Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD Fall 2009 - Lecture 1 What is structure? Structure/Architecture Interaction State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)
What is Structure Equilibrium Stability
What is Structure Strength Redundancy Stiffness Human Comfort variation of B with design parameters
What is Structure Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility
Ductility Demand and Capacity
What is Structure Efficiency - Materials - Gravity System - Lateral System - Foundation Constructability - Simplicity -Time
Steel Structural Systems
160 NUMBER OF OFFICE STORIES 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems
POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF) Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems NUMBER OF STORIES (OFFICE BUILDINGS)
elevator system 6-12% MEP 20-25% architecture 30-40% structure 20-30% Structural Economy, Efficiency and Constructability Cost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
World Map
Meter 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 World s Tallest Buildings Chart
John Hancock Center Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1965 Completion: 1969 Use: Mixed use Height: 1127 feet (344 meters) Floor Count: 100 Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.) - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Contractor: Tishman Construction Company - Developer: John Hancock Insurance
Structural System
Sears Tower Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1972 Completion: 1974 Use: Office Height: 1451 feet (442 meters) Floor Count: 110 Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.) - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc. - Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company
Structural System
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974 Column Axial Load Distribution Load behavior
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974 Connection Details
Frame Construction Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974 Modular Parts
Superstructure Construction
One Magnificent Mile Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1978 Completion: 1983 Use: Mixed Height: 673 feet (205 meters) Floor Count: 57 - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Structural System
Structural Analysis
Onterie Center Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Completion: 1986 Use: Mixed use Height: 570 feet (174 meters) Floor Count: 58 - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Architectural plan / section
The Attack
The World Trade Center Site, New York Twin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)
World Trade Center Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966 Completion: April 4, 1973 Destroyed: September 11, 2001 Use: Office Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters) - Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting - Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson - Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Site plan Typical tower floor plan
conceptual view of structural system conceptual view of floor system
Simulation of the collapse Simulation of the collapse http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm
Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate crisis on Tall Building Construction
Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998 (Architect: SOM) Skyscraper built before 9/11
Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004 (Architect: SOM) Skyscraper built after 9/11
Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004 (Architect: Norman Foster)
Turning Torso, Malmö Harbor, Sweden, 2005 (Architect: Santiago Calatrava)
Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Architect: Norman Foster) under construction, 2008
Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China (Architect: KPF) under construction, 2008
Chicago Spire Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois Status: under construction Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007 Completion: 2011 estimated Use: Residential Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters) Floor Count: 150 Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.) - Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will - Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti - Contractor: Case Foundation - Developer: Shelbourne Development
America s Tallest Building
Foundation 34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120 ) deep 32m (104 ) diameter cofferdam 24m (78 ) deep 1m (3.2 ) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80 ) deep 98 bell caissons to support substructure
Calatrava s sketch Superstructure Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns 7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors 6 thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor
Calatrava s sketch
Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008
Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008
White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China
Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE (Architect: Fisher)
New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, China proposed
Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt (Architect: Zaha Hadid) proposed
Dubai Towers Location: Dubai, UAE Status: proposed Completion: 2011 Use: Mixed Height: 1805 feet (550 meters) Floor Count: 120 Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.) - Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback - Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international - Developer: Sama
Tower29 Height 550m HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m Towers Heights and Areas
Preliminary structural sketch Structural Model Architectural Model
Elevator Core/ Plan Layout
Typical Facade
Spire
Tall Building Research at IIT
Tall Building Research at IIT
Tall Building Research at IIT
Plaza Level Floor Plan 1st Floor Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th Office Zone 3 Local 2: 74th 76th Tall Building Research at IIT Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Korea proposed, 1996
Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT