Table of contents Section 1-0 The magnetic compass...1 1-1 The earth s magnetic field...1 1-2 Variation...1 1-3 Construction of the compass...2 1-3.1 Direct-reading compass...2 1-3.2 Reverse-reading compass...2 1-4 Installation of a compass...3 1-5 Deviation...4 1-6 Hand bearing compass...4 1-7 Fluxgate compass...5 1-8 Steering by compass...5 Section 2-0 Global positioning and charts...7 2-1 Global positioning...7 2-1.1 Latitude...8 2-1.2 Longitude...8 2-1.3 Coordinates...8 2-1.4 Nautical mile...9 2-1.5 Direction...9 2-2 Charts...10 2-2.1 Projections...10 2-2.2 Scale...11 2-3 Training Chart IC/CA 9996...11 2-3.1 Folding the paper chart...11 2-3.2 Title block...12 2-3.3 Heights and elevations...12 2-3.4 Soundings...14 2-3.5 Hazards...14 2-3.6 Compass rose...15 2-3.7 Bottom margin...15 2-3.8 Parallels of latitude...16 2-3.9 Meridians of longitude...16 2-3.10 Measurement of distance...17 2-4 Symbols and abbreviations...17 2-4.1 Port-hand buoys...18 2-4.2 Starboard-hand buoys...18 2-4.3 Fairway Buoys...19 2-4.4 Port bifurcation buoys...19 2-4.5 Starboard bifurcation buoys...19 2-4.6 Isolated danger buoy...19 2-4.7 North cardinal buoy...20 iii
Table of Contents 2-4.8 East cardinal buoy...20 2-4.9 South cardinal buoy...20 2-4.10 West cardinal buoy...20 2-4.11 Special purpose buoys...20 2-4.12 Light characteristics...21 2-4.13 Port-hand daybeacon...22 2-4.14 Starboard-hand daybeacon...22 2-4.15 Bifurcation daybeacon...22 2-4.16 Range markers...22 2-5 Charts of other areas...23 2-5.1 Strip charts...23 2-6 Sailing Directions...23 2-7 Small Craft Guides...25 Section 3-0 Navigation...27 3-1 General...27 3-2 Piloting...27 3-3 Using your GPS...29 3-4 Basic navigation concepts...30 3-5 Reading paper charts...31 3-5.1 Piloting by profiles...31 3-5.2 Interpreting elevation contours...32 3-5.3 Interpreting depth contours...33 3-5.4 Limits of visibility...34 3-6 Correcting and uncorrecting compass readings...34 3-6.1 Correcting a compass reading...35 3-7 Lines of position...37 3-7.1 LOPs from ranges...37 3-7.2 LOPs by hand bearing compass...40 3-8 Fixes...42 3-8.1 Close aboard a charted aid...42 3-8.2 Intersection of two ranges...42 3-8.3 Intersection of two LOPs derived from bearings...43 3-8.4 Electronic positioning...44 3-9 Reporting a position...44 3-10 Electronic navigation Devices...45 Section 4-0 Conning...47 4-1 General...47 4-2 Local water hazards...47 4-2.1 Large bodies of water...48 4-2.2 Abnormal weather conditions...48 4-2.3 Whitewater areas...48 4-2.4 Dams...48 iv
4-2.5 Cold water conditions...49 4-2.6 Currents...49 4-2.7 Tides and seiches...49 4-3 Planning and navigating under way...49 4-3.1 Planning...49 Section 5-0 Introduction to plotting...53 5-1 General...53 5-2 Area of uncertainty...54 5-3 Time...54 5-4 Definitions...55 5-4.1 An example...55 5-4.2 Speed...56 5-4.3 Track...57 5-4.4 Course...57 5-4.5 Course line...57 5-4.6 Heading...58 5-4.7 Dead reckoning position...58 5-4.8 DR plot...58 5-4.9 Course made good...59 5-4.10 Speed made good...59 5-5 Time, speed, and distance...60 5-6 Rounding...62 Section 6-0 Plotting and labelling...65 6-1 General...65 6-2 Instruments...65 6-3 Plotting...66 6-4 Labelling...66 6-4.1 Course