Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications Paul Lebutsch Presented at the Roads2HyCom Research & Technology Workshop on 5-6 March 2009 in Brussels, Belgium ECN-L--09-172 December 2009
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications Paul Lebutsch / Marcel Weeda ECN R2H8037PU.2 Roads2HyCom Research & Technology Workshop, Brussels, 5-6 March 2009 www.roads2hy.com
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions Summary 2
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions Summary 3
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Objectives - Characterisation of potential FC/H 2 applications Specifications Boundaries Description of the technology and the markets Anticipation of future developments Economic Windows of Opportunities Global impact on CO 2 emissions Gap analysis Identification of Research Items 4
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions Summary 5
Economic Windows of Opportunity and CO 2 Emissions - Analysis Approach - 23 transport and stationary applications case studies by partners Reference technology Power Investment & maintenance cost Fuel price & fuel consumption Lifetime Mileage/operating hours FC/H 2 technology Power Maintenance cost Fuel consumption Characterisation of markets 6
Economic Windows of Opportunity and CO 2 Emissions - Analysis Approach - Determination of Windows of Opportunity Comparison of reference and FC/H 2 costs Basis: Total cost per unit service ( /km, /hr or /kwh) Cost projections of FC/H 2 technology Economy of Scale for state-of-the-art technology Learning for comparison of future technology System power Comparison of projections with Windows of Opportunity Gap Analysis Source-to-User CO 2 emission factors for reference and FC/H 2 tech. 7
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis - Methodology CO 2 Emissions Summary 8
Economic Windows of Opportunity - Methodology - Unfavourable Conditions Line of Equality : Boundary conditions, where reference and FC/H 2 technology have equal cost per unit service ( /km, /hr or /kwh) Projections for hydrogen price and FC/H 2 technology costs are plotted and analysed against the Window of Opportunity Assumed H 2 /FC Drivetrain Cost [ /kw] 9 Line of Equality Window of Opportunity = Favourable Conditions Allowable H2 Cost [ /GJ]
Economic Windows of Opportunity - Methodology for Gap Analysis - Situation A & B reflect projected cases Room for taxation A B Gap to be closed by e.g. research or mass production Situation A: Within the Window of Opportunity FC/H 2 tech. is cost-competitive Difference to Line of Equality reflects room for taxation of hydrogen (excise duties) Situation B: Outside of the Window of Opportunity Unfavourable conditions for FC/H 2 technology Enabling cost-competitiveness by: Subsidies on the price of hydrogen Cost reductions of the FC/H 2 technology 10 Allowable H2 Cost [ /GJ] H2 cost Need for subsidies FC drivetrain cost A FC drivetrain cost B Assumed H 2 /FC Drivetrain Cost [ /kw]
Hydrogen Costs used for the - Gap Analysis - 10 /kg H 2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 VAT Forecourt Distribution Solar Heat Biomass Wind Electricity Grid Electricity Nuclear Heat Natural Gas Projection for EU-Mix 2030 used: 68 2000 /GJ or 8,2 2000 /kg respectively Cost of hydrogen projected by using R2H and HyWays production mix for 2030 11 H2 Cost [ 2000/GJ] Coal with CCS By-Product By-Product Coal with CCS Natural Gas Biomass Grid Electricity Wind Electricity Nuclear Heat Solar Heat EU-mix 2030
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis - Results CO 2 Emissions Summary 12
General Characteristics of favourable Applications Results show general characteristics of favourable applications: High annual usage (= high impact of FC s high efficiency) Small system power (= low engine investment costs) Low fuel consumption (otherwise price of hydrogen is limiting factor) Replacing battery-electric systems Reason: Limiting energy-storage capacity of batteries Applications for near-term markets: Forklifts in 24/5 operation Outdoor utility vehicles Backup systems (for example for telecommunication systems) 13
