Crystalline Silicon Modules: The Brick Stones for a Photovoltaic Electricity Supply

Crystalline Silicon Modules: The Brick Stones for a Photovoltaic Electricity Supply Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart May 2013 juergen.werner@ipv.uni-stuttgart.de

Overview 1. PV-Installations (end 2012) - 100 GW world wide, 33 GW in Germany - PV electricity 8 to 12 ct/kwh in Germany and Japan 4 to 7 ct/kwh in North/South Africa 2. PV-Materials: Si is standard - 85 to 90 % of market - Develops further: higher efficiency, lower cost - Brick Stones of Photovoltaic Electricity Supply 3. PV-Research at ipv - Higher efficiencies - Large area systems

1. Installed PV Power

PV Power Map 2013: 440 W/person 2020: 650 W/person Source: Market Outlook, EPIA, 2011 W/person

PV-Power in Germany (May 2013) installed PV-power [MW] 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 2 MW 0.2 km 2 growth factor 20 000 in 20 years exponential 10 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year 35 GW 250 km 2 linear 2 GW/a 52 GW 2020: 650 W per habitant

3 x (13 x 1 kw) Grid-connected PV Systems Stuttgart Nicosia Cairo

PV Electricity Cost [ /kwh] electricity production costs [ /kw p ] 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 8-12 ct 5-7 ct 0.05 4-6 ct 2000 /kw p Germany 1500 /kw p 1000 /kw p 500 /kw p 0.00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 annual energy yield E [kwh/(kw p a)] Cyprus South Africa n = 20 years i = 6 %

A Simple (Installer s) Estimate: Modules: 40 50 cent/w p = 400 500 Euro/kW p. How about the system price? System Components Cost [ /kw p ] Share[%] Modules 400-500 33-40 Inverter 200-300 20 Stands, Cables, Mounting, Labor 200-300 20 Installer s Profit 200-400 20-25 System Price 1000-1500 100 Modules make up only 40 % of system Price!! Further cost lowering possible by other components (mounting) and by standardization (module size and mounting systems)!

An Even Simpler Estimate Module price today: 50 cent/kw p = 500 /kw p Meaning of 500 /kw p for 15 %, 10 %, 5 % efficient module? What is price per area? Construction Material 15 % 6,7 m 2 (c-si) Price [ /m 2 ] 10 % 10 m 2 (CdTe) Price [ /m 2 ] 5 % 20 m 2 (a-si) Price [ /m 2 ] PV-Modules 75 50 25 Windows 100-300 Stainless Steel, 1 mm 100-130 Brick Stones 40-70 Steel, 1 mm 30 Bathroom Tiles 10-50 Glass 10-20 Construction Wood, 18 mm 10 Wall Paper 1-2 Crystalline Si Modules are Brick Stones of PV Energy Supply!

2. PV Materials

c-si 15 % a-si 6 % CdTe 10 % CIGS 12 % c-si Thin Films

Annual World Market of PV-Modules PV-modules [MW] 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 20 MW 10 1 10 0 c-si PV total a-si CdTe CIGS 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year 37 GW 100 B!! factor 2000 in 30 years!!!

Small Market Share for Thin Films Market Share [%] 100 80 60 40 20 Crystalline Si Thin Films 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

3. Ipv-Research

Research Topics at ipv C: Systems B: Modules A: High Efficiency Cells

Industrial High Efficiency Cells η 17 18 % η 20 % 1. Selective emitter Δη = +0.2 0.5 % abs 2. Grid optimization +0.2 % abs 3. Fine line metallization +0.3 0.5% abs 4. Texture +0.2 0.4% abs 5. Hetero-junction back side +0.8 % abs

ipv Laser Doped Back Contact Solar Cell n + FSF n-type p + emitter SiO 2 SiO 2 n ++ BSF contacts Key techniques: - Sputtering - Laser Doping best cell V OC [mv] J SC [ma/cm²] FF [%] η [%] type 1 652 38.3 76.8 19.2* type 2 659 41.2 80.5 21.9 Cell area: 4 cm²; *certified

DaySy = Daylight System Luminescence

Summary 1. PV-Installations (end 2012) - 100 GW world wide, 33 GW in Germany - PV electricity: 8 to 12 ct/kwh in Germany and Japan 4 to 7 ct/kwh in North/South Africa 2. PV-Materials: Si is standard - 85 to 90 % of market - Develops further: higher efficiency, lower cost - Brick Stones of Photovoltaic Electricity Supply 3. PV-Research at ipv - Porsche -cell from Uni Stuttgart - Large area systems (maintenance, characterization) - Intelligent Photovoltaics

AC energy yield E AC [kwh / kw(p)] 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 10000 0 02468 two-axis-tracker Concentrix Atersa mono-c-si Annual yield Stuttgart Nicosia monocrystalline Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si multicrystalline Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si average 2007 *) thin film Mitsubishi a-si(1) Schott a-si(2) First Solar CdTe Würth CIGS 1580 1194