The storage of flammable liquids in containers

Health ad Safety The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers This is a free-to-dowload, web-friedly versio of HSG51 (Secod editio, published 1998). This versio has bee adapted for olie use from HSE s curret prited versio. You ca buy the book at www.hsebooks.co.uk ad most good bookshops. ISBN 978 0 7176 1471 4 Price 9.50 The guidace is aimed at those directly resposible for the safe storage ad hadlig of flammable liquids i cotaiers i all geeral work activities, ragig from the storage of small quatities of flammable liquids withi a workroom, to large drum storage ad distributio areas at maufacturers or suppliers premises. HSE Books Page 1 of 59

Health ad Safety Crow copyright 1998 First published 1990 Secod editio 1998 ISBN 978 0 7176 1471 4 All rights reserved. No part of this publicatio may be reproduced, stored i a retrieval system, or trasmitted i ay form or by ay meas (electroic, mechaical, photocopyig, recordig or otherwise) without the prior writte permissio of the copyright ower. Applicatios for reproductio should be made i writig to: The Office of Public Sector Iformatio, Iformatio Policy Team, Kew, Richmod, Surrey TW9 4DU or e-mail: licesig@opsi.gov.uk This guidace is issued by the Health ad Safety. Followig the guidace is ot compulsory ad you are free to take other actio. But if you do follow the guidace you will ormally be doig eough to comply with the law. Health ad safety ispectors seek to secure compliace with the law ad may refer to this guidace as illustratig good practice. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 2 of 59

Health ad Safety Cotets Preface 4 Objectives 5 Itroductio 6 Geeral 6 Legal requiremets 6 Scope 7 Hazards 9 Mai hazards 9 Health hazards 10 Safety precautios 11 Itroductio 11 The VICES priciples 14 Vetilatio 15 Igitio 17 Cotaimet 19 Exchage 22 Separatio 22 Fire precautios ad emergecy procedures 30 Fire precautios 30 Emergecy procedures 31 Storage facilities 33 Temporary storage 33 Storage of small quatities 33 Storage of fiished products 34 Storage ad display at retail premises 34 Storage of higher-flashpoit liquids 35 Suggested storage facilities for a rage of premises 36 Appedices 1 Legal requiremets 40 2 Fire-resistig structures 47 3 Hazardous area classificatio 49 Refereces ad further readig 52 Glossary 57 The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 3 of 59

Health ad Safety Preface This book provides iformatio o the fire ad explosio hazards associated with the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers. It sets out practical measures o the desig, costructio, operatio ad maiteace of storage areas, buildigs ad rooms used for storig flammable liquids at ormal (ie ambiet) temperatures ad pressures. It gives examples of storage facilities for a umber of differet types of busiess. These measures are desiged to protect people at work ad others who may be affected by the storage of flammable liquids. The guidace is aimed at those directly resposible for the safe storage ad hadlig of flammable liquids i cotaiers i all geeral work activities, ragig from the storage of small quatities of flammable liquids withi a workroom, to large drum storage ad distributio areas at maufacturers or suppliers premises. Safety specialists ad trade orgaisatios or associatios may wish to use this publicatio as a basis for more specific guidace for their ow members. While the refereces to British or other stadards made i this book specify their year of issue, it is recogised that they are regularly updated ad may are harmoised ito a commo Europea stadard. Ivariably, ay such replacemet stadards may be used i place of the stadards quoted. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 4 of 59

Health ad Safety Objectives The objectives for this publicatio are to: help i the assessmet of the risks from the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers, ad advise o how to cotrol those risks; icrease the awareess of the potetial fire ad explosio hazards associated with the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers; advise o safe maagemet procedures ad precautios to reduce ijuries ad damage caused by fires ad explosios durig the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers; give guidace o the appropriate stadards for the desig ad costructio of storage areas, buildigs ad rooms used for storig flammable liquids at ambiet temperature ad pressure; ad advise o the eed for appropriate fire precautios, maiteace, traiig ad good housekeepig where flammable liquids are stored i cotaiers. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 5 of 59

Health ad Safety Itroductio Geeral 1 This book provides you with guidace o the cotrol measures you could adopt for the safe storage of cotaiers cotaiig flammable liquids. It sets out the steps you eed to take to cotrol the risks of fire ad explosio, although some geeral advice is give o health risks where this may be helpful. 2 The guidace applies to all storage locatios whether i the ope air, or i specifically desiged buildigs, rooms or cabiets. It applies to ew ad existig sites. Legal requiremets 3 This book will help i your assessmet of the risks arisig from the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers, ad it gives advice o how to cotrol the risks. Assessmet, by employers ad the self-employed, of the risks to employees ad others who may be affected by the work activities is oe of the requiremets of the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992 1. 4 This book also advises you o how to comply with the relevat parts of the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2 at places where flammable liquids are stored ad, where applicable, with the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 ad other relevat legislatio (see Appedix 1). 5 Curret legislatio, guidace literature ad stadards are referred to i the text ad are listed i the refereces sectio. They are subject to amedmet from time to time. You eed to esure that the requiremets, at the time ay work or alteratios are carried out, reflect the curret legal requiremets ad good accepted practice. The glossary at the back of this book explais the particular terms used i the text. What is risk assessmet 6 A risk assessmet is a orgaised look at your work activities usig the followig five steps: Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Look for the hazards. Decide who may be harmed ad how. Evaluate the risks arisig from the hazards ad decide whether existig precautios are adequate or if more eeds to be doe. Record your sigificat fidigs. Review your assessmet from time to time ad revise it if ecessary. Advice o carryig out risk assessmets is cotaied i a HSE leaflet 4. 7 The remaiig sectios of this book will help you to idetify may of the hazards associated with the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers, ad give guidace o how you ca reduce the risks. 8 The guidace shows may of the issues you eed to cosider whe carryig out risk assessmets. It will help i decidig which precautios are ecessary cocerig the storage arragemets for flammable liquids i cotaiers. A complete risk assessmet made uder the Maagemet of Health ad Safety The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 6 of 59

Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992 1 will also have to cosider other hazards, for example maual hadlig ad trasport safety, which are ot withi the scope of this book. Scope Defiitio of flammable liquid 9 I this book flammable liquid geerally meas a liquid with a flashpoit of 55 C or below. 10 This defiitio icludes: all liquids classified as flammable, highly flammable or extremely flammable for supply accordig to the Chemicals (Hazard, Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) Regulatios 1994 (as ameded) 5 ; ad highly flammable liquids as defied i the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3. 11 This defiitio does ot iclude however liquids, with a flashpoit equal to or more tha 21 C ad less tha or equal to 55 C, which do ot support combustio whe tested at 55 C accordig to the method described i Schedule 2 of the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3. 12 Some Regulatios, particularly those cocered with the trasport of dagerous goods, defie flammable liquids as those with a flashpoit of less tha or equal to 61 C. Although some of the liquids defied accordig to trasport legislatio will be outside the scope of this book, it will evertheless still be good practice to store them accordig to the recommedatios give here. Applyig the stadards 13 The advice i this book provides you with suitable stadards for the desig ad locatio of storage facilities for flammable liquids i cotaiers. It is applicable to flammable liquids cotaied i metal, glass ad plastic receptacles, drums, barrels, tis, IBCs (Itermediate Bulk Cotaiers) etc. 14 It may be iappropriate or impractical for you to adopt all the recommedatios i this book at existig premises. However the law requires you to make ay improvemets which are reasoably practicable, takig ito accout the risks at the premises ad the cost ad feasibility of additioal precautios. See the Glossary for a defiitio of the term reasoably practicable at the back of this book. 15 This book describes a umber of ways of achievig a adequate stadard of safety. Further advice o how to use it at specific sites ca be obtaied from whoever ispects the site for health ad safety, usually HSE or the local authority. Evirometal protectio 16 Spillages of flammable liquids ca have evirometal cosequeces ad may be subject to cotrols uder the Evirometal Protectio Act 1990 6. 17 Although this guidace does ot attempt to cover evirometal issues, the advice it cotais for safe storage coditios will geerally also provide some protectio for the eviromet. You ca fid iformatio o the evirometal hazards posed by a particular flammable liquid i the specific substace material safety data sheet (MSDS) available from the supplier. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 7 of 59

Health ad Safety 18 Further guidace is available from the Eviromet Agecy (or i Scotlad, the Scottish Eviromet Protectio Agecy (SEPA)) or from local authorities, who eforce the 1990 Act 6. Additioal advice ad iformatio 19 You ca fid more appropriate advice i documets listed i the Further readig sectio at the back of this book about: carriage, loadig ad uloadig, sprayig ad use of flammable liquids; dispesig ad storage of petrol at fillig statios; ad specific idustries. 20 The advice i this book does ot apply to the followig flammable liquids: those which preset special hazards requirig specific precautios, such as: ethylee oxide; peroxides; other liquids which carry a risk of rapid decompositio, polymerisatio or spotaeous combustio; those cotaied i aerosols or other pressurised cotaiers; liquefied petroleum gas; other substaces which are gases at ambiet temperature ad pressure but are stored as liquids uder pressure. 21 This book does ot apply to cotaiers with capacities of greater tha approximately 1000 litres. For larger cotaiers ad those which are coected directly to a process or other poit of use, advice is cotaied i a HSE publicatio 7. Liquids with a flashpoit i the rage 32 C to 55 C 22 Some of the precautios ad cotrol measures are ot appropriate for lower hazard liquids with a flashpoit i the rage 32 C to 55 C. 23 Advice o variatios for these liquids is cotaied i paragraphs 171 183. 24 Where o variatio is show for ay aspect, the stadards i the mai text apply. Flammable liquids which are pesticides 25 All pesticides are subject to Part III of the Food ad Eviromet Protectio Act 1985 (FEPA) 8, ad they must be approved either: 9 uder the Cotrol of Pesticides Regulatios 1986 (as ameded); or 10 uder the Plat Protectio Products Regulatios 1995 (as ameded) ad the Plat Protectio Products (Basic Coditios) Regulatios 1997 11. The FEPA Part III Code of Practice 12 ad HSE Agriculture iformatio sheet No 16 13 are available for guidace o the safe storage of pesticides. 26 However, you may use this book for more detail o the precautios eeded to deal with the flammable hazard of such pesticides. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 8 of 59

Health ad Safety Hazards Mai hazards 27 The mai hazards from the storage of flammable liquids are fire ad explosio, ivolvig either the liquid or the vapour give off from it. Fires or explosios are likely to occur whe liquid or vapour is released ad comes ito cotact with a suitable igitio source, or alteratively, whe a heat or fire source comes ito cotact with the cotaier. 28 Commo causes or cotributory factors of such icidets iclude: lack of awareess of the properties of flammable liquids; operator error, due to lack of traiig; iadequate or poor storage facilities; hot work o or close to flammable liquid cotaiers; iadequate desig, istallatio or maiteace of equipmet; decatig flammable liquids i usuitable storage areas; exposure to heat from a earby fire; dismatlig or disposig of cotaiers cotaiig flammable liquids. Combustio of liquids 29 Combustio of liquids occurs whe flammable vapours released from the surface of the liquid igite (see Figure 1). Fuel Flammable gases Flammable liquids Flammable solids Geeral combustible materials Oxyge Always preset i the air Additioal sources from oxidisig substaces Igitio source Hot surface Electrical equipmet Static electricity Smokig/aked flames Figure 1 The fire triagle The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 9 of 59

Health ad Safety 30 The extet of a fire or explosio hazard depeds o the amout of flammable vapour give off from a liquid which is determied by: the temperature of the liquid; the volatility of the liquid; how much of the surface area is exposed; how log the liquid is exposed for; ad the air movemet over the surface. 31 Other physical properties of the liquid give additioal iformatio o how vapour/air mixtures may develop ad also o the potetial hazards. These physical properties iclude: flashpoit; auto-igitio temperature; viscosity; lower explosio limit; ad upper explosio limit. Flashpoit 32 Flashpoit is defied as the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off vapour i sufficiet quatity to form a combustible mixture with air ear the surface of the liquid uder specified test coditios. Geerally, a liquid with a flashpoit below the ambiet temperature of the surroudigs will give off sufficiet vapour to mix with the air ad be igited. Liquids with a flashpoit greater tha ambiet temperature are less likely to give off a flammable cocetratio of vapour uless they are heated, mixed with low flashpoit materials or released uder pressure as a mist or spray. The lower the flashpoit of a liquid, the higher the risk. Viscosity 33 The viscosity of the liquid is also sigificat as it determies how far ay spilt material will spread ad therefore the size of ay exposed surface. Health hazards 34 Flammable liquids ca pose a health hazard if they are igested, come ito cotact with ski or eyes, or their vapours are ihaled. For example, methaol is toxic as well as flammable. Iformatio o the health hazards of a particular liquid, ad o ay specific precautios required, should be obtaied from the material safety data sheet (MSDS) or from the supplier. The Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 1994 14 require employers to assess the health risks from exposure to hazardous substaces ad the precautios eeded. Paragraphs 37 39 give further details o health precautios. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 10 of 59

