie E ig e n s c h a fte n d e r M a te ria lie n g e g e b e n w e r d e n k a n n. 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