Potential of Photovoltaics (PV) and CPV/CSP in Cyprus. University of Cyprus. Photovoltaic Technology, University of Cyprus
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1 Potential of Photovoltaics (PV) and CPV/CSP in Cyprus University of Cyprus Photovoltaic Technology, University of Cyprus G. E. Georghiou, 29 November 2010
2 Acknowledgements Institute for Physical Electronics (IPE) University of Stuttgart, Germany Prof. J. H. Werner Prof. M. Schubert Dr B. Zinsser German Federal Ministry for the Environment and Nature Conservation (BMU) PV Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus G. Makrides, Dr M. Norton D. Evagorou, M. Patsalides E. Demosthenous, A. Phoinikarides, M. Herodotou, V. Paraskeva Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC), Cyprus Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation European Commission
3 Overview Motivation Solar Potential in Cyprus PV Technology and Current Activities in Cyprus Performance Vs Climatic Conditions (Germany, Cyprus) Current activities in the field of CPV Conclusions and Future Work
4 Motivation Current Energy Situation Sustainable Energy Supply lies at the top of the World Energy Agenda due to the thread for climate change If by 2050 emissions are not reduced dramatically then the situation will be irreversible The earth has a fever and the fever is rising. We have began waging war on the Earth itself and it is time to make peace with this planet, Al Gore, Nobel Prize Drastic changes in our energy habits are urgently needed Responding to the energy threads and challenges the EU has made a commitment to Reduce Carbon emissions, Increase the use of RES, Diversify energy supply Climate Change Package (Ambitious targets for RES in 2020) 20% increase in energy efficiency 20% reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 20% share of Renewables in overall EU energy consumption by % biofuel component in vehicle fuel by 2020
5 Calls for Member States to develop fields of particular strength utilising the local resources and particularities For Cyprus High Solar Resource
6 Cyprus
7 Solar Potential in Cyprus 7
8 Total Electricity Demand in Cyprus vs PV Production Συνολική Παραγωγή (MW) Total Generation (MW) :00 5:00 Εβδομαδιαία Διακύμανση Συνολικής Παραγωγής (MW), Διαθεσιμότητας Παραγωγής (MW) και ΦΒ παραγωγής AC Ενέργειας 11-18/09/06 Weekly Variation of Τotal Generation (MW), Availability (MW) and PV AC energy generation 10:00 15:00 20:00 1:00 6:00 11:00 16:00 21:00 2:00 7:00 12:00 17:00 22:00 3:00 8:00 13:00 Ώρα Hour 18:00 23:00 4:00 9:00 14:00 19:00 0:00 5:00 10:00 15:00 20:00 1:00 6:00 11:00 16:00 21:00 Διαθεσιμότητα / Availability (MW) Παραγωγή / Generation (MW) PV Production AC Energy PV Generation in Phase with Maximum Demand Παραγωγή ΦΒ AC Ενέργειας (kw) AC Energy PV production (kw/kwp)
9 Electricity Production and Demand Isolated System Electricity Production by the Electricity Authority of Cyprus Strongly dependent on oil (Half of 2 million tonnes of oil used in Cyprus annually is needed for electricity production) The annual cost of energy imports in Cyprus constitutes 18 % of the total imports (900 Million Euros in 2007)) Higher Electricity Prices than EU average Plans to switch natural gas in 2012 No major contribution of RES in the energy mix Peak Demand of electricity in 2007 reached 1 GW
10 Peak Demand Prediction in Cyprus Πρόβλεψη Μέγιστης Ζήτησης (MW) MW 1100 MW in 2010 Μέγιστη Ζήτηση (MW) MW Source: Transmission System Operator Έτος Year Μέγιστη Ζήτηση (MW)
11 Electricity Prices (CY vs EU)
12 What can we expect from Solar in Cyprus? Enormous prospects and potential Solar Irradiance is one of the highest in Europe (300 days annually considered sunny) Approximately 30% higher energy yield than Germany Almost total dependence on fossil fuels Driver for change the commitment towards the E.U. for a 13% of RES use 2020
13 Prior Experience with Solar Energy Cypriots already familiar with the utilisation of solar energy as Cyprus is in the first position worldwide in installation of solar thermal collectors. 1m 2 of solar collectors per person in Cyprus
14 Installed PV Capacity Source: Euro-Observer 2009
15 Feed-in Tariff for RES Source:
16 Motivation Stuttgart Nicosia m onocrystalline m ulticrystalline average 1) thin film Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si(1) Schott a-si(2) First Solar CdTe Würth CIGS AC-Energy Yield [kwhac /kwp rated ]
17 PV Yield Outdoor Facilities Project Funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Energy, Environment and Nature Conservation (BMU).