Health ad Safety Safety precautios Itroductio 35 Although this book describes ways i which you ca achieve a adequate stadard of safety, variatios from these may be appropriate to meet local coditios. You may use therefore alterative desigs, materials ad methods where your risk assessmet shows that they provide a equivalet or higher overall level of safety. 36 The precautios outlied do ot take ito accout possible damage from a exteral source such as a major icidet that affects a wide area. Health precautios 37 May precautios for reducig fire ad explosio risks will also cotrol the health risks. But some additioal measures may be ecessary sice cocetratios of vapours, capable of damagig huma health, are usually sigificatly below the flammable levels. 38 The Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 1994 14 require employers to prevet or cotrol exposure to harmful substaces. Guidace o these Regulatios is cotaied i the Approved Codes of Practice (ACOPs) etitled Geeral COSHH ACOP, Carcioges ACOP ad Biological Agets ACOP: Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 1994 15. 39 A obvious precautio to take agaist ski ad eye cotact is to provide items such as gloves, protective clothig ad goggles. Suitable respiratory protectio may be eeded durig ay operatios to deal with leaks ad spillages. Markig ad labellig 40 Idividual cotaiers must be clearly marked to idicate their cotets ad the degree of flammability. I most cases this will be required by the Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) Regulatios 1994 5 (as ameded) (CHIP) ad the Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Classificatio, Packagig ad Labellig) ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Receptacle Regulatios 1996 16 (CDG(CPL)). Certai aomalies may exist with regard to the labellig of liquids with flashpoits i the rage 56 61 C. For these liquids, flammability labellig is ot required uder CHIP, but is required uder the CDG(CPL) Regulatios 16. 41 The Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 17 require stores ad areas cotaiig sigificat quatities (greater tha 25 toes) of dagerous substaces to be idetified by appropriate warig sigs. 42 The majority of sites o which 25 toes or more of dagerous substaces are stored must be marked i accordace with the Dagerous Substaces (Notificatio ad Markig of Sites) Regulatios 1990 18. 43 Storerooms, cupboards ad bis eed to be marked to idicate the hazards associated with their cotets. The yellow hazard triagle symbols (see Figure 2), which are widely available, idicate the flammability hazards clearly. If it is ot reasoably practicable to mark directly o the storage area, the it ca be displayed earby. No smokig ad No aked lights otices may be appropriate. Maiteace ad modificatios 44 May icidets ivolvig flammable liquids occur durig maiteace ad repairs. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 11 of 59

Health ad Safety 45 The likelihood is icreased if the work is doe by staff or outside cotractors who have little kowledge of the hazards associated with flammable liquids. You should oly employ experieced cotractors. A guide is available which gives soud practical advice for selectig ad maagig cotractors 19. FLAMMABLE LIQUID Figure 2 Hazard triagle symbol 46 The Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2 ad the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992 1 place duties to esure safe workig practices o both the compay usig the services ad the cotractor. 47 It is essetial that o maiteace work is doe util: the potetial hazards of the work have bee clearly idetified ad assessed; the precautios eeded have bee specified i detail; the ecessary safety equipmet has bee provided; ad adequate ad clear istructio has bee give to all those cocered. 48 I most cases, a permit-to-work (PTW) system should be used to cotrol maiteace operatios 20 i areas where flammable liquids are stored or used. PTWs are formal maagemet documets (see Figure 3). They should oly be issued by those with clearly assiged authority to do so, ad the requiremets stated i them must be complied with before the permit is issued ad the work covered by it is udertake. Idividual PTWs eed to relate to clearly defied idividual pieces of work. PTWs should ormally iclude: the locatio ad ature of the work iteded; idetificatio of the hazards, icludig the residual hazards ad those itroduced by the work itself; the precautios ecessary, for example, isolatios; the persoal protective equipmet required; the proposed time ad duratio of the work; the limits of time for which the permit is valid; ad the perso i direct cotrol of the work. 49 Further advice o PTWs is available i a HSE leaflet 21. 50 There are some simple cotrols you ca adopt to reduce the risks of fire ad explosio durig maiteace hot work. You eed to make sure that all flammable or combustible materials are removed from the work area. If it is ot reasoably practicable to remove such materials, the you could positio suitable screes or partitios to protect the hazardous ivetory. Oce the work has fiished, you eed to thoroughly ispect the area for at least a hour to esure that there is o smoulderig material preset. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 12 of 59

Health ad Safety 1 Permit title 3 Job locatio 4 Plat idetificatio 1 3 4 5 2 2 Permit umber. Referece to other relevat permits or isolatio certificates 6 Hazard idetificatio - icludig residual hazards ad hazards itroduced by the work 7 Precautios ecessary - perso(s) who carries out precautios, eg isolatios, should sig that precautios have bee take 6 7 5 Descriptio of work to be doe ad its limitatios 8 8 Protective equipmet 9 Authorisatio - sigature cofirmig that isolatios have bee made ad precautios take,except where these ca oly be take durig the work. Date ad time duratio of permit 9 10 11 12 10 Acceptace - sigature cofirmig uderstadig of work to be doe, hazards ivolved ad precautios required. Also cofirmig permit iformatio has bee explaied to all workers ivolved 11 Extesio/shift hadover procedures - sigatures cofirmig checks made that plat remais safe to be worked upo, ad ew acceptor/ workers made fully aware of hazards/precautios. New time expiry give 13 12 Had back - siged by acceptor certifyig work completed. Siged by issuer certifyig work completed ad plat ready for testig ad recommissioig 13 Cacellatio - certifyig work tested ad plat satisfactorily recommissioed (Sigatures ames must be legible) Permits save lives give them proper attetio Figure 3 PTW Iformatio ad traiig 51 Adequate traiig ad kowledge of the properties of flammable liquids are essetial for their safe storage. 52 Traiig is a requiremet of the Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992 1. Carryig out risk assessmets required by these Regulatios will idetify how much iformatio, traiig ad retraiig are eeded. Further guidace o these Regulatios is cotaied i a Approved Code of Practice 22. 53 You eed to iform all staff o the site about the hazards of storig flammable liquids, ad about the eed to exclude sources of igitio ad heat from the desigated storage areas. Those resposible for the operatio of the store also eed to receive specific traiig i how to deal with spillages ad leaks, ad emergecy procedures. 54 Periodic retraiig will ormally be required. The traiig should iclude the followig aspects: the types of flammable liquid stored, their properties ad hazards; The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 13 of 59

Health ad Safety geeral procedures for safe hadlig; use of protective clothig; housekeepig; reportig of faults ad icidets, icludig mior leaks ad spills; ad emergecy procedures, icludig raisig the alarm, callig the fire brigade ad the use of appropriate fire-fightig equipmet. You will eed writte procedures for cotrollig the risks from the storage of flammable liquids, ad these should be used as the basis for traiig. The VICES priciples 55 There are five geeral priciples for esurig that the risks of fire ad explosio, from the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers, are cotrolled ad miimised. A aid to rememberig these five priciples is the acroym VICES. There is o order of priority of the priciples implied by the use of the acroym. V I C E S Vetilatio Is there plety of fresh air where cotaiers are stored? Good vetilatio meas vapours give off from a spill, leak, or release, will be rapidly dispersed. Igitio Have all igitio sources bee removed from the storage area? Igitio sources ca vary widely. They iclude sparks from electrical equipmet or weldig ad cuttig tools, hot surfaces, smokig, ad ope flames from heatig equipmet. Cotaimet Are your flammable liquids stored i suitable cotaiers? Will a spillage be cotaied ad preveted from spreadig to other parts of the storage area or site? A meas of cotrollig spillage would be the use of a impervious sill or low bud. A alterative is to drai the area to a safe place, such as a remote sump or a separator. Exchage Ca you exchage a flammable liquid for a less flammable oe? This is a basic questio you should always ask. Ca you elimiate the storage of flammable liquids from your operatio altogether? Separatio Are flammable liquids stored well away from other processes ad geeral storage areas? Ca they be separated by a physical barrier, wall or partitio? 56 The remaider of this publicatio covers detailed cotrol measures, essetially based o the VICES priciples. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 14 of 59

Health ad Safety Vetilatio Itroductio 57 To prevet dagerous cocetratios of flammable vapours buildig up i a store or storage area as the result of a leak, the space eeds to be adequately vetilated. 58 Cotaiers should, where reasoably practicable, be stored i the ope air at groud level (sigly or i stacks). This eables leaks or releases to be quickly see, ad allows for ay vapours to be dispersed effectively by atural vetilatio. They should ot ormally be stored o the roof of a buildig but if, for reasos of space, the use of rooftop storage is cosidered essetial, the eforcig authority ad the fire authority eed to be cosulted. 59 If the best optio of storig cotaiers outside is ot reasoably practicable, they may be kept i suitable storerooms, preferably separate buildigs specifically desiged for the purpose. Vetilatio withi buildigs 60 You eed a good stadard of vetilatio i buildigs or rooms used for storig flammable liquids, to disperse the vapours from ay small releases. The vetilatio arragemets eed to take ito accout the heavy ature of the vapours, ad to esure adequate air movemet at high ad low levels. Wid directio Figure 4 Roof ad wall vets together give good atural vetilatio 61 Five air chages per hour is ormally sufficiet to esure vapour levels i the store are kept to a low level. For small buildigs, the simplest method of esurig adequate vetilatio is to provide fixed, permaet opeigs (such as air bricks or louvers etc) at high ad low levels i exteral walls to the outside air. The five air chages per hour may be achieved if these opeigs have a total area equivalet to 1 3% of the total area of the walls ad roof of the store. The actual area required depeds o whether the buildig is i exposed or sheltered weather coditios. BS 5925: 1991 23 gives advice o vetilatio priciples ad desigig for atural vetilatio i buildigs. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 15 of 59

Health ad Safety 62 I cases of doubt, measuremets may be take of the air chage rate actually achieved i a completed buildig. A competet vetilatio egieer should be able to do this. 63 If opeigs are preset o two walls, a cross-flow iduced by wid forces is ecouraged. Vets provided at high ad low level will ecourage air circulatio by thermal currets (see Figure 4). Remember ot to positio vetilatio opeigs i iteral walls, or below the level of ay cotaimet sill provided. The opeigs should ot be obstructed o either side by, for example, cotaier stacks, dirt or rubbish. 64 Vetilatio opeigs should ot ormally be istalled i ay partitios desiged to be fire-resistig (see Appedix 2). Where this is uavoidable, such opeigs will be required to self-close i a fire situatio so as to provide separatio. You should seek the advice of competet fire egieers if this optio is cosidered. Providig mechaical vetilatio 65 If the provisio of atural vetilatio is ot possible, because, for example, the storeroom is located cetrally withi a large workroom, the adequate vetilatio ca be provided by mechaical meas. Larger buildigs, stores with oly oe or two outside walls, or buildigs i sheltered locatios are also likely to require mechaical vetilatio. 66 Where this is provided it eeds to operate costatly. Failure of a extractio system ca be detected by a airflow moitorig device istalled i the ductwork (such as a flow switch or differetial pressure switch) ad liked to a alarm. 67 Remember that the exhausted air eeds to be routed to a safe place i the ope air, via fire-resistig ductwork (see Appedix 2). Ducts should be arraged so that vapours caot codese ad collect at low poits withi the ductwork. I most cases it should be adequate if the vetilatio ductwork is termiated: at least 3 metres above groud level; at least 3 metres from buildig opeigs, boudaries, sources of igitio; ad away from buildig eaves ad other obstructios. Requiremets for positioig exhausts from vetilatio systems may be foud i Process Guidace Notes issued uder the Evirometal Protectio Act 6. 68 Electric motors situated i the path of the vapour beig extracted i vetilatio ductig may become coated i flammable residues. Such residues may cause overheatig of the motor ad the residues themselves may udergo spotaeous combustio. Motors iside ductwork are also difficult to maitai. The Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 prohibit the positioig of electric motors (icludig explosio-protected motors) i ductwork cotaiig flammable vapours. 69 You ca use cetrifugal or bifurcated fas, or a motor situated i a safe area ca be coected to a fa by a belt drive. Remember that it is possible for slippig drive belts to geerate sigificat heat. Fas made from o-sparkig materials provide a additioal precautio agaist frictio sparks. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 16 of 59

Health ad Safety Igitio 70 The mai objective whe hadlig flammable liquids is always to avoid the uwated creatio of flammable cocetratios of vapours by cotaimet ad vetilatio. However whe flammable cocetratios of vapour do occur, either durig ormal operatios or durig accidetal spillage etc, cotrols must exist over the wide variety of potetial igitio sources (see Figure 5). 71 Hazardous area classificatio is widely used to determie the extet of hazardous zoes created by flammable cocetratios of vapours. Hazardous area classificatio is discussed further i Appedix 3. 72 The cocept of hazardous area classificatio has, i the past, bee used solely as the basis for selectig fixed electrical equipmet. However, you ca use it to help elimiate potetial igitio sources, icludig portable electrical equipmet, vehicles, hot surfaces etc, from flammable atmospheres. Figure 5 A rage of potetial igitio sources Sources of igitio 73 Sources of igitio should be excluded from areas where flammable liquids are stored or hadled. Commo sources of igitio iclude: aked flames, icludig weldig ad cuttig equipmet; smokig; electrical lightig, power circuits ad equipmet which are ot suitably protected agaist igitig a flammable vapour, eg ot flameproof or itrisically safe; processes or vehicles that ivolve frictio or the geeratio of sparks; hot surfaces; static electricity. 74 Examples of cotrols for some igitio sources are give i the followig paragraphs. Storage of easily igitable goods 75 Stocks of combustible materials such as easily igitable packagig should ot be kept i a flammable liquid store. These may act as the first materials to be igited i a fire rather tha the flammable liquids. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 17 of 59