SOTA Battery-Electric Applications - Near-term Market Opportunities - Forklifts Outdoor Utility Vehicles 150 125 Forklift: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Forklift: ICE-LPG vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Forklift: Electrical vs. H2-FC (8/5 Mode) ; 10000 km/yr Forklift: Electrical vs. H2-FC (24/5 Mode) ; 30000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 150 125 Outdoor Utility Vehicle: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 5000 km/yr Outdoor Utility Vehicle: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Outdoor Utility Vehicle: Electrical vs. H2-FC ; 5000 km/yr Outdoor Utility Vehicle: Electrical vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 100 75 50 100 75 50 Cost of H2 [ 2000/GJ] Cost of H2 [ 2000/GJ] 25 25 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Input parameters: SOTA technologies, 2007 prices and policies Data points reflect theoretical production capacities of 1%, 10% and 100% of annual passenger car sales in Europe BUT: Combined market size is only 200 000 sold units/year 14
State-of-the-art Passenger Cars - Influence of Stack Lifetime - Lifetime of FC Stack: 50% of application Lifetime of FC Stack: 100% of application 150 125 100 150 125 100 75 Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 75 50 Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC, 50% lifetime ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC, 50% lifetime ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC, 50% lifetime ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC, 50% lifetime ; 20000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 50 Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: SOTA ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC ; 20000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 25 25 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Input parameters: SOTA technologies, 2007 prices and policies Data points reflect theoretical production capacities of 1%, 10% and 100% of annual passenger car sales in Europe SOTA technology, even with a stack lifetime equal to the application s lifetime is yet to be developed much further to reduce the cost of the fuel cell drivetrain 15
State-of-the-art Passenger Cars - Influence of CO 2 taxation - CO 2 tax: 50 /ton CO 2 tax: 100 /ton 150 125 100 75 50 Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC, 50 \ton CO2 tax ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC, 50 \ton CO2 tax ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC, 50 \ton CO2 tax ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC, 50 \ton CO2 tax ; 20000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 150 125 100 75 Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 50 Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC, 100 \ton CO2 tax ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC, 100 \ton CO2 tax ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC, 100 \ton CO2 tax ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Gas. vs. SOTA FC, 100 \ton CO2 tax ; 20000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 25 25 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Input parameters: SOTA technologies (stack & technology have equal lifetimes), 2007 prices and policies with additional CO 2 tax CO2 taxation would influence the Windows of Opportunities towards favouring FC/H 2 technologies, if the HyWays production mix for 2030 is assumed 16
2020 Passenger Cars - Promising Outlook - 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. 2020 FC ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. 2020 FC ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Gas. vs. 2020 FC ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: 2020 ICE-Gas. vs. 2020 FC ; 20000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Windows of Opportunity for passenger cars based on 2020 reference technologies, prices and policies (without CO 2 tax) The data points reflect 2020 H 2 -FC specifications assuming equal lifetime of the stack and application 2020 H 2 -FC can compete with reference technologies but only if economies of scale are realised, learning (research) continues as specified by NREL/TIAX and oil price is >120$/bbl Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] 17