18 PV System Technologies Monocrystalline Silicon (Atersa) Multicrystalline Silicon (SolarWorld, Solon) Amorphous Silicon (Schott Solar, Mitsubishi) EFG and Main (Schott Solar) Saturn Cell (BP) Back Contact Cell (Sunpower) HIT (Sanyo) Cadmium Telluride (First Solar) Copper Indium Diselenide, CIS (Wurth) Tracked System Concentrator System (Concentrix Solar) Tracker and Concentrating Technologies Amorphous Silicon and other thin film Technologies Monocrystalline Technologies High Efficiency Multicrystalline Technologies Technologies Funded by the German BMU
19 Measurement System
20 Other Infrastructure
21 Existing Physical Facilities
22 Temperature Coefficients and PV Performance PV modules with lower temperature coefficients have performed better both in Germany and Cyprus but this effect was particularly obvious especially in Cyprus with the prolonged summer period. Best performing technologies CIS, CdTe, Sunpower and HIT With the lowest temperature coefficients AC-Energy Yield [kwh AC /kwp rated ] PV with low temperature coefficients performed better Stuttgart Nicosia monocrystalline Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si multicrystalline Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si average 1) thin film Mitsubishi a-si(1) Schott a-si(2) First Solar CdTe Würth CIGS
23 Irradiance Effects Power decreases as temperature increases At low irradiation levels the change in AM and the reflectance of the module cover glass decrease power output.
24 Irradiance Effects DC power output for the Atersa monocrystalline Si system normalised to G=1000 W/m 2, Tmod=25 o C Data filtered to 20 o C<Tmod<30 o C angle of incidence <45 o. Irradiance dependence of the different systems in Nicosia. Amorphous Silicon and CdTe modules have higher relative efficiencies at low light = W(Wm -2 ) -1
25 Low Light Effects (a) normalized power P DC monocrystalline multicrystalline thin film Atersa BP Saturn Sanyo HIT SunPower Schott MAIN Schott EFG SolarWorld Solon Mitsubishi a-si(1) Schott a-si(2) FirstSolar CdTe Würth CIGS normalized power monocrystalline multicrystalline thin film a-si(2) a-si(1) CdTe Nicosia c-si sensor (b) Stuttgart c-si sensor (c) Stuttgart pyranometer (d) irradiation G [Wm -2 ] c-si 0.8 HIT CIGS Nicosia pyranometer global irradiation G [Wm -2 ] B. Zinsser, G. Makrides, M. Schubert G. E. Georghiou and J. H. Werner, Temperature and irradiance effects on outdoor field performance, EUPVSEC 24, Hamburg, Germany, 2009
26 Spectrum Effects
27 Spectral Response S. Krauter, P. Grunow, A. Preiss, S. Rindert and N. Ferretti Inaccuracies of input data relevant for PV yield prediction, 33 rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, May, San Diego, USA, 2008
28 Multi-junction PV n p n p n p
29 Degradation of Different PV Technologies Predominantly undertaken for crystalline silicon so far NREL found 1-2% average degradation over a ten year period Sandia 0.5 % per year for multi crystalline modules NREL observed 0.7% average degradation for mono and multi-crystalline modules more recently Thin-film (and other novel technologies such as CPV) degradation is of utmost importance as there is lack of field experience
30 Initial Monthly Degradation under Field Conditions 1000 Normalised Power [W/Wp] Tracker mono-c-si Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si Suntechnics mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si Schott a-si(2) First Solar CdTe Wurth CIGS Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 G. Makrides, B. Zinsser, M. Schubert, G. E. Georghiou and J. H. Werner, Degradation of different photovoltaic technologies under field conditions, 35 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, June, Hawaii, USA, 2010
31 First Year Degradation System First Year Degradation (%) Sanyo mono c-si HIT Atersa mono c-si Suntechnics mono c-si BP mono c-si Schott multi c-si EFG Schott multi c-si MAIN Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Schott a-si (2)
32 Three Year Degradation % (per year) PVUSA Power Rating (W) % (per year) PR (%) PVUSA PR 0 0 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09
33 Three Year Degradation System PR Degradation Rate (%/year) PVUSA Sanyo mono c-si HIT Atersa mono c-si Suntechnics mono c-si BP mono c-si Schott multi c-si EFG Schott multi c-si Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Schott a-si (2)
34 The Effect of Dust (Egypt)
35 Performance vs Climatic Conditions (Germany and Cyprus)
36 Irradiation (Germany and Cyprus) 30 First Year Level Second Year Level First Year Occurence Second Year Occurence First Year Level Second Year Level First Year Occurence Second Year Occurence 30 Irradiation levels [% ] Irradiation levels and daytime occurrence in Stuttgart, Germany. Measurements based on 15 minute average POA irradiation measurements between W/m Irradiation occurence [%] Irradiation levels [% ] Irradiation occurence [%] Irradiation levels and daytime occurrence in Nicosia, Cyprus. Measurements based on 15 minute average POA irradiation measurements between W/m 2.
