Domain: Archaea Group: Methanogens methane releasing Group: Halophiles lives in high salt areas Group: Thermophiles lives in extreme temperatures
Viruses
b
Virus Structure
Virus Structure Capsid Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres. Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.
Viral Replication Only reproduce when they enter a host cell They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism
Viral Genome Structure dsdna ssdna dsrna ssrna Serve as mrna Serve as template for mrna Serve as template for DNA (retro) Bullet shaped envelope
HIV (a retrovirus) Viruses that causes AIDS Peters Duesberg
ss RNA that can serve as mrna Can cause paralysis in motor neurons Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water Worse in intermediately clean cities Salk vaccine, 1954
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver At least 5 different types of the virus Hep A ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral Hep C ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood
Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) Long incubation period Almost always fatal if unvaccinated. Zoonosis Host Range
Flu Influenza, commonly known as the flu Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness Many Epidemic/ Episodes (1918-1919) 20-100 million died; Spanish Flu 9/16/16 12
Infectious Protein Particles Examples: Mad Cow Disease Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea)
Fungi
General Characteristics Primarily terrestrial Filamentous Hyphae Coenocytic (aseptate) septate mycelium Haustoria specialized parasitic hyphae
Fungal Hyphae
General Characteristics Heterotrophic absorption (saprobes) parasitic mutualistic Cell Wall: Chitin Store sugar as glycogen (animal-like)
Fungal Reproduction Asexual haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) Sexual hyphae (haploid) Syngamy (diploid) (like us) Plasmogamy (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) karyogamy (diploid)
Fugal Reproduction
Fungal Classification
Division: Chytridiomycota Have Flagella (rare in fungi) Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular Cell wall: chitin Saprobes or parasites May be most primitive fungi
Division: Zygomycota
Division: Zygomycota Coenocytic Fungi Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes)
Fig. 31-13-4 Essay! probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle! Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Rhizopus growing on bread Mating type (+) Mating type ( ) Gametangia with haploid nuclei SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) 100 µm Sporangia Dispersal and germination KARYOGAMY Zygosporangium Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sporangium MEIOSIS Diploid nuclei Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium
Division: Zygomycota Microsporidia Parasitic Loss of organelles Cause disease in people with immune deficiency Used as pest control
Division: Glomeromycota Arbuscular mycorrhizae Coenocytic Fungi Mutualistic - associated with plant roots increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients
Division: Ascomycota
Divison: Ascomycota Septate fungi (sac fungi) Saprobes, mutualistic Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)
Fig. 31-17-4 Haploid spores (conidia) Conidiophore Dispersal ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination Hypha Conidia; mating type ( ) Mating type (+) PLASMOGAMY Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Ascus (dikaryotic) Mycelium Germination Ascocarp Mycelia Dispersal Asci Dikaryotic hyphae SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Eight ascospores KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote) Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS
Division: Basidiomycota
Division: Basidiomycota Septate Fungi (Club fungi) Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi Uses: Food
Division: Basidiomycota Fairy Rings
Fig. 31-19-4 Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Dikaryotic mycelium Mating type ( ) Haploid mycelia Mating type (+) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Gills lined with basidia Basidiocarp (n+n) Basidium Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidium containing four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS Basidia (n+n) KARYOGAMY Key 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid nuclei Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2n)
Division: Deuteromycota Imperfect fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi Stachybotrys chartarum Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist
Lichen Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota Pioneer organisms
Ecological Impacts Decomposers Pathogens (30% of species most plant pathogens). 10-50% world s fruit lost due to Fungi Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) Food Production recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles Ergots another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth
Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline 60% human diseases originate from 9/16/16 37 animals
Plant Diversity I
Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms
Alternation of Generation Both a Multicellular haploid and Multicellular diploid stages in the life cycles.
Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Nonvascular Seedless plants Bryophyta Mosses Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Kingdom Plantae currently defined as plants with embryos) Vascular Seedless plants Lycophyta Club mosses Psilophyta Whiskferns Spenophyta Horsetails Pterophyta Ferns We will treat all of these as divisions!
Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) no true leaves, roots, stems Gametophyte Sporophyte / : Gametophyte (antheridium and archegonium) sporangium (produces spores)
Hepatophyta Liverworts Two forms Leafy Thalloid (80%) (20%)
Hepatophyta Liverworts Reproduction Asexual Gemma Cups ( ) sexual
Anthocerophyta Hornworts Sporophyte Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes Most closely related to higher plants
Bryophyta Mosses
Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Bryophyta Essay!
Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants Formation of vascular tissue Xylem (water) Phloem (food) True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin (chemical in cell wall) Sporophyte generation dominate Sperm with flagella
Lycophyta Lycophytes true leaves Microphylls small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. true stems true roots Sporophylls leaves that produce spores
Psilophyta Whisk Ferns True stems no true leaves no true roots
Sphenophyta Horsetails true leaves microphylls true stems silica true roots
Division: Pterophyta
Division: Pterophyta
Fern Life Cycle Essay!