Health ad Safety 76 The fire risk will be icreased if you allow combustible materials (icludig weed growth) to build up i a storage area, or withi 1 metre of the sill or bud. If weedkillers are used, you should ot use products which are oxidisig agets, eg those which cotai sodium chlorate, ad the dead weeds eed to be removed Electrical equipmet 77 Where possible you eed to locate electrical equipmet i o-hazardous areas. However, if such equipmet eeds to be located i a hazardous eviromet, exposed to flammable substaces, it must be costructed or protected so as to prevet dager. This is a requiremet of the Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989 24 ad might be achieved by selectig equipmet built to explosio-protected stadards. 78 Advice o selectig, istallig ad maitaiig explosio-protected electrical equipmet is give i BS EN 60079-14 25 ad i a short guide published by the Istitutio of Chemical Egieers 26. 79 There are also Regulatios which apply to both electrical ad oelectrical equipmet, the Equipmet ad Protective Systems Iteded for Use i Potetially Explosive Atmospheres Regulatios 1996 27. However, they are aimed at maufacturers ad suppliers, requirig them to esure the equipmet is safe. Such equipmet should carry CE markig. From July 2003 you will have to select such equipmet but, util the, you ca select equipmet that does ot carry CE markig provided it is safe. Protectio of vehicles 80 Vehicles that eed to operate withi areas classified as hazardous zoes i storage buildigs or areas should be protected to a appropriate stadard, to avoid igitio of flammable vapours. Durig storage, the highest probability of a release from a cotaier occurs whe it is beig hadled. A uprotected fork-lift truck may be a source of igitio i such circumstaces. Figure 6 Protected fork-lift truck 81 Where oly liquids with a flashpoit above 32 C are preset, vehicle protectio is ot required uless, of course, ambiet temperatures approach 32 C. 82 The HSE guidace publicatio HSG113 28 provides further advice o the use ad protectio of vehicles. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 18 of 59

Health ad Safety Space heatig 83 Occasioally storage buildigs or iteral stores cotaiig flammable liquids are heated. I this case the heatig system should ot be a igitio source. This ca be achieved by esurig that oly idirect heatig meas are used. For example you could have radiators, fed remotely by hot water pipes, or idirectly fired gas or oil appliaces (ie those which take the air for combustio from safe areas ad exhaust the products of combustio to the outside air). Electrically heated radiators complyig with BS EN 60079-14 25 may be used. 84 I all cases the heatig system eeds to be protected agaist the build-up of flammable residues o hot surfaces. The maximum temperature of ay exposed heatig surfaces should ot exceed the auto-igitio temperature of ay of the flammable liquids i storage. Guidace o this issue is cotaied i BS EN 60079-14 25. Cotaimet Itroductio 85 The mai protectio agaist the dagers arisig from the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers is the itegrity of the packagig. Idividual cotaiers may leak, break or be puctured, causig a small escape of material. You eed to have arragemets i place to deal with these situatios. Desig ad costructio of cotaiers 86 It is a requiremet of both the Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Labellig for Supply) Regulatios 1994 (as ameded) 5 ad the Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Classificatio, Packagig ad Labellig) ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Receptacles Regulatios 1996 16 that maufacturers, suppliers ad distributors of chemicals esure that they are packaged safely. Figure 7 Various types of cotaiers 87 All cotaiers should be desiged ad costructed to stadards suitable for the purpose. They should be robust ad have well-fittig lids or tops to resist spillage if kocked over. There are specific stadards available for cotaiers ad packagigs to comply with trasport legislatio. Cotaiers eed to be of a appropriate UN Performace Tested type. Such cotaiers are suitable also for storage coditios. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 19 of 59

Health ad Safety 88 If glass or other fragile cotaiers are used, the packagig should iclude protectio agaist impact damage, ad may also iclude absorbet material to help cotai the cotets if a breakage occurs. 89 Where ecessary cotaiers may eed protectio agaist corrosio, for example by paitig. I particular, plastic cotaiers ca suffer degradatio by light, but this ca be reduced by suitable shadig. 90 The material, from which the cotaiers are made, eeds to be compatible with the chemical ad physical properties of the liquid to esure that o iteractio occurs which might cause leakage. Hadlig 91 You eed to stack your cotaiers i a safe maer which facilitates hadlig operatios (see Figure 8). The stack desig should allow ay leakig cotaier to be quickly spotted, easily removed ad appropriately dealt with. 92 It is recommeded that 205 litre metal drums ad similar cotaiers are stacked o more tha three high, ad preferably o pallets or suitably desiged rackig systems. You eed to seek advice from the supplier as to relevat stack desigs for other types of cotaiers, for example those made from glass or plastic. You ca prevet drums from movig, if they are stored o their sides, by usig suitable chocks. Cotaimet sill Figure 8 Outdoor drum storage 93 You should ot stack cotaiers so as to obstruct vetilatio opeigs or meas of escape i case of fire. Operatios 94 The store should ot geerally be used for activities where spillages are most likely, for example dispesig, mixig ad repackig. Such operatios should be carried out i a separate area, ad i a way which reduces spills ad dagerous releases of flammable liquids. 95 Further guidace o the use ad hadlig of flammable liquids is give i the HSE publicatio HSG140 29. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 20 of 59

Health ad Safety 96 Where a substace is likely to degrade durig storage, you should ask your supplier about thigs like: the possible hazardous effects of such degradatio; the remedial actio to be take; the recommeded storage coditios; maximum storage times; ad ispectio frequecies. Much of this iformatio should be cotaied i the product material safety data sheet (MSDS). 97 You eed to regularly ispect all stored materials to esure that the packagig is i good coditio ad that there are o leaks from the cotaiers. Spillage cotrol 98 It is importat to have meas of cotrollig spillages ad releases withi the storage area to prevet the ucotrolled spreadig of flammable liquids. 99 A umber of cotrol measures are possible, ad some are described i the followig paragraphs. Material safety data sheets will detail ay specific actio to be take for dealig with spillages. You eed to have these available for all the substaces stored o site. 100 The provisio of o-combustible absorbet graules or other meas for clearig up small spills should be cosidered. Remember that you will eed to dispose of used cotamiated graules safely ad appropriately. 101 Oe kow cause of spillage from cotaiers is by overfillig ad the subsequet liquid expasio caused, for example, by the cotaiers beig stored i direct sulight. Such expasio may also be caused if cotaiers are stored close to trasparet roof lights i buildigs. Allowig adequate ullage space for the liquid expasio i the cotaier will prevet this. More specific stadards for ullage space are required uder the trasport legislatio. I these cases the receptacle should ot be filled so as to become liquid full at a temperature of 50 C. 102 Shadig from direct sulight is ot ormally ecessary uless the material stored is ustable, or exceptioally if adequate ullage space is ot provided. Ay shadig or weather protectio which is cosidered ecessary eeds to take the form of a light o-combustible roof structure with ope sides. Such structures will ot add to the fire risk, ad should ot restrict vetilatio aroud the cotaiers. 103 Outdoor storage areas may be provided with a impervious sill or low bud, which eeds to eclose a volume that is at least 110% of the capacity of the largest cotaier. You may eed to provide ramps over the sill to allow for the access of fork-lift trucks, pallet trucks etc ito the storage area. 104 Slightly slopig the surface of the storage area will allow ay liquid spilt from cotaiers to flow away from the cotaiers to a safe place, such as a evaporatio area (either withi the storage area or separated from it), or via draiage to a remote sump, iterceptor or separator. Good draiage of ay collected surface rai water away from the cotaiers will reduce the likelihood of corrosio of the base of the cotaiers, with subsequet potetial leakage of the cotets. 105 I the case of storage rooms or buildigs, the floors eed to be costructed of materials that are resistat to ad compatible with the liquids stored. You ca provide cotaimet of ay leaks or releases from cotaiers withi the store by The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 21 of 59

Health ad Safety slopig the floor away from the door, or by costructig a sill across the door opeig. The size of the sill eeds to provide cotaimet of 110% of the capacity of the largest cotaier stored. Typically, such sills are about 150 mm high. Agai, you might require ramps over the sill to allow access for wheeled trolleys etc Security 106 Physical cotrol measures allow the risks of fire or explosio to be miimised, but these ca be defeated if trespassig or tamperig, whether deliberate or otherwise, is allowed to take place. So your security arragemets, both durig the workig day ad outside ormal hours, eed to take ito accout the possibility of arso ad vadalism. 107 The stadard of security required will deped, amog other factors, o the cosequeces of a major fire. Itruder alarms, security patrols etc may be cosidered appropriate, but you should ot forget other simple precautios which may be take, such as maitaiig feces ad exteral walls. Suitable fecig for flammable liquid stores iclude welded mesh ad chai lik fecig, as either obstruct vetilatio. Where security fecig is istalled aroud the storage area, its desig eeds to take full accout of the geeral fire precautios required (see paragraphs 138 141). 108 Specific fecig aroud the storage area may ot be required if it is withi secure premises. You eed to cosider whether access to the store by uauthorised people durig the workig day is acceptable. Oe way of achievig this is to keep the area locked with access to the keys beig restricted to authorised people. Exchage 109 The most obvious way to reduce or elimiate the risks of fire or explosio is ot to store flammable liquids. The first step i your risk assessmet would be to cosider the substitutio by a less hazardous or o-hazardous alterative. This may however pose differet risks, for example to the eviromet or to huma health. Separatio Itroductio 110 It is recommeded that flammable liquids are stored well away from other processes ad geeral storage areas. This is best achieved by a physical distace, but alteratively a physical barrier such as a wall or partitio ca be used. 111 If cotaiers of flammable liquid are stored ear other combustible, flammable, toxic, corrosive or oxidisig materials, or cyliders of compressed gases, a assessmet of the relative hazards eeds to be carried out. The itesity of a fire, or its rate of growth, may be icreased if icompatible materials are stored together, for example flammable liquids with oxidisig agets. Similarly a fire ivolvig flammable liquids may spread ad ivolve o-combustible substaces, for example toxic materials, which could the be widely dispersed. 112 To prevet this type of kock-o effect, separatio or segregatio is ecessary. Guidace is available for these situatios i a HSE guidace booklet 30. Outdoor storage 113 If cotaiers are stored i the ope air you eed to locate them (see Figure 9): i a well-vetilated area; ad The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 22 of 59

Health ad Safety away from sources of igitio. 114 The locatio eeds to be desiged to miimise the effect of: heat o the cotaiers from a fire withi the premises or outside the premises boudary; ad a fire withi the store o buildigs, plat ad people iside or outside the premises. 115 Miimisig the effect of heat is best achieved by distace. Cotaiers should be stored withi a clearly defied area o a impervious surface, for example a cocrete pad. 116 The recommeded miimum separatio distaces show i Table 1 are depedat o the quatity of flammable liquid stored. The distaces are based o what is cosidered to be good practice ad have bee widely accepted by idustry. Although these distaces may ot provide complete protectio to people or structures from a fire i the flammable liquid storage area, they should allow time durig a developig fire for people to evacuate to a place of safety. Table 1 Miimum separatio distaces Quatity stored litres Distace from occupied buildig, boudary, process uit, flammable liquid storage tak or fixed igitio source metres Up to 1 000 2 1 000-100 000 4 Above 100 000 7.5 Notes 1 The maximum stack size should be 300 000 litres, with at least 4 metres betwee stacks. 2 Cotaiers should ot be stored withi the bud of a fixed flammable liquid storage tak or withi 1 metre of the tak bud wall. 117 Your risk assessmet may highlight problems, for example with the local water supply. Alteratively the site may be remote from sources of help (such as the fire authority), or is close to process plat. I such cases, you eed to cosider icreasig the miimum separatio distaces quoted, particularly if the fire could spread to eighbourig buildigs or plat. Aother solutio is to take additioal protective measures. 118 Additioal protective measures ca be passive, such as a fire wall, or they ca be active, such as water deluge systems, for example spriklers or moitors. Where such features are istalled, a reductio i the miimum separatio distaces quoted above may be justified. I such cases, early cosultatio with the eforcig authority ad fire authority is recommeded. Separatio by a fire wall 119 A fire wall is a imperforate wall, scree or partitio providig at least 30 miutes fire resistace. It protects cotaiers of flammable liquid from the effects of radiated heat from a earby fire. A fire wall ca also esure a adequate dispersio distace from buildigs, boudaries, sources of igitio etc for flammable liquid or vapour leakig from ay cotaier. Cocrete, masory or brick costructio is preferred. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 23 of 59

Health ad Safety Retaiig sill Buildig Fire wall Maximum stack capacity 300 000 litres Figure 9 Geeral layout of exteral storage area Truck ramp Fire-fightig equipmet Buildig Boudary fece Note: See Table 1 ad the text for miimum distaces show by dashed arrows The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 24 of 59