Light Duty Trucks - Very promising - SOTA technologies, 2007 prices and policies 2020 technologies, prices and policies 150 125 100 75 50 Light Truck: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC ; 50000 km/yr Light Truck: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC ; 75000 km/yr Light Truck: SOTA ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. SOTA FC ; 50000 km/yr Light Truck: SOTA ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. SOTA FC ; 75000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 150 125 100 75 50 Light Truck: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. 2020 FC ; 50000 km/yr Light Truck: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. 2020 FC ; 75000 km/yr Light Truck: 2020 ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. 2020 FC ; 50000 km/yr Light Truck: 2020 ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. 2020 FC ; 75000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Cost of H2 [ /GJ] Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 25 25 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Light Duty Trucks are an attractive near-term market opportunity High annual mileage, relatively low fuel consumption of medium sized engine Market Size: 2 million sold vehicles per year; thus the contribution to economy of scale effects is significant 18
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions - Methodology Summary 19
CO 2 Emissions - Methodology - Favourable conditions Unfavourable conditions Emission equal to specific CO 2 emission of reference application Diagonal line: Dependency of CO 2 emissions per km/hr/kwh to the CO 2 emissions factor for production of the H 2 being used in the FC/H 2 application Horizontal line: CO 2 emissions emitted by the application using ref. technologies 20 Specific CO2 emission [gco 2 /km] CO 2 emission factor of H 2 [gco 2 /GJ]
CO 2 Emission Factors for Hydrogen Production 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Solar Heat Nuclear Heat Wind Electricity Grid Electricity Biomass Natural Gas Coal with CCS By-Product The CO 2 emissions from the different production pathways of H 2 and the EU-mix for 2030 from Hyways project based on JRC/EUCAR/CONCAWE well to wheels project EU-Mix 2030: 56 gco 2 /MJ 21 CO2 emissions [g CO2/MJ] By-Product Coal with CCS Natural Gas Biomass Grid Electricity Wind Electricity Nuclear Heat Solar Heat EU-mix 2030
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions - Results Summary 22
Total CO 2 Emissions Reduction Potential - Mass Markets have highest Impact - H2-ICE Cars H2-ICE Buses FC Cars Light Trucks FC Buses Forklift (Diesel) Scooter License-Free Vehicle Outdoor Utility Vehicle Aircraft Towing Vehicle Sight Seeing Boat Truck APU Mega-Yacht APU Pleasure Boat APU CHP SOFC-GT CHP MCFC µ-chp SOFC Back-up Telecom Back-up Hospitals 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 CO2 Reduction Potential [Mtons/yr] CO 2 Emissions based on HyWays Hydrogen Mix for 2030 & 100% Implementation 23
CO 2 emission reduction depends on H 2 emission factor, but many possibilities exist to achieve significant reduction 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 License-free Car FC License-free Car Bus FC Bus 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 CO2 Emission Factor H2 [gco2/mj] Well-to-User emission factors for energy carriers based on EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC CO 2 emission reduction depends on hydrogen production technology/fuel source 24 CO2 Emission [gco2/km] Wind Coal + CCS Electricity Mix EU-25 On-Site SMR HyWays mix
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions Summary 25
Summary - Near- and mid-term Markets - Near- and Mid-term market opportunities: Transport applications: Battery electric forklifts in 24/5 operation and battery-electric outdoor utility vehicles Light duty trucks and passenger cars Stationary applications Hydrogen fuelled back-up power systems e.g. for telecom application Natural gas fuelled commercial and industrial CHP systems (high temperature fuel cells) 26
Summary - Niche or Mass Markets? - Product differentiation for early markets or focus on mass market application? Cost reductions for fuel cells are essential for successful rollouts Economics of scale are one possibility, but require a big market size European market sizes of niche applications are relatively small Forklifts: 164,000 (share of battery-electric not known) Outdoor utility vehicles: 20,000 License-free cars: 35,000 compared to mass market applications Light duty trucks: 2,000,000 Passenger cars: >15,000,000 consequently the contribution of niche markets to cost reductions may be limited Furthermore: Applicability of learning effects not certain 27
