Contents. Information management 67 GIS-services... 67

Contents Bedrock and raw materials 1 Bedrock mapping.................................... 1 Aerogeophysics..................................... 5 Modelling of bedrock in Finland............................ 7 Development of mineral exploration.......................... 13 Archaean greenstone belts and associated ore genesis, especially exploration of nickel and gold deposits.............................. 17 Layered intrusions in Northern Finland, their ore potential and early Proterozoic evolution of the crust................................. 19 Exploration of Outokumpu-type and other massive sulfide deposits and early evolution of Svecofennian orogeny........................... 20 Exploration of Proterozoic nickel and gold deposits and tectonomagmatic evolution of orogenic belts................................. 22 Studies of industrial minerals, especially exploration for kaolin, talc, carbonate rocks, ilmenite and diamonds.............................. 24 Studies of building stones and rock aggregates..................... 26 Regional gravity surveys................................ 28 Quaternary deposits and raw materials 30 Mapping of Quaternary deposits............................ 30 Inventory and studies of peat.............................. 33 Ground water studies.................................. 36 Inventory of sand and gravel deposits.......................... 37 Research and development of Quaternary deposits................... 38 Environmental geology 43 Distribution and mobility of elements and chemical compounds in the ground.... 43 Environmental geology in land use........................... 46 Raw material resources and the environment...................... 51 Contaminated areas................................... 56 State and changes of environment........................... 58 Information management 67 GIS-services....................................... 67 i

Development of communication............................ 68 Geomathematics..................................... 69 Data management.................................... 71 Supporting services 73............................................. 73 Name Index....................................... 77 Keyword Index..................................... 83 Geographical Area Index................................ 89 Project Code Index................................... 93 ii

Bedrock and raw materials Bedrock mapping BEDROCK MAPPING OF THE SCHIST BELT IN WESTERN FIN- LAND Project leader: Lehtonen, Matti I. Project code: 2101000 Project team: Lahti, Seppo; Lehtonen, Arja; Mäkitie, Hannu; Pihlaja, Pekka; Virransalo, Petri; Gustafsson Torbjörn; Karttunen, Ritva; Kujala, Hannu; Torssonen, Markus; Turunen, Tuomo Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: cont. areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; schist belts; orbicular rocks; diabase; impact craters; meteor craters Geographical area: Western Finland Province; South Ostrobothnia; Satakunta; Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Kanta-Häme The project includes four separate subprojects : 1) Bedrock mapping of the schist belt of southern Pohjanmaa, 2) Bedrock mapping of the Satakunta area, 3) Standardisation of the geological maps of southern Finland and 4) Special studies. The aim of the subproject Bedrock mapping of the schist belt of southern Pohjanmaa (1994-1999) is to collect bedrock data especially for the support of mineral exploration within the area surrounding Vaasa and along a coastal strip 100 km long and 50 km wide to the south of Vaasa. Due to its short duration, the mapping is of necessity reconnaissance in nature and therefore relies heavily in interpretation of geophysical data. The subproject Bedrock mapping of the Satakunta area forms a part of the ongoing 1:100 000 scale geological mapping program of the GTK. Preparation of the map explanations for the Pori (1143) and Luvia (1141) map sheets and mapping of the Mäntyluoto (1142) and Kankaanpää (1144) map sheets are in progress. The aim of the Standardisation of the geological maps in Southern Finland (1998 -) is to assess the needs and the required work to update the maps by classifying them through their quality. The subproject Special studies includes studies of various subjects, including 1) studies of 1

Bedrock and raw materials Finnish orbicular rocks with the aim to gather the present knowledge of these rocks for a special publication. Specimens of orbicular rock have been collected from known and new localities (75) for the museum, and detailed petrographic studies and geochemical analyses have been made. The publication will include a description of each occurrence and the summary will describe the occurrence, mineralogy, geochemistry, classification and the glacial transport of the orbicular rocks. 2) The study of the Sääksjärvi meteorite crater (1987 -). In winter 2000 a 204 meters deep was drilled through the impact formation in order to aquire a complete sample series from the formation. GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL DATA ON WEAKNESS ZONES OF BEDROCK FOR BUILDING CLASSIFICATION AND ROCK ENGI- NEERING Project leader: Pajunen, Matti Project code: 4101005 Project team: Airo, Meri-Liisa; Koistinen, Tapio; Korsman, Kalevi; Suominen, Veli; Vaarma, Markus; Nironen, Mikko; Elminen, Tuija; Lindqvist, Kristian; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Ahlsved, Christer; Lampio, Eero; Wennerström, Marit; Wasenius, Pekka; Niemelä, Reijo; Lindh, Anneli; Paananen, Markku; Virransalo, Petri; Ojamo, Heli Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1999... 2000 structural geology; bedrock; shear zones; joints; faults; block structures; engineering geology maps; three-dimensional models; urban environment Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Helsinki; Espoo; Vantaa The three-years TEKES project of the Geological Survey of Finland "Geological-geophysical data on weakness zones of bedrock for building classification and rock engineering" was planned to carry the present geological and geophysical knowledge on evolution of our Precambrian bedrock into use of infra structural planning and building. For example, genesis of shear and fracturing zones are strongly connected to structural evolution of the crust. The properties of the zones differ remarkably according to their age. Thus, the zones have an important control on the mechanical properties of rock masses, and this is important when planning utilization of bedrock. The bedrock structures also have an effect on overlying quaternary sequences, for example, on thicknesses and characteristic of loose sediments that is important in underground building. The purpose of the modelling project is to develop a consistent terminology and to systematize and analyze information and data collected from the bedrock so it can be utilized in geological-technical applications. The project will also require development of a method to convert geological information into numerical information for use in database applications, for building classification systems and produce scientific-technical maps. Results of the study will have great importance in underground building, environmental services and 2

Bedrock and raw materials other industrial activities. The project will be require extensive co-operation between research and engineering geologists. The research area in the most tightly populated Helsinki - Espoo - Vantaa area. THE KAINUU-OUTOKUMPU -PROJECT Project leader: Paavola, Jorma Project code: 2101001 Project team: Heino, Timo; Kontinen, Asko; Eskelinen, Jukka; Mäkelä, Antti Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2005-12-31 Int. collaborators: Leeds University, UK; Maryland University, USA areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; stratigraphy; structural geology; schist belts; ophiolite; mineral deposits, genesis Geographical area: Oulu Province; Kainuu; Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; North Karelia The Kainuu-Outokumpu -project started in 1992 and the first phase ended in 1998. So far emphasis has been placed on bedrock mapping, which produces the primary data to be used in fundamental research, mineral exploration, evaluation of building and dimension stones as well as a part of the basis of the regional planning. During the first phase of the project a tectonostratigraphic map of the Kainuu Schist Belt (the zone between Rautavaara and Puolanka) was compiled, based on the results of long-term mapping and studies of the bedrock in the Kainuu and northern Savo areas. During the project the lithologic maps on the scale 1:100 000 of map-sheets Paltamo (3434), Kajaani (3431) and Rautavaara (3343) were published; the adjoining map-sheets Hyrynsalmi (3443), Sotkamo (3433), Nilsiä (3334), Lapinlahti (3332) and Iisalmi (3341) had been published earlier. In the course of the second phase of the project, the map-sheets Paltaniemi (3432), Vieremä (3342) and Laakajärvi (3344), with already completed field studies and Ylä-Luosta (4312), where mapping is still in progress, will be published. The study of the basaltic as well as the mantle sequence rocks of the ophiolite complexes in Kainuu, has produced significant scientific results published in international journals. Remarkable insights concerning the formation of the Outokumpu-type rock association and related ore deposits have been obtained, too. The origin, metasomatic alteration and metamorphism of the ophiolitic ultramafic rocks in North Karelia as well as the role of those processes generating the Outokumpu-type Cu-Zn-Co-ore deposits in the area are being studied in co-operation with scientists from Helsinki University, Outokumpu Mining Ltd. and other units of the GTK. The fundamental research aim is to develop a geological model and methods which could make it possible to delineate the most favourable zones for Outokumpu-type ore generation and the separate tectonically disrupted domains with the most probable ore formation inside the zones. >From the beginning of the second phase of the project (1999) a part of its capacity moved to the GEOMEX joint venture, where the know-how of the Outokumpu-association produced 3

Bedrock and raw materials in the project is applied to the practical exploration. Exploration of dimension stones in Mid- Finland will take yearly also a remarkable portion of personnel resources of the project, particularly during the field seasons. BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE SAVO REGION Project leader: Äikäs, Olli Project code: 2101002 Project team: Pääjärvi, Antti; Lukkarinen, Heikki; Kinnunen, Keijo; Luukkonen, Mauri Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1992... 2001 areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; Precambrian Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Etelä-Savo The main purpose of the project is to prepare lithologic maps at the scale 1:100 000 and accompanying explanatory notes on the Kuopio region, with emphasis on their relevance to application for local government and urban planning. The project includes map sheets Rautalampi (3223), Karttula (3224; explanation only), Suonenjoki (3241), Kuopio (3242), Siilinjärvi (3331) and Juankoski (3333). The project will be completed in 2001, with a supplementary report "Contributions to the bedrock of the Kuopio region in 2000+" to accompany the maps and their explanations. QUALITY SYSTEM IN BEDROCK MAPPING Project leader: Kesola, Reino Project code: 2101006 Project team: Paavola, Jorma; Lehtonen, Matti I.; Virransalo, Petri; Manninen, Tuomo; Kairakari, Hannu Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2000-12-31 quality systems; quality control; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps Geographical area: Finland COORDINATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN BEDROCK MAPPING Project leader: Kesola, Reino Project code: 2101009 Project team: Aatos, Soile; Koistinen, Tapio; Kousa, Jukka; Virransalo, Petri; Wennerström, Marit; Vallimies, Eija Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 2000-01-01... cont. bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; coordination 4

Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: Finland BEDROCK OF THE PULJU SCHIST BELT Project leader: Manninen, Tuomo Project code: 2101003 Project team: Nykänen, Vesa; Keinänen, Veikko; Lanne, Erkki; Aarrevaara, Jouni; Puljujärvi, Reijo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1997-01-01... 2000-12-31 bedrock; mapping; schist belts; greenstone belts; lithologic maps Geographical area: Lappi Province; Central Lapland; Kittilä; Sodankylä; Inari; Pulju The Pulju schist belt comprises a Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary succession which links the rocks of the Central Lapland greenstone belt with those on the Karasjok greenstone belt in northern Norway. A four-year geological mapping project was established in 1997 by GTK, in order to reveal the lithology and the lithostratigraphy of this still a largely unknown schist belt. The results of the work will be published as numeric maps and investigation reports. DIGITAL LITHOLOGICAL MAP OF NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Perttunen, Vesa Project code: 2101004 Project team: Väänänen, Jukka; Hanski, Eero; Puljujärvi, Reijo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1992-01-01... cont. areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; digital data; Precambrian Geographical area: Northern Finland; Lappi Province; Oulu Province Bedrock data from Northern Finland is collected into databases and geological maps with explanations are produced from the data. Aerogeophysics JOINT MAGNETIC ANOMALY MAPS OF FINLAND, ESTONIA AND NORTHWESTERN AREAS OF RUSSIA AT A SCALE OF 1:1 MILLION Project leader: Korhonen, Juha Project code: 510260209 Project team: Lehti, Aino Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics 5

Bedrock and raw materials Schedule: 1997... 2000 Int. collaborators: Geological Institute of the Technical University of Tallinn; Geological Survey of Estonia; Northwest Regional Geological Centre of Russia; State Company Mineral, Russian Federation areal geology; geophysical maps; magnetic survey maps; gravity survey maps; crust; petrophysics; data bases; interpretation; Baltic Shield Geographical area: Fennoscandia; Finland; Estonia; Russian Federation The aim of the project is to collect aeromagnetic 1 km x 1 km grids (DGRF-65 anomalies) in three areas (the Gulf of Finland and Surrounding Area, Central Finland - Karelia, and North Finland - Kola) and to compile magnetic anomaly maps at a scale of 1:1 million. The information will be completed by petrophysical information and Bouguer gravity grids of 5 km x 5 km, of which small scale maps will be drawn. Particulars of the data, details of the work and a regional interpretation of the information will be given in booklets. The data is governed by mutual data exchange agreements between the institutions. The results will be used in the compilation of digital magnetic and gravity maps of the Fennoscandian Shield at a scale of 1:1 million and corresponding databases. NATIONAL AEROGEOPHYSICAL MAPPING PROJECT Project leader: Kurimo, Maija Project code: 2102000 Project team: Airo, Meri-Liisa; Hautaniemi, Heikki; Leinonen, Veli; Ahrari, Bahaaddin; Eteläaho, Jukka; Fahlstèn, Iiris; Halonen, Olli; Jäntti, Tuula; Kauranne, Matti; Koskinen, Teemu; Matikainen, Tarja; Nyman, Kai; Ojamo, Heli; Tolonen, Pirjo; Piispanen, Jouni; Sulkanen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Special Surveys Schedule: 1972... 2005 areal geology; geophysical surveys; airborne methods; mapping; magnetic methods; electromagnetic methods; radiometric methods; geophysical maps; digital data Geographical area: Finland; Western Finland Province; southern Pohjanmaa; Alavus; Central Finland; Suolahti; Southern Finland Province; Päijät-Häme; Lahti; Oulu Province; Pudasjärvi; Lappi Province; Vintilänkaira; Riisivaara Project s home page: http://www.gsf.fi/aerogeo/eng0.htm Geological Survey of Finland has carried out systematic aerogeophysical low-altitude surveys in Finland since 1972. The mean terrain clearance has been 30-40 meters and nominal line spacing 200 meters. Measured geophysical parameters are total magnetic field, electromagnetic field and earth s gamma radiation. The numerical data and maps are available. 6

Bedrock and raw materials QUALITY SYSTEMS IN AEROGEOPHYSICS AND MARINE GEOL- OGY Project leader: Multala, Jukka Project code: 2102001 Project team: Rantataro, Jyrki Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Special Surveys Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2002-12-31 quality control; quality systems; areal geology; geophysical surveys; airborne methods; mapping; geophysical maps; marine geology; marine geology maps Geographical area: Finland The objective of the project is to write Standard Operating Procedures for airborne surveys and acoustic-seismic soundings for marine geological surveys. Modelling of bedrock in Finland GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL MAPS OF THE FENNOSCAN- DIAN SHIELD AT A SCALE OF 1 : 2 MILLION Project leader: Koistinen, Tapio Project code: 2103006 Project team: Korsman, Kalevi; Ekdahl, Elias; Korhonen, Juha; Wennerström, Marit; Kuosmanen, Eira; Lindh, Anneli; Kousa, Jukka; Manninen, Tuomo; Lehtonen, Matti I.; Suominen, Veli; Vaasjoki, Matti; Säävuori, Heikki Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1996-04-01... 2001-12-31 Int. collaborators: Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU); Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); NWDNR, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation areal geology; geologic maps; lithologic maps; geophysical maps; Fennoscandian Shield; international cooperation Geographical area: Fennoscandia; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Russian Federation As an international work the Geological Map of the Fennoscandian Shield is compiled at a scale of 1 : 1 million, and will be edited and correlated between countries with the aim of its printing at a scale of 1 : 2 million. The printing will take place in 2001. The participating countries are Finland, Russia, Sweden and Norway. The whole international project is Geological and Geophysical Maps of the Fennoscandian Shield, in which the project leader is the international coordinator and the responsible person for the Geophysical part of the project is Juha Korhonen. 7

Bedrock and raw materials The project also includes other international activities related to different types of Geological Maps of the Fennoscandian Shield. At the moment they are participation in the activities of the Commission for the Geological Map of the world and the Sydnorden Project. EXPLANATIONS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF FINLAND (1 : 1 MILL.) Project leader: Korsman, Kalevi Project code: 2103005 Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2000 areal geology; geologic maps; lithologic maps; explanatory text; bedrock; guidebook; Precambrian Geographical area: Finland SVECOFENNIAN OROGENY Project leader: Korsman, Kalevi Project code: 2103002 Project team: Nironen, Mikko; Vaarma, Markus; Koistinen, Tapio; Lahtinen, Raimo; Suominen, Veli; Lindh, Anneli Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1997-01-01... 2002 Int. collaborators: Hensen, Australia; Powell, Australia; Holland, Australia; Harley, UK; Harte, UK; Hopgood, UK; Glebovitsky, Russian Federation; Guiraud, France; Pichavant, France; Raith, Germany; Kalt, Germany Proterozoic; Svecofennian; orogeny; lithosphere; bedrock; high-grade metamorphism; migmatization; Fennoscandian Shield Geographical area: Finland The Svecofennian Island Arc system is composed of tree or more arcs differing from each other in geochemistry and in tectono-metamorphic evolution. The Svecofennides can be divided into following units: Pyhäsalmi Primitive Island Arc (the age of volcanism 1.93-1.92Ga), Central Finland Continental Arc (the age of volcanism 1.904-1.889 Ga) and the Southern Finland Sedimentary Volcanic Complex (the age of volcanism 1.89-1.89Ga). The formation of the 2.06 Ga protolith for Svecofennian arc magmatism is based only on geochemical data and detrital zircon ages. The geotectonic model has been constructed by combining geophysical (seismic, electrical, gravimetric, thermal, magnetic, and petrophysical) and geological (lithological, structural, metamorphic, isotopic and geochemical) data. The tectonometamorphic evolution of the Svecofennides took place between 1.885-1.800 Ga and intense fluid activity caused melting and migmatisation at pressures between 4-5 kb. The high temperature metamorphism is not clearly associated with the emplacement of granitoid intrusions and only the post-tectonic or anorogenic rapakivi granites dated at 1.65-1.55 Ga 8

Bedrock and raw materials exhibit high temperature contact aureoles (T 800 C and P=2-3 kb). The migmatite area can be divided into two parts: a northern zone which is composed of psammitic paleosome with trondhjemitic leucosome and a southern zone which is characterized by pelitic paleosome and granitic neosome. The high temperature event in the trondhjemite zone ended 1.880 Ga ago and in the granite zone 1.800 Ga ago. The study of the Svecofennian Project focuses on solving the temporal and causal relationship between deformation, metamorphism, magmatism, evolution of ore bodies and on investigation the crustal thickness variation and the significance of crustal conductors. METALLOGENY AND GEOTECTONIC PROVINCES Project leader: Lahtinen, Raimo Project code: 2103003 Project team: Koistinen, Esko; Kojonen, Kari; Korhonen, Juha; Korkiakoski, Esko; Lestinen, Pekka; Nurmi, Pekka; O Brien, Hugh; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Peltonen, Petri; Puustinen, Kauko; Rasilainen, Kalevi; Saltikoff, Boris; Savolainen, Heimo; Tontti, Mikko; Kurki, Pirkko; Lindh, Anneli; Pajari-Saltikoff, Liisa; Toropainen, Esko Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2003 Int. collaborators: James Cook University, Australia; Michigan Technical University, USA; EGK, Estonia; Precambrian Institute, Russia; Natural History Museum, London; CANMET, Canada; BGR, Germany; University of Granada, Spain; VSEGEI, Norilsk Nickel, Russia; Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden; Pretoria University, MINTEK, South Africa; CSIRO, Western Mining, Australia; UN Economic and Social Council metallogeny; metallogenic provinces; metal ores; mineral deposits; genesis; tectonic controls; metallogenic maps; Precambrian Geographical area: Finland The project provides information, jointly with other GTK projects, on the geological setting of different types of mineral deposits in Finland, their relationship to host rock type and their tectonometamorphic evolution. Development of metallogenic models is based on intregration of both regional and detailed studies in areas where evaluation of both known and potential deposit types is ongoing. Deposit scale models constructed with empirical data are used to focus explorational visions and guide the resultant course of action, e.g., selecting an appropriate methodology. The project aims also at fulfilling needs of current research in operational exploration carried out by other GTK projects or private enterprises, mainly through detailed single deposit studies. Another main goal of the project is to promote mineral exploration in Finland by providing information on present and potential deposit types, host rocks, genetic models, and exploration indicators. Results will be distributed as reports and maps (also via the Internet) 9

Bedrock and raw materials and as publications. ISOTOPE GEOLOGY Project leader: Huhma, Hannu Project code: 2103004 Project team: Karhu, Juha; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Vaasjoki, Matti; Heikkinen, Lasse; Henttinen, Arja; Hokkanen, Tuula; Niemelä, Marita; Pulkkinen, Arto Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1998... 2005 Int. collaborators: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet/NORDSIM, Stockholm, Sweden; Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelig universitet, Trondheim; The Technical University of Tallinn, Estonia; Russian Science Academy, St. Petersburg; Russian Science Academy, Apatity; Wrangel Island State Reserve, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Virginia Tech, USA absolute age; U/Pb; Sm/Nd; Rb/Sr; Pb/Pb; stable isotopes; crust; bedrock; Precambrian; international cooperation Geographical area: Finland The principal aim is to study the age and origin of the crust in Finland. The methods used at GTK include U-Pb (mainly on zircon), Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, Pb-Pb and stable isotopes (O, C, H). There is also access to the joint Nordic SIMS (NORDSIM), which allows direct dating straight on zircon surface. Analyses of table isotopes are also used in environmental studies. The main strategy is to co-operate extensively with geologists at the GTK and at the Finnish universities, which promotes the utilization of isotope methods in a variety of major geological problems. LITHOSPHERIC GEOPHYSICS Project leader: Kukkonen, Ilmo Project code: 2103008 Project team: Plado, Jüri; Mertanen, Satu; Leino, Matti; Korja, Toivo; Laine, Tuula Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 1998... 2004 Int. collaborators: Science Academy of Czech; Technical University of Zurich, Switzerland; University of Granada, Spain; GFZ-Potsdam, Germany; University of Göttingen, Germany; University of Tarto, Estonia; University of St. Petersburg, Russian federation; University of Lund, Sweden; University of Paris, France; University of Wien, Austria; University of Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Canada; Science Academy of Russia; Science Academy of Ukraine; University of Munster, Germany; University of Arizona, USA; Europrobe/Svekalapko-project; NEDRA, Russian federation; ESF-impact program; IGCP project; ILP project; 10

Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: COPENA project; IUGG/IAGA project; EU/BASYS project; CNRS, France geophysical surveys; crust; lithosphere; temperature; heat flow; geothermal energy; paleomagnetism; impact craters; micrometeorites Fennoscandia; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Russian Federation; Estonia; Latvia; Ukraine The project on lithospheric geophysics concentrates on studies of geothermal, palaeomagnetic, electromagnetic characteristics of the lithosphere of Fennoscandia as well as studies on impact craters and micrometeorites in sedimentary rocks. The essential activities are related to (1) investigation of the thermal regime of the crust and mantle with the aid of borehole and laboratory measurements and theoretical modelling, (2) palaeomagnetic studies of the geological evolution and plate motion of the Fennoscandian Shield, and Quaternary palaeomagnetism, (3) impact crater and micrometeorites, and (4) deep electromagnetic studies of the Fennoscandian Shield. DEEP REFLECTION SEISMIC SOUNDING IN FINLAND Project leader: Kukkonen, Ilmo Project code: 2103000 Project team: Ekdahl, Elias; Lahtinen, Raimo; Korsman, Kalevi; Korhonen, Juha; Säävuori, Heikki; Elo, Seppo; Korja, Toivo; Virransalo, Petri; Suomela, Pekka Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 1998... 2005 Int. collaborators: Spetsgeofysika, Russian Federation; Mashinoexport, Russian Federation geophysical methods; deep seismic sounding; crust; structure; bedrock; interpretation; models Geographical area: Finland The aim of the project is to investigate the structure of the crust in Finland on several transects using reflection seismics during 2001-2005. The project is participated by the GTK, and the universities of Helsinki and Oulu.The transects will be chosen according to critical geoscientific evaluation, and special attention is paid to the major geotectonic units of the Precambrian in Finland, the expected seismic properties of bedrock on the transects as well as the metallogenic significance of the target areas. The field work will be carried out by the Russian company Spetgeofysika acting as a contractor. The funding of the project is divided between the Finnish organization TEKES, GTK, Academy of Finland, and the balance in trade between Finland and Russia. The final funding scheme is open at the moment. 11

Bedrock and raw materials In 2000 the aim is to carry out negotiations with the Russian representatives of the project and its technical and economic aspects. ESF IMPACT 2000 Project leader: Plado, Jüri Project code: 4103002 Project team: Elo, Seppo; Kivekäs, Liisa; Kujala, Hannu; Pihlaja, Pekka; Vaarma, Markus Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 1999... 2002 Int. collaborators: University of Munster, Germany geophysical methods; crust; structure; bedrock; shields; impact features; impact craters; meteor craters; symposia; international cooperation Geographical area: Finland The 4th workshop of the European Science Foundation IMPACT programme will be organised. It will take place in Lappajärvi, Finland, May 24-28, 2000, with a focus on characterisation of meteorite impact structures of all ages and sizes occurring in Precambrian shields. A post-workshop excursion with visits to Karikkoselkä and Sääksjärvi impact craters, and Satakunta sandstone which hosts the world s oldest micrometeorites, is planned. FOSSIL MICROMETEORITES AND METEORITE IMPACT EFFECTS IN ROCKS AND MINERALS Project leader: Plado, Jüri Project code: 510364657 Project team: Pihlaja, Pekka; Kujala, Hannu; Kivekäs, Liisa; Elo, Seppo; Kinnunen, Kari; Korhonen, Juha; Jokinen, Tarmo; Lehtonen, Marja; Marmo, Jukka Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 2000... 2004 Int. collaborators: University of Münster, Germany; University of Paris, France; Russian Science Academy; Bayreuth University; University of Witwatersrand; University of Tarto, Estonia; University of Vienna, Austria; Science Academy of Ukraine geophysical methods; meteorites; micrometeorites; crust; bedrock; impact features; impact craters; meteor craters; asteroids; Mars Geographical area: Scandinavia; Finland; Russian Federation; Ukraine; Siberia; Ghana Part I. Fossil Micrometeorites: The aim of the project is to study the origin, preservation and age of the fossil micrometeorites discovered in Finnish Proterozoic sediments such as in 12

Bedrock and raw materials Satakunta sandstone. These micrometeorites provide new evidence for the amount and type of extraterrestrial material influx on Earth (basic planetary aspect) but they also provide a new tool to estimate the ancient oxygen content during their atmospheric passage and melting. In the next years, we will extend our investigations from Satakunta sandstone (where the world oldest micrometeorites were discovered) into Muhos (ca. 1000 Ma) and Lauhavuori (ca. 800 Ma) sandstones in order to isolate new micrometeorites in these units. Analysis will be done partly in Muenster (D. Kettrup) and in Bayreuth and partly at GTK (Marja Lehtonen, Jukka Marmo). One Ph.D.-work (D. kettrup) is part of the project. In 2000 the first priorities are to further investigation of the Satakunta fossil micrometeorites (in co-operation with the University of Muenster),and in separating possible micrometeorites from the Lauhavuori and Muhos sandstones. Part II. Impact structures: The impact cratering in Fennoscandian Shield is analysed in international co-operation. In 2000 the first priorities are (i) detailed geological and geophysical investigations on several Finnish meteorite impact structures (Paasselkä, Saarijärvi, Lumparn, Söderfjärden, Sääksjärvi (drilling in 2000) and some other structures in neigboring countries (Jänisjärvi). Furthermore, joint international studies are ongoing concerning Bosumtwi (Ghana), Popigai (Siberia), Ilyinets (Ukraine), Vredefort impact craters. Impact diamonds are searched in all of these structures. The highlight of the year is the organization of the ESF-Impact Workshop in Lappajärvi, Finland. Part III. Meteorites: We will focus in understanding the magnetic properties of Martian meteorites since they provide unique data for future Mars mission and are internationally important. We will also measure several meteorite porosities since there is a global need for these measurement where the Finnish data base has been a unique one. Development of mineral exploration INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION - PILOT PROJECT FOR NICKEL ORE DEPOSITS (GEONICKEL) Project leader: Soininen, Heikki Project code: 3104000 Project team: Elo, Seppo; Vanhala, Heikki Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 1996-01-01... 1999 Int. collaborators: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), France; Iris Instruments, France; IGME, Greece; NCSR, Greece; Softeco Sismat, Italy mineral exploration; nickel ores; models; mineralogy; isotopes; geophysical methods; data integration; artificial intelligence; international cooperation; EU projects Geographical area: Finland; Greece 13

Bedrock and raw materials GeoNickel is a Brite-Euram EU project and its aim is to develop various methods for exploration of nickel deposits. The project includes several subprojects. WP2: Development of Geophysical Technology. WP3: Image Processing/Pattern Recognition. WP4: Design and Development of Geoscientific Information System (GEOSIS). WP5: Knowledge Based System. WP6: Final Integration. The project has partners in four countries: Outokumpu Mining Oy and GTK from Finland, BRGM and Iris Instruments from France, IGMR and NCRS from Greece and Softeco Sismat from Italy. STUDIES OF SHEAR ZONES AND ROCK ENGINEERING Project leader: Pajunen, Matti Project code: 2104002 Project team: Airo, Meri-Liisa; Koistinen, Tapio; Korsman, Kalevi; Wennerström, Marit; Wasenius, Pekka; Niemelä, Reijo Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2003-12-31 structural geology; bedrock; shear zones; joints; faults; block structures; brittle deformation Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Helsinki; Espoo; Western Finland Province; Satakunta; Pori Several studies have been published on shear zones in Finland, but no consistent compilation or modelling of shear zones or fracture systems exists. Shear zones, coherent blocks between them and brittle fracturing are closely associated with the evolution of bedrock evolution and with the intrinsic characteristics of the rock types. Thus, the genesis of shear and fracture zones has an important influence on the mechanical properties of rock masses, and therefore important to know when planning utilization of bedrock. Structural features of bedrock also have an effect on the thickness and characteristics of overlying surficial deposits. The purpose of the project is to develop a consistent terminology and to systematize and analyse information and data concernig the bedrock so that they can be utilized in geologicaltechnical applications. The development of a method is also required to convert geological data into digital format for the use in database applications, for classification systems in building and for producing scientific-technical maps. Also extensive co-operation will be required between scientists and engineering geologists. Results of the study will be highly relevant and of great importance in the projects of underground rock engineering and construction, in environmental services and in other industrial activities. The results will also benefit studies of the evolution of bedrock and of surficial deposits. 14

Bedrock and raw materials MINERALOGY, PIGMENTS AND LABORATORY SERVICES Project leader: Marmo, Jukka Project code: 2104007 Project team: Chernet, Tegist; Johanson, Bo; Kinnunen, Kari; Lehtinen, Markku; Lehtonen, Marja; Lindqvist, Kristian; Kaivola Titta-Miia; Pakkanen, Lassi; Järvinen, Leena; Karhunen, Matti; Mäenluoma, Sirkku; Nissinen, Ahti; Saarinen, Mirja Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: cont. industrial minerals; pigment minerals; diamonds; indicators; heavy minerals; laboratory studies; mineralogy; optical mineralogy The project is responsible for the research and development related to general mineralogy and production/processing mineralogy. In particular, the provision of high quality associated laboratory services, investigations and studies are given the highest priority at both national and international levels. The target groups include exploration activities, industries, municipalities, consulting engineers and other research institutions both inside and outside the field of geoscience. The research group possesses a high degree of expertise in electron microanalysis, XRDanalysis, thermal analysis, separation and concentration of minerals, microphotography, and other areas. Several years of experience in contract work have been obtained through services carried out to benefit customers in Europe as well as overseas. Activities in the near future will be focused on microparticle research, such as into pigment and clay minerals. DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS IN ORE ANALYSIS Project leader: Juvonen, Riitta Project code: 2104008 Project team: Kontas, Esko; Rautiainen, Irja; Saikkonen, Risto; Heiskanen, Leena Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Espoo Schedule: cont. Int. collaborators: exploration organisations; mining industry chemical analysis; methods; development; metal ores; precious metals; industrial minerals; pigment minerals; platinum group; rare earths The aim of the project is to develop methods of chemical analysis required by the Rock and Raw Materials Program. QUALITY SYSTEMS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION Project leader: Kontoniemi, Olavi Project code: 2104013 15

Bedrock and raw materials Project team: Honkamo, Mikko; Iljina, Markku; Lehtinen, Markku; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Sarapää, Olli Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2001-12-31 mineral exploration; bedrock; raw materials; quality systems; quality control Geographical area: Finland MAGMATISM AND ORE GENESIS Project leader: Mutanen, Tapani Project code: 2104001 Project team: Turunen, Pertti; Vuojärvi, Pauli; Lanne, Erkki; Salmirinne, Heikki Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-04-01... 2001-12-31 Int. collaborators: exploration organisations; mining companies mineral deposits; genesis; magmatism; mafic magmas; layered intrusions; pegmatites; gold ores; platinum ores Geographical area: Lappi Province; Sodankylä; Koitelainen; Kaikkivaltiaanlehto; Kaitaselkä; Savukoski; Arajärvi; Pelkosenniemi; Sakkala-aapa; Inari; Vuontisjärvi; Salla; Auermavaara; Sokka; Ranua; Tervonkangas; Lehto; Nuupas The project is composed of studies in ore-forming processes associated with generation and crystallization of magmas. It includes also exploration of magma-associated ores and mineral deposits. DEVELOPMENT OF GOLD DEPOSIT MODELLING IN CHINA (TIAN- JIN) Project leader: Korkiakoski, Esko Project code: 4104000 Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-01... 2000-12 Int. collaborators: Tianjin Geolgical Academy (TGA), China; Geological Byro/State Administration of Metallurgical Industry; Gold Byro mineral exploration; greenstone belts; gold ores; geochemical methods; glaciated terrains; geographic information systems; international cooperation Geographical area: China As a result of two visits to China (June 1995 and Nov 1998), cooperation with the Tianjin Geological Academy has been established on a concrete level. The Ministry of Trade and 16

Bedrock and raw materials Industry of Finland has given a special grant of 105 000 FIM to develop scientific and tecnical cooperation with China and to cover the travelling expencences of the two chinese experts from TGA. Up to now about half of the money has been used. TGA has given GTK an extensive data paggage including the geological maps of various scales and TM-satellite images from the Shandong province and more detailed geochemical data paggage of 80 000 samples covering an area of 1800 km2 from the Zhaoyen granitegreenstone belt. The data will be combined as an GIS-project and used to define gold potential zones The report of the interpretations and the GIS-paggege will be used in marketing the GTK s know-how and experience in gold exploration within the covered, glasiated terranes and to demonstrate the technical skills.and GIS. The final goal is to check the possibilities for a commercial cooperative project. ELECTRIC PULSE DISAGGREGATION APPARATUS Project leader: Iljina, Markku Project code: 4104001 Project team: Kouri, Pentti; Honkamo, Mikko Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2000-06 Int. collaborators: State Scientific Centre of Russia / Loupal, Sergei, Pietari instruments; rocks; crushing; separation; development The purpose of the project is to built an electric pulse disaggregation apparatus, which breaks rock along mineral boundaries without any mechanical breakdown of mineral grains. It is a mineral separation technique that liberates all mineral grains from any igneous or metamorphic rock irrespective of its lithology or grain-size distribution. The normal mechanical crushing of whole-rock samples is replaced by the rending effect of an explosion, which is produced by applying an electric current from a high-voltage power source. Archaean greenstone belts and associated ore genesis, especially exploration of nickel and gold deposits ARCHAEAN TERRAINS IN EASTERN FINLAND Project leader: Pietikäinen, Kimmo Project code: 2105000 Project team: Hartikainen, Aimo; Halkoaho, Tapio; Tenhola, Markku; Korhonen, Juha; Koistinen, Esko; Niskanen, Matti; Saastamoinen, Martti; Mäkelä, Antti; Eronen, Alpo Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1992-01-01... 2000 mineral exploration; schist belts; greenstone belts; komatiite; gold ores; nickel ores; lead-zinc deposits; copper ores; crust; Archean 17

Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Ilomantsi; Kiihtelysvaara; Nurmes; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Kainuu; Kuhmo; Suomussalmi The project was established by the Regional Office for Mid-Finland in 1992 and is expected to continue until 1999. The study area includes the Archean region in the eastern part of the country, between the Russian border and the Palaeoproterozoic schist belts in Kainuu and North Karelia. The project emphasizes general geological evolution throughout the late Archean, as well as Palaeoproterozoic reactivation and reworking of Archean crust. Initially, however, priority will be given to exploration and assessment of gold potential, particularly in the late Archean greenstone belts in Ilomantsi, Kuhmo and Suomussalmi, and also to Zn-Pb and Ni-mineralizations in the latter two areas. The project will also involve regional mapping in collaboration with the Research and Development unit, examining Archean metamorphic and structural evolution and aspects of Archean crustal formation and reactivation of the crust during the Palaeoproterozoic. Also co-operation with other groups both in the GTK and with the departments of geology and geophysics in the universities will be done. The project team comprises of experts on exploration of Archaen nickel and gold ores, structural geology and geochemistry of till. It also has good contacts with the colleagues in Russian Karelia and knowledge of Karelian geology. ARCHAEAN TERRAINS IN NORTHERN FINLAND, PART II Project leader: Juopperi, Heikki Project code: 2105002 Project team: Karvinen, Antero; Pernu, Teuvo; Turunen, Pertti; Rossi, Seppo; Nykänen, Vesa; Salmirinne, Heikki; Kvist, Mikko; Vuojärvi, Pauli Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 2000-01... 2003-12 Int. collaborators: exploration organisations; mining companies bedrock; mapping; mineral exploration; gold ores; massive sulfide deposits; greenstone belts; Archean Geographical area: Northern Finland; Lappi Province; Ranua; Pudasjärvi; Kuivaniemi; Oijärvi; Välikangas; Konivesakot; Karahkalehto; Kompsakumpu; Patonenäkkeenselkä The Archaean greenstone belts all over the world are known to be potential for many ore deposits especially for Au- and Ni-deposits. This is the good argument to suppose that large but poorly known Archaean areas in northern Finland could be potential target for exploration. GTK has done geological and ore potential investigations in Archaean areas of Northern Fin- 18

Bedrock and raw materials land since 1992. These investigations have expressed a lot of new geological data and proved the Tuntsa metasedimentary belt in Eastern Lapland and Oijärvi greenstone belt in Pudasjärvi area to be potential for Au-occurrences. This project will continue the investigations in Archaean areas concentrating on the Oijärvi greenstone belt and detailed exploration in the Tuntsa metasedimentary belt. The aim of the project is to locate new ore potential zones and ore mineralisations. The results of the project will be published as investigation reports, numerical maps and publications. Layered intrusions in Northern Finland, their ore potential and early Proterozoic evolution of the crust BASIC MAGMATISM Project leader: Hanski, Eero Project code: 2106000 Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1995-01-01... 2000-12-31 Int. collaborators: University of Moscow, Russian Federation; Maryland University, USA; University of Tasmania, Vladimir Kamenetsky; Voronezh State University, Stanislav Gornostaev igneous rocks; mafic composition; ultramafic composition; intrusions; volcanic rocks; petrology; geochemistry; structural geology; tectonics Geographical area: Lappi Province; Central Lapland; Kittilä; Sodankylä; Keivitsa; Koitelainen; Savukoski; Akanvaara; Silmäsvaara; Rantavaara; Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Juuka; Nunnanlahti The occurrence, age relations, petrological characteristics, and genesis of basic or ultrabasic metavolcanics, dikes, and intrusions and their relations to the evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield are studied by employing mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic methods. LAYERED IGNEOUS COMPLEXES IN NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Iljina, Markku Project code: 2106001 Project team: Isomaa, Jorma; Räsänen, Jorma; Nykänen, Vesa; Salmirinne, Heikki; Vuollo, Jouni; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Elo, Seppo; Kurttila, Seppo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 layered intrusions; igneous rocks; mafic composition; mineral deposits, genesis; metal ores; mineral exploration; Proterozoic Geographical area: Northern Finland; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Koillismaa; Pudasjärvi; Taivalkoski; Kuusamo; Lappi Province; Posio 19

Bedrock and raw materials The project concentrates on studying of the 2.45 Ga layered igneous complexes in Northern Finland. The emplacement of these as well as the other Fennoscandian Early Palaeoproterozoic layered intrusions was part of a globally recognized episode of igneous activity that introduced layered intrusions and mafic dyke swarms such as the Jimberlana intrusion in Australia, the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, the Scourie dykes in Scotland, the Hearst-Matachewan dyke swarm, Copper Cliff Formation and East Bull Lake intrusion in Canada, and Vestfold Hills and Napier Complex dyke swarm in Antarctica. The parental magma of the Fennoscandian intrusions is characterized by relatively high MgO and Cr contents and relatively high SiO2 content compared to MgO content. These types of magma have been referred to either as basaltic komatiites, boninites or siliceous highmagnesium basalts and have been found to have potential for Cr, Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide, PGE and Fe-Ti-V oxide mineralization. Examples of well known economic deposits of this type are the ones hosted by the South-African Bushveld, Great Dyke, Chinese Jinchuan and Finnish Kemi intrusions. The intraplate mafic layered intrusions are also commonly associated with the extrusion of mafic to felsic magmas, with the emplacement of granites and formation of granophyres, for example in the Bushveld and Pilbara craton of Australia. These can be highly critical for Sn(- W) mineralization. In the Fennoscandian Shield large granite and granophyre formations are found within the complexes of Koitelainen and Koillismaa. The Koillismaa Layered Complex (2.45 Ga) forms the principal research target but also preliminary investigations of the other layered complexe will be commenced. In the Koillismaa area the project aims to search and study deep structures, survey the feeder channel system and to collect all available petrological data. A diamond drilling programme will be carried out to evaluate mineral resources and to test the validity of the existing geological map. All the geodata will be integrated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) where it can be digitally overlained and interrogated. Exploration of Outokumpu-type and other massive sulfide deposits and early evolution of Svecofennian orogeny VIHANTI-PYHÄSALMI PROJECT (MINERAL EXPLORATION) Project leader: Kousa, Jukka Project code: 2107000 Project team: Iisalo, Esko; Luukas, Jouni; Nikander, Jarmo; Ruotsalainen, Aimo; Västi, Kaj; Rasilainen, Kalevi; Ruotoistenmäki, Tapio; Koskivuori, Hannu; Stranius, Tuomo Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 Int. collaborators: James Cook University (JCU), Economic Geology Research Unit, Australia mineral exploration; zinc ores; copper ores; lead ores; massive sul- 20

Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: fide deposits; mineral deposits; genesis; structural geology; mapping; bedrock; Ladoga-Bothnian Bay zone Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Raahe; Ruukki; Pattijoki; Siikajoki; Vihanti; Rantsila; Pyhäjoki; Pulkkila; Piippola; Haapavesi; Oulainen; Kestilä; Liminka; Lumijoki; Muhos; Pyhäntä; Kärsämäki; Pyhäjärvi; Kainuu; Vaala; Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Pielavesi; Keitele The two phased Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi project was set up by GTK in 1992. The first stage of the project was concluded in 1997 and the second stage started at the beginning of 1998 and is planned to continue until the end of the year 2002. The Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian bedrock and its geological history will be studied, methods of mapping and mineral exploration will be developed and ore geological investigations performed in the Raahe-Lake Lagoda -zone. This oldest part of the Svecofennides (1.93-1.90 Ga) is the most important region for the occurrence of massive Zn-Cu-Pb-ores in Finland and there has been mining activity in the region ever since the 1950 s, with a total production of more than 60 million tons of ore. Nowadays there are still two mines operating in the area, Pyhäsalmi and Mullikkoräme, of which the former has started in the beginning of the 1960 s. The main study area is the Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi sulfide ore zone. The exploration is also focused on assessment of the ore potential in the immediate environment of already known mineralizations, as well as on the identification of the processes connected with the ore genesis and delineation of potentially favourable lithological units in previously unexplored terrain. The most important exploration targets will be the Vihanti- Näsälänperä area (map sheets 2434-3412) and Pielavesi-Keitele area (Kangasjärvi-Teerimäki; map sheets 3312 and 3314). The other important task of the project is regional mapping and studies of bedrock, since the existing lithologic maps of the region originate in the mainly in the 1950-1970 s (1:100 000 scale mapping program of GTK). For a part of the region the latest maps are still older, originating from the 1930 s (1:400 000 scale mapping). The aim of the bedrock studies is to create new foundation for both the exploration and scientific work to promote better understanding of the Svecofennian orogeny. The bedrock mapping and studies will be concentrated upon the areas and lithologic units known to be significant for exploration. The project involves close co-operation with other GTK scientists in geophysics, isotope geology, metamorphic processes and geochemistry. As result more accurate geological maps and insights into the nature of volcanism and tectonometamorphic history of the Svecofennian bedrock and their relationship to the ore forming processes in the Raahe-Lake Ladoga zone will be produced. GEOMEX Project leader: Kuronen, Urpo / Outokumpu Mining Project code: 2107002 Project team: Kontinen, Asko; Västi, Kaj; Heino, Timo; Kokkonen, Jyrki; Peltonen, Petri; Ruotoistenmäki, Tapio; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Saastamoinen, Martti; 21

Bedrock and raw materials Niinikoski, Vilho Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2003-12-31 mineral exploration; massive sulfide deposits; copper ores; cobalt ores; lead-zinc deposits; nickel ores; gold ores; data integration; numerical models; Ladoga-Bothnian Bay zone Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Outokumpu; Polvijärvi; Juuka; Liperi; Pohjois-Savo; Kaavi; Tuusniemi Exploration of Proterozoic nickel and gold deposits and tectonomagmatic evolution of orogenic belts ARC COMPLEX OF THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN FINLAND, EXPLORATION OF NICKEL AND GOLD Project leader: Kärkkäinen, Niilo Project code: 2108000 Project team: Rosenberg, Petri; Nironen, Mikko; Tiainen, Markku; Peltonen, Petri; Koistinen, Esko; Rasilainen, Kalevi; Sarapää, Olli; Keinänen, Veikko; Mattsson, Annina; Jokinen, Tarmo; Valli, Tuire; Appelqvist, Hannu; Alanen, Juhani; Karttunen, Kalevi; Pelkkala, Mikko; Nyholm, Tuure Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 mineral exploration; gold ores; nickel ores; structural controls; models; Svecofennian Geographical area: Western Finland Province; Satakunta; Lavia; Pirkanmaa; Vammala; Kylmäkoski; Ylöjärvi; South Ostrobothnia; Kristiinankaupunki; Southern Finland Province; Päijät-Häme; Padasjoki; Luhanka RAAHE-LADOGA ZONE, EXPLORATION FOR NICKEL AND GOLD Project leader: Makkonen, Hannu Project code: 2108001 Project team: Kontoniemi, Olavi; Lestinen, Pekka; Forss, Heikki; Mäkinen, Jari; Mursu, Juha; Heino, Timo; Eronen, Alpo; Lempiäinen, Rauli Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 mineral exploration; nickel ores; gold ores; intrusions; shear zones; Ladoga-Bothnian Bay zone; Svecofennian; Paleoproterozoic Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Kuopio; Rautalampi; Leppävirta; Pielavesi; Etelä-Savo; Savonlinna; Enonkoski; Juva; Western Finland Province; Central Finland; Viitasaari; Pihtipudas; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Ylivieska; Haapavesi; Oulainen; Nivala; 22

Bedrock and raw materials Kalajoki The main aim of this project is to find nickel and gold ores and potential provinces for the deposits of these ores in the Raahe-Ladoga zone. The project is also dealing with the general evolution of the Raahe-Lake Ladoga zone, developing exploration methods and carring out studies on regional and target scale (descriptions, ore models). The results will be published in domestic and international forums. Exploration of nickel ores is concentrating on the Svecofennian (1.9 Ga) mafic-ultramafic intrusions considered to have contained sufficient amounts of magma for the genesis of a larger ore body. The principal methods include geological, geophysical and lithogeochemical studies and erratic boulder tracing. Exploration of gold ores is concentrating in Palaeoproterozoic structures and occurrences connected closely with intermediate to felsic intrusions (1.9-1.8 Ga). The principal methods include lithogeochemical, structural and geophysical studies and boulder tracing. Project team has considerable knowledge of nickel and gold ores, regional and prospect scale geochemistry, structural geology and prospecting. Main targets of exploration of nickel ores in year 2000 are located at Leppävirta, Rautalampi, Pielavesi (Northern Savo) and Savonlinna-Enonkoski area (Southern Savo). Exploration of gold is made as prospect scale studies in Pihtipudas and Viitasaari (Central Finland) and as local scale studies in Haapavesi, Oulainen, Ylivieska and Kalajoki (Northern Ostrobothnia). EXPLORATION FOR GOLD IN NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Pankka, Heikki Project code: 2108002 Project team: Härkönen, Ilkka; Keinänen, Veikko; Kontio, Matti; Korkiakoski, Esko; Pulkkinen, Eelis; Rossi, Seppo; Väänänen, Jukka; Manninen, Tuomo; Nykänen, Vesa; Pernu, Teuvo; Pänttäjä, Markku; Salmirinne, Heikki; Turunen, Pertti; Mäntynen, Ville; Puljujärvi, Reijo; Telkkälä, Pertti Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2001-12-31 mineral exploration; gold ores; schist belts; metavolcanic rocks; metasedimentary rocks; Proterozoic Geographical area: Lappi Province; Kittilä; Sirkka; Kuotko; Petäjäselkä; Sodankylä; Lokka; Porttipahta; Salla; Pelkosenniemi Across Lapland from Enontekiö through Kittilä, Sodankylä, Salla, Kuusamo to Taivalkoski there exists an potential zone for gold mineralization within early Proterozoic volcanic and sedimentary sequences which have already hosted several gold ores, for example Saattopora and Pahtavaara. The Perä-Pohja schist belt forms a separate branch as well as a branch from Kittilä through Kolari to Sweden. The volcano-sedimentary belt continues to 23

Bedrock and raw materials Norway in north and to Russia in east, where a gold deposit has been exploited near the border. In the year 2000 the main target areas are located in the Sodankylä-Kittilä area, northern Sodankylä and the Salla-Pelkosenniemi area. Geological mapping will continue in the northern part of the Central Lapland Granite Complex. The main target of the project is to locate new exploitable gold deposits and to produce reliable ore reserve calculations for the Ministry of Trade and Industry. Secondly, there is a large amount of published and unpublished material of the project area and another aim is to publish a collection of articles of this material. STRUCTURAL AND METAMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF CENTRAL LAPLAND Project leader: Hölttä, Pentti Project code: 2108003 Project team: Väisänen, Markku; Airo, Meri-Liisa; Väänänen, Jukka; Keinänen, Veikko Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 1998-02-01... 2002 Int. collaborators: State University of Moscow, Leonid Perchuk, Russian Federation; James Cook University, Nick Oliver, Australia; CSIRO, Peter Sorjonen- Ward, Australia structural geology; regional metamorphism; P-T conditions; deformation; metamorphic rocks; gold ores; structural controls; hydrotermic processes Geographical area: Lappi Province; Central Lapland; Sodankylä; Kittilä The project studies the Palaeoproterozoic structural and metamorphic evolution of Central Lapland, and its control on lode gold deposits. Emphasis is on the relationship of PTtd path of regional metamorphism with emplacement of lode gold, on regional structural studies and terrane analysis, on strain analysis of shear zone systems that controlled fluid flow, on geochemical and stable isotopic studies and assessment of hydrothermally altered gold bearing zones. Results will be summarized within a tectonic and metamorphic map of the central Lapland area and can be utilized in mineral exploration and in other studies concerning the bedrock. Studies of industrial minerals, especially exploration for kaolin, talc, carbonate rocks, ilmenite and diamonds STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS IN SOUTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Sarapää, Olli Project code: 2109000 24

Bedrock and raw materials Project team: Ahtola, Timo; Alviola, Reijo; Appelqvist, Hannu; Reinikainen, Jukka; Seppänen, Hannu; Lohva, Jaana; Lehtimäki, Jukka; Koistinen, Esko; Herola, Erkki; Alanen, Juhani; Kaunismäki, Jukka; Karimerto, Pekka; Karttunen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 mineral exploration; industrial minerals; carbonate rocks; pigment minerals; calcite; dolomite; kaolin; ilmenite Geographical area: Western Finland Province; Varsinais-Suomi; Dragsfjärd; Norrlammala; Västanfjärd; Genböle; Illo; Kisko; Iso-Sorro; Hyypiänmäki; Sauvo; Järvenkylä; Karjalohja; Muro; Pohja; Kuovila; Central Ostrobothnia; Halsua; Kälviä; Peräneva The project started in the beginning of 1998 and lasts five years. The main target is to discover calcite, ilmenite and kaolin deposits for the use of paper industry. The project also develops exploration methods and geological modelling of industrial deposits. The main object of the project is to produce one economic industrial mineral deposit good enough for mining. The main results from the year 1999 were the reports of Norrlammala (Västanfjärd) and Genböle (Dragsfjärd) calcite deposits to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. The Norrlammala deposit (7.5Mt, 76% calcite) was bought by Omya OY, which has started pilot mining there. Pilot mining was also started in the Koivusaarenneva ilmenite deposit (reported earlier by GTK) at Kalvia by Kalvinit Oy. The field works at the Iso-Sorro (Kisko) calcite-dolomite deposits and Peräneva (Halsua) ilmenite deposit were finished. These economically interesting deposits will be reported in the year 2000. STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS IN CENTRAL FINLAND Project leader: Kuivasaari, Tapio Project code: 2109001 Project team: Niemelä, Mauri; Lestinen, Pekka; Tervo, Timo; Toivanen, Pentti Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 Int. collaborators: industrial mineral companies mineral exploration; industrial minerals; talc; soapstone; kaolin; carbonate rocks; diamonds Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Juuka; Tohmajärvi; Etelä- Savo; Kerimäki; Paasselkä; Oulu Province; Kainuu; Kuhmo; Suomussalmi; Puolanka; North Ostrobothnia; Sievi; Oulu Province; Kainuu 25

Bedrock and raw materials The main goal during a time span of five years is to prospect and locate exploitable deposits for the talc and soapstone industry. The project can also provide prospecting and research services for other interested parties. The same goal but with lesser resources is set for kaolin and other industrial minerals. The prospecting of talc-carbonate deposits is based on analogy interpretation in critical areas as well as utilising old data from various sources. The prospecting is targeted mainly at greenstone belts in North Karelia and Kainuu. During 1999 the project will drill at least in the municipality of Juuka in North Karelia. New targets for preliminary prospecting are mainly in the area between Ilomantsi and Kuhmo in East Finland. The preliminary work for kaolin prospecting will be started by evaluating suitable geophysical and geochemical parameters for prognosis maps. Because of limited resources diamond prospecting will stay rather limited, mainly to collecting and processing moraine samples for indicator minerals. EXPLORATION FOR INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND DIMENSION STONES IN NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Vartiainen, Risto Project code: 2109002; 2110007 Project team: Lintinen, Panu; Salmirinne, Heikki; Hyvönen, Eija; Nykänen, Vesa; Rask, Markku; Sarapää, Olli; Luodes, Hannu; Telkkälä, Pertti Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2001-12-31 mineral exploration; industrial minerals; pigment minerals; kaolin; talc; carbonate rocks; building stone; dimension stone; semiprecious stones; gems Geographical area: Lappi Province; Oulu Province The main objective of the project is exploration for industrial minerals in northern Finland. The most important are pigment minerals, especially kaolin, talc and carbonates. The tasks also include exploration of dimension stones and the application of expertise relating to gems and semiprecious stones in northern Finland. Studies of building stones and rock aggregates DIMENSION STONE AND HARD ROCK AGGREGATE STUDIES IN SOUTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Sipilä, Pekka Project code: 2110000 Project team: Pekkala, Yrjö; Alviola, Reijo; Grönholm, Sari; Härmä, Paavo; Nurmi, Heikki; Vuokko, Jouko; Hokkanen, Kalevi; Putkinen, Markku; Räsänen, Reino; Karimerto, Pekka 26

Bedrock and raw materials Unit and section: Schedule: Geographical area: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials 1989-01-01... cont. building stone; aggregate; inventory Southern Finland Province; Western Finland Province Since 1989 the GTK has carried out extensive studies of hard rock aggregates. Most of the studies are based on commercial projects carried out by the GTK for external clients or funded in co-operation with the GTK. The projects concerning hard rock aggregates usually include field and laboratory studies, which are focused on regional investigations and the discovery of suitable areas for hard rock aggregate production. The regional scale POSKI-project is the main activity at present, and various smaller projects are in progress at the GTK. All geological data acquired during the regional investigations of hard rock aggregates are filed as GIS format in Oracle/ArcInfo. By the end of 1999 a total of 750 map sheets at a 1:20 000 scale comprising a total of 72 000 km2 have been created and 9221 exposed areas have been evaluated. It is worth noting that 500 m wide protection zones around settlements and residential areas have been considered. The minimun size of an individual observation has been about one hectare. The compiled data of hard rock aggregates will at first be available only to the project participants, but after several years the data will come to the public domain and can then be released for purchase from the GTK. Methods have been continually improved and current detailed, updated aggregate data (e.g. in digital form) can be found quickly and printed out of the databases using, for example, various title words, aggregate quality, location, volume and rock type. The GTK carries out regional dimension stone prospecting as well as detailed assessments of stone deposits. These operations are normally funded by the regional councils, municipalities or private companies. In regional prospecting potential rock formations are examined taking into account all the geological, environmental and infrastructural data available. STUDIES OF BUILDING STONES IN MID-FINLAND Project leader: Luodes, Hannu Project code: 2110001 Project team: Kesola, Reino; Leinonen, Seppo; Kemppainen, Mika; Heino, Timo; Niskanen, Erkki; Laaksonen, Markku; Eronen, Alpo Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 exploration; building stone; dimension stone; carbonate rocks; industrial minerals; aggregate Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Etelä-Savo; Pohjois-Savo; North Karelia; Western Finland Province; Central Finland; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Kainuu 27

Bedrock and raw materials TITLE UNKNOWN Project leader: Breilin, Olli Project code: 4110008 Project team: Hyvönen, Arto Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1999-05... 2000-12 gravel deposits; sands; aggregate; inventory; ground water; protection Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Ilomantsi; Tuupovaara; Lieksa; Nurmes; Valtimo; Juuka Regional gravity surveys REGIONAL GRAVITY SURVEYS Project leader: Elo, Seppo Project code: 2111000 Project team: Elo, Seppo; Manninen, Tarja; Karhu, Aimo; Manninen, Heikki; Korppinen, Markku; Vartiainen, Kauko; Virtanen, Esko; Myyryläinen, Markku Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 2000... 2004 geophysical methods; geophysical maps; gravity surveys; gravity survey maps; bedrock; raw materials; exploration Geographical area: Finland At the beginning of the 1970 s the Geological Survey started its regional gravity measurements and enlarge the use of gravity methods in bedrock studies and exploration for metallic ores and industrial minerals. The fundamental idea is equivalent to that of airborne geophysical surveys. However, for technical reasons, gravity mapping takes a much longer time than airborne surveys. It has therefore been very important to specify some key targets of bedrock research and exploration, and concentrate gravity measurements accordingly. In bedrock research, such targets are e.g. major fault and shear zones, stratigraphic cross-sections, metamorphic zones, various types of intrusions, dyke systems and meteorite impact craters. It also is very important to provide additional information to deep seismic and electromagnetic soundings. The major applications of regional gravity measurements in mineral exploration at the moment are search for Ni-bearing mafic intrusions, magnetite-ilmenite-apatite gabbros and large kaolin deposits. In Quaternary geology, applications of gravity measurements include search for thick sediments and fracture valleys filled with glacial deposits in conjunction of assessing groundwater resources, and estimating the in-situ surface density of various topographic features such as eskers. To date, 191 365 gravity stations have been measured. They cover an area of 56 000 km2. The total length of measured gravity profiles is 4 027 km and the number of gravity stations 28

Bedrock and raw materials along the profiles 204 388. In-house computer programs have been programmed for data processing and interpretation. There are programs for reducing the measured gravity values into various anomalies, for calculating topographic corrections, for maintaining and updating data registers, for interpolating unevenly spaced data into rectangular grids, for calculating derivative and shaded relief maps of Bouguer anomaly, for digitizing various analog data, for producing digital maps and paper maps, for two- and three-dimensional modeling of gravity data. 29

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Mapping of Quaternary deposits BASIC AND APPLIED QUATERNARY MAPPING AND INVESTIGA- TIONS Project leader: Rainio, Heikki Project code: 2201000 Project team: Koivisto, Marjatta; Oranne, Pirkko Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002 surficial geology; mapping; soils; surficial geology maps; data bases; atlases Geographical area: Finland The remaining unfinished Quaternary map sheets will be completed. The data collected in North Karelia during the investigations of Quaternary deposits will be processed and collated in the databases, where it can be obtained in various output formats. The Atlas of the Quaternary deposits in Finland will also be compiled. MAPPING OF SURFICIAL GEOLOGY IN SOUTHERN FINLAND AND ITS APPLICATIONS Project leader: Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija Project code: 2201001 Project team: Kielosto, Sakari; Kukkonen, Marjatta; Ojalainen, Jukka; Eklund, Mikael; Juntunen, Risto; Ruohomäki, Timo; Töllikkö, Seppo Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1972... cont. areal geology; surficial geology; mapping; surficial geology maps; digital data; thematic maps Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Itä-Uusimaa; Porvoo; Pernaja; Loviisa 30

Quaternary deposits and raw materials The project is a part of a nationwide mapping programme, which proceeds according to plans drawn up annually. The main task is to produce basic data on the surficial geology of southern Finland and the principal products are 1 : 20 000-scale maps of Quaternary deposits in digital form with map-sheet explanations. Additional tasks include the production of thematic maps for various purposes in planning of land use and environmental management, agriculture and forestry, and in the exploration and assessment of natural resources in surficial deposits. QUALITY SYSTEMS IN QUATERNARY MAPPING Project leader: Lindroos, Pentti Project code: 2201006 Project team: Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija; Ojalainen, Jukka; Huttunen, Timo; Nevalainen, Raimo; Johansson, Peter Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 2000... 2001 surficial geology; mapping; soils; surficial geology maps; quality systems; quality control Geographical area: Finland QUATERNARY DEPOSITS Project leader: Huhta, Pekka Project code: 2201004 Project team: Hirvas, Heikki; Suomi, Timo; Lunkka, Juha-Pekka; Hänninen, Pekka; Hakala, Pertti; Torssonen, Markus; Majaniemi, Juha Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: cont. Int. collaborators: Syd-Norden -project surficial geology; glacial geology; soils; glacial features; stratigraphy; Scandinavian Ice Sheet; Quaternary Geographical area: Finland MARINE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING, PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS Project leader: Rantataro, Jyrki Project code: 2201005 Project team: Tuhkanen, Matti; Lintunen, Erkki; Alanen, Ulla Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Special Surveys Schedule: 1970... cont. marine geology; mapping; marine sediments; bottom features; stratigraphy; geophysical methods; acoustical methods; seismic methods; echo sounding; environmental geology; applications; Quaternary 31

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Geographical area: Western Finland Province; Varsinais-Suomi; Archipelago Sea; Satakunta; Rauma; Pori; Ostrobothnia; Vaasa; Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Helsinki; Kymenlaakso; Loviisa Studies of marine geology concerning late-quaternary deposits on the seabed is conducted by acoustic and seismic methods: echo sounders, single channel seismics and side-scan sonar. Investigations are supplemented with seabed sampling and visual observations. The basic scope of the study is to acquire data on the distribution and thickness of various types of sediments and information on stratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry of the deposits. New methods of sounding and sampling as well as data processing and analyses of samples are also developed and tested. The aim of the study is also to increase knowledge of the physical properties and the geochemical variations in seabed sediments induced by both the nature and the human activity. Also the demand of various practical and scientific needs arising in surrounding community should be met. MAPPING OF SURFICIAL GEOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS IN MID- FINLAND Project leader: Huttunen, Timo Project code: 2201002 Project team: Kejonen, Aimo; Tervo, Tapani; Kukkonen, Esa; Väänänen, Tapio; Kiiskinen, Arto; Koskela, Kirsti; Pelkonen, Hannu; Putkinen, Seppo Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: cont. surficial geology; mapping; surficial geology maps; digital data; thematic maps Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Etelä-Savo; Pohjois-Savo; North Karelia; Western Finland Province; Central Finland; Central Ostrobothnia; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Kainuu The project is a part of a nation-wide mapping programme, which proceeds according to plans drawn up annually. The main task is to produce basic data on the surficial geology of Central Finland and the principal products are 1:20 000-scale maps of Quaternary deposits in digital form with map-sheet explanations. Additional tasks include the production of thematic maps for various purposes in the planning of land use and environmental management, agriculture and forestry, and in the exploration and assessment of natural resources in surficial deposits. 32

