World Applied Sciences Journl 30 (Innovtion Chllenges in Multidiciplinry Reserch & Prctice): 414-419, 2014 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publictions, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wsj.2014.30.icmrp.198 Influence of Plying Experience nd Coching Eduction on Coching Efficcy mong Mlysin Youth Coches R.A.J.A. Nurul Jnnt nd K.E.E. Kng Me Universiti Teknologi MARA, Mlysi Abstrct: Introduction: Coches hve the responsibility in guiding the thletes to be successful in their sports performnce by helping them to improve their skills. One of the fctors tht my influence thletes to perform t their optiml level is their beliefs in their coches bility to guide them during trining nd competition. Fctors such s plying experience nd coching eduction/course my ply prt in the bility of coches in guiding their thletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study ws to identify the reltionship between coches' level of plying experience nd coching courses ttended with coching efficcy mong Mlysin youth coches. Methods: A totl of 323 coches who coched in SUKMA 2012 (sports event tht involved young thletes between the ge 19 to 21 yers old) were selected through purposive smpling prticipted in this study. Coching Efficcy Scle (CES) questionnire ws used to mesure the coches coching efficcy. Results: Overll, Mlysin youth coches showed tht their level of coching efficcy were high for ll the subscles nmely chrcter building (M = 7.97, SD =.64), motivtion (M = 7.91, SD =.58), technique (M = 7.91, SD =.64) nd gme strtegy (M = 7.84, SD =.60). Furthermore, coches who hve plyed for high level such s t ntionl level showed tht they were skilful in motivting their thletes (p<.05) nd in inculcting positive ttitude towrds their thletes chrcter building (p<.05). Similrly, coches who hve ttended higher level of coching courses showed tht they hve the bility to motivte their thletes during competition (p<.05). In ddition, multiple regression showed tht both level of coching courses ttended nd level of plying experience cn predict the overll coching efficcy (F (6, 316) = 14.76, p<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, coches who hve higher level for both plying experience nd coching course my demonstrte better coching efficcy in guiding their thletes nd hence re ble to led their thletes to successful performnce. Key words: Coching efficcy SUKMA Coching course INTRODUCTION sports performnce by improving the thletes bsic skills preprtions which relted to their physicl, technicl, In recent yers, mny studies hve been conducted tcticl nd psychologicl [1, 2]. They were lso being to study on coches bilities in coching nd hve referred s the role models nd mentors for the youth expnded the knowledge nd informtion regrding the thletes. One of the key elements to be successful coch coch s responsibility nd bilities. Coches ply n is through their own perception of their bility to led the importnt role in sport s they re responsible for thletes through the competitive experience nd the belief teching bsic spects of gmes. Furthermore, coches in one s personl bility is known s self-efficcy [3]. not only hve significnt impct on the psychosocil Bsed on pst studies, when the term "efficcy" used development of young thletes, but they lso together with behvior, it would indicte the strength of influence the children s experience in sport development. confidence in cting out tht ction with efficiency such Pst study stted tht coches hve the responsibility s in the term of "coching efficcy", it shows coches in guiding the thletes to perform successfully in their belief tht he or she cn successfully crry out the duties Corresponding Author: R.A.J.A. Nurul Jnnt, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Mlysi. 414