Health ad Safety Lie of boudary fece or buildig Highly flammable liquids See Table 1 (a) Separatio distace without a fire wall Fire wall Lie of boudary fece or buildig Highly flammable liquids See Table 1 (b) Separatio distace with a fire wall See Table 1 Fire wall Lie of boudary fece or buildig Highly flammable liquids See Table 1 Figure 10 Separatio distaces for highly flammable liquids i drums ad similar portable cotaiers stored outside (viewed from above) (c) Separatio distace with a fire wall alterative arragemet The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 25 of 59

Health ad Safety 120 The fire wall eeds to be at least as high as the cotaier stack, with a miimum height of 2 metres, ad should be sited withi 3 metres of the stack. Provided you ca achieve these coditios, the fire wall may form part of a bud wall, buildig wall or boudary wall. The wall eeds to be log eough to esure that the distace betwee the edge of the bud ad ay buildig, boudary, source of igitio etc is at least the appropriate distace quoted i Table 1, measured aroud the eds of the wall (see Figure 10). 121 To esure adequate vetilatio a fire wall should ormally oly be provided o oe side of a cotaier stack. Storage i separate buildigs 122 If flammable liquids are stored withi specially desiged separate buildigs, the cotrol measures ecessary to miimise fire ad explosio risks are largely depedet o the locatio of the buildig. 123 If the buildig is i a safe place, ie the distace betwee the outside wall of the buildig ad ay other buildig, boudary etc is at least that appropriate distace quoted i Table 1, the cotrol measures are idetical to those for outdoor storage, with the additio that the buildig should geerally be of o-combustible costructio. 124 It is preferable for the roof of the buildig to be costructed of lightweight materials. This allows the roof to act as explosio relief as it would ope readily to release the effects of a explosio. Without this, the pressure associated with a explosio would be icreased. 125 The use of a fire wall ca also be cosidered for ay part of a buildig located withi the separatio distaces to the boudary detailed i Table 1 (see Figure 10(c)). Namely; the wall of the buildig o the boudary side is a fire wall; ad either the walls of the buildig at right agles to the boudary are fire walls for at least 4 metres from the boudary, or the fire wall exteds alog the boudary for at least 4 metres beyod the store o either side. The icreased distace (4 metres) quoted above is to reduce the threat that a fire i the store would pose to adjacet buildigs/structures o or off-site, ad to prevet the possible spread of flammable vapours ito ucotrolled areas. 126 Similar stadards eed to be applied for storage buildigs located agaist the wall of a occupied buildig. See paragraph 61 cocerig vetilatio opeigs. 127 If the storage buildig caot be located i a safe place as defied i paragraph 123, the effective separatio may be achieved by costructig the store as a fire-resistig buildig (see Figure 11). The fire resistace eeds to allow adequate time i the evet of a fire to raise the alarm ad evacuate the area. Costructios providig 30 miutes fire resistace are cosidered appropriate. These stadards do ot require the buildig to withstad a complete bur-out of the cotets. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 26 of 59

Health ad Safety Boudary Lightweight roof Vetilatio apertures Retetio sill Figure 11 Exteral storage buildig (fire-resistig) Brick, cocrete or similar costructio Widow of georgia wired glass - o-opeig 1/2hr fire-resistat door, self-closig Note: Vetilatio apertures should ot be withi the distaces i Table 1 of occupied buildigs, boudaries, etc The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 27 of 59

Health ad Safety Storage i other buildigs 128 The precautios for storig cotaiers i storerooms, which form part of a buildig used for other purposes, are essetially a variatio of the measures discussed previously for separate buildigs ot i a safe place (see Figure 12). Lightweight roof Fire-resistig iteral walls 1/2hr self-closig fire door, with sill Vetilatio apertures Sill Figure 12 A example of a suitable storeroom i a buildig. I the case of a multi-storey, advice should be sought from the relevat eforcig authority 129 Such stores should ot be below groud, where atural vetilatio is severely restricted. 130 As previously metioed, a lightweight roof would act as explosio relief. Such a roof may be feasible for stores i sigle-storey buildigs. Alteratively relief paels may be placed i oe or more walls, provided that they vet to a safe place, so as ot to ijure people or damage eighbourig property. Uless the door of the store is specially stregtheed, it will by default act as explosio relief. A alterative to explosio relief is to use mechaical exhaust vetilatio as discussed i paragraphs 65 69. 131 I this case the mechaical vetilatio eeds to be desiged to deal with the maximum leak aticipated, rather tha the five air chages per hour which is oly suitable for dispersig small leaks. Such vetilatio systems eed to be desiged by a suitably qualified egieer after a sufficiet techical evaluatio. 132 Ay meas of escape i case of fire from ay part of the buildig should ot be jeopardised by the locatio of the store. 133 I additio to the stadards referred to for the costructio of separate storage buildigs ot i a safe place, the followig are required: ay iteral walls of the store should be of fire-resistig costructio i accordace with Appedix 2; if a commo ceilig/roof structure is preset betwee the store ad the rest of the buildig, compartmetatio eeds to be provided to prevet the fire spreadig to other parts of the buildig through the roof space. This ca be achieved by providig 30 miute fire-resistig partitios The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 28 of 59

Health ad Safety either horizotally betwee the ceilig of the store ad the roof space, or i the case of sigle-storey buildigs, vertically i the roof space betwee the store ad the rest of the buildig; if the storeroom is i the same buildig as residetial accommodatio, compartmetatio should be provided which would be capable of affordig fire resistace to the same stadard as the elemets of costructio of the residetial buildig ad ot less tha 60 miutes. Ideally o door should commuicate betwee the store ad the buildig, but if this is uavoidable the the doors eed to be of the same fire resistace as the rest of the compartmet ad be self-closig. It is recommeded that automatic fire detectio is istalled i the store liked to audible alarms i the residetial area. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 29 of 59

Health ad Safety Fire precautios ad emergecy procedures Fire precautios Itroductio 134 Much ca be doe to prevet fire, ad followig the advice i this book should greatly reduce the chaces of it occurrig. Ufortuately however the possibility of a fire always remais. It is therefore importat for you to have i place a pre-plaed respose to such emergecies, icludig the appropriate actios to be take i the evet of a fire ad efficiet arragemets for callig the fire brigade. Geeral fire precautios 135 If a fire occurs people eed to be able to quickly escape from its effects ad reach a place of safety. The term geeral fire precautios (GFP) is used to describe the structural features ad equipmet provided to achieve this aim. It covers: escape routes to fire exits; fire-fightig equipmet; a system of givig warig i the evet of fire; ad maagemet procedures to esure that all of the above are available ad maitaied, ad that there is adequate traiig i their use. Detailed cosideratio of these is outside the scope of this book. I the majority of circumstaces the requiremets for adequate GFPs are made uder the Fire Precautios Act 1971 31 ad the Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 32. 136 I certai specific cases where large quatities of a highly flammable liquid are stored (i excess of 4000 toes) or hadled above its boilig poit at pressures greater tha atmospheric pressure (i excess of 50 toes), the GFP requiremets are made uder the Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulatios 1976 33. 137 Uder both pieces of legislatio a fire certificate will ormally be issued by the relevat eforcig authority, which will specify the GFP requiremets. For advice o these matters the appropriate eforcig authority should be cotacted: 33 HSE i the case of the Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulatios 1976 ; ad 31 the fire authority i the case of the Fire Precautios Act 1971 ad the Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 32. Geeral fire precautios at outside storage areas 138 GFPs at outdoor storage facilities are ow covered by the Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 32 ad eforced by the fire authority. The followig advice is provided to assist i determiig the GFP requiremets for these outdoor storage facilities. 139 You eed to pla ad cotrol the layout of drum stacks to avoid dead-ed situatios, ie where escape is oly possible i oe directio. You eed to miimise the travel distace of ay which caot be avoided. You eed to make sure that the escape routes are obvious ad that the gagway widths betwee stacks remai costat, or icrease, alog the route. Operatioal eeds should esure that the gagway widths are adequate, but wherever possible, they eed to have a miimum width of 1.5 metres. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 30 of 59

Health ad Safety 140 If the store is withi a feced security compoud, at least two exits, well spaced apart, should ormally be provided so that a perso ca tur away from the fire ad fid a exit. A sigle exit i small stores may be sufficiet if the distace from ay part of the store to the exit, measured aroud the cotaiers, is ot more tha 24 metres. Exits should ope outwards ad be immediately opeable by the perso(s) makig their escape. 141 Advice o the stadards applicable for geeral fire precautios is cotaied i BS 5588 34. Fire-fightig equipmet 142 You will eed to provide a adequate umber of fire extiguishers withi the storage area. Their primary purpose is to tackle icipiet fires, thereby reducig the risk to people ad eablig them to make their escape. 143 They eed to be positioed i cospicuous locatios o the escape routes, such that o oe i the storage area eeds to travel more tha 30 metres to reach a extiguisher. Uless the locatio of a extiguisher is otherwise self-evidet, you will eed to idetify its locatio by appropriate safety sigs. Such sigs should comply with the Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 17 or BS 5499: Part 1 35. 144 To reduce the risk of corrosio it is sesible to keep extiguishers off the groud ad provide protectio agaist the weather. 145 Extiguishers should be to a recogised stadard such as BS EN 3 36 or BS 5423 ad be suitable for tacklig fires ivolvig the flammable liquids stored. BS 5423 has ow bee withdraw. All ew extiguishers should comply with BS EN 3 36 but existig extiguishers complyig with BS 5423 are still acceptable if already i situ ad remaiig serviceable. The omial size 9 kg dry powder or 9 litre foam extiguisher is recommeded. Such a size of extiguisher combies ease of hadlig with a reasoable fire-fightig capability. You will eed to make sure that aybody expected to use a fire extiguisher is properly traied. 146 You will eed to provide a effective meas of givig warig i case of fire i the storage area. It should be audible to all those likely to be affected by the fire. This may vary from small storage areas, where a shout of fire might suffice, to larger areas where a klaxo or sire might be required. A assembly poit should be idetified for people evacuatig from such areas, where they ca be accouted for. Emergecy procedures 147 Iitiatig emergecy procedures at the earliest stage of a icidet ca sigificatly reduce the impact o people ad premises. 148 You eed to draw up a procedure for dealig with fires. Cosideratio eeds to be give to the rage of possible evets which take ito accout the followig: the ature ad quatities of the flammable liquids stored; the locatio of the storage facility ad its desig; ad the people, both o-site ad off-site who may be affected. 149 Where it is likely that ay icidet would be cofied to the storage area, or buildig cotaiig the store, your emergecy procedures may be limited to esurig that everyoe ca safely escape from the effects of the fire, ad that the fire brigade is called with miimum delay. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 31 of 59

Health ad Safety 150 The fire brigade has duties uder the Fire Services Act 1947 37 to familiarise itself with the meas of access to premises ad the layout, icludig the availability of water supplies. This is ecessary for the fire brigade to be able to carry out its duties uder the Act of tacklig ay outbreak of fire. To assist i this, you eed to provide ad maitai suitable access for fire-fightig persoel ad their vehicles, ad as ecessary, to provide a coveiet fire mai ad hydrat which should be agreed with the fire authority. 151 Where there is a possibility that a fire i the store might spread to other parts, whether o-site or off-site, you eed to cosider how the risk to ayoe preset ca be reduced. You should also address how a fire ca be preveted from spreadig to the store if this is a possibility. 152 Clearly, the ature of the site will dictate the level of precautios, should they be eeded. They could vary from housig suitable fire extiguishers or fire hose reels to tackle a icipiet fire, ivolvig vegetative udergrowth for example, to usig moitors or deluge systems to apply coolig water over the cotaier stacks. 153 You eed to esure that people expected to use the equipmet are traied ad practised i how to do so, without exposig themselves or others to ay uecessary risk from the fire. It is recommeded that this is discussed with the fire authority. 154 The fire brigade whe they arrive will assume resposibility for fire-fightig operatios. It is therefore importat that they are aware of the fire-fightig equipmet ad capability o site. This icludes havig i place agreed procedures with the works fire team, if there is oe, to esure that cotrol of the icidet is maitaied ad that obody is exposed to uecessary risk durig hadover. Ay subsequet role for the works fire team should be agreed with the fire authority ad detailed i your emergecy procedures. Cotrols for off-site risks 155 Fire water ru-off may place a major strai o ormal draiage facilities. Iterceptors or special draiage schemes may be ecessary, particularly at large istallatios, to miimise the risk of cotamiatig local water courses. Cosultatio with the Eviromet Agecy (or i Scotlad, the Scottish Eviromet Protectio Agecy) ad the fire authority may be appropriate. 156 Guidace o this topic ca be foud i the HSE guidace ote EH70 38 ad i a documet published by the Costructio Idustry Research ad Iformatio Associatio 39. 157 Where foreseeable icidets may affect people or property beyod the site boudary, the emergecy services should be cosulted whe preparig the emergecy plas. 158 Formal o-site ad off-site emergecy plas are required at sites subject to regulatios 7 to 12 of the Cotrol of Idustrial Major Accidet Hazard Regulatios 1984 (CIMAH) 40 see the HSE guidace booklet HSG25 41. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 32 of 59