Quaternary deposits and raw materials SOIL MAP SITE OF GTK Project leader: Väänänen, Tapio Project code: 2201007 Project team: Kukkonen, Esa; Huttunen, Timo; Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija; Johansson, Peter; Kauniskangas, Esa; Kokkonen, Jyrki; Pitkänen, Anne; Niskanen, Hannu Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2000-12-31 surficial geology; surficial geology maps; digital data; thematic maps; explanatory text; www; e-commerce Geographical area: Finland Soil map site of GTK is a commercial service on WWW-site, where customers of GTK can browse and subscribe numerical soil map in scale 1:20 000 and those report in PDF-format. Maps on service can be browsed with www-browsers and customers can print generalized rasterimages. Reports of map sheets can be able to read on PDF-document. At beginning the customer can subscribe original (not generalized) map by e-mail either paper print or numeric raster/vector format. The subscribed maps will be send on two to three days by ordinary mail to subscribers. On soil map site will later be added virtual form, which customer can be send to www-host and can get so soil map directly from server and buy same time the subscribe on the internet-bank. At the same time customer must sign licence to numeric data of GTK. Soil map site of GTK will be national service, which is whole GTK concerning internet selling site of soil maps. Inventory and studies of peat MAPPING AND INVENTORY OF PEATLANDS IN SOUTHERN FIN- LAND Project leader: Toivonen, Tapio Project code: 2202001 Project team: Stén, Carl-Göran; Sundholm, Pirjo; Moisanen, Markku; Lehmuskoski, Kari; Böök, Pirkko; Koski, Tarja Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: cont. mires; peat; reserves; inventory Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Itä-Uusimaa; Porvoo; Pernaja; Western Finland Province; Satakunta; Kokemäki; Köyliö; Honkajoki; Siikainen; Siikainen 33

Quaternary deposits and raw materials In investigating the total peat resources in Finland, special studies will be conducted in each municipality of southern Finland. All mires over 20 ha will be studied and, when needed, even smaller areas. The investigation will be given special emphasis in the municipalities where information is required and unexamined mires exist in great amounts. The information is collected in a national database of peat in which the amount, quality and location of peat in each mire is contained. The information is published as separate peat investigation reports for each municipality with general information of the examined mires and their suitability for peat production either for energy, horticultural or environmental use. Peat information is needed especially in various levels of planning: e.g. Ministery of Trade and Industry (KTM), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), regions, energy companies, peat industry (large and small scale producers), landowners, and municipalities. Peat information is also used in the mapping of Quaternary deposits and redeeming the mires proposed for conservation. STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HORTICULTURAL PEAT IN ETELÄ-POHJANMAA Project leader: Toivonen, Tapio Project code: 4202000 Project team: Lehmuskoski, Kari; Böök, Pirkko Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1997... 2000 mires; peat; horticultural peat; inventory Geographical area: Western Finland Province; South Ostrobothnia; Kauhajoki; Isojoki; Karijoki; Teuva; Jurva; Jalasjärvi; Ilmajoki; Kortesjärvi MAPPING AND INVENTORY OF PEATLANDS IN MID-FINLAND Project leader: Häikiö, Jukka Project code: 2202002 Project team: Korpijaakko, Martti; Leino, Jukka; Luukkanen, Ari; Sutinen, Heikki; Pajunen, Hannu; Virtanen, Kimmo; Herranen, Teuvo; Husso, Kalle; Nenola, Hannu; Porkka, Heimo; Silen, Pertti; Uhlgren, Sauli; Pitkänen, Anne Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: cont. mires; peat; reserves; fuel peat; horticultural peat; inventory Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Kiuruvesi; North Karelia; Juuka; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Ylikiiminki; Ylivieska; Western Finland Province; Central Ostrobothnia; Veteli CHEMISTRY OF PEAT AND METHOD DEVELOPMENT Project leader: Lehto, Olli Project code: 2202006 Project team: Virtanen, Kimmo 34

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Kuopio (Mid-Finland) Schedule: 1998-09-01... 2001 peat; chemical properties; engineering properties; laboratory studies; chemical analysis; methods; development Geographical area: Finland The aim of this study is to determine the absorption properties of different type of peat with heavy metals and the binding mechanisms between metal ions and the functional groups of peat humic and fulvic acids. In this project there will also be some geotechnical experiments to assess the usefulness of peat in geotechnical constructions such as in landfill and polluted sites. NATIONAL INVENTORY OF PEAT RESERVES IN FINLAND 2000 Project leader: Virtanen, Kimmo Project code: 2202010 Project team: Hänninen, Pekka; Lojander, Sirkka; Pitkänen, Anne Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000... 2001 peat; mires; reserves; inventory Geographical area: Finland GEOTECHNICAL USE OF PEAT Project leader: Virtanen, Kimmo Project code: 3202000 Project team: Pitkänen, Anne Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000... 2001 Int. collaborators: University of Luleå, Sweden; Thurso College, Scotland peat; mires; reserves; inventory; EU projects Geographical area: Finland QUALITY SYSTEM IN PEAT SURVEYS Project leader: Virtanen, Kimmo Project code: 2202009 Project team: Luukkanen, Ari; Häikiö, Jukka; Korpijaakko, Martti; Mäkilä, Markku Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2000-12-31 quality systems; peat; mires; inventory NATIONAL PLANNING AND CO-ORDINATION OF PEAT SURVEYS Project leader: Virtanen, Kimmo Project code: 2202008 35

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Project team: Unit and section: Schedule: Int. collaborators: Mäkilä, Markku; Pitkänen, Anne; Kaitokari, Lea Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment 1990... cont. International Peat Society; EuroGeoSurveys / Energy Topic peat; mires; reserves; surveys; inventory; planning; coordination The aims of the project are to co-ordinate peat surveys at the GTK and to take care of international relationships with the peat working communities. MAPPING AND INVENTORY OF PEATLANDS IN NORTHERN FIN- LAND Project leader: Maunu, Matti Project code: 2202003 Project team: Muurinen, Tapio; Aro, Ilkka; Hirvasniemi, Timo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: cont. mires; peat; reserves; fuel peat; horticultural peat; inventory Geographical area: Lappi Province; Kolari; Tornio; Tervola; Keminmaa In investigating the total peat resources, special studies will be conducted in municability of northern Finland. The investigation will be given special emphasis in municabilities where information os required and unexamined mires exit in great amounts. The information is collected in a national database of peat in which the amount, quality and location of peat in each mire is contained. Ground water studies GROUND WATER GEOLOGY Project leader: Vuorela, Paavo Project code: 2203002 Project team: Kuivamäki, Aimo; Paulamäki, Seppo; Paananen, Markku; Tikkanen, Jaakko; Palmu, Jukka-Pekka; Reinikainen, Juha; Ahonen, Ismo; Mattsson, Annina; Juntunen, Risto; Rantala, Olli; Salminen, Reijo; Lunkka, Juha-Pekka; Kesola, Reino; Väisänen Ulpu; Lanne, Erkki; Pohjola, Riitta Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Nuclear Waste Geology Schedule: 2000... 2004 environmental geology; hydrogeology; ground water; water resources; bedrock; fracture zones; soils; glaciofluvial features; three-dimensional 36

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Geographical area: models Finland Inventory of sand and gravel deposits QUALITY SYSTEMS IN INVENTORY OF SAND, GRAVEL AND ROCK AGGREGATE RESERVES Project leader: Ahonen, Ismo Project code: 2204006 Project team: Sahala, Lauri; Breilin, Olli; Mäkinen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000... 2001 gravel deposits; sands; aggregate; till; reserves; inventory; quality systems; quality control Geographical area: Finland TITLE UNKNOWN Project leader: Ahonen, Ismo Project code: 2204005 Project team: Sahala, Lauri; Kurkinen, Ilpo; Töllikkö, Seppo; Majaniemi, Juha Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000... 2003 gravel deposits; sands; reserves; information systems; data management Geographical area: Finland MAPPING AND STUDIES OF GRAVEL, SAND AND GROUND WATER IN MID-FINLAND Project leader: Breilin, Olli Project code: 2204000 Project team: Väänänen, Tapio; Leino, Jukka; Mursu, Juha; Hyvönen, Arto; Koskela, Kirsti; Pelkonen, Hannu Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-01-01... cont. gravel deposits; sands; ground water; inventory; surveys; data bases Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Central Ostrobothnia; Western Finland Province; Central Finland The main objective for the project is mapping and studing of gravel, sand deposits and ground water aquifers in Mid-Finland. The first main task is to product relevant information 37

Quaternary deposits and raw materials about quantity and quality of sand and gravel deposits for the gravel and sand database. The other main task is to study geology and structure of large glaciofluvial aquifers. Research and development of Quaternary deposits ICE SHEETS AND CLIMATE IN THE EURASIAN ARCTIC AT THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM (ICE SHEETS) Project leader: Lunkka, Juha Pekka Project code: 3206000 Project team: Saarnisto, Matti; Eriksson, Brita; Moberg, Satu Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2000-12-31 Int. collaborators: Karelian Research Centre, Institute of Geology, Petrosavodsk, Russia; University of Bergen, Norway; University of Lund, Sweden; Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; University of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K. glacial environment; paleoclimatology; climate change; arctic environment; ice sheets; reconstruction; mathematical models; EU projects Geographical area: Russian Federation; Vologda; Arkangel; Kola Peninsula The project is a part of a larger EU-project Ice Sheets and Climate in the Eurasian Arctic at the Last Glacial Maximum (EU-project no ENV 4-CT 97-0563 (DG12-ESC4)). The other participants in this EU-project are as follows: 1) University of Bergen, Norway (co-ordinator institute), 2) Geological Survey of Norway, 3) University of Lund, Sweden, 4) Alfred Wegener Institut, Potsdam, Germany, and 5) University of Bristol, the United Kingdom. In addition to the collaborators mentioned above, the Finnish sub-project based at the Geological Survey of Finland has a close working relationship with the Karelian Research Centre, Institute of Geology based in Petrosavodsk, Russia. The study area of the Finnish sub-project is located in the area south and east of Lake Onega and in Kola Peninsula. The Finnish sub-project started in August 1998 and will continue until the end of year 2000 and is lead by Dr. Juha Pekka Lunkka (Geological Survey of Finland). The principal aim of the Finnish sub-project is to reconstruct the ice sheet extent during the last glacial maximum (ca. 21 000-18 000 years ago) in their areas of response. Furthermore, the sub-project will provide numerical geological data for the modelling purposes of the Late Weichselian ice sheets of the Eurasian Arctic carried out by the EU-project members. FINNISH GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAMME - FIGARE Project leader: Lunkka, Juha Pekka Project code: 520667782 Project team: Niinimets, Eve 38

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 2000... 2002 global change; paleoclimatology; climate change; reconstruction; mathematical models; prediction; Quaternary Geographical area: Eurasia; Fennoscandia The ability to model accurately various aspects related to past and present global and local environmental change has been the major endeavour in the Earth Sciences during the past decades. The aim of the earth science modelling is not simply to produce larger and more complex models of the processes involved but to produce a family of models with varying complexity and realism to attack specific questions. In FIGARE project the aim is to focus and integrate four fields of research to investigate sensitivity of medium- to high resolution climate changes during the past 120 000 years using extensive data sets of environmental and paleoclimate proxy data as a tool for mathematical modeling. First, we aim to model the behaviour of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet for the last, Weichselian cold stage in order to understand the sensitivity and stability of present ice masses under postulated global warming scenarios. Secondly, we study annually laminated lake sediments to acquire knowledge how the ecosystems respond to rapid climate changes. Thirdly, we aim to model and understand the role of mires and lake sediments as a carbon sink. These three major tasks when carried out will clarify the role of natural variability and help to evaluate the impact caused by human activity to present climate and ecosystems. BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN GLACIAL GEOLOGY Project leader: Lunkka, Juha Pekka Project code: 2206001 Project team: Kujansuu, Raimo; Ikonen, Liisa; Rainio, Heikki; Moberg, Satu Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998... 2000 Quaternary; glacial features; ice sheets; paleohydrology; glacial environment; interglacial environment; sediments; biostratigraphy; paleoecology; Eemian; international cooperation Geographical area: Finland; Russian Federation; Republic of Karelia Most of the superficial deposits in Finland are result of glacial activity during the time when the Scandinavian Ice Sheet covered Fennoscandia several times in the Pleistocene. Therefore mapping of glacigenic landforms and their internal structure is vital in understanding the processes that were responsible for their formation. Better understanding of the nature 39

Quaternary deposits and raw materials of glacigenic deposits is also important in respect with the issues that are related to nature conservation, groundwater and gravel and sand resources and their management. At present basic and applied research in glacial geology in the GTK is divided into four interlinked sub-projects. Three sub-projects out of four focus on the study of glacial sediments, their morphology and processes that were responsible for individual landforms and landformassociations. These sub-projects concentrate on 1) Quaternary mapping and stratigraphy of glacigenic landforms of North Finland, 2) periglacial deposits of Finland and 3) modelling of subglacial meltwater behaviour based on landform associations, and the internal structure of landforms. The aim of the fourth sub-project is to produce a synthesis of Eem-interglacial deposits and climate in northwest Russia and compares these results to those obtained in adjacent areas. DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR STUDYING QUATERNARY DE- POSITS CONTAINING ORGANIC MATERIAL Project leader: Mäkilä, Markku Project code: 2206002 Project team: Grönlund, Tuulikki; Eriksson, Brita; Ikonen, Liisa; Kankainen, Tuovi; Vuorela, Irmeli; Grundström, Ale; Mäkeläinen, Erna; Paavilainen, Eila; Äikää, Osmo Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998... 2005 paleoenvironment; paleoecology; sediments; mires; peat; microfossils; pollen; diatoms; absolute age; C-14; Holocene Geographical area: Finland Changes in the accumulation rates of carbon and peat in mires as well as the influence of climate and local factors on accumulation rates since the last deglaciation will be studied in raised bogs and aapa mires. Carbon accumulation of peat is studied by extensive coring, peat columns of known age, mass and carbon content and geophysical methods. The results of the peat studies will benefit the utilization of peatlands and understanding the role of mires as carbon sink. Various topics including classification, shore displacement, paleoecology of Quarternary deposits and human impact on environment will be studied. Diatom and pollen analyses and radiocarbon dating are the main methods used. The results will be used in geological and historical studies and in mineral exploration. DEVELOPMENT AND ACCURACY OF NEW AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF QUATERNARY STUDIES Project leader: Hänninen, Pekka Project code: 2206000 40

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Project team: Sutinen, Raimo; Huhta, Pekka; Suomi, Timo; Lojander, Sirkka; Äikää, Osmo; Majaniemi, Juha; Musta, Veikko; Aro, Ilkka Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 surficial geology; soils; engineering properties; geophysical methods; radar methods; dielectric properties; electrical conductivity Ground penetrating radar, dielectric and conductivity measurements will be developed for new studies, mainly for geothecnical and soil classification purposies. New variables from conventional studies will be calculated. Statistical and spatial analyses will be used for classify Quaternary deposits and to determine optimal grid size for large-scale mapping procedure. QUATERNARY GEOLOGY RESEARCH IN NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Johansson, Peter Project code: 2206007 Project team: Mäkinen, Kalevi; Nenonen, Jari; Hirvasniemi, Hannu; Putkinen, Seppo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000... cont. Int. collaborators: Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) surficial geology; soils; glacial features; interglacial environment; interstadial environment; stratigraphy; Quaternary Geographical area: Lappi Province; Oulu Province STUDIES OF FOREST SOIL Project leader: Sutinen, Raimo Project code: 2206005; 520652656 Project team: Hyvönen, Eija; Pulkkinen, Eelis; Pänttäjä, Markku; Siira, Maarit; Puranen, Risto; Hänninen, Pauli Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2000-03 Int. collaborators: University of Vienna, Austria; University of Flensburg; University of Calgary, USA forestry; soils; till; properties; classification; ground methods; remote sensing Geographical area: Finland STUDIES OF SOIL FROST Project leader: Sutinen, Raimo Project code: 2206003 41

Quaternary deposits and raw materials Project team: Hänninen, Pekka; Musta, Veikko; Piekkari, Matti; Virtanen, Markku Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 soils; engineering properties; physical properties; frozen ground; frost action; remote sensing; monitoring; prediction Geographical area: Lappi Province; Central Lapland 42

Environmental geology Distribution and mobility of elements and chemical compounds in the ground FOREGS GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING OF EUROPE Project leader: Salminen, Reijo Project code: 2301005 Project team: Tarvainen, Timo; Sandström, Harry; Ahlsved, Christer; Ranta-Pantti, Maritta Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1997-09-01... 2001-08-31 Int. collaborators: Geological surveys in Europe geochemical surveys; mapping; baseline studies; survey organizations; international cooperation Geographical area: Europe In most of European countries regional geochemical mapping programmes have been carried out, but sampling materials, sample preparation and analytical methods have varied. Therefore national mapping results are not comparable with each others. In September 1996 FOREGS (Forum fo European Geological Surveys) directors established Geochemistry Task Force to collect and analyse geochemical samples throughout the whole Europe according to the recommendations of IGCP 259/360 projects by the year 2001.The chairman of Task Force is prof. R. Salminen. EFFECTS OF AFFORESTATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ON HEAVY METAL MOBILITY IN SOIL (MEMO) Project leader: Salminen, Reijo Project code: 3301001 Project team: Carlson, Liisa; Aarrevaara, Jouni Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology 43

Environmental geology Schedule: 1997-03-01... 2000-05-31 Int. collaborators: Swedish Agricultural University, Dept. of Forest Soils; Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University, Denmark; Danish Forest & Landscape Research Institute; The Macauley Land Use Research Institute, UK; Staring Centrum, Netherlands; Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, UK heavy metals; mobility; soils; physical properties; vegetation; agriculture; land use; EU projects Geographical area: Sweden; Denmark; Finland; Great Britain; Netherlands In Europe today 8.5 million hectares of agricultural land is set-aside and subjected to alternative land use, including for example afforestation. Afforestation will clearly result in increased mobility of heavy metals in soils that may in turn jeopardise some aspects of the ecosystem in forests. The overall aim is to study how the behaviour of heavy metals is altered by combined stand and site impacts following afforestation. And based on this knowledge, to develop guidelines for the establishment and management of forest on former agricultural land in northern Europe. There is 8 partners involved in the project, including scientists from Finland, Sweden (project co-ordination), Denmark, the Netherlands, England and Scotland. All partners are leading research laboratories within their specific fields of expertise, although they generally operate within broader fields and have high competence and long-term experience in several disciplines, such as soil science/geology and agriculture/forestry. Finland is contributing a leading role in the study of mineralogical and geochemical properties of soils and their alteration processes. PALMOTTU NATURAL ANALOGUE PROJECT Project leader: Blomqvist, Runar Project code: 3301000 Project team: Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Ahonen, Lasse; Paananen, Markku; Kaija, Juha Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Nuclear Waste Geology Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2000-12-31 Int. collaborators: Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company; Intera Information Tehnologies SL, Spain; Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radioactivos, S. A., Spain; Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), France; QuantiSci, S.L., Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat), Spain; Conterra AB, Sweden; RMC Environmental Ltd., UK migration of elements; radioactive isotopes; crystalline rocks; natural analogues; uranium ores; ground water; radioactive waste; underground disposal; international cooperation; EU projects Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Nummi-Pusula; Palmottu 44

Environmental geology The objectives of the Palmottu Natural Analogue Project are to 1) provide a quantitative description of a U-Th ore deposit located within a granitic host rock lithologically similar to proposed repositories for high level radioactive waste; 2) assess the relative importance of processes that control ground water flow in fractured crystalline rock; 3) study and model the effects of geochemically controlled oxidation and reduction processes on the movement of radionuclides in fractured crystalline rocks; 4) study the role of retardation mechanisms on radionuclide transport; 5) study the effects of repeated glacial cycles on bedrock properties; 6) Use the data and understanding obtained through these studies to develop and refine models for use in the assessment of the performance of potential repository sites in crystalline rocks. The Palmottu U-Th deposit is located in mica gneisses and granites typical of crystalline geological provinces. The uranium deposits extend from the oxidizing environment near the bedrock surface down into reducing environments that characterize these crystalline rocks at depth. This allows the study of the full cycle of uranium migration under natural conditions, starting with interaction of oxidizing waters with uranium ore, followed by transport processes and sorption equilibria as the uranium-bearing waters migrate through the fractured rock system, and eventually the passage to reducing conditions at depth. The end product will be an improved ability to integrate processes controlling geochemical evolution and transport of fluids with models involving chemical retardation of dissolved trace element species. This capability will be used to develop, refine, and test models and mathematical methods that will be used to describe the expected behaviour of radionuclides in fractured heterogeneous rock. The project will substantially increase the confidence of performance assessment calculations of nuclear waste repositories in crystalline bedrock, now under considerable debate. Continued participation of personnel involved in the earlier studies (mainly Finnish teams) will be supported by experienced partners from Sweden, Spain, France, United Kingdom and Germany, thus providing an attractive opportunity for a European collaborative effort. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Project leader: Lehto, Olli Project code: 2301004 Project team: Juvonen, Riitta; Kahelin, Hanna; Kallio, Eeva; Kontas, Esko; Lakomaa, Tuula; Räisänen, Marja-Liisa; Suominen, Meeri Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Kuopio (Mid-Finland) Schedule: 2004 chemical analysis; laboratory studies; environmental geology; samples; methods; development 45

Environmental geology The aim of this project is to study the speciation and migration of elements in the geological environment by characterizing the species of elements using chemical methods: the degree of oxidation, the chemical compounds and the binding of elements to different phases. The aim of this project is also to develop useful and validated routine methods for the measurements mentioned above. The main purpose is to study anthropogenic and geogenic precious metals, arsenic, sulphur and phosphorus. The binding mechanisms of elements to recent sediments are characterized by sequential leach. ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM DRILLED WELL WATERS (ARPO-PROJECT) Project leader: Kahelin, Hanna Project code: 4301001 Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Espoo Schedule: 2000... 2001 ground water; drilled wells; arsenic; water quality; water treatment; instruments; methods Geographical area: Finland Arsenic is a toxic, carcinogenic element which can occur in naturally high concentrations in ground waters. In Finland the health-based limit value for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/l. Arsenic concentrations exceeding the acceptable limit value are mostly found in drilled well waters. As the use of drilled wells is becoming more general in the rural areas, it is possible that the amount of drilled wells with high arsenic concentrations will also grow in the future. ARPO-project (Arsenic removal from drilled well waters), is a co-operation project, where effective arsenic removal facilities for single households are developed and tested. The water treatment methods used are filtration by activated alumina and reverse osmosis. The partners of the project are: The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Tampere University of Technology, Viatek Ltd. and the Finnish Environmental Institute as co-ordinator. In addition to the partners, some water treatment facilities manufacturing companies and health inspectors of the test areas are involved in the project. The project is financed by the National Technology Agency TEKES. Environmental geology in land use PSSD - PLANNING SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Project leader: Palmu, Jukka-Pekka Project code: 3302000 Project team: Jarva, Jaana; Kahra, Antti; Virkki, Hanna; Vuokko, Jouko; Rauhaniemi, Tom Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-10-01... 2001 46