World Appl. Sci. J., 30 (Innovtion Chllenges in Multidiciplinry Reserch & Prctice): 414-419, 2014 expected efficiently [3, 4]. Furthermore in their study, prticulrly in youth sport. Therefore, this study hs been they reported tht it my hve detrimentl effect on conducted to gther more informtion with regrd to thletes performnce if coch hs low level of Mlysin youth coches nd their coching efficcy. self-efficcy. Conversely, if the coch hs high self-efficcy, it my help in influencing on his or her own Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study ws to performnce, s well s the thletes performnce during identify the reltionship between plying experience trining nd competition. Pst study lso hs shown tht nd level of coching course ttended with coching thletes were lso more confident in themselves nd their efficcy mong Mlysin SUKMA 2012 coches. tems when they believed their coch ws confident leder [5]. There were lso numerous studies on coches MATERIALS AND METHODS level of coching efficcy in vrious sports environments [3, 6]. Throughout these studies, there were mny fctors A totl of 323 coches from 14 sttes who coched reveled tht my ffect the coches level of coching in Sukn Mlysi (SUKMA) 2012 volunteered to serve efficcy. s prticipnts in the study. These prticipnts were Bsed on study by Sullivn nd Mlete [7], coching selected through purposive smpling comprising from efficcy cn be divide into four type of subscles which both individul nd tem sports (thletics, qutic, re motivtion efficcy, technique efficcy, gme strtegy weightlifting, bdminton, gymnstic, hockey, lwn bll, efficcy nd chrcter building efficcy. Motivtion rchery, sqush, tenpin bowling, sepk tkrw, volleybll, efficcy cn be defined s the coches confident in their golf, petnque, equestrin nd boxing). Coching Efficcy bility to influence his or her thletes psychologicl Scle, or CES [3] questionnire were used to mesure sttes nd skills. Technique efficcy is referring to the their coching efficcy. The relibility for CES coch s believe on his or her bility to tech skills nd questionnire in this study is 0.91. to dignose nd correct the error mde by the thletes. The third subscle which is gme strtegy efficcy is RESULTS representing the coch s believe in leding the thletes to perform successfully during competition while for The following nlyses were bsed on the result the lst subscle which is chrcter building efficcy, from socil science sttisticl pckge version 17. it involve with the coch s bility to ffect the thlete s Descriptive nlysis such s frequencies nd percentges ttitudes such s sportspersonship nd positive were clculted to demonstrte the chrcteristics of ttitudes. coches. Tble 1 shows tht from ll respondents, 74.6% Mny fctors cn ffect coches coching efficcy (n=241) of them re mle nd 25.4% (n=82) re femle. such s their plying experience nd coching courses Furthermore, mjority of the coches were bove 45 yers ttended. In Mlysi, there re three levels (Level 1; old (26.3%; n=85) while the minority is between 31 to 35 beginner, Level 2; intermedite, Level 3; dvnce) of yers old (12.7%; n=41). coching courses conducted by the Ntionl Coching Licensing Bord tht cn be ttended by ll sports coches (Mlysin Sport Council, 2008). This progrm Tble 1: Gender Ages nd Mritl Sttus of SUKMA 2012 Coches. Number of besides serving s ntionl stndrd for the recognition Coches Chrcteristics coches (N = 323) Percentge (%) of coching qulifictions, it lso provides systemtic Gender Mle 241 74.6 coching eduction progrm with purpose of improving Femle 82 25.4 the knowledge nd skills required by sport coches. Age (Yers) This progrm hs three bsic components which re <30 50 15.5 sports science, specific sports coching nd prcticl 31-35 41 12.7 components. Every coch who ttends this course must 36-40 71 22.0 go through ll the components before they cn be 41-45 76 23.5 certified. Although there were mny studies tht >45 85 26.3 mesure on coching efficcy, most of these studies were completed in western context. There is limited informtion Mritl Sttus Single 90 27.9 on the coching efficcy mong Mlysin coches Mrried 233 72.1 415
World Appl. Sci. J., 30 (Innovtion Chllenges in Multidiciplinry Reserch & Prctice): 414-419, 2014 Tble 2: Coches plying nd level of prticiption nd level of coching course ttended. Number of Coches Chrcteristics coches(n = 323) Percentge (%) Plying nd Level of Prticiption Did Not Hve Experienced In Plying 20 6.2 School Level 37 11.5 Stte Level 181 56.0 Ntionl Level 85 26.3 Level of Coching Course Attended Did Not Attend For Coching Courses 59 18.3 Beginner 96 29.7 Intermedite 114 35.3 Advnce 54 16.7 Tble 3: Mens nd stndrd devitions of coching efficcy scores Scores M SD Motivtion efficcy 7.91 0.58 Technique efficcy 7.91 0.64 Gme strtegy efficcy 7.84 0.60 Chrcter building efficcy 7.97 0.64 Totl efficcy 7.91 0.56 Mjority of coches (93.8%; n = 303) hve experienced in plying the sports tht they coched in