CAD/CAM/CAE System Software requirement Hardware requirement Computing Machine CAD software CAM software CAE software Graphics Devices Display Processing Unit Display Device Input Device Output Device
Input User Data CAD/CAM Software Machine Codes (i.e. Assembly) Display Device (Monitor) Graphic Processing Unit 0/1 Signals Frame Buffer
Monitor It is a most common output device A monitor or display (also called screen or visual display unit) is an electronic visual display for computers. Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment.
Monitor
Monitor Quality of picture we see on monitor depends upon, Monitor quality itself Video controller. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment.
Technologies Different image technique have been used for computer monitors. Until the 21 st century most monitors were CRT but they have been phased out for LCD monitors. They are categorized by color output. Monitors connects to the video card of a computer system.
Monitors Types Different types of monitors exists, which are: Monochrome Grayscale Color
Monochrome Monitor A monochrome monitor is a type of CRT computer display which was very common in the early days of computing. From the 1960s through the 1980s, before color monitors became popular. They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash register systems. Green screen was the common name for a monochrome monitor. They are abandoned in early-to-mid 1980 s.
Monochrome Monitor
Grayscale Monitors A special type of monochrome monitor capable of displaying different shades of gray. They are also known as black-and-white, are composed exclusively of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest. Early grayscale monitors can only show up to sixteen different shades
Grayscale Monitor
Color Monitors A display monitor capable of displaying many colors. Color Monitors works like a monochrome one, except that there are three electron beams instead of one. The three guns represent additive colors (red, green and blue) although the beam they emit are colorless. Each pixel includes three phosphors, red, green and blue, arranged in a triangle. When the beam of each of these guns are combined and focused on a pixel, the phosphors light up.
Color Monitors The monitors can display different colors by combining various intensities of three beams.
Mixing of Colors
CRT Monitor
How Monitor Works? Most use a cathode-ray tube as a display device CRT: Glass tube that is narrow at one end and opens to a flat screen at the other end.
CAD/CAM How Monitor Works? Electrons travel through a vacuum sealed container from the cathode (negative) to the anode (positive). Because the electrons are negatively charged, they are repelled away from the cathode, and move across the tube to the anode. The ray can be affected by a magnet because of its relation to positive and negative charges
Basic Cathode Ray Tube Electrons excite phosphor to glow Electrons fired from the back Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit
Scanning Pattern The electron gun scans from left to right and From top to bottom. Refreshing every phosphor dot in a zig-zag pattern.
CAD/CAM Disadvantages of CRT They have a big back and take up space on desk. The electromagnetic fields emitted by CRT monitors constitute a health hazard to the functioning of living cells. CRTs emit a small amount of X-ray band radiation which can result in a health hazard. Constant refreshing of CRT monitors can result in headache. CRTs operate at very high voltage which can overheat system or result in an implosion Within a CRT a strong vacuum exists in it and can also result in a implosion They are heavy to pick up and carry around
Flat Monitors Plasma LCD LED TFT OLED....
From CRT to LCD CRT Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube technology. Using technology that was developed in the 19 th century. LCD First LCD laptop monitors were very small due to manufacturing costs but now are available in a variety of sizes. Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have sharp picture.
Liquid Crystal Display - Monitor An LCD panel produces an image using a liquid crystal material made of large, easily polarized molecules History: Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888 by Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer. RCA, an American Laboratory made the first experimental LCD in (1968). Manufacturers have been developing creative variations and improvements since on LCDs. In 1997, manufactures began to offer full size LCD monitors as alternatives to CRT monitors. Until recently, was only used on notebook computers and other portable devices.
Plasma Monitors
Monitor Specifications Monitor Specifications can be judged through, Size Resolution Refresh rate Dot pitch
Size A monitor s size affect how well we can see images. With a larger monitor, we can make the objects on the screen appear bigger. Monitors are measured diagonally, in inches, across the front of the screen. A 17 inch monitor measures 17 inches from the lower left to the upper right corner. CRT monitors viewing area is smaller than the monitor s overall size.
Resolution The images you see on your monitor are made of tiny dots called pixels. The term resolution refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image. A monitor resolution is determined by the number of pixels on the screen. It is expressed as a Matrix. The more pixels a monitor displays, higher will be its resolution. Clearer will be images appear. For example 640 X 480 resolution means that there are 640 pixels horizontally across the screen and 480 pixels vertically down the screen.
Resolution Actual resolution is determined by the video controller. Most monitors can operate at several different resolutions. They are 640 X 480 800 X 600 1024 X 768 1152 X 864 1280 X 1024 As the resolution increases, image on the screen gets smaller.