Environmental geology Geographical area: geology; data management; regional planning; geographic information systems; GIS; thematic maps; EU projects Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Lohja; Päijät-Häme; Lahti; Asikkala; Kanta-Häme; Hämeenlinna; Riihimäki Geological data has been used in regional planning only to limited extent but GIS applications present new possibilities in the utilisation of this data. The proper consideration of sustainability in regional planning demands more attention given to the geological factors. The Geological Survey of Finland has extensive geological databases containing data and information both as conventional maps and files. The purpose of this project is to refine the data to meet the requirements of regional planners. This can be done by producing thematic maps based on modifying and reclassifying the geological data. Geological expertise and an awareness of the possibilities and limitations of the different datasets are needed for effective interpretation. For example thematic maps of the permeability of soil types and maps of construction suitability could be useful for regional planners. In addition new methods for data production and collection will be developed to be used in spatial planning. Electromagnetic data of field measurements will be very informative for the permeability studies, as also measurements of the dielectric coefficient of soils. The dielectric coefficient will be measured with Ground Penetrating Radar or with the down-hole probe. The results of these measurements help to provide numerical values for the permeability of soil. MAPPING OF SURFICIAL GEOLOGY IN NORTHERN FINLAND AND ITS APPLICATIONS Project leader: Johansson, Peter Project code: 2302013 Project team: Mäkinen, Kalevi; Maunu, Matti; Nenonen, Jari; Sutinen, Raimo; Väisänen, Ulpu; Hirvasniemi, Hannu; Magga, Ilmi; Pohjola, Riitta Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1992-01-01... cont. Int. collaborators: Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) soils; mapping; surficial geology maps; glacial features; interglacial environment; interstadial environment; stratigraphy; Quaternary Geographical area: Lappi Province; Oulu Province The project is a part of a nationwide mapping programme, which proceeds according to plans drawn up annually. The main task is to produce digital mapping data of the Quaternary deposits in northern Finland with explanations. Additional tasks include the production of thematic maps for various purposes in planning of land use and environmental management, nature tourism and forestry, and in the exploration and assessment of natural resources in surficial deposits. 47

Environmental geology PULMANKI-SEVETTI PROJECT Project leader: Perttunen, Vesa Project code: 2302014 Project team: Johansson, Peter; Nenonen, Jari; Aarrevaara, Jouni; Hirvasniemi, Hannu; Puljujärvi, Reijo; Valkama, Jorma; Lanne, Erkki Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 2000-01... 2002-12 areal geology; electrical anomalies; magnetic anomalies; bedrock; overburden; geologic maps Geographical area: Northern Finland; Lappi Province; Inari; Sevettijärvi; Utsjoki; Pulmanki The main task of the project is to investigate environmental effects of the bedrock in the magnetic and electromagnetic anomalies in the Pulmanki-Sevettijärvi area. Detail study areas are selected by aerial photo interpretation. NATIONAL INVENTORY OF MORAINES Project leader: Palmu, Jukka-Pekka Project code: 4302004 Project team: Huhta, Pekka; Rauhaniemi, Tom; Jarva, Jaana; Saastamoinen, Hilkka; Breilin, Olli; Mäkinen, Kalevi; Hakala, Pertti Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1999... 2003 moraines; inventory; reserves; exploitation; protection Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Itä-Uusimaa; Kanta-Häme; Päijät- Häme; Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Oulu Province; Kainuu; Kuusamo STUDIES OF HARD ROCK AGGREGATES (POSKI PROJECT) Project leader: Sipilä, Pekka Project code: 4302001; 4302003 Project team: Nurmi, Heikki; Vuokko, Jouko; Hokkanen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1994... 2004 bedrock; aggregate; reserves; inventory; ground water; natural resources; conservation Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Kanta-Häme; Kymenlaakso The regional POSKI-project has the aim of reconciling the protection of ground water resources with the increasing production of aggregates. The project began in the 1994 and is 48

Environmental geology being carried out in collaboration with GTK, environmental agencies and various national aggregate enterprises. The project is administrated by the Finnish Environment Institute. The part of the POSKI-project concerning hard rock aggregates deals with regional investigations of aggregates in areas which are more or less useless for ground water production but suitable for aggregate production. Thus the studies of hard rock aggregates are not directed to areas containing important ground water aquifers, such as eskers or deltas. Municipal recreation areas and parks are also excluded. Moreover, all areas investigated have an approximately 500 m wide protective zone around residential areas and are not situsted close to shorelines. The investigations of hard rock aggregates in the POSKI-project consist of field and laboratory studies. The field studies contains geological observations of local bedrock, including dominant rock types, grain size, texture, foliation, intensity of schistosity and estimation of aggregate quality. The minimum size of an observed area has been about 1 hectare. Samples for laboratory studies, especially for various strength parameter studies, are taken from the sites with special interest. All data is filed in the GIS-databases. Biological considerations that might affect the commencement of aggregate quarrying, are checked in areas of high-quality hard rock aggregates. Maps of available material for production of hard rock aggregates (including quality variations) at a scale of 1 : 20 000 are finally produced. INVENTORY OF GRAVEL AND SAND DEPOSITS SOUTHERN FIN- LAND (POSKI PROJECT) Project leader: Ahonen, Ismo Project code: 4302001; 4302002; 4302003 Project team: Sahala, Lauri; Kurkinen, Ilpo; Töllikkö, Seppo Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1994... cont. aggregate; reserves; inventory; ground water; protection Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Häme; Kymenlaakso ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGICALLY AND GEOMORPHOLOGICALLY VALUABLE SITES Project leader: Sipilä, Pekka Project code: 4302006; 2302004 Project team: Kananoja, Tapio Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1989... cont. environmental geology; bedrock; geomorphology; geologic sites; inventory; conservation; education Geographical area: Western Finland Province; Central Finland The aim of the study is to assess geologically and geomorphologically valuable sites of bedrock with protection and education value. Depending on their protection value, the sites are 49

Environmental geology divided into those of international, national, provincial or local importance. Factors affecting the protection value of a site are its geological and scenic values and its present state of which the geological value is the main factor. A report and a listing of sites will be published for each province by The Ministry of the Environment. So far the bedrock sites of 1) Uusimaa, 2) Kymi, 3) Turku and Pori, 4) Häme and 5) Vaasa provinces have been assessed. In year 2000 the assessment is planned to continue in Central Finland. The project is connected also to The European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage (ProGEO). MULTIPLE USE OF PEATLANDS Project leader: Korhonen, Riitta Project code: 2302012 Project team: Suomi, Timo; Lehmuskoski, Kari Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: cont. mires; peatlands; peat harvesting; remediation; land use; peat; utilization; peat therapy; peat fibres Geographical area: Finland GEOLOGICAL OUTDOOR MAP OF NUUKSIO AREA Project leader: Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija Project code: 2302005 Project team: Kielosto, Sakari; Stén, Carl-Göran; Grönholm, Sari; Väätäinen, Jari Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998... 2000 areal geology; soils; bedrock; geologic maps; thematic maps; geologic sites; recreation; education Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Espoo; Vihti; Nuuksio The task of the project is to produce a geological outdoor map of Nuuksio highland area including the National Park and conservation and camping areas. The thematic map will be a combined map of Quaternary deposits and bedrock geology with geological excursion sites. INFORMATION SYSTEM OF SAND, GRAVEL AND ROCK AGGRE- GATE RESERVES Project leader: Ahonen, Ismo Project code: 4302000; 1304011 Project team: Breilin, Olli; Mäkinen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1999-09-01... 2000-02-29 50

Environmental geology Geographical area: gravel deposits; sands; aggregate; till; reserves; exploitation; information systems; data management Finland TITLE UNKNOWN Project leader: Virtanen, Kimmo Project code: 4302005 Project team: Mäkilä, Markku; Mursu, Juha Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 2000... 2003 mires; peat; forest soils; nutrients; forestry; mathematical models; thematic maps Geographical area: Finland Raw material resources and the environment ECOGEOCHEMICAL MAPPING OF THE EASTERN BARENTS RE- GION (BARENTS) Project leader: Salminen, Reijo Project code: 4304000 Project team: Tarvainen, Timo; Tenhola, Markku; Niskavaara, Heikki; Gregorauskiene, Virgilija; Aarrevaara, Jouni; Parviainen, Ari; Valli, Tauno Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1999... 2003 Int. collaborators: Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); Northwest Regional Geological Centre of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg; Severgeolcom, Archangelsk, Russian federation environmental geology; geochemical surveys; baseline studies; chemical elements; soils; surface water; stream sediments; humus; pollution; international cooperation Geographical area: Russian Federation; Murmansk Region; Republic of Karelia; Arkhangelsk Region; Leningrad Region; Novaya Zemlya; Finland; Lappi Province; Northern Norway Geochemical baseline mapping project based on multimaterial and -elemental method covering the NW Russia and adjacent areas of Finland and Norway. NW-Russia is of strategic importance not only for Europe but also for the sosio-economic development of the whole Russia for its richness in natural resources. Their use must be based on environmentally acceptable principles. In addition, within the area exist numerous industrial centres whose environmental impacts are unknown. The information produced by the project is significant for the future 51

Environmental geology development of the area and remedial measures of the environment. The project lead by the GTK will be carried out in 1999-2003 in cooperation with Russian and Norwegian partners. DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DE- GRADED LAND RECLAMATION IN IN THE KOLA PENINSULA, MURMANSK REGION - BISTRO Project leader: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, Kirsti Project code: 3304000 Project team: Räisänen, Marja-Liisa; Kuivasaari, Tapio Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1999-11... 2000-04 Int. collaborators: State University of Moscow, Russian Federation; Central Kola Expedition (CKE), Russian Federation environmental geology; soils; ground water; mines; pollution; surveys; remediation; EU projects Geographical area: Russian Federation; Murmansk Region; Kola Peninsula Tacis Bistro project Development of methods and technologies for degraded land reclamation in the Kola Peninsula, Murmansk region (project number BIS/99/249/035) operates from November 1999 to April 2000. The main objectives have been to evaluate the environmental impacts of mining industry in the Kola Peninsula area and to summarize the technologies used for land reclamation in the European Union countries. Special attention has been paid in the apatite-nepheline mining areas in Apatity, with the purpose to find a suitable technology for land reclamation. The major part of the pollution in the Kola Peninsula area derives from mining, processing and smelting of the nickel-copper ores at Zapoyarny, Nikel, and Monchegorsk. Industrial activity started in the late 1930s. The apatite-nepheline ores don t have as serious environmental impacts as the Ni-Cu mining industry, because they don t cause acid rock drainage like sulfide ores. The main environmental impacts of the apatite-nepheline mining in the Kirovsk-Apatity area are dust, increase of suspended solids in the downstream surface waters and the disturbance of the landscape. Groundwater pollution occurs in the surroundings of the concentration plants. The Kola Science Center has developed a technology which can be used for recultivation of damaged lands without application of a new fertile soil layer. The technology serves same purposes as hydroseeding/ hydromulching methods which are in use especially in North America. MANAGEMENT OF MINING WASTE Project leader: Gaál, Gabor; Paulamäki, Seppo Project code: 3304001 Unit and section: Research and Development, Coordination and Special ProjectsRegional Office for Southern Finland, Nuclear Waste Geology 52

Environmental geology Schedule: 1999... 2000-05 Int. collaborators: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), France environmental geology; mines; soils; pollution; surveying; EU projects Geographical area: Finland The work is part of the EU-project coordinated by the BRGM of France and participated by the Geological Surveys in nine EU countries. The work deal with the waste derived from both active and inactive mining activities relative to all the metals and industrial minerals (including uranium, coal and potash) that are, or have been, the object of significant production in the 15 countries of the EU. In GTK an inventory of the Finnish mine sites, both active and inactive, have been compiled. The data collected includes the identification and the location of the sites, the mining stages and the mine operators, any known accidents or pollution, any known studies concerning the site, aspects related to the management of all the products and waste, and a bibliography of consulted documents. Identification and analysis of potential environmental problems related to waste management is also carried out. A bibliographic analysis is carried out on all the existing legislative and normative texts governing mining waste management in Finland. MINEO - ASSESSING AND MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN EUROPE USING ADVANCED EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES Project leader: Kuosmanen, Viljo Project code: 3304002 Project team: Arkimaa, Hilkka; Carlson, Liisa; Hyvönen, Eija; Laitinen, Jukka; Lerssi, Jouni; Vanne, Jouko; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, Kirsti; Salminen, Reijo; Siira, Maarit; Suomela, Pekka Unit and section: Research and Development, Information Technology Methods Development Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2002 Int. collaborators: BGA; BGR, Germany; British Geological Survey (BGS); Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), France; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen; IGM; JRC/CEO; NERI; DSK (Deutsche Steinkohle) remote sensing; environmental geology; mines; imagery; visualization; EU projects Geographical area: Europe EuroGeoSurveys Remote Sensing Topic Network has successfully placed an IST EU-bid MINEO, the aim of which is Assessing and Monitoring the Environmental Impact of Mining Activities in Europe Using Advanced Earth Observation Techniques. 53

Environmental geology The objectives of MINEO are as follows: - To develop advanced methods for the extraction of information and knowledge from Earth Observation data, which will be required in the future in order to provide EC and users (industry, decision-makers) with new and regularly updated thematic layers for environmental database related to mining areas and to develop operational tools for preparing and updating these layers; -To develop the key components of the decision making tools and methods to exploit these data and facilitate their use in sustainable information systems to locate and monitor environmental risks related to mining sites and aid the decision processes. Such tools will give the sound basis for effective environmental management through a dialogue between industrialists and decision-makers, ensuring a sustainable development of the mineral industry, which faces increasing environmental pressure and regulatory controls. The Finnish part of MINEO will be based at the new Remote Sensing Laboratory of GTK. MINEO will provide benefits for GTK due to synergy with some other projects dealing with mining environments. This document describes only the that part of the work which is intended to be carried out by the Finnish partner, contractor No 2, of the MINEO consortium. The entire international project is described in the EU bid (MINEO Consortium 1999). GUIDE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS IN MINING PROJECTS Project leader: Salminen, Reijo Project code: 4304001 Project team: Heikkinen, Päivi; Wennerström, Marit; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Nikkarinen, Maria; Suomela, Pekka; Sipilä, Pekka Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-06-01... 2000-02 environmental geology; mines; environmental analysis; environmental effects; evaluation; guidebook Geographical area: Finland ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GEOLOGICAL FACTORS Project leader: Nikkarinen, Maria Project code: 2302010 Project team: Kousa, Anne; Aatos, Soile; Räisänen, Marja-Liisa; Väänänen, Pauli; Mäkinen, Jari; Mursu, Juha Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-01... 2001-12 environmental geology; geochemical surveys; medical geology; land use; asbestos deposits; environmental effects; agriculture; heavy metals; black schists; drinking water Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Tuusniemi; Kaavi; North Karelia; Outokumpu; Etelä-Savo; Heinävesi 54

Environmental geology The project consists of three sub-projects: 1) Asbestos problems, 2) Planning for a forthcoming project dealing with the environmental impact of agriculture and 3) Geomedical studies. 1) Estimation of the potential risk caused by asbestos fibres in soil is a new issue. Investigations in the Paakkila and Maljasalmi mining areas drew attention to the need to study the distribution of asbestos fibres in soil in a larger area surrounding the mines. In the first stage of the project it will produce predictive maps of asbestos distribution in selected districts in eastern Finland. 2) The environmental impact of farming has been studied in the Niittyjärvi area. Developments in methodology have been needed to differentiate the influence of farming from geological factors (such as black shales) in acidification. 3) The aim of this sub-project is to investigate the relationship between geochemical factors and the areal incidence of coronary heart disease. A new approach in the study is to use areas other than the small administratively defined areas as spatial units. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE MANAGE- MENT SYSTEM FOR NATURAL STONE INDUSTRY AND THE LIFE CYCLE OF NATURAL STONE PRODUCTION Project leader: Aatos, Soile Project code: 4304002 Project team: Ahtonen, Niina; Breilin, Olli; Nikkarinen, Maria; Kiiskinen, Arto; Aalto, Anne Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: 1999-06-01... 2002-05-31 building stone; dimension stone; aggregate; production; mining; environmental effects; impact statements; life cycle analysis; information systems; www Geographical area: Finland; Eastern Finland Province; South Karelia; Ylämaa; Etelä- Savo; Sulkava; Oulu Province; Kainuu; Suomussalmi; Western Finland Province; Varsinais-Suomi; Taivassalo This cross-scientific project aims to find out about the actual environmental impacts of Finnish natural stone production by measuring the environmental loadings of natural stone production during its life cycle (impacts on ground water, noise, tremor, radiation, production release and production residue impacts). The project will build an environmental GISand Internet-related database management system for the small-scale Finnish natural stone industries. Using the gathered information, a life cycle analysis/assessment (LCA) concerning natural stone production will be made. The project will produce preliminary environmental and economic estimates of the environmental effects of natural stone production. The results of the project will strengthen the environmental and marketing strategies of the natural stone indus- 55

Environmental geology try, and they will give the environmental and other related authorities information and tools for environmental decision-making concerning natural stone production. Contaminated areas CONTAMINATED AREAS AND MINE ENVIRONMENTS Project leader: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, Kirsti Project code: 2305001 Project team: Lintinen, Petri; Carlson, Liisa; Tanskanen, Heikki; Lahermo, Pertti; Mäkilä, Markku; Arkimaa, Hilkka; Suomi, Timo; Lahti, Mari; Kurki, Pirkko; Vanhala, Heikki; Paananen, Markku; Ahonen, Lasse; Paulamäki, Seppo; Sipilä, Pekka; Reinikainen, Juha; Räisänen, Marja-Liisa; Kuivasaari, Tapio; Lestinen, Pekka; Eronen, Alpo; Korkiakoski, Esko; Nenonen, Jari; Lehto, Olli; Juvonen, Riitta; Kahelin, Hanna; Suominen, Meeri Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2004 Int. collaborators: Risoe National Laboratory; University of Moscow, Russian Federation; University of St. Petersburg, Russian federation environmental geology; soils; ground water; mines; pollution; surveys; remediation; methods; development; international cooperation Geographical area: Finland The purpose of the project during 1.1.2000 to 31.12.2004 is to develop research in contaminated areas, mine environments, and in the areas of high natural metal concentrations. Main research areas are the closed Hammaslahti and Otravaara sulfide mines in eastern Finland, and the natural areas of high metal concentrations in eastern and northern Finland. The methods used are geological, geochemical, mineralogical, and geophysical, and in co-operation with universities and other research institutes also microbiological and biological research is connected. Geochemical modelling, risk evaluation and 3D-modelling techniques will also be developed. Studies in areas of high natural metal concentrations are important to obtain natural background levels and to study mobilization and fixation of potentially harmful elements under natural conditions. Map of the distribution of Early Proterozoic black shale formations will be published in 1 : 1 000 000 scale, showing the areas of high natural sulfur and graphite concentrations in rocks. These rocks are easily weathered and the areas are not suitable for obtaining groundwater. Also the first map for the map series Geoenvironmental Maps of Finland will be compiled. During 2000, we participate in three European Commission-funded projects in mine environments. 56

Environmental geology ENVIRONMENTAL GEOPHYSICS Project leader: Vanhala, Heikki Project code: 2305002 Project team: Lehtimäki, Jukka; Lohva, Jaana; Mattsson, Annina; Kurimo, Maija; Valli, Tuire; Jokinen, Tarmo Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Special Surveys Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2004-12-31 environmental geology; geophysical methods; electrical methods; induced polarization; development; pollution; soils; ground water; monitoring A research project entitled "Environmental and Engineering Geophysics" started at the beginning of 1995. The project develops and applies geophysical techniques for the research of contaminated soil and groundwater. The most important methods include electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization tomography (IPT) and spectral induced polarization (SIP). The effect of organic and inorganic contaminants on the (complex) resistivity of soil is studied by laboratory and field measurements. 2D and 3D modelling of resistivity and IP anomalies is also an integrated part of the project. ACCREDITATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING METHODS Project leader: Lehto, Olli Project code: 2305004 Project team: Virtasalo, Juha; Tanskanen, Heikki; Reinikainen, Juha; Breilin, Olli; Lehmuspelto, Pasi; Suhonen, Eeva Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Kuopio (Mid-Finland) Schedule: 1999-08-27... 2000-12-31 environmental geology; sampling; chemical analysis; quality control Geographical area: Finland The aim of the project is the accreditation on some environmental sampling methods during the year 2000. NICARAGUA 2 Project leader: Väisänen, Ulpu Project code: 4305001 Project team: Kukkonen, Marjatta Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1999-08... 2000-04 Int. collaborators: Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua (UNA), Marina Ulmos Vado & Róger José Larios 57