line...66 6-4.2 LOPs...66 6-4.3 DR positions...67 6-4.4 Fixes...67 6-5 Standards of accuracy for chartwork...67 6-6 Planning a cruise...68 6-6.1 Establishing a point of departure...68 6-6.2 Establishing a destination...69 6-6.3 Plotting and labelling the course and the course line...69 6-6.4 Finding the expected duration...69 6-6.5 Determining the compass...70 6-6.6 Selecting aids to navigation and landmarks...70 6-6.7 Plotting DR positions...71 6-7 Summary of labelling conventions and standards of accuracy...71 v
Table of Contents Section 7-0 Working with paper charts...73 7-1 This practice cruise is on Training Chart IC/CA 9996...73 7.1 Answers...77 7-2 Cruise...77 7-3 Cruise...79 7-4 Cruise...82 Section 8-0 Digital charting and chartplotting...85 8-1 General...85 8-2 Digital Charts...86 8-3 Digital Charting...87 8-4 Installing your software...87 8-4.1 Navigating the Screen...88 8-4.2 Locating a Latitude/Longitude...88 8-4.3 Finding Bearing and Distance to a Location...92 8-4.4. Determining the Coordinates of an Object...96 8-4.5 Create a Route...96 8-5 A Digital Chart exercise...97 Section 9-0 Anchors and anchoring...99 9-1 General...99 9-2 The holding power of an anchor...99 9-2.1 The weight...99 9-2.2 The anchor rode...100 9-2.3 The design of the anchor...101 9-2.4 Angle of attack...101 9-2.5 Type of bottom...102 9-3 Selecting anchors...102 9-3.1 Stowage...102 9-3.2 Care of anchors and rode...103 9-4 Selecting an anchorage...103 9-5 Anchoring...103 9-5.1 Standard anchoring technique...103 9-5.2 Courtesy...104 9-6 Weighing anchor...104 Section 10 Lines and ropes...105 10-1 General...105 10-2 Rope fibres...105 10-3 Three-strand rope...106 10-4 Braided line...106 10-5 Properties of different types of synthetic rope...106 10-6 Other characteristics...106 10-6.1 Nylon...106 vi
10-6.2 Polyester...107 10-6.3 Polypropylene...107 10-7 Care and use of lines...107 10-8 Finishing the ends of lines...108 Section 11 Electrical hazards...109 11-1 General...109 11-2 Storage yards and docks...109 11-3 Onboard wiring...110 Section 12 Towing...113 12-1 General...113 12-2 Before beginning to tow, the following steps should be taken:...113 12-3 During the tow...114 12-4 When entering restricted waters or getting near a dock:...114 Section 13 Environmental responsibilities...115 13.1 General...115 13-1.1 Characteristics of boats...115 13-1.2 Optional equipment...116 13-2 Pollution control...116 13-2.1 Preparing to launch...116 13-2.2 The hull...116 13-2.3 Batteries...117 13-2.4 Engine cooling...117 13-2.5 Lubrication...117 13-3 Skipper s responsibilities before setting out...118 13-4 Skipper s responsibilities when under way...118 13-4.1 Controlling pollution...118 13-4.2 Emergencies...119 13-5 Sanitation equipment...119 13-5.1 Holding tanks...119 13-5.2 Portable self-contained toilet...120 13-6 Shoreline...120 13-7 Shore protection...120 13-8 Control of foreign aquatic species...120 13-9 Anchors and anchoring...121 13-10 Trailering...121 13-11 Winter lay-up...121 Section 14 Checklist for lay-up and a Pre-launch checklist..123 14-1 Checklist for lay-up...123 14-1.1 While the boat is still in the water...123 14-1.2 After lift-out...123 vii