Resolution Settings
Standards There are various standards for monitor resolution. Video Graphics Array standard is 640 X 480 pixels. Super VGA is 800 x 600 and 1024 x 768. Today, nearly all color monitors can be set to higher resolution.
Refresh Rate Monitor refresh rate is the number of times per second that the electron guns scan every pixel on the screen. Refresh rate is important because phosphor dots fade quickly after the electron gun charges them with electrons. If the screen is not refreshed, it will appear to flicker. Refresh rate is measured in Hz or Cycles per second. If the monitor refresh rate is 100 Hz, it means that it refreshes its pixels 100 times every second.
Refresh Rate
Dot Pitch It is the distance between the same color dots Ranges between.15 mm and.40 mm Smaller creates a finer picture Should be less than.22
Video Cards (GPU) Interface between computer and a display device. Unless a computer has graphics capability built into the motherboard, the video card is required. The CPU, working in conjunction with software applications, sends information about the image to the video card. The video card decides how to use the pixels on the screen to create the image. It then sends that information to the monitor through output interface.
Parts of Video Card
How Video card works? The CPU, working in conjunction with software applications, sends information about the image to the graphics card. The graphics card decides how to use the pixels on the screen to create the image. It then sends that information to the monitor through a cable. It is capable of rendering 3D images.
Video Card - GPU Similar to CPU but designed specifically to perform complex mathematical and geometric calculations necessary for graphics rendering. Less congestion on the system bus Reduction in the workload of CPU
Video Card - GPU Some of the latest GPUs have more transistors than average CPU and produce a lot of heat. Heat-sinking and fan cooling are required
Video Card - Memory When a video card is connected within the motherboard, it will use the computers random access memory (RAM). If it is not connected to the motherboard though, the video card often has its own memory known as Video RAM (VRAM). The capacity of VRAM in modern video cards ranges from 125 to almost 800 MB. The Z-buffer is an important part of the video memory. It takes care of the depth coordinates in 3D graphics Modern cards have up to 512 MB RAM
Ergonomics and Monitors Eyestrain It is the fatigue of the eyes Steps to avoid Choose a good monitor Place the monitor 2 3 feet away Center of screen below eye level Avoid reflected light
Electronic magnetic fields (EMF) Generated by all electronic devices EMF may be detrimental to health Steps to avoid Keep the computer at arms length Take frequent breaks Use an LCD monitor
Input Devices 1. Keyboard 2. Mouse 2.1. Z-mouse 2.2.Space ball 2.3. Data Gloves 3. Track Ball 4. Touch Pad 5. Touch Screen 6. Light pen 7. Digitizer 8. Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) 9. 3D Scanners
Keyboards Wireless Corded Laptop Gaming (Xbox,Ps3, Etc) Thumb-Size (Phones, PDA s, Etc.) Numeric Virtual Touch screens
Keyboards Types of Keyboards 101-key Enhanced keyboard 104-key Windows keyboard 82-key Apple standard keyboard 108-key Apple Extended keyboard Types of Keys Typing keys Numeric keypad Function keys Control keys
Keyboards Manufactures The Major manufacturers of computer keyboards are mainly; Genius, LabTec, Logitech, Microsoft, Samsung
Keyboards Virtual keyboards To take notes while in class (no one will hear your keying). To work on a paper while in the library. To do homework while you are on break at work. To do everyday work at your desk without taking up so much valuable space.
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Mouse The mouse didn t always look the way it does. When the creator of a mouse, Douglas Engelbart, first made the mouse in 1964 (first prototype), it was a piece of wood with metal wheels inside of it. After Englebarts attempt to make a mouse a technician, Bill English, created his own mouse. But this mouse he made was not the same kind of mouse Englebarts created, his was a ball mouse, not a wheel mouse. After completing his creation his mouse became the most successful, and most used mouse.
Mouse Mechanical ball on underside of mouse turns/rotates as mouse is moved can be used on almost any flat surface Optical light emitting diode on underside of mouse may use special grid-like pad or just on an appropriate surface detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity to calculate relative motion less susceptible to dust and dirt
Mechanical mouse A ball inside the mouse touches the desktop and rolls when the mouse moves The rollers that touch the ball and detect X and Y motion The rollers each connect to a shaft, and the shaft spins a disk with holes in it. infrared LED and an infrared sensor.
Optical mouse Developed by Agilent Technologies and introduced to the world in late 1999, the optical mouse actually uses a tiny camera to take 1,500 pictures every second. In this photo, you can see the LED on the bottom of the mouse. Optical mice have several benefits over wheeled mice: No moving parts means less wear and a lower chance of failure. There's no way for dirt to get inside the mouse and interfere with the tracking sensors. Increased tracking resolution means smoother response. They don't require a special surface, such as a mouse pad.