SUKMA 2012 event while only 6.2% (n = 20) did not hve plying experience in plying the sports tht they coched in SUKMA 2012 event. From the totl of coches who hve experience in plying, 56.0% (n = 181) of them ply t stte level, 11.5% (n = 37) for school level nd 26.3% (n = 85) for ntionl level. Furthermore the findings showed tht 81.7% (n = 264) of the respondents hve ttended the coching courses while 18.3% (n = 59) of them hve not ttended Mlysin Sport Council coching course progrm. From the totl of coches who hve ttended the coching courses, 29.7% (n = 96) coches hve beginner level, 35.3% (n = 114) coches hve intermedite level nd 16.7% (n = 54) coches hve dvnce level of coching course. These results re indicted in Tble 2. Tble 3 presented the mens nd stndrd devitions of ech subscle in CES questionnire which is motivtion, technique, gme strtegy nd chrcter building efficcy. The Gme Strtegy subscle showed the lowest men score (M = 7.84, SD = 0.60) chieved by the coches nd it might indicte tht Mlysin SUKMA 2012 coches were less confident in mking decisions with regrd to strtegies to be implemented during competitive gmes compred to other subscles. This lso indictes tht the coches were less cpble in mximizing thletes' potentil in competitions nd less efficcy in identifying the strengths nd weknesses of opponent tems. However, s shown in tble 3, the coches were better in the other three subscles s reflected by the higher men score on these three subscles which re motivtion efficcy (M = 7.91, SD = 0.58), technique efficcy (M = 7.91, SD = 0.64) nd chrcter building efficcy (M = 7.97, SD = 0.64). These indicte the SUKMA 2012 coches were more confident in hndling tsk such s motivting their thletes, crrying out the instructionl spects of coching nd developing their thletes' chrcteristics respectively. The SUKMA 2012 coches were mesured on the reltionship between level of plying experience nd the level of coching course ttended with overll coching efficcy. Hierrchicl multiple regression ws conducted to ssess the bility of two control mesures (level of coching courses ttended, level of plying experience) to predict levels of coching efficcy (CES). Mlete nd Sullivn [7] indicted tht coching eduction ppers to be strong predictor of coching efficcy while Feltz, Hepler, Romn nd Piement, [8] stted tht plying experience ws robust predictor of coching efficcy. Since the dt were ctegoricl innture, dummy coding for vribles were performed before conducting multiple regression nlysis. Preliminry nlyses were conducted to ensure no violtion of the ssumption of normlity, linerity, multicolinerity nd homoscedsticity. In this study, coches who never ttended to ny Mlysin Council coching course ct s reference ctegory nd being coded s 0 while coches who ttended vrious level of Mlysin Council coching course coded s 1. Similrly for plying experience, coches who do not hve ny plying experience in sport tht they coched ct s reference ctegory nd coded s 0 while coches who hve vrious level of plying experience in sport tht they coched coded s 1. Level of coching courses ttended ws entered t Step 1, explining 20% (.20 x 100) of the vrince in level of coching efficcy. After entry of the level of plying experience t Step 2, the totl vrince explined by the model s whole ws 22%, F(6, 316) = 14.76, p < 0.001. The two control mesures explined n dditionl 2% of the vrince in CES. In the finl model (step 2), there were five vribles tht hve sttisticlly significnt contribution (p < 0.05) with the intermedite level of coching course recording higher bet vlue ( =.55, p <.001) thn other vribles. Tble 4 showed the vribles tht been included to predict Mlysin SUKMA 2012 coches coching efficcy level. Coches who hve ttended vrious level of Mlysin Sport Council coching course progrm were compred with coches who hve never ttended to 416
