Reinventing Personal Urban Mobility: EN-V (Electric Networked Vehicle) Dr. Chris Borroni-Bird Director, Advanced Technology Vehicle Concepts (and EN-V Program), General Motors
Challenges to Sustainable Auto Industry Energy Environment Safety Affordability
Megatrends: Urbanization and Aging Source: UN Population Division
New York City: Personal Vehicle Ownership New York City: vehicle ownership by borough Declined across NYC between 1990-2006 Lowest in the high population density Manhattan Highest in low population density Staten Island Source: NYDOT % of households owning vehicles
Developing cities are the most densely populated Population density (people/hectare) Source: Alain Bertaud (2002) London New York Shanghai Source: Mats Andersson, World Bank (2005)
Top 20 Megacities Regional Transportation Policies Delhi Mumbai Beijing Shanghai Moscow Seoul New York London Tokyo Bus Rapid Transit Lanes 2011 2011 Metro/Subway 2011 Congestion Charging Planned Planned 2012 2012 Future Planned Future Parking Cuts Road use Charging/Ban Yes 1 Week Day Ban 1 week Day Ban 1 Week Day Ban* Future EV/Hybrid Incentives Bicycle Lanes CAFE Energy and Environmental Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 4 Standards Not planned Existing currently * Voluntary no road usage incentive Euro 3 Euro 4 by 2012 Euro 4 27.8mpg by 2011 34.7 mpg by 2016 Euro 4 Euro 5 by 2011 25% reduction by 2015 Source: Frost and Sullivan
Challenges to Sustainable Auto Industry Energy Environment Safety Accessibility Congestion Parking Urban Mobility
Same for 100 years
What Type of Car does the City need? City Objectives No Pollution (air, noise) Renewable energy sources Safety for All road users Faster, more predictable travel times Reduced parking space requirements Accessibility for All Beautiful Urban Design Electrification and Connectivity Future Car Future City
CURRENT DNA New Automotive DNA NEW DNA Energized by Petroleum Powered Mechanically by Internal Combustion Engine Controlled Mechanically Energized by Electricity and Hydrogen Powered Electrically by Electric Motors Controlled Electronically
Vehicle Application Map
CURRENT DNA New Automotive DNA NEW DNA Energized by Petroleum Powered Mechanically by Internal Combustion Engine Controlled Mechanically Energized by Electricity and Hydrogen Powered Electrically by Electric Motors Controlled Electronically Stand-alone Connected Total Dependence on the Driver Semi/Full Autonomous Driving
Autonomous Approach and Features Automated parking/retrieval using smartphone Vehicle platooning between EN-Vs Collision Avoidance with other EN-Vs and with people
CURRENT DNA New Automotive DNA NEW DNA Energized by Petroleum Powered Mechanically by Internal Combustion Engine Controlled Mechanically Energized by Electricity and Hydrogen Powered Electrically by Electric Motors Controlled Electronically Stand-alone Connected Total Dependence on the Driver Vehicle Sized for Maximum Use People and Cargo Semi/Full Autonomous Driving Vehicle Tailored to Specific Use
EN-V: Comparison with conventional cars A typical car A typicalen -V* Mass (kg) 1,500 500 Occupancy (# seats) 6 2 Footprint (m 2 ) 10 3 Maximum speed (km/h) 200 50 Propulsion output (kw) 200 10 Driving range (km) 500 50 Energy consumption (Wh/km) 1,000 100 Well-to-wheels CO 2 emissions (g /km), based on US electricity mix 500 50 * Not the exact performance of current EN-V
Reinventing the Automobile for Urban Mobility (EN-V) Design Ultra-small vehicle is easy to maneuver and park and is inherently affordable and clean Small vehicle is easy to park at public transport stations, encouraging more use of public transport Electrification Battery propulsion provides zero emissions and encourages diverse, renewable energy sources Electric Vehicles can be charged at key locations, such as public transport stations, and parking lots Reinventing Personal Urban Mobility Connectivity Wireless communications helps to avoid collisions and optimize throughput Wireless communications can co-ordinate with public transport or can help to locate nearest vehicle
The EN-V vision is Freedom Freedom from pollution Freedom from petroleum Freedom from accidents Freedom of movement Freedom of expression
EN-V: A Design Renaissance
Summary Automobile usage in cities is common because it has some valued advantages over walking/cycling and over public transport For urban use, today s automobile is over-engineered By reinventing the automobile, it is possible to preserve its benefits (safety, security, comfort, convenience, utility, freedom of route and schedule) while significantly reducing the side-effects in urban use (energy, environment, safety, congestion, parking, affordability, accessibility) The same enablers (electrification, connectivity and vehicle design) can also create new opportunities for seamlessly integrating personal and public transport
In memory of Professor Bill Mitchell (1944-2010)