3D Mouse It's like holding the 3D model in your hand A 3D mouse is used by your non-dominant hand in tandem with a standard mouse for a balanced, cooperative work style. You gently manipulate the 3D mouse s controller cap to simultaneously pan, zoom and rotate 3D content while your standard mouse is free to select menu items of parts of the model. This isn t a novel way to work or a luxury. It fundamentally improves the way you interact with your 3D application. 3D professionals at some of the world s most successful companies such as Boeing, BMW, EADS, Honda, General Motors and JCB agree: they choose to work with 3D mice daily for the proven productivity increases and enhanced comfort they provide.
3D Mouse Benefits Increase Productivity* 1 : Average gains of 21% from simultaneously navigating, creating and editing your model. Enhanced Comfort* 2 : Reduce mouse movement and clicks by up to 50%. Design Performance* 1 : Whether you re working on a sketch or a complex 3D model, the superior navigation experience encourages levels of model exploration that are crucial to avoiding costly design errors.
Trackball and thumbwheels Trackball ball is rotated inside static housing like an upside down mouse! separate buttons for picking/selection very fast for gaming used in some portable and notebook computers Thumbwheels two dials for X-Y cursor position for fast scrolling single dial on mouse
CAD/CAM What is a touch screen? An electronic visual display that locates the coordinates of a users touch within display area When is it Applicable? It allows users to interact directly with what is being displayed, rather than indirectly using a mouse or keyboard Works independently of what is being displayed on screen Can be used without any intermediate device Found in modern smartphones, video games, kiosks, navigation systems, etc...
Touch-sensitive screen Detect the presence of finger or stylus on the screen. Increasingly being accepted in the mass market especially in mobile devices e.g. smartphones and tablets direct pointing device more natural gestures through multitouch (i.e. ability to recognize the presence of two or more points of contact with the screen surface, and therefore supporting more natural gestures such as pinching and reverse pinching) Advantages: fast, and requires no specialised pointer good for menu selection Disadvantages: finger can mark screen imprecise (finger is a fairly blunt instrument!) if screen is vertical, lifting arm can be tiring unless supported
Touchpad a pointing device featuring a specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on screen operated by stroking a finger over the surface used mainly in laptop computers good acceleration settings important fast stroke lots of pixels per inch moved initial movement to the target slow stroke less pixels per inch for accurate positioning
Joystick pressure of stick translates to velocity of movement buttons for selection e.g. on top or on front like a trigger often used for computer games, aircraft controls and 3D navigation Keyboard nipple or pointing stick a pointing device typically mounted in a keyboard on laptops pointing stick can be considered to be a miniature joystick pointing stick operates by sensing applied force the velocity of the pointer depends on the applied force force applied on the pointing stick is echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer
Stylus small pen-like pointer to draw directly on screen may use touch sensitive surface or magnetic detection used in PDA, tablets PCs and drawing tables
Light Pen A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a lightsensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's CRT display. When the pen is pointed at the screen the computer can work out where the pen is pointing. can be used to "draw" on the screen select options from menus presented on the screen Light pens are extremely poor input devices They are very inaccurate and tiring to use Light pens are hardly ever used today..
Graphics Tablet A graphics tablet or digitizer is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images, animations and graphics, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper. Are used mainly by professional graphics designers. producing much more accurate drawings on the screen than he could with a mouse or other pointing device. consists of a flat pad (the tablet) on which the user "draws" with a special pen called a stylus. As the user "draws" on the pad the image is created on the screen.
Graphics Tablet Pad size from A5 to A1 (eight times as large as an A4 page). Drawings accurate to within hundredths of an inch. The stylus that the user draws with may have a button on it which will act like a mouse button. Sometimes instead of a stylus a highly accurate mouse-like device called a puck is used to draw on the tablet.
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) A coordinate measuring machine is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object. This machine may be manually controlled by an operator or it may be computer controlled. Measurements are defined by a probe attached to the third moving axis of this machine. Probes may be mechanical, optical, laser, or white light, amongst others. A machine which takes readings in six degrees of freedom and displays these readings in mathematical form is known as a CMM.
3D Laser Scanners up to 75,000 points per second for all types of Inspection and Reverse Engineering applications! The Laser Design laser system is designed to mount precisely and the specialized scanning software provides full control of up to 6 axes of motion.
Output Device 1. Printer 2. Plotter 3. RP machines