Health ad Safety Storage facilities Temporary storage 159 You may eed to keep cotaiers temporarily outside of the desiged storage area to aid productio or processig schedulig. For example, cotaiers may be required i or ear process plat areas for use durig that day or shift. 160 To esure that the risks associated with this operatio are cotrolled, certai measures eed to be preset. You should esure that all cotaiers are properly closed ad labelled. You eed to cosider providig a bud aroud the cotaiers if the locatio is such that a leak from the cotaier could cause a hazard, for example if a leak of flammable liquid could eter the ormal draiage or water systems. 161 You could store cotaiers agaist a buildig wall if the wall is a fire wall (see paragraphs 119 121). But cotaiers should ot be stored below ay opeig or meas of escape i case of fire, regardless of vertical distace, which would put at risk ay people leavig the buildig or area via these meas of escape. This meas cotaiers should ot be stored below exteral stairways which are fire escapes. 162 You eed to treat part-used ad omially empty cotaiers as if they were full of liquid ad retur them to the permaet storage area at the ed of the shift or workig day. Storage of small quatities 163 You eed to esure that oly the miimum amout of flammable liquid eeded to carry out your work is stored i workrooms, laboratories etc. Maximum 50 litres total Boded/ firestopped juctio 1/2hr fireresistat exterior No-combustible high meltigpoit higes Boded/ firestopped juctio Storage bi Maximum 50 litres total Figure 13 Storage i the workroom The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 33 of 59

Health ad Safety The Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 require that o more tha a maximum of 50 litres of highly flammable liquids may be stored i workrooms etc, ad they must be kept i suitable cabiets or bis i desigated areas away from workig or processig areas (see Figure 13). 164 Cotaiers which are omially empty or are ot curretly eeded should be retured to the appropriate store. Further advice o the desig ad stadards of costructio of cabiets ad bis is cotaied i Appedix 2. Storage of fiished products 165 You should always store fiished products which are flammable liquids i a properly desiged store. However, fiished products may be stored temporarily i loadig bays awaitig despatch provided that the bay is ot part of a workroom. Such storage should be limited to that awaitig immiet despatch. 166 The risk associated with flammable liquids or fiished products i cotaiers of ot more tha 0.5 litre omial capacity is low, because of the extet of accidetal spillage from a sigle cotaier. It is cosidered appropriate therefore that such cotaiers may be kept i geeral storage with other materials at the premises of the maufacturer, distributor or retailer. I such cases however precautios must still be preset to reduce the risks of fire ad explosio. These iclude: the store is separated from productio areas by partitios of appropriate fire- resistig costructio (see Appedix 2); icompatible materials, such as peroxides ad other oxidisig agets, are ot kept i the store; combustible packagig materials, which are ot i immediate use, are ot kept i the store; smokig is ot permitted, ad there is strict cotrol over the use of aked flames i the store; adequate vetilatio is provided; samplig or dispesig ito other cotaiers is ot carried out i the store; sealed cotaiers are kept at least 0.5 metre from fixed electrical equipmet that is ot protected agaist igitig flammable vapour, or from heaters ad other hot surfaces. Storage ad display at retail premises 167 The risks of fire ad explosio associated with the storage of flammable liquids ca be reduced if you ca keep the amout of flammable liquid at the poit of sale to a miimum, cosistet with the eeds of the busiess. You could use dummy or empty cotaiers for items permaetly o display. 168 Full cotaiers eed to be located away from heat, sources of igitio, ad other easily igitable goods, ad the stock should ot obstruct the meas of escape i case of fire. Smokig should ot be allowed i the viciity. You may cosult the fire authority o geeral fire precautios. 169 You could keep additioal stocks of flammable liquids iteded for sale, away from the sales area to which the public have access. This could be i a storage area, room or cabiet that is desiged to the stadards i this book or equivalet. Access to this store eeds to be limited to authorised persoel. 170 Some flammable liquids, particularly for pait mixig etc, are stored withi The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 34 of 59

Health ad Safety special uits which iclude facilities for weighig, dispesig ad mixig. These uits eed to be sited i a well-vetilated room or area which is preferably used oly for the purpose of pait mixig. Storage of higher-flashpoit liquids 171 For liquids with a flashpoit i the rage 32 C to 55 C, some of the precautios described earlier are iappropriate. 172 This is because these liquids will ot ormally produce a flammable atmosphere whe stored at ambiet temperature, ie the flashpoit is higher tha ormal ambiet temperature. They ca however produce flammable atmospheres if heated or if released as a mist or spray, ad will igite ad bur readily if exposed to fire from aother source. 173 I most cases the followig variatios will be appropriate for these liquids. Storage locatios 174 Higher-flashpoit liquids are still a fire hazard ad hece eed to be stored preferably accordig to the earlier text. However where these stadards caot be followed, such liquids may be held i geeral storage with other materials or i other locatios where they would ot be likely to be rapidly ivolved i ay fire i the viciity. 175 Small cotaiers ad cas etc, up to a recommeded total capacity of 250 litres, ca be kept i a workroom or laboratory i a fire-resistig cupboard or bi. 176 Where it is ecessary to store larger quatities i a workroom, for example i drums, oly the miimum quatity cosistet with the eeds of the operatio should be kept there. They should be stored at least 3 metres ad preferably 5 metres from process activities. It is particularly importat to keep sources of heat away from the storage area. Desig of stores 177 For storage rooms or buildigs used to store oly these liquids, a lower stadard of vetilatio is appropriate. A limited umber of air bricks i exteral walls is acceptable. Explosio relief is ot cosidered ecessary. Operatios 178 Dispesig, mixig ad similar operatios should ormally be doe away from the storage area. 179 However, where the hazards associated with movig the cotaiers appear to outweigh the fire hazard, such operatios ca be doe i the storage area, providig that precautios are take agaist spillage ad adequate vetilatio is provided. Retail premises 180 Full cotaiers may be used for display if the umber is kept to a reasoable level. They eed to be stacked i a safe maer, away from sources of igitio ad readily combustible material (such as paper ad cardboard) ad i a maer which does ot restrict the meas of escape i case of fire for staff or customers. 181 Pait titig systems may be used i the sales area providig the area is kept clea ad well vetilated. The titig equipmet itself is ormally o-combustible. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 35 of 59

Health ad Safety Sources of igitio 182 Provided the liquid is ot heated above its flashpoit or released from the cotaier i the form of a mist or spray, the it will ot geerate a hazardous area. Therefore protectio of earby electrical equipmet or portable electrical equipmet is ot required. 183 Similarly o protectio is required for vehicles beig parked or used at the storage area. Suggested storage facilities for a rage of premises Itroductio 184 The followig sectio gives examples of good arragemets for a umber of differet types of busiess to esure safe storage of flammable liquids. The premises for which examples are give are: storage withi a workroom or laboratory; storage i a small retail outlet or shop; storage i a small egieerig factory or motor vehicle repair shop; storage i a large retail outlet. While these examples ca be used as a guide, your ow risk assessmet should form the basis for the cotrols you put i place. Storage i a workroom or laboratory 185 If you work with flammable liquids i this type of locatio it is probable that they are cotaied i 2.5 litre glass bottles, small metal cas or kegs. You probably oly use relatively small amouts of the flammable liquid at ay oe time. The overall total volume preset i the room is likely to be low. 186 The Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 require that o more tha a maximum of 50 litres of highly flammable liquids may be stored i the workroom uder certai coditios. Not all laboratories will be subject to these Regulatios but the stadard is the oe with which health ad safety ispectors will seek compliace. Meetig the requiremets will ormally be sufficiet to demostrate that you have doe all that is reasoably practicable to meet your geeral obligatios uder the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2. 187 Such a quatity of highly flammable liquids should be stored i closed cotaiers ad kept i a 30 miute fire-resistig bi, cabiet or cupboard fitted with the meas to cotai leaks from the cotaiers. These are widely available from stockists of safety equipmet. 188 Oe of the simplest meas of storig small quatities of highly flammable liquids is to store them i a steel dustbi fitted with a close-fittig metal lid. It eeds to be suitably labelled to idicate the hazard, ie the stadard yellow flammability hazard triagle should be promietly displayed (see Figure 2). 189 Ay quatity greater tha the 50 litres should be removed from the room whe ot beig used ad stored i a properly desiged store. 190 Those liquids classified as flammable oly with a flashpoit i the rage 32 55 C do ot ormally pose a fire risk, uless the liquid is heated to above its flashpoit or released as a mist or spray. They therefore do ot ecessarily require the same storage coditios as outlied above. However it is advised that such liquids are treated as if they were highly flammable liquids ad stored withi fireresistig bis etc, sice they will cause escalatio of the fire if igited. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 36 of 59

Health ad Safety 191 Work practices, such as esurig that cotaiers are replaced ito the bi etc whe ot required, will esure that the risk of fire or explosio from the use or storage of flammable liquids is uder cotrol. Keepig a record of the cotets of each bi or cupboard would eable you to quickly realise if too much highly flammable liquid was beig stored i the workroom. It would also allow rarely used liquids to be removed to properly desiged stores. 192 Guidace o safe practices i the use ad hadlig of flammable liquids is give i the HSE publicatio HSG140 29. Storage i a small retail outlet or shop 193 It is probable that you stock some flammable ad some highly flammable liquids, for example pait ad pait thiers, lacquers etc i cotaiers of perhaps 10 litres maximum capacity. It is likely that the majority of your stock is o display to customers. The precautios detailed i paragraphs 167 170 are relevat. 194 The Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 do ot apply to your premises. But as metioed earlier, the stadards required by these Regulatios provide a good basis for cotrol measures. 195 You eed to esure that your staff are aware of the presece of such flammable liquids ad kow the precautios ecessary to avoid dager. 196 You eed to ispect display stock regularly so that ay leakig cotaiers etc ca be dealt with adequately. It would be good practice to display such liquids o lipped shelvig so that ay leaked liquid ca be cotaied. Your staff eed to be aware of the ecessary practices for cleaig up leaks ad spillages. 197 You eed to esure that stock is ot positioed close to electrical fittigs, icludig lightig, or heatig appliaces. Cosideratio eeds to be give to the prohibitio of smokig ear these liquids. Remember to positio the stock so it does ot restrict ay gagways or is close to ay meas of escape. The local fire authority will advise you cocerig fire precautios. Storage i a small egieerig factory or motor vehicle repair shop 198 You probably store a rage of flammable liquids, although the quatity of ay oe liquid may be relatively small. The size of the cotaiers probably rages from 10 or 25 litre metal cas to 205 litre metal drums. 199 A umber of optios are available to you to esure safe storage coditios, depedet o your idividual circumstaces. 200 You probably wat to store some flammable liquids i small cotaiers, say 10 litre capacity (eg tis of pait or pait thiers, cleaig solvets), iside the workroom. The Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 19723 require that o more tha a maximum of 50 litres of highly flammable liquids may be stored i the workroom. 201 Such a quatity of highly flammable liquids should be stored i closed cotaiers ad kept i a 30 miute fire-resistig bi, cabiet or cupboard fitted with the meas to cotai leaks from the cotaiers. These are widely available from stockists of safety equipmet. 202 Oe of the simplest ways of storig small quatities of highly flammable liquids is to keep them i a steel dustbi fitted with a close-fittig lid. It eeds to be suitably labelled to idicate the hazard, ie the stadard yellow flammability hazard triagle should be promietly displayed (see Figure 2). The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 37 of 59

Health ad Safety 203 Larger cotaiers should ideally be stored i the ope air. If this optio is chose, the locatio of the storage area requires some thought. It eeds to be well vetilated ad away from sources of igitio. The storage area eeds to be separated by distace from your boudary or other occupied buildigs etc (see Table 1 ad Figure 9). 204 The drums should stad o level impervious groud away from ay drais etc. It is better to store the drums o a pallet as this allows easier hadlig by pallet truck or fork-lift truck. This also reduces the likelihood of the base of the drum becomig corroded leadig to leaks of material. 205 If space is at a premium, storage of the drums agaist a buildig wall is possible, provided that certai criteria, laid dow i paragraph 125, are followed. 206 Other factors cocerig outdoor storage that you eed to cosider iclude: whether the area chose is ear movig vehicles, ad so will require some protectio, ie bollards or fecig; ad whether site security is adequate, ie would the cotaiers be better stored withi a robust metal lockable cage. 207 If outdoor storage is ot possible the there are the alteratives of storage i a separate outdoor buildig or a iteral store, cosidered i detail i paragraphs 122 133. 208 A suitable separate outdoor store ca be relatively cheaply obtaied by modifyig a freight cotaier. The modificatios would iclude the provisio of vetilatio at high ad low level accordig to paragraph 61, ad the costructio of a simple sill to cotai ay spilt or leaked liquid. Storage i a large retail outlet 209 It is ow commoplace to fid large retail outlets caterig for both the trade ad the geeral public. May of these premises are large, sigle-storey warehouse buildigs with high roofs. The goods are geerally stacked o pallets o ope rackig, ad the majority of the stock is actually o display. The quatity of flammable liquids o display ca be extremely large, ie a few toes. The precautios detailed i paragraphs 167 170 are relevat. 210 While specific legislatio, such as the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3, does ot apply, you still have a duty uder the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2 to esure that the risks of fire ad explosio are cotrolled. Oce agai the requiremets i the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 ca help i decidig appropriate stadards. 211 I a factory or other workplace the people preset are geerally aware of the hazards. They are mobile, cooperative ad traied i emergecy procedures etc allowig orderly evacuatio i the case of fire. But i your type of establishmet you eed to allow for the fact that members of the geeral public, icludig childre, have free access aroud the site, ad so you eed to put i place appropriate cotrol measures. 212 You eed to esure that all staff are aware of the hazards ad are traied to deal effectively ad safely with leaks ad spillages. Emergecy procedures eed to be draw up by maagemet, ad all staff should be traied accordigly. 213 You eed to assess the risks from the movemet of stock. May spillages occur whe material is kocked or dropped while beig moved o or off rackig. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 38 of 59