37 Temperature (Germany and Cyprus) 40 First Year Second Year 40 First Year Second Year Ambient Temperature [ C] Ambient Temperature [ C] 0 0 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Average Ambient Temperature in Stuttgart, Germany for two years Average Ambient Temperature in Nicosia, Cyprus for two years
38 AC Energy Yield Comparison: Stuttgart and Nicosia Stuttgart Nicosia monocrystalline multicrystalline average 1) thin film Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si(1) Schott a-si(2) First Solar CdTe Würth CIGS AC-Energy Yield [kwhac /kwp rated ] Location Solar irradiation [kwh/m 2 ] AC Energy Yield [kwh/kwp] Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 POA tracker POA (Germany)
39 Annual Module Efficiency (Germany and Cyprus) Germany Cyprus First Year Second year Manufacturer First Year Second Year Manufacturer PV Module Efficiency [%] PV Module Efficiency [%] 2 2 Atersa Tracker Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si Schott a-si 0 Atersa Tracker Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si Schott a-si 0 Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe G. Makrides, B. Zinsser, M. Schubert, G. E. Georghiou and J. H. Werner, Two year performance evaluation of different grid connected photovoltaic systems, 34 rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Philadelphia, USA, 2009
40 Summer Autumn Winter Spring PV Module Efficiency [%] 4 2 Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Atersa Tracker Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si Schott a-si Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Seasonal Module Efficiency (Germany and Cyprus) Germany Cyprus Summer Autumn Winter Spring PV Module Efficiency [%]
41 Inverter Efficiency [%] Summer Autumn Winter Spring Atersa Tracker Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si 89.8 Atersa mono-c-si BP mono-c-si Sanyo HIT-Si SunPower mono-c-si Schott MAIN-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Schott EFG-Si SolarWorld multi-c-si Solon multi-c-si Mitsubishi a-si Schott a-si Wurth CIGS First Solar CdTe Seasonal Inverter Efficiency (Germany and Cyprus) Germany Cyprus Summer Autumn Winter Spring Inverter Efficiency [%]
42 Seasonal Inverter Efficiency (Germany and Cyprus) Stuttgart Nicosia Inverter Efficiency [%] Summer Autumn Winter Spring G. Makrides, B. Zinsser, M. Schubert, G. E. Georghiou and J. H. Werner, Outdoor efficiency of different photovoltaic systems installed in Cyprus and Germany, 33 rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego, USA, May 2008
43 Concentrator Photovoltaics
44 The CPV Concept Lens Reduction in cell area Higher efficiencies Reduced cost Cell
45 CPV System Examples
46 Yearly sum of direct normal irradiance CPV Potential Source: Meteonorm 6.0; uncertainty 15% Period: ; grid cell size: 1
47 Global vs DNI Irradiation 10 8 DNI tracker Global Irradiation POA Global Irradiation tracker 6 4 Irradiation [kwh/m 2 ] 2 29/04/ /04/ /05/ /05/ /05/ /05/ /05/2009 0
48 PV vs CPV Energy Yield G. Makrides, B. Zinsser, M. Norton, G. E. Georghiou, M. Schubert and J. H. Werner, Evaluation of Concentrator PV modules under conditions of high direct solar irradiance, DISTRES 09, 2009
49 Current and future work in Photovoltaics Focus on CPV, thin film and novel technologies and in particular multijunction technologies Outdoor PV performance monitoring and evaluation Modelling and investigation of loss processes (especially spectral effects) Standardised PV performance calibration and evaluation Reliability, durability, degradation and accelerated ageing (in particular thin films) Development of characterisation techniques for new PV technologies (such as quantum/nano structures) R&D on new concentrator systems (new lenses, tracking, characterisation) BIPV advanced research and evaluation
50 Awareness Activities
51 Conclusions Photovoltaic technology is a key RES for the future energy mix and especially for countries such as Cyprus with a very high solar resource Real performance deviates from STC performance CPV/CSP are ideal candidate technologies for regions with high DNI
52
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