Environmental geology Geographical area: environmental geology; pollution; soils; ground water; surface water; agriculture; pesticides; international cooperation Nicaragua The goal of the project is to investigate environmental hazards in soil and waters in agricultural areas, caused by pesticides and other environmental pollutants, and to show the effects of pollutants on nature and human beings. Information and educational material of environmental problems, causes and effects of contamination of soil and waters will be brought to local authorities and rural people, as well information how to protect the environment and to mitigate hazards of pesticides and other pollutants in agricultural areas. State and changes of environment PALMU Project leader: Saarinen, Timo Project code: 2306008 Project team: Saarnisto, Matti; Lunkka, Juha-Pekka; Tiljander, Mia; Ojala, Antti; Mäkilä, Markku; Pajunen, Hannu; Karhu, Juha; Eriksson, Brita; Kankainen, Tuovi; Grundström, Ale; Mäkeläinen, Erna Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 2000... 2004 Int. collaborators: University of Lund, Sweden; University of Bremen, Norway; University of Massachusets, USA; University of Zurich, Switzerland; University of London, U.K.; IGBP/PAGES; ESF global change; climate change; numerical models; prediction; international cooperation; Holocene With the current project we will focus and co-ordinate GTK research efforts with in global climate change. The focus of the project is to understand the sensitivity of environment and ice sheets to global warming by studying natural, medium (10 000-20 000 years) to high-resolution (1-10 years) climatic and environmental change in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia during the past 120 000 years, with special emphasis in the role of lake sediments and mires as carbon store. This project adds a comprehensive modelling dimension to the paleoenvironmental research programmes currently ongoing at the Geological Survey of Finland jointly with the EU-projects, TIMECHS and Eurasian ICE SHEETS (related to ESF s QUEEN Programme Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North). Results will be applied in climate model scenarios. 58

Environmental geology TOXICAL Project leader: Leveinen, Jussi Project code: 3306005 Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 2000... cont. environmental geology; ground water; pollution; EU projects WATER CONTENT OF SNOW Project leader: Hänninen, Pekka Project code: 4306002 Project team: Sutinen, Raimo; Lojander, Sirkka; Äikää, Osmo; Majaniemi, Juha; Musta, Veikko; Aro, Ilkka Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1999-10... 2000-09 geophysical methods; ground-penetrating radar; dielectric properties; snow; water content; meltwater; surface water; discharge; soil water; frozen ground Geographical area: Northern Finland Snow melting process is important for power companies. The melting season differs from year to year. Dielectric measurements can be use to study the snow melting process more effecty than before. As well, it can be used to monitore the frost season in soil, which is also important data in modelling the every year water flow. LAKE SEDIMENT SURVEYS Project leader: Pajunen, Hannu Project code: 2306003 Project team: Pihlaja, Jouni; Väänänen, Tapio; Kukkonen, Esa; Saarinen, Timo; Kankainen, Tuovi; Ikonen, Jorma; Pelkonen, Hannu; Husso, Kalle; Mäkeläinen, Erna Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 environmental geology; mapping; lake sediments; properties; carbon; deposition; greenhouse effect; climate change Geographical area: Finland The principal aim of the lake sediment project is to quantify carbon storage in lake sediments and to study the role of lake sediments as a carbon sink. Additional research topics, such 59

Environmental geology as climate change and human impacts, may be linked with the main project. The project will be carried out during five years. The sediments will be surveyed annually from about 30 lakes, which are included in the statistically selected lake data base. The quantity of sediments will be estimated using information collected by acoustic sounding, ground penetrating radar or coring. Livingstone or Kullenberg type samplers will be used to collect long cores of sediments, and a Limnos type sampler will be used to collect surface samples. At least one long core and a Limnos core will be collected from each lake. Sediment samples will be analysed for water content, loss on ignition, grain size, and for the contents of several elements (organic C, N, Fe, Mn, P, S). In the Kyoto Protocol, industrial countries agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The project produces new information on the role of lake sediments in the greenhouse gas balance at a national level. ELECTRICAL METHODS IN SURFICIAL GEOLOGY Project leader: Sutinen, Raimo Project code: 2306009 Project team: Hyvönen, Eija; Siira, Maarit; Kukkonen, Ilmo; Musta, Veikko; Piekkari, Matti; Virtanen, Markku Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Land Use and Environment Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2005-12 soils; physical properties; soil water; electrical methods; dielectric properties; remote sensing Geographical area: Finland The application of terrestrial electrical methods and remote sensing to practical forest industry, cold region research, civil engineering and environmental issues. TIMECHS: TIMING AND MECHANISMS OF HOLOCENE CLIMATE IN NW EUROPE BASED ON STABLE ISOTOPE, POLLEN AND MACRO- FOSSIL EVIDENCE FROM LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENTS Project leader: Saarinen, Timo Project code: 3306002 Project team: Grundström, Ale; Mäkeläinen, Erna Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2000-08-31 Int. collaborators: Palaeoenvironmental Research Unit,Department of Botany, University of Ireland, Galway; Dept. of Applied Geophysics, National University of Ireland, Galway; School of Geography, Kingston University, UK; Abtailung fuer Klima- und Umweltphysik, Universität Bern, Switzerland; Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 60

Environmental geology Geographical area: Project s home page: Netherlands; Department of Geology, University College Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Environmental Change and Quaternary Research, Cheltenham and Gloucester College, UK; Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada; Environmental Change Research Centre, Unversity College London, UK; Faculty of Biology, University of Amsterdam; Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University; GeoForschungZentrum Potsdam, Germany climate change; paleoclimatology; sediments; varves; pollen; macrofossils; stable isotopes; geochronology; Holocene; EU projects Western Europe; Ireland; Inis Oirr; An Loch Mor http://www.gsf.fi/paleo/timechs/ A new high resolution reconstruction of the patterns and rates of Holocene climate change at mid-latitudes is essential in order to test several recent hypotheses and models for sub- Milankovitch climate fluctuations. The project is intended to provide the first such reconstruction for the extreme western margin of the European continent, by detailed geochemical, isotope and palaeoecological investigations of an exceptionally high-sedimentation, laminated lake core, which has already been recovered. Specific scientific objectives include: (i) to reconstruct, at a decadal to annual time-resolution, the climatic record for the entire Holocene. The emphasis will be given on establishing well-dated quantitative records, based on pollen, macrofossils (plant and ostracod), stable isotope (delta -O-18 and delta-c-13 measured on single- species ostracod tests (where possible) and also bulk carbonate, and trace metal ratios (also on single-species ostracod tests), in order to identify periods of rapid climate change and to quantify rates of change. Geochronology will be based on sedimentological investigations (including lamination/varve analysis), and C14-AMS and U-series dating. Evidence for stepwise and oscillatory changes during the Holocene, as proposed recently by glaciochemical studies on the Greenland ice cores, GRIP and GISP2, will be critically evaluated. (ii) To establish whether climate-change events, recorded in cores from this climatesensitive region of western Europe, are synchronous with the atmosphere-driven events recorded in the high latitudes, Greenland ice cores, changing sea-surface temperatures in the North Atlantic and/or North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation. (iii) To establish if the Little Ice Age (LIA) was characterised by increased storminess in the northern Atlantic. The latter should provide a valuable test for suggestions that the LIA atmospheric circulation was more meridional than that of the present day. (iv) To quantify the role of oceanic thermal inertia in controlling the amplitude and rate of climatic fluctuations in the Holocene by comparing our new high-resolution record with other well-dated records from similar latitudes in western and central Europe. Our investigations will provide a multi-proxy, well dated quantitative climate record for oceanic Europe, at a resolution that was hitherto unattainable. It represents an unparalleled opportunity to test key aspects of current models for sub-milankovitch climate change. 61

Environmental geology KORTTAJÄRVI 7000 - RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN FENNOSCAN- DIA AS RECORDED BY ANNUALLY LAMINATED LAKE SEDIMENTS Project leader: Saarinen, Timo Project code: 530663743 Project team: Saarnisto, Matti; Tiljander, Mia; Karhu, Juha; Kankainen, Tuovi Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2001-12-31 Int. collaborators: University of Lund, Sweden; The Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Bern, Switzerland paleoclimatology; geochronology; lake sediments; varves; tree rings; climate change; Holocene; international cooperation Geographical area: Western Finland Province; Central Finland; Jyväskylä; Korttajärvi; Lehmilampi; Eastern Finland Province; Northern Savo; Suonenjoki; Kalliokourujärvi; Pitkäjärvi; Lappi Province Annually laminated or varved sediments are formed in lakes when seasonal variations in sedimentation produces clearly visible layers. These distinct layers, which form varves, constitute valuable independent archives of both historical and prehistorical environmental change, extending in Fennoscandia from the present day back to several thousands of years ago. In recent years several new lake basins have been discovered in Finland where continuous varve sequences have been deposited. The proposed project aims to study, through interdisciplinary methods (varve analysis, mineral/palaeomagnetism, stable isotope geochemistry including hydrogen, pollen, diatom and chironomid analysis, dendrochronology and selected element geochemistry) how short- and long-term climate and environmental changes are documented in varves, and how they have influenced the ecosystem of a lake. These changes can be dated to a precision of one year (with seasonal resolution sometimes obtainable). By correlating the proxy-climatic data provided by the varved sediments with tree-ring data representing the same time interval, a more advanced interpretation of the impact of climate fluctuation on the lake and its surroundings is possible. Such a comparison of two independently dated proxy-records of climate change has not been undertaken earlier within a limited geographical area. Three soft-water lakes in central Finland which contain varves (Korttajärvi, Kalliokourujärvi and Pitkäjärvi) have been chosen as the key sites. The study is closely related to the EU TIMECHS Project and is also linked to the ESF supported European Lake Drilling Programme (ELDP). BASYS: SP4 NEARSHORE AND COASTLINE PROCESSES, SP7 PA- LEOENVIRONMENT Project leader: Winterhalter, Boris Project code: 3306001 62

Environmental geology Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1996-07-01... 2000 Int. collaborators: BASYS project partners (50 from countries around the Baltic Sea) marine geology; basin; marine sediments; environmental geology; changes; human activity; international cooperation; EU projects Geographical area: Baltic Sea Project s home page: http://sunip.io-warnemuende.de/projects/basys/en_home.htm The overall objective of the sub-project 7 (Paleoenvironment) is to improve our understanding of the differences between anthropogenic and natural influence on the Baltic Sea environment. This is of utmost importance in assessing the anthropogenic influence on the present state of the Baltic Sea and in the evaluation of remedial measures on the future development and state of the marine area. The set goal will be addressed by comparing environmentally induced measurable variations in texture and composition registered sequentially in the sediments to historically recorded recent and sub-recent events. The sub-project will establish a detailed and accurate time scale for the Holocene sedimentary record with emphasis on the anthropogenically influenced las few thousand years and in greater detail for the last historically documented 500 years. Determine physical, chemical and biological parameters that reflect environmental or ecological conditions prevailing at the time of deposition. The general objective of the sub-project 4 (Nearshore and Coastline Processes) is to study to what extent nearshore areas act as a transitional storage and as a source area for the flux of sediments, nutrients, river discharges and harmful substances on their way to the deeper parts of the Baltic. It will be studied, in which way processes are triggered and influence the quantity of matter and the transport processes at time scales of seasons, years, decades and centuries. MARINE SEDIMENT INVESTIGATIONS Project leader: Vallius, Henry Project code: 2306002 Project team: Winterhalter, Boris; Räisänen, Marja-Liisa Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 Int. collaborators: VSEGEI, St. Petersburg, Russian federation; University of Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Geological Survey (SGU), Upsala; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen marine environment; sedimentary processes; marine sediments; sampling; heavy metals; pollution; human activity; environmental effects Geographical area: Baltic Sea 63

Environmental geology The Baltic Sea that immediately after the Ice Age was an ice lake has become a sea that is affected by the activities of some 85 million people. All the changes since the Ice Age have been recorded in the sea-bottom sediments. Thus it is important to focus attention on that matter. The recent changes can be seen as strongly elevated levels of harmful substances, especially heavy metals. The movement and sedimentation of the metals and particulate matter as well as the binding of metals to particles is not sufficiently understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the Finnish coastal zone by echo sounding and sampling combined with a thorough chemical and mineralogical analysis of the samples. Thus it will be possible to produce a better picture of the distribution of metals, the movement of metals in water and sediment and the binding of metals to particulate matter. EUMARSIN (EUROPEAN MARINE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NET- WORK) Project leader: Vallius, Henry Project code: 3306003 Project team: Roos, Sinikka Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-11-01... 2000-10-31 Int. collaborators: EuroGeoSurveys; MARIS; IGME, Greece information systems; data management; marine geology; geographic information systems; GIS; World Wide Web; survey organizations; international cooperation; EU projects Geographical area: Europe The EUMARSIN project aims to provide a tool to assist the integrated management of the European coastal and marine environment. The team of 16 organisations will develop and operate a public domain GIS-based electronic database network designed to give wide access to information already obtained from our work in the European seas, but which has yet to be fully integrated into a single European system. The information will be based on the marine sediment meta-data banks of the Geological Surveys of the EU countries and Norway, which represent about 140,000 sample points. Users will be able to access knowledge of the nature and quality of seabed sediments by identifying the sources where the required data are stored. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL GEOCHEMI- CAL DATA Project leader: Tarvainen, Timo Project code: 2306000 64

Environmental geology Project team: Ahlsved, Christer; Kortelainen, Nina; Kuusisto, Erna; Lahermo, Pertti; Ranta-Pantti, Maritta; Savolainen, Heimo; Backman, Birgitta; Paukola, Tarja; Pullinen, Arto; Tanskanen, Heikki; Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp; Juntunen, Risto; Nikkarinen, Maria; Väisänen, Ulpu; Pohjola, Riitta; Ilmasti, Maija; Kallio, Eeva Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002-12-31 Int. collaborators: Baltic Soil Survey (11 countries); European Topic Centre/Soil; UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution/Task Force on Mapping environmental geology; geochemical surveys; mapping; soils; organic sediments; ground water; surface water; applications; data bases Geographical area: Finland Finland is covered comprehensively by geochemical mapping of till, arable soils, organic stream sediment, surface water and ground water. Lake sediments, soil profiles and snow have also been sampled in selected parts of the country. These datasets will be calibrated with the results of other European nationwide geochemical mapping projects by the means of international geochemical mapping programmes. In a national scale, the existing data will be used to generate environmental interpretation maps. New data will be collected and analysed to study soil types and elements that were not included in earlier investigations. Applications will be developed for forest research, agriculture, calculations of critical load and regional planning. New mapping methods will be needed for detailed studies in urban geochemistry. The project will also participate in the work of the European Topic Centre on Soil as the national reference centre. GROUND WATER AND SOIL MONITORING Project leader: Backman, Birgitta Project code: 2306001 Project team: Lahermo, Pertti; Paukola, Tarja; Rainio, Heikki; Leveinen, Jussi; Pullinen, Arto; Lojander, Sirkka Unit and section: Research and Development, Quaternary Deposits and Environmental Geology Schedule: 1998... 2025 ground water; water quality; water wells; soils; monitoring; environmental geology; human activity; effects Geographical area: Finland 65

Environmental geology The influence of hydrogeological conditions and environmental changes which occur in Finland will be researched in this project. The project consists of many subprojects which all deal with the effect of geological environment and human activities on groundwater. The sampling technique study and the register of drilled wells will all be included in these project. The subprojects are: groundwater monitoring including integrated monitoring and groundwater modelling and sampling technique study. The geological structure, the groundwater flow and the movements of different elements in groundwater will be studied and the method will increasingly be the groundwater modelling. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS BY AIRBORNE GEO- PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES VALIDATED BY GEOPHYSICAL FIELD MEASUREMENTS (AERA) Project leader: Gaál, Gabor Project code: 3306004 Project team: Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp; Hänninen, Pekka; Lahti, Mari; Suppala, Ilkka; Vanhala, Heikki Unit and section: Research and Development, Coordination and Special Projects Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2000-12-31 Int. collaborators: GeoMentor, Greece; Der Bohrlochmesser (DBM), Germany; MAP environmental BV, The Netherlands; C&E, Germany; University of Athens, Greece environmental geology; soils; pollution; industrial areas; geophysical methods; airborne methods; surveying; risk assesment; new methods; EU projects Geographical area: Germany; Zwickau This project combines an innovative use of airborne and ground geophysical techniques in the evaluation of a large (40 x 20 km) test site in Zwickau, Germany which is heavily polluted by uranium mining, heavy metal industrial processing, past military activity, agriculture and urbanisation. The use of a fixed wing aircraft using radiometric, electromagnetic techniques combined with radiometric and magnetic measurements is new and cost-effective, as is the use of Neutron Logging in combination with Ground Penetrating Radar for the ground surveys. The project has the following quantifiable aims: 1) To produce airborne geophysical maps of the test site 2) To complete back up ground geophysical surveys 3) To produce GIS based thematic maps with pollution concentration and risks 4) To evaluate the combined geophysical techniques as a tool in site surveying prior to remediation in large scale contaminated sites of Europe. 66

Information management GIS-services GEODATA WAREHOUSE Project leader: Kauniskangas, Esa Project code: 2401007 Project team: Räisänen, Petteri; Rönkkö, Tero; Aalto, Anne; Antikainen, Timo; Pell, Julia; Rosenberg, Petri; Tolonen, Vesa-Matti; Pänttäjä, Markku; Nykänen, Vesa; Sundholm, Pirjo; Mannelin, Pentti Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Coordination and Special Projects Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2003-12-31 geologic maps; digital data; data bases; data management; geographic information systems; GIS; ArcView; Arc/Info Geographical area: Finland The GIS-orientated Data Base Management System (DBMS) is created for geological spatial data in this four year lasting project. The new database system is based on Oracle RDBMS, where spatial and attribute data will be placed on theme-based layers, each of which covers the whole of Finland. The content and the structure of geological databases and geometric handling of the spatial data are updated on the basis of the work in the project Object data model for geological field data. The specifications of the group which will take care on the quality of the GTK s data collection and handling will be recognised. A technical solution is planned to be placed on a spatial database engine and on the GUI s programmed to be run with ArcView and web browsers. Also a global positioning system will be used with handheld pc s. TITLE UNKNOWN Project leader: Rantala, Olli Project code: 2401004 Project team: Saastamoinen, Hilkka; Forsman, Ritva; Keskisaari, Kirsti; Sirén, Liisa; Kujala-Tammi, Marjo; Hokkanen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, GIS-Services Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2000-12-31 67

Information management Geographical area: geographic information systems; digital data; surficial geology maps; lithologic maps; data bases Finland DESKTOP-GIS Project leader: Nykänen, Vesa Project code: 2401003 Project team: Haavikko, Jarmo; Pitkänen, Timo; Lampio, Eero; Kahra, Antti; Tiainen, Markku; Virkki, Hanna; Jarva, Jaana; Vallimies, Eija; Partanen, Matti; Niskanen, Hannu Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Information Technology and Services Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2000-12-31 geographic information systems; Desktop-GIS; ArcView; Arc/Info; MapInfo; digital data; data management; applications The Desktop-GIS project develops GIS applications for research scientists by using Arc/Info and ArcView software (MapInfo at the Regional office of the Southern Finland). Project stores the GIS data into the multiuser network sercvices on the intranet of the GTK. The project will be carried through as a joint project between the GIS specialists at the regional offices. The aim of the project is to render the work done by the substance projects more effective by utilizing the GIS databases and applications to be widely used among the research scientists and assisting staff. The main areas of the application developement are the graphical user interphases and the end user tools. Training will be mainly organized by the short courses bought from the software vendors, but the user support will be given by the Desktop-GIS workgroups at the regional offices. Development of communication MEDIAPOLI Project leader: Gustavsson, Nils Project code: 2402004 Project team: Järvinen, Jorma; Suomela, Pekka; Kuronen, Timo Unit and section: Research and Development, Information Technology Methods Development Schedule: 1999... cont. communcation networks; data processing; network services; cooperation Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Espoo; Otaniemi Project s home page: http://www.mediapoli.com/ 68

Information management Geomathematics STUDY OF HYPERSPECTRAL INDICATIONS FOR MINERAL DE- POSITS Project leader: Kuosmanen, Viljo Project code: 4404000 Project team: Arkimaa, Hilkka; Kinnunen, Kari; Kuosmanen, Eira; Rainio, Heikki; Saarinen, Helena; Ruohomäki, Timo; Laitinen, Jukka Unit and section: Research and Development, Information Technology Methods Development Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2001-12-31 Int. collaborators: EuroGeoSurveys remote sensing; mines; mineral exploration; bedrock; soils; environmental geology; mineral resources; evaluation; imagery; visualization; international cooperation Reflectance spectroscopy method, when used from a distance or from a remote platform using an imaging spectrometer, is called hyperspectral remote sensing. The aim of this project is to provide the Geological Survey of Finland and its partners with the methods of hyperspectral remote sensing (with electromagnetic wavelenghts 400-2500 nm) by the end of September, 2001. Studies of indicators for ore deposits, industrial minerals and geoenvironmental contamination are based on the ability to map e.g. minerals, rocks, alteration zones and subtle changes in vegetation from a distance. The test imaging is carried out from nearby, from a crane, helicopter, aeroplane and finally from a satellite, if such satellite data is available. The project will test the hyperspectral method in various natural circumstances and test areas: Discernibility of outcropping Precambrian bedrock units and discernibility of glacial soil types. Some environmental, geochemical and vegetation effects are studied in the vicinities of two former mines and especially their waste areas. Mineralogical applications of hyperspectral methods for mining beneficiation, waste rock dilution and mineral enrichment are carried out in six different mines in Finland and mining environments in one tailing dam area. This study is planned and carried out in parallel with the recommendations and actions of the EuroGeoSurveys Remote Sensing Topic Network. LABORATORY OF REMOTE SENSING Project leader: Kuosmanen, Viljo Project code: 2404002; 2404003 Project team: Arkimaa, Hilkka; Laitinen, Jukka; Saarinen, Helena; Ruohomäki, Timo Unit and section: Research and Development, Information Technology Methods Development Schedule: 1998... 2005 69