Health ad Safety You most probably restrict the public from movig withi gagways while such operatios are beig carried out, but is your fork-lift truck suitably protected so as ot to become a source of igitio for a pool of spilt pait thiers? 214 The positioig of the stock is importat. Flammable stock should ot be positioed close to, or beeath, electrical fittigs, icludig lightig or heatig appliaces. Could you repositio your stocks of highly flammable liquids, particularly those i plastic cotaiers, to safer locatios, for example: stored adjacet to o-combustible stock, for example buildig materials; stored i specifically desiged storerooms with access oly to authorised staff; or stored outside i the gardeig departmet. 215 You eed to cosider whether smokig should be prohibited o the premises. Remember that the positioig of the stock should ot restrict ay gagways or be close to ay meas of escape. The local fire authority will advise you cocerig geeral fire precautios. 216 You eed to be vigilat i esurig that: all packagig ad rubbish is removed to prevet dagers from icipiet fires; aisles ad fire exits are ot restricted by temporary displays or durig restockig; ad the geeral public are preveted from causig igitio either through igorace or itet. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 39 of 59

Health ad Safety Appedix 1 Legal requiremets Itroductio 1 It is a legal requiremet uder health ad safety law that those resposible for work activities esure that: hazards are adequately idetified; risks are adequately assessed; ad suitable cotrol measures are put ito practice. 2 Measures must be take to elimiate or cotrol the risks uless it is clear that the cost of doig so is grossly disproportioate to the level of risk. However, the ability to pay for additioal cotrol measures is ot a decidig factor as to whether they are ecessary. 3 Where it is ot possible to remove the risk the the arragemets for maagig the activity safely are particularly importat. The followig sectio outlies the mai health ad safety regulatios applicable to the storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers. Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Classificatio, Packagig ad Labellig) ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Receptacles Regulatios 1996 16 4 These Regulatios apply to the trasportatio of dagerous goods by road ad rail. Their aim is to reduce the risks ivolved i trasportig such substaces by requirig them to be correctly classified, packaged, ad labelled. 5 They specify that dagerous goods should be carried i suitable receptacles which will ot leak uder ormal hadlig. These should bear appropriate warig labels givig iformatio o the ature of the hazards. 6 Two associated documets, the Approved carriage list 42 ad the Approved requiremets ad test methods for the classificatio ad packagig of dagerous goods for carriage 43 provide assistace to eable compliace with these Regulatios. 7 Flammable liquids classified as dagerous goods by these Regulatios are those liquids which have a flashpoit of 61 C or below, or liquids with a flashpoit above 61 C carried at temperatures above their flashpoit. Flammable liquids as defied i this guidace book will be icluded i the scope of these Regulatios. Carriage of Dagerous Goods by Road 1996 44 ad the Carriage of Dagerous Goods by Rail Regulatios 1996 45 8 These Regulatios complemet the Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Classificatio, Packagig ad Labellig) ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Receptacles Regulatios 1996 16. Their provisios iclude requiremets for: the costructio of vehicles; iformatio to be received by operators ad to be give to drivers; the markig of vehicles; ad the loadig, stowage ad uloadig of cosigmets. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 40 of 59

Health ad Safety 9 Dagerous substaces are those materials: icluded i the Approved carriage list 42 produced i associatio with all the 1996 Carriage Regulatios metioed here; or havig the characteristic properties defied i Schedule 1 of the Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Classificatio, Packagig ad Labellig) ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Receptacles Regulatios 1996 16. Flammable liquids as defied i this guidace book will be icluded i the scope of these Regulatios. Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) Regulatios 1994 (as ameded) 5 10 These Regulatios, commoly referred to as the CHIP Regulatios, cotai requiremets for the supply of chemicals. The Regulatios require suppliers of chemicals to: classify them, ie idetify their hazards; give iformatio about the hazards to the people they supply, both i the form of labels ad material safety data sheets (MSDS); ad package the chemicals safely. 11 Classifyig chemicals accordig to the CHIP Regulatios requires kowledge of the physical ad chemical properties, icludig the flashpoits of liquids, ad of the health ad evirometal effects. 12 Chemicals are grouped ito three categories of dager, accordig to their flashpoit: extremely flammable those liquids with a flashpoit lower tha 0 C ad a boilig poit lower tha or equal to 35 C; highly flammable liquids which have a flashpoit lower tha 21 C but are ot extremely flammable; flammable liquids with a flashpoit equal to or greater tha 21 C ad less tha or equal to 55 C, ad which support combustio whe tested i the prescribed maer at 55 C. Flammable, highly flammable ad extremely flammable liquids are all icluded i the scope of this guidace book. 13 The Regulatios are supported by: a Approved supply list 46 cotaiig agreed classificatios for commo substaces; 47 a approved classificatio ad labellig guide ; 48 a Approved Code of Practice o material safety data sheets ; ad by the guidace publicatio CHIP 2 for everyoe 49. Cotrol of Idustrial Major Accidet Hazards Regulatios 1984 40 (as ameded ) 14 These Regulatios, kow as the CIMAH Regulatios, apply at two levels to certai premises where specified quatities of particular substaces are stored or used. The mai aim of these Regulatios is to prevet major accidets occurrig; a secodary objective is to limit the effects of ay which do happe. A major The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 41 of 59

Health ad Safety accidet is a major emissio, fire or explosio resultig from ucotrolled developmets which leads to serious dager to people or the eviromet. 15 The lower level requiremets apply at premises where 5000 toes or more of highly flammable or extremely flammable liquids are ivolved i certai idustrial activities, icludig storage. The upper level requiremets apply where such storage exceeds 50 000 toes. 16 The geeral requiremets apply at both levels ad require the perso i cotrol of the idustrial activity to demostrate that the major accidet hazards have bee idetified ad that the activity is beig operated safely. The additioal requiremets that apply at the upper level iclude the submissio of a writte safety report, preparatio of a o-site emergecy pla ad provisio of certai iformatio for the public. The HSE publicatio HSR21 50 gives guidace o these Regulatios. 17 The CIMAH Regulatios will be replaced i early 1999 by Regulatios implemetig a ew Europea Directive, the Seveso II Directive. The ew Regulatios will have much i commo with the CIMAH Regulatios ad will iclude the storage of flammable substaces. Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 1994 14 18 These Regulatios require employers to assess the risks arisig from hazardous substaces at work ad to decide o the measures eeded to protect the health of employees. The employer is also required to take appropriate actio to prevet or adequately cotrol exposure to the hazardous substace. 19 Substaces covered by these Regulatios iclude carciogeic substaces ad those which, uder the Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) Regulatios 1994 5, are labelled as very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive or irritat. The Regulatios also cover dusts, where preset i substatial quatities, ad those substaces assiged occupatioal exposure limits. 20 Flammable liquids ormally have toxic or harmful properties which brig them withi the scope of these Regulatios. Dagerous Substaces (Notificatio ad Markig of Sites) Regulatios 1990 18 21 The purpose of these Regulatios is to assist the fire-fightig services by the provisio of advace ad o-site iformatio o sites cotaiig large quatities of dagerous substaces. 22 The Regulatios apply to sites cotaiig total quatities of 25 toes or more of dagerous substaces. Dagerous substaces iclude flammable liquids with a flashpoit below 55 C as defied i this guidace book. The Regulatios require suitable sigs to be erected at access poits ad at ay locatios specified by a ispector, ad otificatio to be give to the appropriate fire ad eforcig authorities about the presece of ay dagerous substace. The HSE publicatio HSR29 51 gives further guidace. Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989 24 23 These Regulatios impose health ad safety duties for the safe use of electricity at work. They require electrical istallatios ad equipmet to be properly The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 42 of 59

Health ad Safety costructed, maitaied ad fit for the purpose ad eviromet i which they are to be used. I particular they require electrical equipmet which is exposed (or reasoably expected to be exposed) to ay flammable or explosive substace, icludig flammable vapours or gases, to be costructed or protected so as to prevet dager. Advice is available i the HSE publicatio HSR25 52. Equipmet ad Protective Systems Iteded for Use i Potetially Explosive Atmospheres Regulatios 1996 27 24 These Regulatios are aimed at maufacturers ad suppliers. They apply to equipmet, protective systems, safety devices, cotrollig devices, regulatig devices ad compoets for use i potetially explosive atmospheres. 25 They require that the equipmet be safe, that it meets the essetial health ad safety requiremets, has udergoe a appropriate coformity assessmet ad is affixed with CE markig. There is a legthy trasitioal period util 30 Jue 2003. Maufacturers ca, i the meatime, cotiue to esure their equipmet is safe by other meas. Factories Act 1961 53 26 The Act defies a factory ad cotais may geeral ad detailed provisios relatig to work activities i factories. 27 Sectio 31(3) cotais specific requiremets relatig to the opeig of plat that cotais ay explosive or iflammable gas or vapour uder pressure, ad sectio 31(4) cotais specific requiremets relatig to the applicatio of heat to plat that has cotaied ay explosive or iflammable substace. Iflammable meas able to bur with a flame ad flammable is geerally take to have the same meaig as iflammable. Iflammable substaces ad vapours will iclude flammable liquids ad their vapours as defied i this guidace book. Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulatios 1976 33 28 These Regulatios apply at premises where certai quatities of hazardous materials are processed, used or stored. 29 For flammable liquids they apply at premises where there is a total of more tha 4000 toes of ay highly flammable liquid (as defied i the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 ) or more tha 50 toes of ay highly flammable liquid held uder pressure greater tha atmospheric pressure ad at a temperature above its boilig poit. 30 Where these Regulatios apply they take the place of the Fire Precautios Act 1971 31 ad desigate HSE as the eforcig authority for matters relatig to geeral fire precautios. Further guidace o geeral fire precautios for premises subject to these Regulatios is available from HSE 54. Fire Precautios Act 1971 31 31 This Act cotrols what have become kow as the geeral fire precautios, coverig the meas of escape i case of fire, the meas for esurig the meas of escape ca be used safely ad effectively, the meas for fightig fires, ad the meas for givig warig i the case of fire, ad the traiig of staff i fire safety. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 43 of 59

Health ad Safety 32 The Act allows the presece of flammable liquids to be take ito accout whe cosiderig geeral fire precautios. The Act is eforced by the fire authorities ad further guidace ca be foud i a Home Office publicatio 55. Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 32 33 These Regulatios require employers to safeguard the safety of employees i case of fire, icludig the geeral fire precautios. They require the employer to pla measures to fight fire, to omiate employees to implemet the plaed measures, ad to trai them ad provide them with suitable equipmet. They also require cotacts to be made with the exteral emergecy services, particularly as regards rescue work ad fire fightig. 34 The Regulatios are eforced by the fire authorities ad apply to all workplaces as defied i the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2, uless they are specifically metioed i the 1997 Regulatios 32 as a excepted workplace. 35 Before these Regulatios came ito force, outdoor storage areas for flammable liquids were ot ecessarily covered by existig fire precautio legislatio, ie the Fire Precautios Act 1971 31 ad the Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulatios 1976 33. I such circumstaces the requiremet for adequate geeral fire precautios came uder the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2 ad were eforced by HSE or local authorities. Fire Services Act 1947 37 36 The purpose of the Act is to esure the provisio of a efficiet UK wide emergecy service. It details the requiremets for the structure of the service, the duties ad powers of fire authorities ad measures to secure the availability of a adequate water supply i the evet of fire. Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2 37 This Act is cocered with the health, safety ad welfare of people at work, ad with protectig those who are ot at work (members of the public etc) from risks to their health ad safety arisig from work activities. The Act ad its relevat statutory provisios cover the storage ad use of explosives ad highly flammable or otherwise dagerous substaces. The geeral duties i sectios 2 to 4 ad 6 to 8 of the Act apply to all work activities covered by this guidace book. 38 The Act is eforced either by HSE or by local authorities depedig o the type of premises as determied by the Health ad Safety (Eforcig Authority) Regulatios 1989 56. Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 17 39 These Regulatios brig ito force the EC Safety Sigs Directive (92/58/ EEC) o the provisio ad use of safety sigs at work. They cover various meas of commuicatig health ad safety iformatio. They require employers to provide specific safety sigs wheever there is a risk that has ot bee avoided or cotrolled by other meas, for example by egieerig cotrols ad safe systems of work. 40 They apply to all places ad activities where people are employed, but exclude sigs ad labels used i coectio with the supply of substaces, The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 44 of 59

