The Cngress f Vienna 1814-1815 The Cngress f Vienna was the first large-scale peace cnference ever. Its main task was t discuss the future f Eurpe after the Naplenic wars. The brders, the system f gvernment, the attitude twards the revlutinary ideas. TASK 1: Label the map with the expressins frm the bx - the mst imprtant changes Naplen made t the map f Eurpe. Grand Duchy f Warsaw Cnfereratin f the Rhine Austrian Empire Illyrian Prvinces Helvetian Republic Kingdm f Italy TASK 2: What changes t the Naplenic map f Eurpe were the statesmen meeting at the Cngress f Vienna mst likely t make? TASK 3: The Statesmen, Match the main statesmen present at the Cngress with their main principles/interests. Klemens vn Metternich (Austria) balance f pwer, nt t punish France t severely Alexander I. stability depends n rule by mnarchy and respect fr the aristcracy (Russia) Rbert Stewart Castlereagh (Great Britain) acting as the saviur f Eurpe, rebuilding it n Christian principles Karl vn Hardenberg trying t avid weakening his cuntry t much (Prussia) Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (France) well-being f Eurpe as a whle depends n punishing France -1-
The tw mst cnflicting issues cncerned the future f: Pland Saxny The main terms f the treaty were: Old ruling dynasties were t be restred (eg. Burbns in France) T prevent any further revlutins is the cmmn aim f all the participants in the cnference Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain) was frmed t suppress any pssible revlutinary activities. France jined in 1818(Quintuple Alliance) Hly Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia) frmed t prtect the precepts f justice, Christian charity and peace, prmting traditinal cnservative ideas and values France was t pay indemnity Territrial changes France returned t its brders as in the year Austria gained Prussia gained and Russia gained and Britain gt Sweden gt The Netherlands gt German states turned int under the presidency f -2-
The Cngress System and the Revlutins The main pwers f the Cngress f Vienna decided t meet regularly and suppress any pssible revlutinary mvement. Wartburg Festival 1817 festival f radical German students demanding liberal refrms and the unificatin f Germany. the black, red and glden flag intrduced fr the first time TASK 4: Wartburg festival was held t celebrate the 300th anniversary f an imprtant event nt nly fr Germany. What was the event? The reactin f the authrities led t increased censrship and imprisnment f the leading rganizers. Cngress f Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) 1818 cncerning France France became a new member f the alliance Quintuple Alliance Cngress f Trppau 1820 Trppau Prrcl (Austria, Prussia, Russia) Britain and France did nt sign it Revlutins 1820-1821 The revlutins brke ut in Prtugal, Spain, Naples and Piedmnt. TASK 5: Why did the revlutins break ut in cuntries that belnged t the frmer Naplenic Empire? What were the main demands and specific reasns fr the revlutins? Cngress f Laibach 1821 Austria t intervene in.. and t subdue the revlutins Cngress f Verna 1823 France t intervene in.. X Britain left the Alliance plicy f n interference in Eurpe -3-
Decembrist Revlt in Russia 1825 Tsar Alexander I died, the ppsitin attempted t use the pprtunity fr a cup Decembrists (mainly army fficers) demanded the end f abslutism, refrms, cnstitutin and the end f serfdm Decembrists were nt unified, did nt have any clear plan Trps remained lyal t the new Tsar Nichlas I, Decembrists were severely punished Greek Uprising 1821 War f Independence frm the Ottman Empire dilemma fr the Quintuple/Hly Alliance Greeks fellw Christians X the Sultan a legitimate ruler sympathy fr the Greek cause in Eurpe X fear f Russian interference Eurpean pwers did nt help X vlunteers frm Eurpe jining the Greeks alarmed by the brutality f the Turks, Britain and Russia decided t take actin St. Petersburg Prtcl 1826 Greece shuld be granted autnmy TASK 6: What was the mtivatin f Britain and Russia t help the Greeks? 1827-1829 war between Russia and the Ottman Empire 1830 Lndn Prtcl Greece granted independence The July Revlutin in France 1830 After the defeat f Naplen the ryal dynasty f Burbns was restred in France. Luis XVIII (1814-1825), brther f Luis XVI, liberal, wise king, trying nt t stir any unrest Charter (a cnstitutinal dcument), king played the mst imprtant rle, parliament with restricted privileges (can t prpse new legislatin), civil liberties remained Charles X (1825-1830), anther brther f Luis XVI his main aim was t restre.. believed in the divine right f the kings church untuchable, aristcracy were paid fr their lss f land during the revlutin reduced electrate (100 000 under Luis XVIII, 25 000 under Charles X) x ppsitin grwing, ecnmic recessin Three Glrius Days (27-29 July) The July Revlutin -4-