Summary -CO 2 Emissions - Good prospects for CO 2 emission reduction are present even if hydrogen is not completely renewable Largest CO 2 emission reduction potential for FC passenger cars Light duty trucks Medium sized CHP systems 28
www.roads2hy.com Thank You Acknowledgements We wish to thank the European Commission for their support under the Sixth Framework Programme as well as all Roads2HyCom project partners for their contributions. Their joint efforts made the Roads2HyCom project and all its subtasks such successful undertakings. Information on the project is available at www.roads2hy.com
Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Applications - Overview - Objectives Analysis Approach Economical Analysis CO 2 Emissions Conclusions BACKUP SLIDES 30
Economy of scale on drivetrain costs 10.000 1 kw 1.000 NREL & HyWays, 2006 100 10 kw 100 kw 10 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000 10.000.000 Production Volume [units/yr] 31 Cost of Drivetrain [ /kwe] FC Drive train includes: FC system, H 2 storage, electromotor and battery Starting point (NREL, HyWays): State-of-the-art 2005 FC system cost @ 500,000 units/yr Effects on cost per kw e : Difference in system power and production capacity
Comparison of fuel cell and ICE drivetrains operating on hydrogen 125 100 75 50 25 Passenger Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: ICE-Gas. vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: ICE-Gas. vs. H2-FC ; 20000 km/yr 125 100 75 50 Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 25 Passenger Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-ICE ; 20000 km/yr Passenger Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-ICE ; 40000 km/yr Passenger Car: ICE-Gas. vs. H2-ICE ; 10000 km/yr Passenger Car: ICE-Gas. vs. H2-ICE ; 20000 km/yr Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Cost of H2 fuel cell based drive train [ /kwe] Cost of H2-ICE based drive train [ /kwe] Compared to ICE, fuel cell drivetrains allow about 2x higher cost of hydrogen due to their approximately 2x higher efficiency 32
Windows of Economy - Input parameters reference technology - Field of Application (Engine/Fuel) Power Reference Technology Energy use Operational use Lifetime kw MJ/unit unit/yr yr Passenger Car (SOTA ICE-Diesel) 1,95 MJ/km 20 000-40 000 km/yr Passenger Car (SOTA ICE-Gasoline) 2,02 MJ/km 10 000-20 000 km/yr Passenger Car (2020 ICE-Diesel) 80 1,56 MJ/km 20 000-40 000 km/yr 15 Passenger Car (2020 ICE-Gasoline) 1,67 MJ/km 10 000-20 000 km/yr Bus (SOTA ICE-Diesel) 12,20 MJ/km 50 000-60 000 km/yr 15 Bus (SOTA Diesel Hybrid) 10,70 MJ/km 220 Bus (2020 ICE-Diesel) 9,76 MJ/km 50 000-60 000 km/yr 15 Bus (2020 Diesel Hybrid) 8,99 MJ/km Light Truck (SOTA ICE-Diesel) 2,05 MJ/km 50 000-75 000 km/yr 15 Light Truck (SOTA Diesel Hybrid) 1,80 MJ/km 95 Light Truck (2020 ICE-Diesel) 1,64 MJ/km 50 000-75 000 km/yr 15 Light Truck (2020 Diesel Hybrid) 1,51 MJ/km Licence-free Vehicle 4 1,06 MJ/km 5000-15 000 km/yr 15 Outdoor Utility Vehicle (ICE-Diesel) 1,24 MJ/km 4 Outdoor Utility Vehicle (Electric) 0,31 MJ/km 5000-10 000 km/yr 15 Scooter (ICE-Gasoline) 0,81 MJ/km 7 Scooter (Electric) 0,2 MJ/km 5000-10 000 km/yr 10 Forklift (ICE-Diesel) 45 13 MJ/km Forklift (ICE-LPG) 39 13 MJ/km 10 000 km/yr 10 Forklift (Electric 8/5) 2 MJ/km 20 Forklift (Electric 24/5) 2 MJ/km 30 000 km/yr Aircraft Tow Truck (ICE-Diesel) 80 MJ/hr 75 Aircraft Tow Truck (Electric) 10 MJ/hr 1400-2800 hr/yr 10 Sightseeing Boat (ICE-Diesel) 67 61 MJ/hr 959-1900 hr/yr 10 Sightseeing Boat (Electric) 16 14,9 MJ/hr Truck APU (ICE-Diesel) 200 149,4 MJ/hr 500 hr/yr 10 Pleasure Boat APU (ICE-Diesel) 2 2,25 MJ/hr 720 hr/yr Mega-Yacht APU (ICE-Diesel) 500 4885 MJ/hr 3000 hr/yr 12 Back-up Telecom (Electric) 1,1 4 MJ/kWh 56 hr/yr 10 Back-up Hospitals (ICE-Diesel) 200 10,5 MJ/kWh 56 hr/yr 15 Industrial CHP (Natural Gas) 250 9 MJ/kWh 8760 hr/yr 5 Residential CHP (Boiler) n.a. n a 15 33