Information management Int. collaborators: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), France; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen; BGA; British Geological Survey (BGS); NERI; DSK (Deutsche Steinkohle); HYVISTA; IGM; JRC/CEO remote sensing; mineral exploration; bedrock; soils; environmental geology; imagery; visualization The aim of this project is to build the remote sensing laboratory in GTK and equip it properly. The laboratory aims to act as a new base for new projects dealing with remote sensing of mining activities, environment and natural hazards. This laboratory will become a member of the European Association for Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL). Membership will help the laboratory to gain soonest the level of international standards and quality control. Euro- GeoSurveys Remote Sensing Topic Network has successfully placed an IST EU-bid MINEO, the aim of which is Assessing and Montoring the Environmental Impact of Mining Activities in Europe Using Advanced Earth Observation Techniques. MINEO will be based at the remote sensing laboratory which will provide benefits for GTK due to synergy with some other projects dealing with mining environments. STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS Project leader: Suppala, Ilkka Project code: 2404000 Project team: Gustavsson, Nils; Lehtonen, Matti K. Unit and section: Research and Development, Information Technology Methods Development Schedule: 1998-01-01... 2002 Int. collaborators: European Commission; USGS statistical methods; matematical methods; applications; geology; digital data; interpretation; models; visualization; inverse problem The aims of this project is to develop, promote and utilize applications of statistical and mathematical methods and computer programs according the current needs at GTK. This work supports and improves the utilization of the information produced by GTK. More sophisticated analysis implies that the quality of data should be known better. Quality of interpretation and realistic inferences of results are important competitive criteria for the GTK. The statistical nature of estimated model parameters must be kept in mind. The project will be focused on different kinds of statistical modelling: statistical methods for quality assurance, statistical sampling techniques, model based inversion for geophysical data, exploratory data analysis using regression and classification methods, time series analysis and so on. Wavelets are studied in particular for new options in filtering and anomaly modelling. 70

Information management DEVELOPMENT OF 3D VISUALIZATION METHODS Project leader: Paananen, Markku Project code: 2404004 Project team: Virkki, Hanna; Rantala, Olli; Wennerström, Marit; Koistinen, Esko Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Nuclear Waste Geology Schedule: 1999-01-01... 2000-12-31 data management; visualization; interpretation; three-dimensional methods; geographic information systems; GIS IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY IN MID-FINLAND Project leader: Vanne, Jouko Project code: 2404005 Project team: Lerssi, Jouni; Larronmaa, Mika Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Information Technology and Services Schedule: cont. imagery; visualization; data integration; interpretation; digital data; applications Data management TITLE UNKNOWN Project leader: Eskola, Lauri Project code: 2405006 Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: 2000... cont. quality systems; quality control; research; geology; geophysics; geochemistry TITLE UNKNOWN Project leader: Olander, Heikki Project code: 2405005 Project team: Lehtonen, Matti K.; Tornivaara, Tommi; Veki, Atso; Alakunnas, Jukka Unit and section: Communications, Information Technology Schedule: 2000-01-01... 2001-12-31 data processing; computers; computer programs; standardization Standardized teleinformatics infrastructure will improve the availability of support services to substance activities. It will also improve the quality of support services and make it work more efficiently. A new type of desktop support organization will be created using HelpDesktype approach. Acquisition of computers and programs will be centralized and registers of computers and program licences will also be created within the HelpDesk system. Performance 71

Information management of data communications in each regional office will be improved by building new Local Area Networks. Desktop computers will be standardized, desktop support will be guaranteed for only one desktop office suite and possibilities for back-ups will be improved. 72

Supporting services DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES TO GUARAN- TEE QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMEN- TAL MONITORING (QAEM) Project leader: Backman, Christian Project code: 3500002 Project team: Sandström, Harry; Gustavsson, Nils Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Coordination and Special Projects Schedule: 1997-02-01... 2000-01-31 Int. collaborators: Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience; Natural Environment Research Council, UK; Geological Survey of Estonia; Institute of Geology, Lithuania; Panstwowy Institut Geologiczny, Poland; Cesky Geologicky Ustav, Czech Republic; Hungarian Geological Survey; Institutul Geologic al României, Romania; Karpinski All-Russian Federation Geological Research Institute, Russian Federation; Geological Survey of Slovak Republic survey organizations; laboratory studies; chemical analysis; quality control; standardization; environmental geology; monitoring; programs; EU projects Geographical area: Europe; Finland Increasing environmental awareness in the CCE/NIS states has increased the discovery of polluted sites in these areas, and induced a desire to apply environmental standards and norms equivalent to those used in EU countries. Harmonizing local legislation with EU legislation has become a goal for many CCE/NIS countries. Although geochemical laboratories are often well equipped in CCE/NIS countries, procedures are not standardised and may be questionable. The wide range of analytical methods and techniques used in these laboratories urgently requires to be tested and implemented in order to improve the comparability of the results. The geochemical laboratories of the geological surveys in the EU and CCE/NIS countries are independent and mostly non-profit making. They have the longest experience of any type 73

Supporting services of laboratory in Europe in analysing soils, sediments, rocks, ores and minerals. Thus they are the most suitable for environmental studies and evaluations, and are often consulted in matters of dispute. This project is a concerted action, utilizing existing links to provide support and transfer of technical knowhow between the EU and CCE/NIS laboratories. The project is designed to develop protocols for analytical methodology for solid samples, following recognised procedures which can lead to accreditation of the laboratories, as well as guaranteeing quality assurance and quality control. It will focus on those elements of high toxicity, including As, Sb, Cd, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Co, Cr, Ni, V, Se, B, and F. In order to obtain an efficient management structure, the project has been divided into several distinct phases. It should be noted that all partners have an active role in this concerted action project, which is designed to bring the CCE/NIS laboratories into line with their EU counterparts in terms of quality assurance and quality control. Following an initial evaluation of techniques, the project methodology will be established in terms of reporting analytical procedures and storing results. Distribution of samples will be carried out by one partner, who will be responsible for sample quality and data security. An initial phase of analysis in which current procedures will be used, will be followed by statistical analysis of data, and evaluation during a first workshop. This will improve procedures and during a second phase of analysis improvements will be implemented. Also profound training at the relevant EU laboratories will be included in the second phase. QUALITY SYSTEM IN MINERALOGICAL LABORATORIES Project leader: Lindqvist, Kristian Project code: 2500007 Project team: Johanson, Bo; Nissinen, Ahti Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: 2000... 2001 quality systems; quality control; mineralogy; optical mineralogy; laboratory studies The activities of the mineral laboratories (EPMA, SEM, XRD, IR, TG-DTA and Mineral processing) are important for as well in-house projects as external customers. Because services offered by the laboratories are often connected with the activities of other projects the need of a QA-system has become most important. External customers also impose requirements for a QA-system concerning services offered to them and a working QA-system is often a prerequisite for participating in external projects as a subcontractor. With a QA-system clear process descriptions are created and the quality of the services is guaranteed to the customers needing them. QUALITY SYSTEM IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING Project leader: Damstén, Martti Project code: 2500003 Project team: Honkamo, Mikko; Saarelainen, Jouko; Tanskanen, Heikki 74

Supporting services Unit and section: Schedule: Geographical area: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Technical Services 1999-02... cont. geology; sampling; quality systems; quality control Finland 75

Supporting services 76

Name Index Name Index A Aalto, Anne, 55, 67 Aarrevaara, Jouni, 5, 43, 48, 51 Aatos, Soile, 4, 54, 55 Ahlsved, Christer, 2, 43, 64 Ahonen, Ismo, 36, 37, 49, 50 Ahonen, Lasse, 44, 56 Ahrari, Bahaaddin, 6 Ahtola, Timo, 25 Ahtonen, Niina, 55 Airo, Meri-Liisa, 2, 6, 14, 24 Alakunnas, Jukka, 71 Alanen, Juhani, 22, 25 Alanen, Ulla, 31 Alviola, Reijo, 25, 26 Antikainen, Timo, 67 Appelqvist, Hannu, 22, 25 Arkimaa, Hilkka, 53, 56, 69 Aro, Ilkka, 36, 41, 59 B Backman, Birgitta, 65 Backman, Christian, 73 Böök, Pirkko, 33, 34 Ä Äikää, Osmo, 40, 41, 59 Äikäs, Olli, 4 B Blomqvist, Runar, 44 Breilin, Olli, 28, 37, 48, 50, 55, 57 C Carlson, Liisa, 43, 53, 56 Chernet, Tegist, 15 D Damstén, Martti, 74 E Ekdahl, Elias, 7, 11 Eklund, Mikael, 30 Elminen, Tuija, 2 Elo, Seppo, 11, 12, 13, 19, 28 Eriksson, Brita, 38, 40, 58 Eronen, Alpo, 17, 22, 27, 56 Eskelinen, Jukka, 3 Eskola, Lauri, 71 Eteläaho, Jukka, 6 F Fahlstèn, Iiris, 6 Forsman, Ritva, 67 Forss, Heikki, 22 G Gaál, Gabor, 52, 66 Grönholm, Sari, 26, 50 Grönlund, Tuulikki, 40 Gregorauskiene, Virgilija, 51 Grundström, Ale, 40, 58, 60 Gustafsson Torbjörn, 1 Gustavsson, Nils, 68, 70, 73 H Haavikko, Jarmo, 68 Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija, 30, 31, 33, 50 Hakala, Pertti, 31, 48 Halkoaho, Tapio, 17 Halonen, Olli, 6 Hanski, Eero, 5, 19 Hartikainen, Aimo, 17 Hautaniemi, Heikki, 6 Häikiö, Jukka, 34, 35 Hänninen, Pauli, 41 Hänninen, Pekka, 31, 35, 40, 42, 59, 66 Härkönen, Ilkka, 23 Härmä, Paavo, 26 Hölttä, Pentti, 24 Heikkinen, Lasse, 10 Heikkinen, Päivi, 54 Heino, Timo, 3, 21, 22, 27 Heiskanen, Leena, 15 Henttinen, Arja, 10 77

Name Index Herola, Erkki, 25 Herranen, Teuvo, 34 Hirvas, Heikki, 31 Hirvasniemi, Hannu, 41, 47, 48 Hirvasniemi, Timo, 36 Hokkanen, Kalevi, 26, 48, 67 Hokkanen, Tuula, 10 Honkamo, Mikko, 16, 17, 74 Huhma, Hannu, 10 Huhta, Pekka, 31, 41, 48 Husso, Kalle, 34, 59 Huttunen, Timo, 31, 32, 33 Hyvönen, Arto, 28, 37 Hyvönen, Eija, 26, 41, 53, 60 I Iisalo, Esko, 20 Ikonen, Jorma, 59 Ikonen, Liisa, 39, 40 Iljina, Markku, 16, 17, 19 Ilmasti, Maija, 65 Isomaa, Jorma, 19 J Jarva, Jaana, 46, 48, 68 Jäntti, Tuula, 6 Järvinen, Jorma, 68 Järvinen, Leena, 15 Johanson, Bo, 15, 74 Johansson, Peter, 31, 33, 41, 47, 48 Jokinen, Tarmo, 12, 22, 57 Juntunen, Risto, 30, 36, 65 Juopperi, Heikki, 18 Juvonen, Riitta, 15, 45, 56 K Kahelin, Hanna, 45, 46, 56 Kahra, Antti, 46, 68 Kaija, Juha, 44 Kairakari, Hannu, 4 Kaitokari, Lea, 36 Kaivola Titta-Miia, 15 Kallio, Eeva, 45, 65 Kananoja, Tapio, 49 Kankainen, Tuovi, 40, 58, 59, 62 Karhu, Aimo, 28 Karhu, Juha, 10, 58, 62 Karhunen, Matti, 15 Karimerto, Pekka, 25, 26 Karttunen, Kalevi, 22, 25 Karttunen, Ritva, 1 Karvinen, Antero, 18 Kauniskangas, Esa, 33, 67 Kaunismäki, Jukka, 25 Kauranne, Matti, 6 Kärkkäinen, Niilo, 22 Keinänen, Veikko, 5, 22, 23, 24 Kejonen, Aimo, 32 Kemppainen, Mika, 27 Keskisaari, Kirsti, 67 Kesola, Reino, 4, 27, 36 Kielosto, Sakari, 30, 50 Kiiskinen, Arto, 32, 55 Kinnunen, Kari, 12, 15, 69 Kinnunen, Keijo, 4 Kivekäs, Liisa, 12 Koistinen, Esko, 9, 17, 22, 25, 71 Koistinen, Tapio, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14 Koivisto, Marjatta, 30 Kojonen, Kari, 9 Kokkonen, Jyrki, 21, 33 Kontas, Esko, 15, 45 Kontinen, Asko, 3, 21 Kontio, Matti, 23 Kontoniemi, Olavi, 15, 22 Korhonen, Juha, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 17 Korhonen, Riitta, 50 Korja, Toivo, 10, 11 Korkiakoski, Esko, 9, 16, 23, 56 Korpijaakko, Martti, 34, 35 Korppinen, Markku, 28 Korsman, Kalevi, 2, 7, 8, 11, 14 Kortelainen, Nina, 65 Koskela, Kirsti, 32, 37 Koskinen, Teemu, 6 Koski, Tarja, 33 Koskivuori, Hannu, 20 Kouri, Pentti, 17 Kousa, Anne, 54 78

Name Index Kousa, Jukka, 4, 7, 20 Kuivamäki, Aimo, 36 Kuivasaari, Tapio, 25, 52, 56 Kujala, Hannu, 1, 12 Kujala-Tammi, Marjo, 67 Kujansuu, Raimo, 39 Kukkonen, Esa, 32, 33, 59 Kukkonen, Ilmo, 10, 11, 60 Kukkonen, Marjatta, 30, 57 Kuosmanen, Eira, 7, 69 Kuosmanen, Viljo, 53, 69 Kurimo, Maija, 6, 57 Kurkinen, Ilpo, 37, 49 Kurki, Pirkko, 9, 56 Kuronen, Timo, 68 Kuronen, Urpo / Outokumpu Mining, 21 Kurttila, Seppo, 19 Kuusisto, Erna, 65 Kvist, Mikko, 18 L Laaksonen, Markku, 27 Lahermo, Pertti, 56, 65 Lahti, Mari, 56, 66 Lahtinen, Raimo, 8, 9, 11 Lahti, Seppo, 1 Laine, Tuula, 10 Laitinen, Jukka, 53, 69 Lakomaa, Tuula, 45 Lampio, Eero, 2, 68 Lanne, Erkki, 5, 16, 36, 48 Larronmaa, Mika, 71 Lehmuskoski, Kari, 33, 34, 50 Lehmuspelto, Pasi, 57 Lehti, Aino, 5 Lehtimäki, Jukka, 25, 57 Lehtinen, Markku, 15, 16 Lehtonen, Arja, 1 Lehtonen, Marja, 12, 15 Lehtonen, Matti I., 1, 4, 7 Lehtonen, Matti K., 70, 71 Lehto, Olli, 34, 45, 56, 57 Leino, Jukka, 34, 37 Leino, Matti, 10 Leinonen, Seppo, 27 Leinonen, Veli, 6 Lempiäinen, Rauli, 22 Lerssi, Jouni, 53, 71 Lestinen, Pekka, 9, 22, 25, 56 Leveinen, Jussi, 59, 65 Lindh, Anneli, 2, 7, 8, 9 Lindqvist, Kristian, 2, 15, 74 Lindroos, Pentti, 31 Lintinen, Panu, 26 Lintinen, Petri, 56 Lintunen, Erkki, 31 Lohva, Jaana, 25, 57 Lojander, Sirkka, 35, 41, 59, 65 Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, Kirsti, 52, 53, 56 Lukkarinen, Heikki, 4 Lunkka, Juha-Pekka, 31, 36 Lunkka, Juha Pekka, 38, 39 Lunkka, Juha-Pekka, 58 Luodes, Hannu, 26, 27 Luukas, Jouni, 20 Luukkanen, Ari, 34, 35 Luukkonen, Mauri, 4 M Magga, Ilmi, 47 Majaniemi, Juha, 31, 37, 41, 59 Makkonen, Hannu, 22 Mannelin, Pentti, 67 Manninen, Heikki, 28 Manninen, Tarja, 28 Manninen, Tuomo, 4, 5, 7, 23 Marmo, Jukka, 12, 15 Matikainen, Tarja, 6 Mattsson, Annina, 22, 36, 57 Maunu, Matti, 36, 47 Mäenluoma, Sirkku, 15 Mäkelä, Antti, 3, 17 Mäkeläinen, Erna, 40, 58, 59, 60 Mäkilä, Markku, 35, 36, 40, 51, 56, 58 Mäkinen, Jari, 22, 54 Mäkinen, Kalevi, 37, 41, 47, 48, 50 Mäkitie, Hannu, 1 Mänttäri, Irmeli, 2, 10 79

Name Index Mäntynen, Ville, 23 Mertanen, Satu, 10 Moberg, Satu, 38, 39 Moisanen, Markku, 33 Multala, Jukka, 7 Mursu, Juha, 22, 37, 51, 54 Musta, Veikko, 41, 42, 59, 60 Mutanen, Tapani, 16 Muurinen, Tapio, 36 Myyryläinen, Markku, 28 N Nenola, Hannu, 34 Nenonen, Jari, 41, 47, 48, 56 Nevalainen, Raimo, 31 Niemelä, Marita, 10 Niemelä, Mauri, 25 Niemelä, Reijo, 2, 14 Niinikoski, Vilho, 22 Niinimets, Eve, 38 Nikander, Jarmo, 20 Nikkarinen, Maria, 54, 55, 65 Nironen, Mikko, 2, 8, 22 Niskanen, Erkki, 27 Niskanen, Hannu, 33, 68 Niskanen, Matti, 17 Niskavaara, Heikki, 51 Nissinen, Ahti, 15, 74 Nurmi, Heikki, 26, 48 Nurmi, Pekka, 9 Nyholm, Tuure, 22 Nykänen, Vesa, 5, 18, 19, 23, 26, 67, 68 Nyman, Kai, 6 O O Brien, Hugh, 9 Ojala, Antti, 58 Ojalainen, Jukka, 30, 31 Ojamo, Heli, 2, 6 Olander, Heikki, 71 Oranne, Pirkko, 30 P Paananen, Markku, 2, 36, 44, 56, 71 Paavilainen, Eila, 40 Paavola, Jorma, 3, 4 Pajari-Saltikoff, Liisa, 9 Pajunen, Hannu, 34, 58, 59 Pajunen, Matti, 2, 14 Pakkanen, Lassi, 15 Palmu, Jukka-Pekka, 36, 46, 48 Pankka, Heikki, 23 Parkkinen, Jyrki, 9, 16, 19, 21, 54 Partanen, Matti, 68 Parviainen, Ari, 51 Paukola, Tarja, 65 Paulamäki, Seppo, 36, 52, 56 Pääjärvi, Antti, 4 Pänttäjä, Markku, 23, 41, 67 Pekkala, Yrjö, 26 Pelkkala, Mikko, 22 Pelkonen, Hannu, 32, 37, 59 Pell, Julia, 67 Peltonen, Petri, 9, 21, 22 Pernu, Teuvo, 18, 23 Perttunen, Vesa, 5, 48 Piekkari, Matti, 42, 60 Pietikäinen, Kimmo, 17 Pihlaja, Jouni, 59 Pihlaja, Pekka, 1, 12 Piispanen, Jouni, 6 Pitkänen, Anne, 33, 34, 35, 36 Pitkänen, Timo, 68 Plado, Jüri, 10, 12 Pohjola, Riitta, 36, 47, 65 Porkka, Heimo, 34 Puljujärvi, Reijo, 5, 23, 48 Pulkkinen, Arto, 10 Pulkkinen, Eelis, 23, 41 Pullinen, Arto, 65 Puranen, Risto, 41 Putkinen, Markku, 26 Putkinen, Seppo, 32, 41 Puustinen, Kauko, 9 R Rainio, Heikki, 30, 39, 65, 69 Rantala, Olli, 36, 67, 71 Ranta-Pantti, Maritta, 43, 65 80

Name Index Rantataro, Jyrki, 7, 31 Rasilainen, Kalevi, 9, 20, 22 Rask, Markku, 26 Rauhaniemi, Tom, 46, 48 Rautiainen, Irja, 15 Räisänen, Marja-Liisa, 45, 52, 54, 56, 63 Räisänen, Petteri, 67 Räsänen, Jorma, 19 Räsänen, Reino, 26 Rönkkö, Tero, 67 Reinikainen, Juha, 36, 56, 57 Reinikainen, Jukka, 25 Roos, Sinikka, 64 Rosenberg, Petri, 22, 67 Rossi, Seppo, 18, 23 Ruohomäki, Timo, 30, 69 Ruotoistenmäki, Tapio, 20, 21 Ruotsalainen, Aimo, 20 Ruskeeniemi, Timo, 44 S Saarelainen, Jouko, 74 Saarinen, Helena, 69 Saarinen, Mirja, 15 Saarinen, Timo, 58, 59, 60, 62 Saarnisto, Matti, 38, 58, 62 Saastamoinen, Hilkka, 48, 67 Saastamoinen, Martti, 17, 21 Sahala, Lauri, 37, 49 Saikkonen, Risto, 15 Salminen, Reijo, 36, 43, 51, 53, 54 Salmirinne, Heikki, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26 Saltikoff, Boris, 9 Sandström, Harry, 43, 73 Sarapää, Olli, 16, 22, 24, 26 Savolainen, Heimo, 9, 65 Säävuori, Heikki, 7, 11 Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp, 65, 66 Seppänen, Hannu, 25 Siira, Maarit, 41, 53, 60 Silen, Pertti, 34 Sipilä, Pekka, 26, 48, 49, 54, 56 Sirén, Liisa, 67 Soininen, Heikki, 13 Stén, Carl-Göran, 33, 50 Stranius, Tuomo, 20 Suhonen, Eeva, 57 Sulkanen, Kalevi, 6 Sundholm, Pirjo, 33, 67 Suomela, Pekka, 11, 53, 54, 68 Suominen, Meeri, 45, 56 Suominen, Veli, 2, 7, 8 Suomi, Timo, 31, 41, 50, 56 Suppala, Ilkka, 66, 70 Sutinen, Heikki, 34 Sutinen, Raimo, 40, 41, 47, 59, 60 T Tanskanen, Heikki, 56, 57, 65, 74 Tarvainen, Timo, 43, 51, 64 Töllikkö, Seppo, 30, 37, 49 Telkkälä, Pertti, 23, 26 Tenhola, Markku, 17, 51 Tervo, Tapani, 32 Tervo, Timo, 25 Tiainen, Markku, 22, 68 Tikkanen, Jaakko, 36 Tiljander, Mia, 58, 62 Toivanen, Pentti, 25 Toivonen, Tapio, 33, 34 Tolonen, Pirjo, 6 Tolonen, Vesa-Matti, 67 Tontti, Mikko, 9 Tornivaara, Tommi, 71 Toropainen, Esko, 9 Torssonen, Markus, 1, 31 Tuhkanen, Matti, 31 Turunen, Pertti, 16, 18, 23 Turunen, Tuomo, 1 U Uhlgren, Sauli, 34 V Vaarma, Markus, 2, 8, 12 Vaasjoki, Matti, 7, 10 Valkama, Jorma, 48 Vallimies, Eija, 4, 68 Valli, Tauno, 51 81