July Mnarchy f Luis Philippe (1830-1848) cnstitutinal mnarchy, supprted mainly by the rich, wealthy peple Charter 1830 brader electrate (3% f the ppulatin) parliament culd prpse new laws king culdn t suspend laws and rule by decree TASK 7: Label the scial pyramid and identify the grup supprting Luis Philippe s regime. Belgium 1830 inspired by the success f the July Revlutin in France, Belgium declared independence frm Britain supprted the cause and the independence f Belgium was accepted Pland 1830 after the Cngress f Vienna Pland was in 1830 the Ples rse demanding independence, but the uprising was brutally suppressed by the Russian army Pland became part f Russia Revlutins 1848-1849, The Spring f Natins TASK 8: Using yur knwledge f the perid 1815-1848, identify the main demands f the 1848 revlutins in the fllwing categries. Natinalistic demands: Liberal demands: Scial demands: -5-
France, February Revlutin 1848 TASK 9: Study the fllwing cartns and decide which features f the July mnarchy were criticized the mst. The grwing dissatisfactin with Luis Philippe s regime was escalated by the ecnmic crisis f 1847 and bad harvests 1846, 1847. February Revlutin (Feb 25, 1848) The Secnd Republic declared, Luis Philippe resigned Republican Refrms universal male suffrage Natinal Wrkshps maximum wrking hurs June days uprising f wrkers in prtest against the ablishment f the Natinal Wrkshps TASK 10: Why were the natinal wrkshps s unppular with the majrity f the French ppulatin? presidential electins in December 1848, hpe fr a strng persnality able t restre rder and stability Luis Bnaparte elected -6-
Italy 1848-1849 There were several revlutinary grups wrking in secret, demanding the unificatin f Italy. Carbnari Yung Italy (Giuseppe Mazzini) TASK 11: Study the map. What were the main bstacles cncerning the unificatin f Italy? February 1848: uprising in Milan, Austrian army frced t withdraw uprising in Naples, the Burbn king frced t prmise refrms, cnstitutin Kingdm f Sardinia declared war n Austria, tk the lead in the revlutin but was defeated by the excellent Austrian cmmander Radecky at Custzza 1848 and Nvarra 1849. by this defeat the liberals demanding cnstitutinal mnarchy under the King f Sardinia lst their chance fr success May 1849 radicals declared republic in Rme French frces arrived t help the Ppe t restre his state and defeated the republicans German Cnfederatin 1848-1850 The German Cnfederatin cnsisted f 38 states. The Austrian Empire held the hnrary presidency. Due t the Industrial Revlutin the German states began t cperate in the field f ecnmy and frmed the Zllverein (custms unin) in 1834 In March 1848 there were revlutins in mst f the German states. The kings, dukes and ther rulers unable t face the ppsitin grups had t prmise the end f abslutism as well as refrms, cnstitutin. At the end f March a Vrparlament (Interim parliament) met in Frankfurt t discuss the unificatin f Germany. In May a regular Frankfurt Assembly was elected t draw a cnstitutin f the future unified Germany. -7-
TASK 12: Study the map. What were the biggest bstacles in the prcess f unificatin f Germany? What different demands and attitudes had the Frankfurt assembly t slve? Greater Germany Lesser Germany radical demands mderate demands - September 1848 radicals disillusined with the Frankfurt Assembly stirred up a revlutin but were defeated. Mrever, they annyed the cnservatives wh decided n a cmprmise with the ruling families. Spring 1849 The Frankfurt Assembly agreed n a cnstitutin making Germany a Cnstitutinal Mnarchy and ffered the crwn t the King f Prussia Frederick William IV but he refused the crwn frm the hands f a revlutinary assembly and helped t suppress revlutinary gvernments in remaining German states. Prussia then frmed its Unin f Erfurt (including 28 mainly Nrth German states under the leadership f Prussia) 1850 Olmuc Prussia was frced t dismiss the Unin under the pressure f and.. 1851 The German Cnfederatin under Austrian presidency was renewed. -8-
Austrian Empire TASK 13: Why d yu think the situatin in Austria was prbably the mst cmplicated in Eurpe? Culd Austria slve nly its internal prblems? What were the mst cnflicting issues within the Empire? Austria Mar 13, Revlutin in Vienna, end f abslutism, Metternich frced t resign, prmise f cnstitutin Hungary Mar 3, Pressburg Diet, March Laws autnmy f Hungary, gvernment under Lajs Kssuth Mar 25, Pillersdrf s Cnstitutin, nly minr refrms in favur f the wealthy Czech Lands Mar 11, Petitin t the Emperr, natinal, liberal and cultural demands April 8, Cabinet Letter, the Emperr prmises t fulfill the demands April, Palacký s Letter t Frankfurt May 15, 2nd Revlutin in Vienna, cnstitutin revked, universal male suffrage, electins t the Cnstituent Assembly June 2-12, Slav Cngress in Prague June 12-18, Revlutin f the radicals in Prague suppressed by general Windischgratz, martial law July 22, pening sessin f the Cnstituent Assembly Sep 7, end f feudal system Oct 6-Nv 1 3rd Revlutin in Vienna, radicals, defeated April 14, 1849 Habsburgs dethrned, war Nv new gvernment Felix Schwarzenberg Nv 28-Mar 7, 1849 Kremsier Parliament cnstitutin, federatin f 14 lands Dec 2, Olmuc, Francis Jseph I Mar 7, Kremsier Parliament dismissed, Stadin s Cnstitutin intrduced Aug 13, Battle f Vilags, Hungary defeated by Austria and Russia Dec 31, 1851 Sylvester Patents, abslutism renewed -9-