World Appl. Sci. J., 30 (Innovtion Chllenges in Multidiciplinry Reserch & Prctice): 414-419, 2014 Tble 4: Summry of Hierrchicl Regression Anlysis for Vribles Predicting Level of Coching Efficcy Vrible B SE B ß Step 1 Beginner.53.08.43 Intermedite.65.08.55 Advnce.73.10.49 Step 2 Beginner.56.08.46 Intermedite.64.08.55 Advnce.73.10.49 b School Level.05.14.03 b Stte Level.24.12.21 b Ntionl Level.26.13.21 2 2 Note. R =.20 for Step 1; R =.22 for Step 2 (p <.05). Compred to coches who not ttending to coching course b. Compred to coches who don t hve ny plying experience B = Unstndrdized Coefficient B; SE B = Stndrd Error; = Bet tht progrm while for plying experience, coches who hve vrious level of plying experience were compred with coches who do not hve ny plying experience in the sport they coched. Multiple regression nlysis reveled tht coches who hve beginner level of coching course were on verge.46 points higher in coching efficcy thn those coches who hve never ttended ny Mlysin Sport Council coching course progrm. Coches who hve intermedite level of coching course hve coching efficcy.55 point higher, on verge, thn coches who hve never ttended ny Mlysin Sport Council coching course progrm. Coches who hve dvnce level of coching course were on verge.49 point higher in coching efficcy compred to those coches who hve never ttended ny Mlysin Sport Council coching course progrm. As for plying experience, coches who hve plying experience t school level hve no significnt difference in coching efficcy with coches who do not hve ny plying experience in sport they coched. However, coches who hve plying experience t stte or ntionl level were on verge.21 point higher compred to coches who do not hve ny plying experience in sport they coched. DISCUSSION There were mny pst studies tht used CES developed by Feltz et. l [3] to mesure the coch confident or efficcy level nd most of the pst studies mesured the efficcy level of coches from school nd collegite coches. It mesure the coches efficcy in crrying duties bsed on the four subscles of coching tsks which re motivtion, technique, gme strtegy nd chrcter building. Study by Sullivn nd Gee [9] stted tht coches who hve high degree of coching efficcy gve more positive feedbck. In ddition, when compre to pst studies by Fung [10] nd Kvussnu et l. [11], the score for overll coching efficcy mong the Mlysin youth coches were high (Mlysi: 7.91, Fung: 6.72, Kvussnu et l.: 7.24). From these review, Mlysin youth coches shows tht they hve similr cpbility in coching nd hve sme potentil s others coches to be successful coch. The Mlysin coches believed tht self-confidence in coching is importnt to inspire thletes performnce during competition. Finding in this present study supported the study by Chiu, et l. [12] nd Kun nd Roy [13] which indicted tht Mlysin coches were confident in their bility of hndling coching tsks. The level of coching efficcy produced most positive outcomes nd it ws considered to be ligned with the difficulty tsks [7]. Even though the level of coching efficcy mong Mlysin SUKMA coches is high s demonstrted in this study, however, in terms of coching efficcy subscles, Mlysin SUKMA coches hve the lowest men score in gme strtegy efficcy during competitive event. This finding ws inconsistent with the study by Chiu, et l. [12] nd Moen nd Federici [14] in which they found tht Mlysin coches were competent in gme strtegy efficcy during competitive event. One possible reson tht Mlysin SUKMA coches hve low men score in gme strtegy efficcy might be due to lck of rel gmes nd mtches being orgnized to expose the coches to the rel competition environment nd use their bility in mking decision during competition. Furthermore, SUKMA event is orgnized only once every two yers which gve little opportunity of exposure for coches to guide their thletes in rel gme situtions [15]. In ddition, most of the youth thletes cme from schools where most of the times they were being supervised by school coches [16]. Therefore, Mlysin SUKMA coches were only ble to be with their thletes during centrlized trining before the event. Due to the short durtion during centrlized trining, this resulted in lck of contct between coches nd their thletes. Therefore, coches hve to look for other wys to improve their gme strtegy efficcy. For exmple, coches hve to orgnize more rel competition or friendly mtches so tht they cn prctise their gme strtegies [17]. Additionlly, lecture-type teching in smll group, discussion on video viewing on rel mtch nd lern from mster coch or former coch re some of the possible strtegies tht cn be used by the coches to improve their gme strtegy efficcy. 417