Windows of Economy - Input parameters reference technology - Field of Application (Engine/Fuel) Number of Units in total Market Size in units sold per year Engine Investment cost Maintenance cost /kw /unit Passenger Car (SOTA ICE-Diesel) 45,6 0,03 /km Passenger Car (SOTA ICE-Gasoline) 35,0 0,02 /km Passenger Car (2020 ICE-Diesel) 231 000 000 15 040 000 52,5 0,03 /km Passenger Car (2020 ICE-Gasoline) 51,9 0,02 /km Bus (SOTA ICE-Diesel) 45,6 0,07 /km 600 000 40 000 Bus (SOTA Diesel Hybrid) 66,0 0,09 /km Bus (2020 ICE-Diesel) 52,5 0,07 /km 600 000 40 000 Bus (2020 Diesel Hybrid) 63,1 0,09 /km Light Truck (SOTA ICE-Diesel) 45,6 0,07 /km 30 000 000 2 000 000 Light Truck (SOTA Diesel Hybrid) 66,0 0,09 /km Light Truck (2020 ICE-Diesel) 52,5 0,07 /km 30 000 000 2 000 000 Light Truck (2020 Diesel Hybrid) 63,1 0,09 /km Licence-free Vehicle 525 000 35 000 500 0,07 /km Outdoor Utility Vehicle (ICE-Diesel) 500 300 000 20 000 Outdoor Utility Vehicle (Electric) 2250 0,07 /km Scooter (ICE-Gasoline) 70 0,02 /km 14 000 000 1 400 000 Scooter (Electric) 400 0,01 /km Forklift (ICE-Diesel) 80 1 620 000 0,12 /km Forklift (ICE-LPG) 85 164 000 Forklift (Electric 8/5) 600 2 430 000 0,7 /km Forklift (Electric 24/5) 1000 Aircraft Tow Truck (ICE-Diesel) 100-200 1250 80 Aircraft Tow Truck (Electric) 190,7 0,71-2,14 /hr Sightseeing Boat (ICE-Diesel) 257 1,79-2,56 /hr 500 30 Sightseeing Boat (Electric) 1500 1,64-1,74 /hr Truck APU (ICE-Diesel) 100 000 0,08 /hr Pleasure Boat APU (ICE-Diesel) 50 000 500 0,50 /hr Mega-Yacht APU (ICE-Diesel) 50 400 2,44 /hr Back-up Telecom (Electric) 417 000 1837 476 /yr Back-up Hospitals (ICE-Diesel) 14 900 278 475 /yr Industrial CHP (Natural Gas) 440 000 633 0,0055 /kwh Residential CHP (Boiler) 90 000 000 n.a. 34
Windows of Economy - Input parameters FC/H 2 technology- (Field) of Application FC/H2 Technology Power FC/H2 Technology H 2 use or fuel Maintenance cost kw MJ/unit /unit Passenger Car Bus PEMFC 80 0,84 MJ/km 0,01 /km H2-ICE 80 1,68 MJ/km 0,02 /km PEMFC 220 5,86 MJ/km 0,02 /km H2-ICE 220 12,2 MJ/km 0,04 /km Light Truck PEMFC 95 1 MJ/km 0,02 /km Licence-free Vehicle PEMFC 4 0,6 MJ/km 0,04-0,05 /km Outdoor Utility Vehicle PEMFC 4 0,6 MJ/km 0,06 /km Scooter PEMFC 5 0,4 MJ/km 0,01 /km Forklift PEMFC 20-45 4-7 MJ/km 0,05-0,06 /km Aircraft Towing Vehicle PEMFC 75 18,5 MJ/hr 0,71-1,43 /hr Sightseeing Boat PEMFC 16 30 MJ/hr 1,03-1,74 /hr Truck APU PEMFC 5 10 MJ/km 0,04 /hr Pleasure Boat APU DMFC 0,063 Methanol Mega-Yacht APU reforming + PEMFC 500 Methanol 2,00 /hr Back-up Telecom PEMFC 1,100 9 MJ/kWh 476 /yr Back-up Hospitals PEMFC 200 7,2 MJ/kWh 475 /yr reforming + PEMFC Industrial CHP MCFC 200 Natural Gas 0,0055 /kwh SOFC + GT Residential CHP SOFC 1 Natural Gas 250 /kwh 35
SOTA FC License-free Cars - Attractive with high mileage - 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 License-free Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 5000 km/yr License-free Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 7500 km/yr License-free Car: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Windows of Opportunity for license-free cars based on SOTA reference technologies, prices and policies The data points reflect SOTA H 2 -FC specifications assuming equal lifetime of the stack and application Attractive, if annual mileage is high, which can be questioned Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] 36 Cost of H2 [ 2000/GJ]
2020 FC Buses - Economically Difficult - 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Bus: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. 2020 FC ; 50000 km/yr Bus: 2020 ICE-Diesel vs. 2020 FC ; 60000 km/yr Bus: 2020 ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. 2020 FC ; 50000 km/yr Bus: 2020 ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. 2020 FC ; 60000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Windows of Opportunity for buses based on 2020 reference technologies, prices and policies (without CO 2 tax) The data points reflect 2020 H 2 -FC specifications assuming equal lifetime of the stack and application 2020 H 2 -FC difficult case for buses in terms of economics due to high fuel consumption (price of hydrogen is limiting) BUT: Improvement of local air quality and synergies in the development of refuelling infrastructure Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] 37
SOTA FC Buses - Economically Difficult - 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Bus: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC ; 50000 km/yr Bus: SOTA ICE-Diesel vs. SOTA FC ; 60000 km/yr Bus: SOTA ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. SOTA FC ; 50000 km/yr Bus: SOTA ICE-Diesel-Hybrid vs. SOTA FC ; 60000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Windows of Opportunity for buses based on SOTA reference technologies, prices and policies The data points reflect SOTA H 2 -FC specifications assuming equal lifetime of the stack and application SOTA H 2 -FC difficult case for buses in terms of economics due to high fuel consumption (price of hydrogen is limiting) Cost of H2 [ /GJ] 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] 38
