PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS. Alessandro Massi Pavan

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1 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Alessandro Massi Pavan Sesto Val Pusteria June 22 nd 26 th, 2015

2 GRID-CONNECTED PV PLANTS DISTRIBUTED TIPO DISTRIBUITO PV GENERATOR LOCAL LOADS INVERTER GRID CENTRALIZED PV GENERATOR INVERTER GRID

3 OFF-GRID PV PLANTS RESIDENTIAL PV GENERATOR STORAGE CHARGE CONTROLLER INVERTER AC LOADS INDUSTRIAL DC LOADS PV GENERATOR STORAGE CHARGE CONTROLLER DC LOADS

4 GENERATIONS OF PV MODULES Price [$/m 2 ]

5 FIRST GENERATION PV MODULES poly -Si mono -Si Glass EVA Solar cells EVA Tedlar Frame

6 SECOND GENERATION PV MODULES a - Si CdTe CIGS CdTe

7 ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS I-V CHARACTERISTIC STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS (STC) Irradiance 1.000W/m 2 - Cell Temperature 25 C - Ais Mass 1.5 PV MODULE Q.CELLS Q.PRO-G2 250 Nominal Power - P mp [Wp] [0-5] Short circuit current - I sc [A] 8.94 Open circuit voltage V oc [V] Current at MPP I mp [A] 8.45 Voltage at MPP V mp [V] 29,89 Temperature coefficient of I sc z [%/K] +0.04%/K Temperature coefficient of V oc w [%/K] -0.33%/K Temperature coefficient of P mp P [%/K] -0.43%/K Number of cells [ ] 60 Fill factor FF [ ] 0.74 Degradation rate [%/year] 0.68 Nominal Operating Cell Temperature T NOCT [ C] 47±3 P mp A 1000 FF I sc P mp V oc

45 Voltage at MPP V mp [V] 29,89 Temperature coefficient of I sc z [%/K] +0.04%/K Temperature coefficient of V oc w [%/K] -0.

8 FIRST GENERATION PV MODULE Q.CELLS - QPRO

9 FIRST GENERATION PV MODULE Q.CELLS - QPRO

10 FIRST GENERATION PV MODULE Q.CELLS - QPRO

11 FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION PARAMETER Q.PRO 250 Generation 1 FS 280 Generation 2 P mp [Wp] V mp [W] I Mmp [W] FF [ ] η [%] S 1kWp [m 2 ] p [kg/kw p ] Q.SMART 95 Generation 2

[W] 29.9 71.2 62.1 I Mmp [W] 8.5 1.12 1.53 FF [ ] 0.74 0.72 0.

12 DEPENDANCE ON SOLAR IRRADIANCE Voltage [V]

13 DEPENDANCE ON CELL TEMPERATURE Voltage [V]

14 TWO DIODES MODEL Luque A, Hegedus S Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering Wiley

15 TWO DIODES MODEL - I SC [A] is the short-circuit current when there are no parasitic resistances - I o1 [A]is the dark saturation current due to the recombination in the quasi-neutral region - I o2 [A] is the dark saturation current due to the recombination in the space-charge region - q [C] is the electron charge - R s [Ω] is the series resistance - R sh [Ω] is the shunt resistance - k [J/K] is the Boltzmann s constant - T [K] is the cell temperature The 5 parameters I SC, I 01, I 02, R S, R Sh are usually not listed in the data sheet of a PV device!!! 1. for the calculus of the 5 parameters 2. EMPIRICAL MODEL

electron charge - R s [Ω] is the series resistance - R sh [Ω] is the shunt resistance - k [J/K] is the Boltzmann s constant - T [K] is the cell

16 EMPIRICAL MODEL - I [p.u.] is the per unit current referred to I sc - I L [p-u.] is per unit irradiance referred to 1.000W/m 2 - z [1/ C] is the current-voltage coefficient referred to I sc - T C [ C] is the solar cell temperature - m [ ] is an exponential factor - V [p.u.] is the per unit voltage referred to V oc - w [1/ C] is the voltage-temperature coefficient referred to V oc Massi Pavan A, Mellit A, Lughi V Explicit empirical model for general photovoltaic devices: experimental validation at maximum power point Solar Energy 101 pp , 2014

17 INVERTERS For different applications exist centralized, string or module-inverters (hundreds of kva - 630kVA) String inverter 3kVA 50 x 40 x 20 cm Centralized Inverter 100kVA 120 x 80 x 140 cm Centralized Inverter 500kVA 210 x 240 x 60 cm

String inverter 3kVA 50 x 40 x 20 cm Centralized Inverter

18 ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS SMA SUNNY BOY 3000TL Load [%]

19 POWER CONVERSION String 1 DC Boards STRING STRING GRID String n Voltage [p.u.] String 1 CENTRALIZED DC Board AC Board GRID String n Voltage [p.u.]

20 THANK YOU! Sesto Val Pusteria June 22 nd 26 th, 2015

SOLAR RADIATION AND YIELD. Alessandro Massi Pavan

SOLAR RADIATION AND YIELD. Alessandro Massi Pavan SOLAR RADIATION AND YIELD Alessandro Massi Pavan Sesto Val Pusteria June 22 nd 26 th, 2015 DEFINITIONS Solar radiation: general meaning Irradiation [Wh/m 2 ]: energy received per unit area Irradiance [W/m