World Appl. Sci. J., 30 (Innovtion Chllenges in Multidiciplinry Reserch & Prctice): 414-419, 2014 The finding in this study lso found tht Mlysin CONCLUSION SUKMA coches hve highest coching efficcy in chrcter building subscle s indicted by their men While further reserch is prmount to expnding score compred to other three subscles. This suggests the understnding of coching efficcy in this tht Mlysin SUKMA coches were more inclined environment, this study hs provided n dditionl towrds crrying out chrcter building duties nd were knowledge of coching efficcy tht relting to Mlysin more efficcious in hndling tsks of instilling positive youth coches. Despite their coching sttus, the ttitude such s respect for others, fir ply during Mlysin youth coches re wre tht plying competition nd lso instil good morl chrcter [10] experience nd ttending to coching courses re becuse the coches believe inculcting positive ttitude importnt for them to become successful coch. towrd sport in their thletes will bring to successful In conclusion, while the level of coching efficcy performnce. mong Mlysin youth coches is generlly high, Levels of coching efficcy cn be predicted by however coches should improve more in their gme numerous fctors such s gender [18], plying experience strtegy efficcy s the score reported ws low compred [7, 19], coching experience coching eduction [20, 21] to the other coching efficcy subscles. Improving the nd mny more. Findings from this study indicted tht gme strtegy efficcy my help in improve the coches the level of coching courses ttended by the coches bility to coch better during competition nd led their ws good predictor for the coches level of coching thletes to successful performnce [22, 23]. efficcy. Previous reserch by Sullivn, Pquette et l. This study only exmined the ntecedents of [21] hs shown tht the ttendnce of forml coching Mlysin SUKMA coches nd did not investigte the eduction progrms resulted in chnges of coching impct of the coching efficcy dimensions. Since pst behviours nd lso coching efficcy. Study by Fung studies lredy stted tht coches who hd high [10] stted tht ttending coching eduction progrms coching efficcy used more positive coching styles, tht help in providing mentor teching for less hd more plyers who were stisfied with their plying experienced coches would help improve their experiences, hd higher winning percentges nd hd commitment in coching. Woodmn [22] in his study, higher efficcy levels mong thletes nd tems [12, 23], furthermore, supported tht coching eduction therefore, it would be interesting to exmine these progrms were the most effective method in incresing vribles on Mlysin coches to see whether the the coches coching efficcy nd lso their outcomes re similr to pst studies. competency. Thus, coching courses ttended by the Mlysin SUKMA coches my hve boosted their REFERENCES confidence level in coching their thletes. While coching courses re strong predictor to 1. Nzrudin, B., O. Fuzee, M. Jmlis, K. Geok nd coching efficcy, this study lso reveled tht the A. Din, 2009. "Coching ledership styles nd thlete combintion of ttending to coching courses nd stisfction mong Mlysin University Bsketbll hving plying experience re lso strong predictor tem," Reserch Journl of Interntionl Studies, to n individul s level of coching efficcy. Pst 9: 4-11. studies supported tht plying experience ws 2. Gerkushenko, G.G., S.V. Sokolov, strong predictor of coching efficcy becuse the E.V. Meshcherykov nd J.V. Meshcherykov, coches with lck of coching experiences my use 2013. "The Influence of Computer Gmes on their plying experience to provide sport-specific Children s Ply Activity Development," World knowledge of the skills, rules nd lso strtegies on how Applied Sciences Journl, 24: 177-182. the gme is plyed s bsis for coching efficcy 3. Feltz, D.L., M.A. Chse, S.E. Moritz nd P.J. Sullivn, beliefs [3, 5]. Sullivn, Gee et l. [19] lso stted tht 1999. "A conceptul model of coching efficcy: coches plying experience ws unique source of Preliminry investigtion nd instrument coching efficcy. development," Journl of Eductionl Psychology, This study presented regression result to predict 91: 765-776. the Mlysin coching efficcy tht cn help the sports 4. Khustov, S. nd I. Ilyin, 2013. "Musculr Strength orgniztion committee to find the most suitble coches Trining Technique Peculirities in Weightlifters to develop nd coch Mlysin thletes in future Preprtion," Middle-Est Journl of Scientific competitive sports events. Reserch, 17: 382-386. 418
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