Name Index Valli, Tuire, 22, 57 Vallius, Henry, 63, 64 Vanhala, Heikki, 13, 56, 57, 66 Vanne, Jouko, 53, 71 Vartiainen, Kauko, 28 Vartiainen, Risto, 26 Väänänen, Jukka, 5, 23, 24 Väänänen, Pauli, 54 Väänänen, Tapio, 32, 33, 37, 59 Väätäinen, Jari, 50 Väisänen, Markku, 24 Väisänen Ulpu, 36 Väisänen, Ulpu, 47, 57, 65 Västi, Kaj, 20, 21 Veki, Atso, 71 Virkki, Hanna, 46, 68, 71 Virransalo, Petri, 1, 2, 4, 11 Virtanen, Esko, 28 Virtanen, Kimmo, 34, 35, 51 Virtanen, Markku, 42, 60 Virtasalo, Juha, 57 Vuojärvi, Pauli, 16, 18 Vuokko, Jouko, 26, 46, 48 Vuollo, Jouni, 19 Vuorela, Irmeli, 40 Vuorela, Paavo, 36 W Wasenius, Pekka, 2, 14 Wennerström, Marit, 2, 4, 7, 14, 54, 71 Winterhalter, Boris, 62, 63 82

Keyword Index Keyword Index A absolute age, 10, 40 acoustical methods, 31 aggregate, 27, 28, 37, 48, 49, 51, 55 agriculture, 44, 54, 58 airborne methods, 6, 7, 66 applications, 31, 65, 68, 70, 71 Archean, 17, 18 Arc/Info, 67, 68 arctic environment, 38 ArcView, 67, 68 areal geology, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 30, 48, 50 arsenic, 46 artificial intelligence, 13 asbestos deposits, 54 asteroids, 12 atlases, 30 B Baltic Shield, 6 baseline studies, 43, 51 basin, 63 bedrock, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 28, 36, 48, 49, 50, 69, 70 biostratigraphy, 39 black schists, 54 block structures, 2, 14 bottom features, 31 brittle deformation, 14 building stone, 26, 27, 55 C C-14, 40 calcite, 25 carbonate rocks, 25, 26, 27 carbon, 59 changes, 63 chemical analysis, 15, 35, 45, 57, 73 chemical elements, 51 chemical properties, 35 classification, 41 climate change, 38, 39, 58, 59, 61, 62 cobalt ores, 22 communcation networks, 68 computer programs, 71 computers, 71 conservation, 48, 49 cooperation, 68 coordination, 4, 36 copper ores, 17, 20, 22 crushing, 17 crust, 6, 10, 11, 12, 17 crystalline rocks, 44 D data bases, 6, 30, 37, 65, 67, 68 data integration, 13, 22, 71 data management, 37, 47, 51, 64, 67, 68, 71 data processing, 68, 71 deep seismic sounding, 11 deformation, 24 deposition, 59 Desktop-GIS, 68 development, 15, 17, 35, 45, 56, 57 diabase, 1 diamonds, 15, 25 diatoms, 40 dielectric properties, 41, 59, 60 digital data, 5, 6, 30, 32, 33, 67, 68, 70, 71 dimension stone, 26, 27, 55 discharge, 59 dolomite, 25 drilled wells, 46 drinking water, 54 E echo sounding, 31 e-commerce, 33 education, 49, 50 Eemian, 39 effects, 65 electrical anomalies, 48 83

Keyword Index electrical conductivity, 41 electrical methods, 57, 60 electromagnetic methods, 6 engineering geology maps, 2 engineering properties, 35, 41, 42 environmental analysis, 54 environmental effects, 54, 55, 63 environmental geology, 31, 36, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70, 73 EU projects, 13, 35, 38, 44, 47, 52, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 73 evaluation, 54, 69 explanatory text, 8, 33 exploitation, 48, 51 exploration, 27, 28 F faults, 2, 14 Fennoscandian Shield, 7, 8 forestry, 41, 51 forest soils, 51 fracture zones, 36 frost action, 42 frozen ground, 42, 59 fuel peat, 34, 36 G gems, 26 genesis, 9, 16, 21 geochemical methods, 16 geochemical surveys, 43, 51, 54, 65 geochemistry, 19, 71 geochronology, 61, 62 geographic information systems, 16, 47, 64, 67, 68, 71 geologic maps, 7, 8, 48, 50, 67 geologic sites, 49, 50 geology, 47, 70, 71, 75 geomorphology, 49 geophysical maps, 6, 7, 28 geophysical methods, 11, 12, 13, 28, 31, 41, 57, 59, 66 geophysical surveys, 6, 7, 11 geophysics, 71 geothermal energy, 11 GIS, 47, 64, 67, 71 glacial environment, 38, 39 glacial features, 31, 39, 41, 47 glacial geology, 31 glaciated terrains, 16 glaciofluvial features, 36 global change, 39, 58 gold ores, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24 gravel deposits, 28, 37, 51 gravity survey maps, 6, 28 gravity surveys, 28 greenhouse effect, 59 greenstone belts, 5, 16, 17, 18 ground methods, 41 ground-penetrating radar, 59 ground water, 28, 36, 37, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65 guidebook, 8, 54 H heat flow, 11 heavy metals, 44, 54, 63 heavy minerals, 15 high-grade metamorphism, 8 Holocene, 40, 58, 61, 62 horticultural peat, 34, 36 human activity, 63, 65 humus, 51 hydrogeology, 36 hydrotermic processes, 24 I ice sheets, 38, 39 igneous rocks, 19 ilmenite, 25 imagery, 53, 69, 70, 71 impact craters, 1, 11, 12 impact features, 12 impact statements, 55 indicators, 15 induced polarization, 57 industrial areas, 66 84

Keyword Index industrial minerals, 15, 25, 26, 27 information systems, 37, 51, 55, 64 instruments, 17, 46 interglacial environment, 39, 41, 47 international cooperation, 7, 10, 12, 13, 16, 39, 43, 44, 51, 56, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69 interpretation, 6, 11, 70, 71 interstadial environment, 41, 47 intrusions, 19, 22 inventory, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 49 inverse problem, 70 isotopes, 13 J joints, 2, 14 K kaolin, 25, 26 komatiite, 17 L laboratory studies, 15, 35, 45, 73, 74 Ladoga-Bothnian Bay zone, 21, 22 lake sediments, 59, 62 land use, 44, 50, 54 layered intrusions, 16, 19 lead ores, 20 lead-zinc deposits, 17, 22 life cycle analysis, 55 lithologic maps, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 68 lithosphere, 8, 11 M macrofossils, 61 mafic composition, 19 mafic magmas, 16 magmatism, 16 magnetic anomalies, 48 magnetic methods, 6 magnetic survey maps, 6 MapInfo, 68 mapping, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 18, 21, 30, 31, 32, 43, 47, 59, 65 marine environment, 63 marine geology maps, 7 marine geology, 7, 31, 63, 64 marine sediments, 31, 63 Mars, 12 massive sulfide deposits, 18, 20, 22 matematical methods, 70 mathematical models, 38, 39, 51 medical geology, 54 meltwater, 59 metallogenic maps, 9 metallogenic provinces, 9 metallogeny, 9 metal ores, 9, 15, 19 metamorphic rocks, 24 metasedimentary rocks, 23 metavolcanic rocks, 23 meteor craters, 1, 12 meteorites, 12 methods, 15, 35, 45, 46, 56 microfossils, 40 micrometeorites, 11, 12 migmatization, 8 migration of elements, 44 mineral deposits, genesis, 3, 19 mineral deposits, 9, 16, 21 mineral exploration, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 69, 70 mineralogy, 13, 15, 74 mineral resources, 69 mines, 52, 53, 54, 56, 69 mining, 55 mires, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 50, 51 mobility, 44 models, 11, 13, 22, 70 monitoring, 42, 57, 65, 73 moraines, 48 N natural analogues, 44 natural resources, 48 network services, 68 new methods, 66 nickel ores, 13, 17, 22 numerical models, 22, 58 85

Keyword Index nutrients, 51 O ophiolite, 3 optical mineralogy, 15, 74 orbicular rocks, 1 organic sediments, 65 orogeny, 8 overburden, 48 P paleoclimatology, 38, 39, 61, 62 paleoecology, 39, 40 paleoenvironment, 40 paleohydrology, 39 paleomagnetism, 11 Paleoproterozoic, 22 Pb/Pb, 10 peat fibres, 50 peat harvesting, 50 peatlands, 50 peat, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 50, 51 peat therapy, 50 pegmatites, 16 pesticides, 58 petrology, 19 petrophysics, 6 physical properties, 42, 44, 60 pigment minerals, 15, 25, 26 planning, 36 platinum group, 15 platinum ores, 16 pollen, 40, 61 pollution, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66 Precambrian, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 precious metals, 15 prediction, 39, 42, 58 production, 55 programs, 73 properties, 41, 59 protection, 28, 48, 49 Proterozoic, 8, 19, 23 P-T conditions, 24 Q quality control, 4, 7, 16, 31, 37, 57, 71, 73, 74, 75 quality systems, 4, 7, 16, 31, 35, 37, 71, 74, 75 Quaternary, 31, 39, 41, 47 R radar methods, 41 radioactive isotopes, 44 radioactive waste, 44 radiometric methods, 6 rare earths, 15 raw materials, 16, 28 Rb/Sr, 10 reconstruction, 38, 39 recreation, 50 regional metamorphism, 24 regional planning, 47 remediation, 50, 52, 56 remote sensing, 41, 42, 53, 60, 69, 70 research, 71 reserves, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 49, 51 risk assesment, 66 rocks, 17 S samples, 45 sampling, 57, 63, 75 sands, 28, 37, 51 Scandinavian Ice Sheet, 31 schist belts, 1, 3, 5, 17, 23 sedimentary processes, 63 sediments, 39, 40, 61 seismic methods, 31 semiprecious stones, 26 separation, 17 shear zones, 2, 14, 22 shields, 12 Sm/Nd, 10 snow, 59 soapstone, 25 soils, 30, 31, 36, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66, 69, 70 soil water, 59, 60 86

Keyword Index stable isotopes, 10, 61 standardization, 71, 73 statistical methods, 70 stratigraphy, 3, 31, 41, 47 stream sediments, 51 structural controls, 22, 24 structural geology, 2, 3, 14, 19, 21, 24 structure, 11, 12 surface water, 51, 58, 59, 65 surficial geology maps, 30, 31, 32, 33, 47, 68 surficial geology, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41 surveying, 53, 66 survey organizations, 43, 64, 73 surveys, 36, 37, 52, 56 Svecofennian, 8, 22 symposia, 12 water quality, 46, 65 water resources, 36 water treatment, 46 water wells, 65 World Wide Web, 64 www, 33, 55 Z zinc ores, 20 T talc, 25, 26 tectonic controls, 9 tectonics, 19 temperature, 11 thematic maps, 30, 32, 33, 47, 50, 51 three-dimensional methods, 71 three-dimensional models, 2, 36 till, 37, 41, 51 tree rings, 62 U ultramafic composition, 19 underground disposal, 44 U/Pb, 10 uranium ores, 44 urban environment, 2 utilization, 50 V varves, 61, 62 vegetation, 44 visualization, 53, 69, 70, 71 volcanic rocks, 19 W water content, 59 87

Keyword Index 88

Geographical Area Index Geographical Area Index A Akanvaara, 19 Alavus, 6 An Loch Mor, 61 Arajärvi, 16 Archipelago Sea, 32 Arkangel, 38 Arkhangelsk Region, 51 Asikkala, 47 Auermavaara, 16 B Baltic Sea, 63 C Central Finland, 6, 22, 27, 32, 37, 49, 62 Central Lapland, 5, 19, 24, 42 Central Ostrobothnia, 25, 32, 34, 37 China, 16 D Denmark, 11, 44 Dragsfjärd, 25 E Eastern Finland Province, 3, 4, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 32, 34, 37, 48, 54, 55, 62 Enonkoski, 22 Espoo, 2, 14, 50, 68 Estonia, 6, 11 Etelä-Savo, 4, 22, 25, 27, 32, 54, 55 Eurasia, 39 Europe, 43, 53, 64, 73 F Fennoscandia, 6, 7, 11, 39 Finland, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 67, 68, 73, 75 G Genböle, 25 Germany, 66 Ghana, 12 Great Britain, 44 Greece, 13 H Haapavesi, 21, 22 Halsua, 25 Hämeenlinna, 47 Häme, 49 Heinävesi, 54 Helsinki, 2, 14, 32 Honkajoki, 33 Hyypiänmäki, 25 I Illo, 25 Ilmajoki, 34 Ilomantsi, 18, 28 Inari, 5, 16, 48 Inis Oirr, 61 Ireland, 61 Isojoki, 34 Iso-Sorro, 25 Itä-Uusimaa, 30, 33, 48 J Jalasjärvi, 34 Järvenkylä, 25 Jurva, 34 Juuka, 19, 22, 25, 28, 34 Juva, 22 Jyväskylä, 62 K Kaavi, 22, 54 Kaikkivaltiaanlehto, 16 Kainuu, 3, 18, 21, 25, 27, 32, 48, 55 Kaitaselkä, 16 Kalajoki, 23 Kalliokourujärvi, 62 89

Geographical Area Index Kanta-Häme, 1, 47, 48 Karahkalehto, 18 Karijoki, 34 Karjalohja, 25 Kauhajoki, 34 Kälviä, 25 Kärsämäki, 21 Köyliö, 33 Keitele, 21 Keivitsa, 19 Keminmaa, 36 Kerimäki, 25 Kestilä, 21 Kiihtelysvaara, 18 Kisko, 25 Kittilä, 5, 19, 23, 24 Kiuruvesi, 34 Koillismaa, 19 Koitelainen, 16, 19 Kokemäki, 33 Kola Peninsula, 38, 52 Kolari, 36 Kompsakumpu, 18 Konivesakot, 18 Kortesjärvi, 34 Korttajärvi, 62 Kristiinankaupunki, 22 Kuhmo, 18, 25 Kuivaniemi, 18 Kuopio, 22 Kuotko, 23 Kuovila, 25 Kuusamo, 19, 48 Kylmäkoski, 22 Kymenlaakso, 32, 48, 49 L Lahti, 6, 47 Lappi Province, 5, 6, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 36, 41, 42, 47, 48, 51, 62 Latvia, 11 Lavia, 22 Lehmilampi, 62 Lehto, 16 Leningrad Region, 51 Leppävirta, 22 Lieksa, 28 Liminka, 21 Liperi, 22 Lohja, 47 Lokka, 23 Loviisa, 30, 32 Luhanka, 22 Lumijoki, 21 M Muhos, 21 Murmansk Region, 51, 52 Muro, 25 N Netherlands, 44 Nicaragua, 58 Nivala, 22 Norrlammala, 25 Northern Finland, 5, 18, 19, 48, 59 Northern Norway, 51 Northern Savo, 62 North Karelia, 3, 18, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 32, 34, 48, 54 North Ostrobothnia, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 32, 34, 37 Norway, 7, 11 Novaya Zemlya, 51 Nummi-Pusula, 44 Nunnanlahti, 19 Nurmes, 18, 28 Nuuksio, 50 Nuupas, 16 O Oijärvi, 18 Ostrobothnia, 32 Otaniemi, 68 Oulainen, 21, 22 Oulu Province, 3, 5, 6, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 32, 34, 37, 41, 47, 48, 55 Outokumpu, 22, 54 90

Geographical Area Index P Paasselkä, 25 Padasjoki, 22 Palmottu, 44 Patonenäkkeenselkä, 18 Pattijoki, 21 Päijät-Häme, 6, 22, 47, 48 Pelkosenniemi, 16, 23 Peräneva, 25 Pernaja, 30, 33 Petäjäselkä, 23 Pielavesi, 21, 22 Pihtipudas, 22 Piippola, 21 Pirkanmaa, 22 Pitkäjärvi, 62 Pohja, 25 Pohjois-Savo, 3, 4, 21, 22, 27, 32, 34, 54 Polvijärvi, 22 Pori, 14, 32 Porttipahta, 23 Porvoo, 30, 33 Posio, 19 Pudasjärvi, 6, 18, 19 Pulju, 5 Pulkkila, 21 Pulmanki, 48 Puolanka, 25 Pyhäjärvi, 21 Pyhäjoki, 21 Pyhäntä, 21 R Raahe, 21 Rantavaara, 19 Rantsila, 21 Ranua, 16, 18 Rauma, 32 Rautalampi, 22 Republic of Karelia, 39, 51 Riihimäki, 47 Riisivaara, 6 Russian Federation, 6, 7, 11, 12, 38, 39, 51, 52 Ruukki, 21 S Sakkala-aapa, 16 Salla, 16, 23 Satakunta, 1, 14, 22, 32, 33 Sauvo, 25 Savonlinna, 22 Savukoski, 16, 19 Scandinavia, 12 Sevettijärvi, 48 Siberia, 12 Sievi, 25 Siikainen, 33 Siikajoki, 21 Silmäsvaara, 19 Sirkka, 23 Sodankylä, 5, 16, 19, 23, 24 Sokka, 16 Southern Finland Province, 1, 2, 6, 14, 22, 27, 30, 32, 33, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 68 southern Pohjanmaa, 6 South Karelia, 55 South Ostrobothnia, 1, 22, 34 Sulkava, 55 Suolahti, 6 Suomussalmi, 18, 25, 55 Suonenjoki, 62 Sweden, 7, 11, 44 T Taivalkoski, 19 Taivassalo, 55 Tervola, 36 Tervonkangas, 16 Teuva, 34 Tohmajärvi, 25 Tornio, 36 Tuupovaara, 28 Tuusniemi, 22, 54 U Ukraine, 11, 12 Utsjoki, 48 91

Geographical Area Index Uusimaa, 1, 2, 14, 32, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 68 V Vaala, 21 Vaasa, 32 Valtimo, 28 Vammala, 22 Vantaa, 2 Varsinais-Suomi, 25, 32, 55 Välikangas, 18 Västanfjärd, 25 Veteli, 34 Vihanti, 21 Vihti, 50 Viitasaari, 22 Vintilänkaira, 6 Vologda, 38 Vuontisjärvi, 16 W Western Europe, 61 Western Finland Province, 1, 6, 14, 22, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 49, 55, 62 Y Ylämaa, 55 Ylöjärvi, 22 Ylikiiminki, 34 Ylivieska, 22, 34 Z Zwickau, 66 92

Project Code Index Project Code Index 1 1304011, 50 2 2101000, 1 2101001, 3 2101002, 4 2101003, 5 2101004, 5 2101006, 4 2101009, 4 2102000, 6 2102001, 7 2103000, 11 2103002, 8 2103003, 9 2103004, 10 2103005, 8 2103006, 7 2103008, 11 2104001, 16 2104002, 14 2104007, 15 2104008, 15 2104013, 16 2105000, 17 2105002, 18 2106000, 19 2106001, 19 2107000, 20 2107002, 22 2108000, 22 2108001, 22 2108002, 23 2108003, 24 2109000, 25 2109001, 25 2109002, 26 2110000, 27 2110001, 27 2110007, 26 2111000, 28 2201000, 30 2201001, 30 2201002, 32 2201004, 31 2201005, 31 2201006, 31 2201007, 33 2202001, 33 2202002, 34 2202003, 36 2202006, 35 2202008, 36 2202009, 35 2202010, 35 2203002, 36 2204000, 37 2204005, 37 2204006, 37 2206000, 41 2206001, 39 2206002, 40 2206003, 42 2206005, 41 2206007, 41 2301004, 45 2301005, 43 2302004, 49 2302005, 50 2302010, 54 2302012, 50 2302013, 47 2302014, 48 2305001, 56 2305002, 57 2305004, 57 2306000, 65 2306001, 65 2306002, 63 2306003, 59 93

Project Code Index 2306008, 58 2306009, 60 2401003, 68 2401004, 67 2401007, 67 2402004, 68 2404000, 70 2404002, 70 2404003, 70 2404004, 71 2404005, 71 2405005, 71 2405006, 71 2500003, 75 2500007, 74 3 3104000, 13 3202000, 35 3206000, 38 3301000, 44 3301001, 44 3302000, 46 3304000, 52 3304001, 53 3304002, 53 3306001, 63 3306002, 61 3306003, 64 3306004, 66 3306005, 59 3500002, 73 4302003, 48, 49 4302004, 48 4302005, 51 4302006, 49 4304000, 51 4304001, 54 4304002, 55 4305001, 57 4306002, 59 4404000, 69 5 510260209, 6 510364657, 12 520652656, 41 520667782, 39 530663743, 62 4 4101005, 2 4103002, 12 4104000, 16 4104001, 17 4110008, 28 4202000, 34 4301001, 46 4302000, 50 4302001, 48, 49 4302002, 49 94