SOTA FC Scooter - Economically Difficult - 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Scooter: ICE-Gas. vs. H2-FC ; 5000 km/yr Scooter: ICE-Gas. vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Scooter: Electrical vs. H2-FC ; 5000 km/yr Scooter: Electrical vs. H2-FC ; 10000 km/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] Windows of Opportunity for Scooter based on SOTA reference technologies, prices and policies The data points reflect SOTA H 2 -FC specifications assuming equal lifetime of the stack and application Not very sensitive towards price of hydrogen High cost of FC drivetrain due to small system power 39 Cost of H2 [ /GJ] Market Size: 1,4 million sold vehicles per year; thus the contribution to economy of scale effects would be significant
SOTA Aircraft Tow Trucks - Economically Difficult - 150 125 100 75 50 25 Aircraft Towing Vehicle: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 1400 hr/yr Aircraft Towing Vehicle: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 2800 hr/yr Aircraft Towing Vehicle: ICE-Diesel vs. H2-FC ; 1400 hr/yr Aircraft Towing Vehicle: Electrical vs. H2-FC ; 1400 hr/yr Production Capacity: 1% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 10% of Annual Sales Production Capacity: 100% of Annual Sales Aircraft Towing Vehicle: Electrical vs. H2-FC ; 2800 hr/yr Windows of Opportunity for Aircraft Tow Trucks based on SOTA reference technologies, prices and policies The data points reflect SOTA H 2 -FC specifications assuming equal lifetime of the stack and application Economics are difficult due to small market size 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Cost of H2-FC Drivetrain [ /kwe] 40 Cost of H2 [ /GJ]
Economics for Industrial CHP Application -SOFC - 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Technology: SOFC Electrical Efficiency: 50% Heat Efficiency: 35% Investment Cost: 1000 /kwe Lifetime: 5 yr Load Factor: 50% Ref. Boiler Efficiency: 90% lv ee EU2030 dk se uk at fr pl si pt EU2007 lt es sk cz it hulu nl de ie 10 Year of reference: 2007 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Electricity cost from grid ( /GJ) 41 Electricity cost from CHP ( /GJ)
Cost Breakdown of FC Drivetrain - Pt price: 2000 $/troz - 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 157 262 251 644 1000 units/yr 10 kw 81 104 45 330 1000 units/yr 100 kw 48 79 76 195 500 000 units/yr 10 kw Battery Electromotor H2 Storage PEMFC 100 24 32 14 500 000 units/yr 100 kw 1% 24% 75% Stack BOP Assembly 42 Cost of Drivetrain [ /kwe] 1% 10% 13% 2% 24% 50% Bipolar plates Membrane Other MEA BOP Assembly
Cost Breakdown of FC Drivetrain - Pt price: 900 $/troz - 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 157 262 251 499 1000 units/yr 10 kw 81 104 45 256 1000 units/yr 100 kw 48 79 76 151 500 000 units/yr 10 kw Battery Electromotor H2 Storage PEMFC 77 24 32 14 500 000 units/yr 100 kw 43 Cost of Drivetrain [ /kwe] 3% 3% 3% 4% 8% 34% 34% 63% 49% Stack BOP Assembly Bipolar plates Membrane Other MEA BOP Assembly
Requirements of Cost Reductions for FC Drivetrains The results indicate that research is essential to reduce the costs of fuel cell systems for nearly every application to become cost competitive to conventional technologies by: Increase durability of fuel cell system Increase power density of fuel cell Less use of Platinum or cheaper materials 44
Stationary applications and auxiliary power units (APU) have the most important specific emission reduction potential for an installed power... Specific CO 2 emission reduction potential FC cars Light trucks FC buses Forklift (diesel) Scooter License-free vehicle Outdoor utility vehicle Tow truck airplanes Sight seeing boat H2-ICE cars H2-ICE buses Truck APU Mega-Yacht APU Pleasure boat APU Back-up Telecom Back-up Hospitals CHP SOFC-GT CHP MCFC µ-chp SOFC 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 HyWays hydrogen mix CO Specific 2 reduction CO 2 potential emission per reduction installed potential capacity (kg/kw [kg/kwe/yr] e /yr) 45