Health ad Safety products ad equipmet or the trasport of dagerous goods. Guidace o these Regulatios is available i a HSE publicatio 57. Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3 41 These Regulatios apply whe liquids which have a flashpoit of less tha 32 C ad which support combustio (whe tested i the prescribed maer) are preset at premises subject to the Factories Act 1961 53. 42 The Regulatios iclude provisios for these highly flammable liquids relatig to: precautios to be take durig storage; precautios to be take agaist spills ad leaks; cotrols for sources of igitio i areas where accumulatios of vapours may occur; meas to prevet the escape of vapours; dispersal of dagerous cocetratios of vapours; ad cotrols o smokig. Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992 1 43 These Regulatios require employers ad the self-employed to assess the risks to workers ad others who may be affected by their udertakigs, so that they ca decide what measures eed to be take to comply with health ad safety law. 44 These Regulatios go o to require you to implemet appropriate arragemets for maagig health ad safety. Health surveillace (where appropriate), emergecy plaig, ad the provisio of iformatio ad traiig are also icluded. A Approved Code of Practice 22 gives guidace o these Regulatios. Notificatio of Istallatios Hadlig Hazardous Substaces Regulatios 1982 58 45 These Regulatios, kow as the NIHHS Regulatios, require premises with specified quatities of particular substaces, such as 10 000 toes or more of flammable liquids with a flashpoit of less tha 21 C, to be otified to HSE. 46 Followig the Plaig (Hazardous Substaces) Act 1990 59 ad Regulatios 1992 60, the presece of NIHHS Schedule 1 substaces ad quatities, together with some from CIMAH Schedule 3 40, o, over or uder lad requires coset from hazardous substaces authorities. Similar provisios also apply i Scotlad. Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1992 61 (to be replaced by the Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998). 47 These Regulatios aim to esure the provisio of safe work equipmet ad its safe use. They iclude geeral duties coverig the selectio of suitable equipmet, maiteace, iformatio, istructios ad traiig, ad they also address the eed for equipmet to be able to cotrol selected hazards. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 45 of 59

Health ad Safety 48 Regulatio 12 is particularly relevat to equipmet associated with flammable liquids. It requires employers to esure that people usig work equipmet are ot exposed to hazards arisig from: equipmet catchig fire or overheatig; the uiteded or premature discharge of ay liquid or vapour; or the uiteded or premature explosio of the work equipmet or ay substace used or stored i it. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 46 of 59

Health ad Safety Appedix 2 Fire-resistig structures 1 HM Chief Ispector of Factories has issued Certificate of Approval No 1 for storerooms, process cabiets or eclosures, workrooms, cupboards, bis, ducts ad casigs, which are required to be fire-resistig uder the Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 3. The mai requiremets for cabiets, eclosures, storerooms, ducts ad casigs are summarised below. These should form the basis for costructio of fire-resistig eclosures, whether or ot the specific Regulatios apply. 2 Cupboards, bis, cabiets ad similar eclosures The materials used to costruct each side, top, floor, door ad lid should: 62 if tested i accordace with BS 476 Parts 20 ad 22 (or previously Part 8) be capable of satisfyig the itegrity requiremet of that test for at least 30 miutes; provide a iteral surface to the eclosure with a surface spread of flame ad heat release classificatio of Class 0 (as defied i Approved Documet B 63 issued i coectio with the Buildig Regulatios 1991 64 ); be fasteed together i such a maer, usig fasteigs (icludig ay higes) that are of high meltig poit (i excess of 750 C), that: 62 the etire eclosure, if tested i accordace with BS 476 Parts 20 ad 22 (or previously Part 8), would ot come apart for at least 30 miutes; the joits are made, boded or fire-stopped to prevet or retard the passage of flame ad hot gases; the structure is sufficietly robust that its itegrity will ot be impaired by ay reasoably foreseeable accidetal impact;. be sufficietly durable that if coated with residues from ay spillages, that these ca be removed without impairig the structure s fire resistace. 3 Storerooms The followig requiremets do ot apply to exteral doors, exteral widows ad exteral walls, ay opeig provided for vetilatio, or ay tops or ceiligs of siglestorey buildigs ad top-floor rooms, uless these compoets are withi the separatio distaces to the vulerable features previously specified (see sectio o Separatio) ad ot otherwise protected: Every eclosig elemet, that is to say every wall (icludig every door or widow therei), floor (other tha a floor immediately above the groud), ad ay ceilig plus its associated floor, should if tested i accordace with BS 476 62 Parts 20 ad 22, ad as appropriate Part 21 (or previously Part 8) be capable of satisfyig the itegrity ad isulatio requiremets of the test, ad as relevat the load-bearig capacity requiremet. The iteral surfaces of all walls ad ceilig/roof should be capable of achievig at least Class 1 if tested i accordace with BS 476 62 Part 7 (surface spread of flame). Doors should be self-closig from ay positio. Joits betwee elemets of costructio should be made, boded or fire- stopped to prevet or retard the passage of flame ad hot gases. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 47 of 59

Health ad Safety The structure should be sufficietly robust that its fire resistace will ot be impaired by ay reasoably foreseeable accidetal impact. The materials of costructio used should be sufficietly durable that if coated with residues from ay spillages, that these ca be removed without impairig the storeroom s fire resistace. 4 Ducts, truks ad casigs Ducts, truks ad casigs should be such that if tested i accordace with BS 476 62 Parts 20 ad 22 (or previously Part 8) they would be capable of satisfyig the itegrity requiremet of that test for at least 30 miutes. They should provide a iteral surface to the eclosure with a surface spread of flame ad heat release classificatio of Class 0 (as defied i Approved Documet B 63 issued i coectio with the Buildig Regulatios 1991 64 ). They should be supported ad fasteed i such a maer, usig supports ad fasteigs that are of high meltig poit (i excess of 750 C) that: 62 the structure plus its supports, if tested i accordace with BS 476 Parts 20 ad 22 (or previously Part 8) would ot collapse or come apart for at least 30 miutes; the joits are made, boded or fire-stopped to prevet or retard the passage of flame ad hot gases; the structure is sufficietly robust that its itegrity will ot be impaired by ay reasoably foreseeable accidetal impact. They should be sufficietly durable that if coated with residues, that these ca be removed without impairig the structure s fire resistace. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 48 of 59

Health ad Safety Appedix 3 Hazardous area classificatio 1 The first approach should always be to cotrol the storage ad use of flammable materials so as to miimise the extet of ay hazardous area. 2 The cocept of hazardous area classificatio has, i the past, bee used solely as the basis for selectig fixed electrical apparatus. However, it ca also be used to help elimiate potetial igitio sources, icludig portable electrical equipmet, vehicles, hot surfaces, etc, from flammable atmospheres. 3 Advice o classifyig hazardous areas ca be foud i BS EN 60079-10: 1996 65. 4 Hazardous areas are classified ito three types of zoe: Zoe 0, Zoe 1 ad Zoe 2, which are three-dimesioal spaces i which flammable cocetratios of vapours may be preset. 5 The higher the zoe umber the lower the likelihood that a flammable vapour will exist withi the zoe. 6 Electrical equipmet suitable for use i Zoe 0 is produced to a higher specificatio (that is, it is less likely to produce a icedive spark o failure) tha that suitable for use i Zoe 1, which i tur is produced to a higher stadard tha that for use i Zoe 2. 7 The aim is to reduce to a acceptable miimum level the probability of a flammable atmosphere coicidig with a electrical or other source of igitio. The three zoes are defied as follows: Zoe 0 A area i which a explosive gas-air mixture is cotiuously preset, or preset for log periods. A Zoe 0 classificatio applies to eclosed spaces which are likely to cotai a flammable vapour cotiuously or for log periods. Examples might iclude the iside of process vessels ad storage cotaiers. It may also apply i the immediate viciity of exposed liquid surfaces ad durig cotiuous releases of flammable material. Zoe 1 A area i which a explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur i ormal operatio. A Zoe 1 classificatio may be appropriate if either of the followig apply: The area cotais plat which may, i ormal operatio, release sufficiet flammable material to create a hazard. The area fulfils the requiremets for Zoe 2 but the vetilatio or draiage is iadequate for esurig that a flammable atmosphere is quickly dispersed. This is likely to apply to pits, treches ad similar depressios i the case of heavier-tha-air vapours ad to eclosed roof spaces for lighter-tha-air vapours. Zoe 2 A area i which a explosive gas-air mixture is ot likely to occur i ormal The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 49 of 59

Health ad Safety operatio, ad if it does occur, will exist oly for a short time. A Zoe 2 classificatio ca be applied if all of the followig are satisfied: I ormal operatio, there is o flammable liquid i direct cotact with the surroudig atmosphere. The plat cocered is costructed, istalled ad maitaied so as to prevet, i ormal operatio, the release of sufficiet flammable material to create a hazard. The area is well eough vetilated ad draied to disperse ay flammable atmosphere quickly i the evet of a release, so that ay cotact with electrical apparatus is oly for a brief period. Areas outside of these zoes are defied as o-hazardous. Idoor storage Key Zoe 2 Outdoor storage Figure 14 Typical hazardous area classificatio 8 It is good practice to draw up a pla which shows the extet of each zoe. This will vary with the layout of the buildig, the desig of the plat, vetilatio ad the type of materials hadled. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 50 of 59

Health ad Safety 9 Further advice is available i idustry codes, BS EN 60079-10: 1996 65 ad the Istitute of Petroleum area classificatio code 66. 10 Table 2 below describes a typical area classificatio for cotaiers holdig liquids with a flashpoit less tha 32 C. The table gives geeral guidace oly, as local coditios (particularly with regard to vetilatio coditios) should always be take ito accout whe carryig out a classificatio exercise. Table 2 Typical area classificatio for cotaiers holdig liquids with a flashpoit less tha 32 C Item Extet of area Classificatio Storerooms Every part* Zoe 2 ad buildigs Cupboards ad Every part Zoe 2 bis Ope-air storage Vertically to 1 m Zoe 2 areas above top of highest cotaier, ad horizotally to 1 m beyod bud or sill * Note: For rooms ad buildigs which are well vetilated, areas more tha 2 metres above the top of the highest cotaier ca be cosidered safe areas. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 51 of 59

Health ad Safety Refereces ad further readig Refereces 1 Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992 SI 1992/2051 HMSO 1992 ISBN 0 11 025051 6 2 Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Ch 37 HMSO 1974 ISBN 0 10 543774 3 3 The Highly Flammable Liquids ad Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulatios 1972 SI 1972/917 HMSO 1972 ISBN 0 11 020917 6 4 5 steps to risk assessmet INDG163 HSE Books 1994 ISBN 0 7176 0904 9 5 The Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) Regulatios 1994 SI 1994/3247 HMSO 1994 ISBN 0 11 043877 9 as ameded by The Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) (Amedmet) Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/1092 HMSO 1996 ISBN 0 11 054570 2 ad The Chemicals (Hazard Iformatio ad Packagig for Supply) (Amedmet) Regulatios 1997 SI 1997/1460 HMSO 1997 ISBN 0 11 063750 X 6 Evirometal Protectio Act 1990 HMSO 1990 ISBN 0 10 544390 5 7 The storage of flammable liquids i fixed taks HSG176 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1470 0 8 The Food ad Eviromet Protectio Act 1985 Part 3 Ch 48 HMSO 1985 ISBN 0 10 544885 0 9 The Cotrol of Pesticides Regulatios 1986 SI 1986/1510 HMSO 1986 ISBN 0 11 067510 X as ameded by The Cotrol of Pesticides (Amedmet) Regulatios 1997 SI 1997/188 HMSO 1997 ISBN 0 11 063695 3 10 The Plat Protectio Products Regulatios 1995 SI 1995/887 HMSO 1995 ISBN 0 11 052865 4 11 The Plat Protectio Products (Basic Coditios) Regulatios 1997 SI 1997/189 HMSO 1997 ISBN 0 11 063694 5 12 Code of Practice for suppliers of pesticides to agriculture, horticulture ad forestry. Food ad Eviromet Protectio Act 1985 Part III Miistry of Agriculture, Fisheries ad Food 1990 (The Yellow Code) 13 Guidace o storig pesticides for farmers ad other professioal users AIS16 HSE Books 1996 14 The Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 1994 SI 1994/3246 HMSO 1994 ISBN 0 11 043721 7 15 Geeral COSHH ACOP (Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health), ad Carcioges ACOP (Cotrol of Carciogeic Substaces) ad Biological Agets ACOP (Cotrol of Biological Agets). Cotrol of Substaces Hazardous to Health Regulatios 1994. Approved Codes of Practice L5 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1308 9 The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 52 of 59

Health ad Safety 16 Carriage of Dagerous Goods (Classificatio, Packagig ad Labellig) ad Use of Trasportable Pressure Receptacles Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/2092 HMSO 1996 ISBN 0 11 062923 X 17 Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/341 HMSO 1996 ISBN 0 11 054093 X 18 Dagerous Substaces (Notificatio ad Markig of Sites) Regulatios 1990 SI 1990/304 HMSO 1990 ISBN 0 11 003304 3 19 Maagig cotractors: a guide for employers HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1196 5 20 HSC Oil Idustry Advisory Committee Guidace o permit-to-work systems i the petroleum idustry 3rd editio HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1281 3 21 Permit-to-work systems INDG98 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1331 3 22 Maagemet of health ad safety at work. Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1992. Approved Code of Practice L21 HSE Books 1992 ISBN 0 7176 0412 8 23 Code of practice for vetilatio priciples ad desigig for atural vetilatio BS 5925: 1991 24 The Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989 SI 1989/635 HMSO 1989 ISBN 0 11 096635 X 25 Electrical istallatios i potetially explosive gas atmospheres (other tha mies) BS EN 60079-14 (also published uder the same title as Iteratioal Stadard IEC 79-14) 26 Electricity ad flammable substaces: a short guide for small busiesses Istitutio of Chemical Egieers 1989 ISBN 0 85 295250 3 27 The Equipmet ad Protective Systems Iteded for Use i Potetially Explosive Atmospheres Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/192 HMSO 1996 ISBN 0 11 053999 0 28 Lift trucks i potetially flammable atmospheres HSG113 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 0706 2 29 The safe use ad hadlig of flammable liquids HSG140 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 0967 7 30 Chemical warehousig: the storage of packaged dagerous substaces HSG71 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1484 0 31 Fire Precautios Act 1971 Ch 40 HMSO 1971 ISBN 0 10 544071 X 32 The Fire Precautios (Workplace) Regulatios 1997 SI 1997/1840 HMSO 1997 ISBN 0 11 064738 6 33 Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulatios 1976 SI 1976/2003 HMSO 1976 ISBN 0 11 062003 8 34 Fire precautios i the desig, costructio ad use of buildigs. Guide to fire safety codes of practice for particular premises/applicatios BS 5588: Part 0 1996 The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 53 of 59

Health ad Safety 35 Fire safety sigs, otices ad graphic symbols. Fire safety sigs BS 5499: Part 1 1990 36 Portable fire extiguishers BS EN 3 (6 parts) 37 Fire Services Act 1947 Ch 41 HMSO 1947 ISBN 0 10 850109 4 38 The cotrol of fire-water ru-off from CIMAH sites to prevet evirometal damage EH70 HSE Books 1995 ISBN 0 7176 0990 1 39 Costructio Idustry Research ad Iformatio Associatio Desig of cotaimet systems for the prevetio of water pollutio from idustrial icidets Report/IP/21 CIRIA December 1996 40 The Cotrol of Idustrial Major Accidet Hazards Regulatios 1984 SI 1984/1902 HMSO 1984 ISBN 0 11 047902 5 41 The Cotrol of Idustrial Major Accidet Hazards Regulatios 1984 (CIMAH). Further guidace o emergecy plas HSG25 HSE Books 1985 ISBN 0 11 883831 8 42 Approved carriage list: iformatio approved for the carriage of dagerous goods by road ad rail other tha explosives ad radioactive material L90 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 1223 6 43 Approved requiremets ad test methods for the classificatio ad packagig of dagerous goods for carriage L88 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 1221 X 44 The Carriage of Dagerous Goods by Road Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/2095 HMSO 1996 ISBN 0 11 062926 4 45 The Carriage of Dagerous Goods by Rail Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/2089 HMSO 1996 ISBN 0 11 062919 1 46 Approved supply list. Iformatio approved for the classificatio ad labellig of substaces ad preparatios dagerous for supply CHIP 96 L76 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 1116 7 47 Approved guide to the classificatio ad labellig of substaces ad preparatios dagerous for supply - CHIP 97 L100 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1366 6 48 Safety datasheets for substaces ad preparatios dagerous for supply. Guidace o Regulatio 6 of the CHIP Regulatios 1994. Approved Code of Practice L62 HSE Books 1990 ISBN 0 7176 0859 X 49 CHIP 2 for everyoe HSG126 HSE Books 1995 ISBN 0 7176 0857 3 50 A guide to the Cotrol of Idustrial Major Accidet Hazards Regulatios 1984 HSR21 HSE Books 1990 ISBN 0 11 885579 4 51 Notificatio ad markig of sites. The Dagerous Substaces (Notificatio ad Markig of Sites) Regulatios 1990 HSR29 HSE Books 1990 ISBN 0 11 885435 6 52 Memoradum of guidace o the Electricity at Work Regulatios 1989 HSR25 HSE Books 1989 ISBN 0 11 883963 2 53 Factories Act 1961 Ch 34 HMSO 1961 ISBN 0 10 850027 6 The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 54 of 59

Health ad Safety 54 Guidace o geeral fire precautios at premises subject to the Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulatios 1976 HSE Books 1990 ISBN 0 7176 0793 3 55 Fire Precautios Act 1971. Guide to fire precautios i existig places of work that require a fire certificate. Factories, offices, shops ad railway premises HMSO 1993 ISBN 0 11 341079 4 56 The Health ad Safety (Eforcig Authority) Regulatios 1989 SI 1989/1903 HMSO 1989 ISBN 0 11 097903 6 57 Safety sigs ad sigals. The Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996. Guidace o Regulatios L64 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 0870 0 58 The Notificatio of Istallatios Hadlig Hazardous Substaces Regulatios 1982 SI 1982/1357 HMSO 1982 ISBN 0 11 027357 5 59 Plaig (Hazardous Substaces) Act 1990 HMSO 1990 ISBN 0 10 541090 X 60 Plaig (Hazardous Substaces) Regulatios 1992 SI 1992/656 HMSO 1992 ISBN 0 11 023656 4 61 The Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1992 SI 1992/2932 HMSO 1992 ISBN 0 11 025849 5 (to be replaced by the Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998). 62 Fire tests o buildig materials ad structures BS 476 (i various parts) 63 The Buildigs Regulatios 1991. Fire safety: Approved Documet B HMSO 1992 ISBN 0 11 752313 5 64 The Buildig Regulatios 1991 SI 1991/2768 HMSO 1991 ISBN 0 11 015887 3 65 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres. Part 10: Classificatio of hazardous area BS EN 60079-10: 1996 66 Istitute of Petroleum Area classificatio code for petroleum istallatios: model code of safe practice i the petroleum idustry part 15 Wiley 1990 ISBN 0 47 192160 2 (uder revisio) Further readig Code of practice for accommodatio of buildig services i ducts BS 8313: 1997 Code of practice for fire precautios i the chemical ad allied idustries BS 5908: 1990 Safety sigs ad colours BS 5378 (i three parts) Code of practice for the recovery of flammable solvets Chemical Idustries Associatio 1977 Idustrial ad process fire safety. Occupacy fire safety Compedium of fire safety data volume 2 Fire Protectio Associatio 1986 Fire safety i the pritig idustry HSE Books 1992 ISBN 0 11 886375 4 The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 55 of 59

Health ad Safety Dispesig petrol: Assessig ad cotrollig the risk of fire ad explosio at sites where petrol is stored ad dispesed as a fuel HSG146 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 1048 9 Evaporatig ad other oves HSG16 HSE Books 1981 ISBN 0 11 883433 9 Formula for health ad safety: Guidace for small ad medium-sized firms i the chemical idustry HSG166 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 0996 0 Health ad safety i motor vehicle repair HSG67 HSE Books 1991 ISBN 0 11 885671 5 The loadig ad uloadig of bulk flammable liquids ad gases at harbours ad ilad waterways GS40 HSE Books 1986 ISBN 0 11 883931 4 (uder revisio) Occupatioal exposure limits EH40/98 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1474 3 Safe workig with flammable substaces INDG227 HSE Books 1996 ISBN 0 7176 1154 X Solvets ad you INDG252 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1391 7 Sprayig of highly flammable liquids HSG178 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1483 2 The cleaig ad gas freeig of taks cotaiig flammable residues CS15 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1365 8 The storage ad hadlig of orgaic peroxides CS21 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 2403 X Fire ad hazardous substaces Library of fire safety volume 2 Loss Prevetio Coucil 1994 ISBN 0 902167 61 8 Guide to fire safety sigs Library of fire safety volume 4 Loss Prevetio Coucil 1996 ISBN 0 902167 87 1 Recommedatios for the storage ad use of flammable liquids. Part 1: Geeral priciples RC 20A Loss Prevetio Coucil May 1997 Recommedatios for the storage ad use of flammable liquids. Part 2: Storage of flammable liquids i drums, cas ad other cotaiers RC 20B Loss Prevetio Coucil May 1997 Code of practice o fire stadards for ew sigle-storey maturatio storages withi the Scotch whisky idustry Scotch Whisky Associatio 1985 (kow as the Red book) The bulk storage ad hadlig of high stregth potable alcohol HSE 1990 The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 56 of 59

Health ad Safety Glossary Ambiet: ambiet temperature is the temperature of a immediate locality. Auto-igitio temperature: the miimum temperature at which a material will igite spotaeously uder specified test coditios. Also referred to as the miimum igitio temperature. Bud: the raised perimeter of a area used to cotai ad prevet the spreadig of liquids. Combustible: capable of burig i air whe igited. Eforcig authority: the authority with resposibility for eforcig the Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 19742 ad other relevat statutory provisios. Fire resistace: the ability of a material, product, assembly or structure to fulfil, for a stated period of time, the required stability agaist the passage of flame ad hot gases, ad if additioally specified, thermal isulatio ad/or load-bearig capacity i a stadard fire resistace test. See Appedix 2. Fire wall: a imperforate wall, scree or partitio capable of affordig at least 30 miutes fire resistace, if tested i accordace with BS 47662 agaist the passage of flame or heat. Flammable: capable of burig with a flame. See paragraphs 9-12 for the defiitio of flammable liquid used i this guidace. Flammable rage: the cocetratio of a flammable vapour i air fallig betwee the upper ad lower explosio limits. Flashpoit: the miimum temperature at which a liquid, uder specific test coditios, gives off sufficiet flammable vapour to igite mometarily o the applicatio of a igitio source. Hazard: is the dispositio of a thig, a coditio or a situatio to cause ijury. The ijury of cocer is physical ijury ad/or ill health to people, though this may be accompaied by harm to property ad the eviromet. Hazardous area: a area where flammable or explosive gas or vapour-air mixtures (ofte referred to as explosive gas-air mixtures) are, or may be expected to be, preset i quatities which require special precautios to be take agaist the risk of igitio. See Appedix 3. Icedive: havig sufficiet eergy to igite a flammable mixture. Iterceptor (also kow as Separator): a device istalled i a surface water draiage system to separate out ay immiscible solvets ad thus prevet them from reachig public drais, sewers or water courses. Lower explosio limit (LEL): the miimum cocetratio of vapour i air below which propagatio of a flame will ot occur i the presece of a igitio source. Also referred to as the lower flammable limit or lower explosive limit. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 57 of 59

Health ad Safety No-combustible material: a material which: is totally iorgaic, such as cocrete, fired clay, ceramic, masory, plaster or steel/steel alloy; 62 if tested to BS 476 Part 11: 1982, does ot flame or causes ay rise i temperature o either the cetre (specime) or furace thermocouples; ad 62 is classified as o-combustible uder BS 476 Part 4: 1970. Reasoably practicable: the degree of risk i a particular job or workplace eeds to be balaced agaist the time, trouble, cost ad physical difficulty of takig measures to avoid or reduce the risk. Measures must be take to elimiate or cotrol the risks uless it is clear that the cost of doig so is grossly disproportioate to the level of risk. However the ability to pay for additioal cotrol measures is ot a decidig factor as to whether they are ecessary. Risk: is the chace of somethig adverse happeig where somethig refers to a particular cosequece of the maifestatio of a hazard. Risk assessmet: the process of idetifyig the hazards preset i ay udertakig (whether arisig from work activities or other factors) ad those likely to be affected by them, ad of evaluatig the extet of the risks ivolved, bearig i mid whatever precautios are already beig take. Ullage space: the free space betwee the fluid level ad the top of its cotaier, to allow for expasio. Upper explosio limit (UEL): the maximum cocetratio of vapour i air above which the propagatio of a flame will ot occur. Also referred to as the upper flammable limit or upper explosive limit. Vapour: the gaseous phase released by evaporatio from a material that is a liquid at ormal temperatures ad pressure. Viscosity: the degree to which a fluid teds to resist relative motio withi itself. Examples of viscous fluids are treacle ad heavy fuel oils. Zoe: the classified part of a hazardous area, represetig the probability of a flammable vapour (or gas) ad air mixture beig preset. See Appedix 3. The storage of flammable liquids i cotaiers Page 58 of 59

Health ad Safety Further iformatio For iformatio about health ad safety rig HSE s Ifolie Tel: 0845 345 0055 Fax: 0845 408 9566 Textphoe: 0845 408 9577 e-mail: hse.ifolie@atbrit.com or write to HSE Iformatio Services, Caerphilly Busiess Park, Caerphilly CF83 3GG. HSE priced ad free publicatios ca be viewed olie or ordered from www.hse.gov.uk or cotact HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA Tel: 01787 881165 Fax: 01787 313995. HSE priced publicatios are also available from bookshops. British Stadards ca be obtaied i PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI olie shop: www.bsigroup.com/shop or by cotactig BSI Customer Services for hard copies oly Tel: 020 8996 9001 e-mail: cservices@bsigroup.com. The Statioery Office publicatios are available from The Statioery Office, PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Tel: 0870 600 5522 Fax: 0870 600 5533 e-mail: customer.services@tso.co.uk Website: www.tso.co.uk (They are also available from bookshops.) Statutory Istrumets ca be viewed free of charge at www.opsi.gov.uk. Published by HSE 02/10 Page 59 of 59